Articles | Volume 16, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Jul 2022
Research article |
| 14 Jul 2022
| 14 Jul 2022
Incorporating InSAR kinematics into rock glacier inventories: insights from 11 regions worldwide
Aldo Bertone
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences,
University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
Department of Geosciences, Geography, University of Fribourg,
Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
Chloé Barboux
Department of Geosciences, Geography, University of Fribourg,
Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
Xavier Bodin
Laboratoire EDYTEM, CNRS/Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le
Bourget-du-Lac, 73370, France
Tobias Bolch
School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St
Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, United Kingdom
Francesco Brardinoni
Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences,
University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
Rafael Caduff
Gamma Remote Sensing, Gümligen, 3073, Switzerland
Hanne H. Christiansen
Arctic Geology Department, The University Centre in Svalbard,
Longyearbyen, P.O. Box 156, 9171, Svalbard, Norway
Margaret M. Darrow
Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering,
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5900, USA
Reynald Delaloye
Department of Geosciences, Geography, University of Fribourg,
Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
Bernd Etzelmüller
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
Ole Humlum
Arctic Geology Department, The University Centre in Svalbard,
Longyearbyen, P.O. Box 156, 9171, Svalbard, Norway
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
Christophe Lambiel
Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne,
Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
Karianne S. Lilleøren
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
Volkmar Mair
Office for Geology and Building Materials Testing, Autonomous
Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
Gabriel Pellegrinon
Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences,
University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
Line Rouyet
Energy and Technology Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Tromsø, 9294, Norway
Lucas Ruiz
Argentine Institute of Nivology, Glaciology and Environmental
Sciences, CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
Tazio Strozzi
Gamma Remote Sensing, Gümligen, 3073, Switzerland
Related authors
No articles found.
Line Rouyet, Tobias Bolch, Francesco Brardinoni, Rafael Caduff, Diego Cusicanqui, Margaret Darrow, Reynald Delaloye, Thomas Echelard, Christophe Lambiel, Cécile Pellet, Lucas Ruiz, Lea Schmid, Flavius Sirbu, and Tazio Strozzi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4125–4157, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4125-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4125-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are landforms generated by the creep of frozen ground (permafrost) in cold-climate mountains. Mapping rock glaciers contributes to documenting the distribution and the dynamics of mountain permafrost. We compiled inventories documenting the location, the characteristics, and the extent of rock glaciers in 12 mountain regions around the world. In each region, a team of operators performed the work following common rules and agreed on final solutions when discrepancies were identified.
Katy Medina, Hairo León, Edwin Badillo-Rivera, Edwin Loarte, Xavier Bodín, and José Úbeda
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-390, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-390, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We created the first comprehensive inventory of Peru's rock glaciers: 2338 landforms in the Andes and filling the information gap in this mountainous region. Using satellite imagery, we mapped their distribution, finding most of them in southern Peru, above 4800 m a.s.l. and conditioned mainly by low temperature and precipitation. This dataset helps scientists to follow the evolution of permafrost and local planners to manage water resources and risks in the mountains.
Hanne Hendrickx, Melanie Elias, Xabier Blanch, Reynald Delaloye, and Anette Eltner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 705–721, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-705-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-705-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel AI-based method for tracking and analysing the movement of rock glaciers and landslides, key landforms in high mountain regions. By utilising time-lapse images, our approach generates detailed velocity data, uncovering movement patterns often missed by traditional methods. This cost-effective tool enhances geohazard monitoring, providing insights into environmental drivers, improving process understanding, and contributing to better safety in alpine areas.
Jakob Steiner, William Armstrong, Will Kochtitzky, Robert McNabb, Rodrigo Aguayo, Tobias Bolch, Fabien Maussion, Vibhor Agarwal, Iestyn Barr, Nathaniel R. Baurley, Mike Cloutier, Katelyn DeWater, Frank Donachie, Yoann Drocourt, Siddhi Garg, Gunjan Joshi, Byron Guzman, Stanislav Kutuzov, Thomas Loriaux, Caleb Mathias, Biran Menounos, Evan Miles, Aleksandra Osika, Kaleigh Potter, Adina Racoviteanu, Brianna Rick, Miles Sterner, Guy D. Tallentire, Levan Tielidze, Rebecca White, Kunpeng Wu, and Whyjay Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-315, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-315, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Many mountain glaciers around the world flow into lakes – exactly how many however, has never been mapped. Across a large team of experts we have now identified all glaciers that end in lakes. Only about 1% do so, but they are generally larger than those which end on land. This is important to understand, as lakes can influence the behaviour of glacier ice, including how fast it disappears. This new dataset allows us to better model glaciers at a global scale, accounting for the effect of lakes.
Diego Cusicanqui, Pascal Lacroix, Xavier Bodin, Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Andreas Kääb, and Shelley MacDonell
The Cryosphere, 19, 2559–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2559-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2559-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a robust methodological approach to detect and analyse rock glacier kinematics using Landsat 7/Landsat 8 imagery. In the semiarid Andes, 382 landforms were monitored, showing an average velocity of 0.37 ± 0.07 m yr⁻¹ over 24 years, with rock glaciers moving 23 % faster. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using medium-resolution optical imagery, combined with radar interferometry, to monitor rock glacier kinematics with widely available satellite datasets.
Yu Zhu, Shiyin Liu, Junfeng Wei, Kunpeng Wu, Tobias Bolch, Junli Xu, Wanqin Guo, Zongli Jiang, Fuming Xie, Ying Yi, Donghui Shangguan, Xiaojun Yao, and Zhen Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1851–1871, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1851-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1851-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study compiled a near-complete inventory of glacier mass changes across the eastern Tibetan Plateau using topographical maps. These data enhance our understanding of glacier change variability before 2000. When combined with existing research, our dataset provides a nearly 5-decade record of mass balance, aiding hydrological simulations and assessments of mountain glacier contributions to sea-level rise.
Andrea Manconi, Gwendolyn Dasser, Mylène Jacquemart, Nicolas Oestreicher, Livia Piermattei, and Tazio Strozzi
Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 9, 41, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-9-41-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-9-41-2025, 2025
Thomas James Barnes, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Karianne Staalesen Lilleøren, and Louise Steffensen Schmidt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-108, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-108, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Ribbed moraines are a common, but poorly understood landform within formerly glaciated regions. There are many competing theories for their formation. As such, this paper addresses some of these theories by taking modelled ice conditions and physical characteristics of the landscapes in which they form and, then comparing them to the location of ribbed moraines. Using this we can identify conditions where ribbed moraines are more often present, and therefore we identify the most likely theories.
Barbara Widhalm, Annett Bartsch, Tazio Strozzi, Nina Jones, Artem Khomutov, Elena Babkina, Marina Leibman, Rustam Khairullin, Mathias Göckede, Helena Bergstedt, Clemens von Baeckmann, and Xaver Muri
The Cryosphere, 19, 1103–1133, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1103-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1103-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping soil moisture in Arctic permafrost regions is crucial for various activities, but it is challenging with typical satellite methods due to the landscape's diversity. Seasonal freezing and thawing cause the ground to periodically rise and subside. Our research demonstrates that this seasonal ground settlement, measured with Sentinel-1 satellite data, is larger in areas with wetter soils. This method helps to monitor permafrost degradation.
Enrico Mattea, Etienne Berthier, Amaury Dehecq, Tobias Bolch, Atanu Bhattacharya, Sajid Ghuffar, Martina Barandun, and Martin Hoelzle
The Cryosphere, 19, 219–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-219-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-219-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the evolution of terminus position, ice thickness, and surface flow velocity of the reference Abramov glacier (Kyrgyzstan) from 1968 to present. We describe a front pulsation in the early 2000s and the multi-annual present-day buildup of a new pulsation. Such dynamic instabilities can challenge the representativity of Abramov as a reference glacier. For our work we used satellite‑based optical remote sensing from multiple platforms, including recently declassified archives.
Alexandru Onaca, Flavius Sirbu, Valentin Poncos, Christin Hilbich, Tazio Strozzi, Petru Urdea, Răzvan Popescu, Oana Berzescu, Bernd Etzelmüller, Alfred Vespremeanu-Stroe, Mirela Vasile, Delia Teleagă, Dan Birtaș, Iosif Lopătiță, Simon Filhol, Alexandru Hegyi, and Florina Ardelean
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3262, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3262, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study establishes a methodology for the study of slow-moving rock glaciers in marginal permafrost and provides the basic knowledge for understanding rock glaciers in south east Europe. By using a combination of different methods (remote sensing, geophysical survey, thermal measurements), we found out that, on the transitional rock glaciers, low ground ice content (i.e. below 20 %) produces horizontal displacements of up to 3 cm per year.
Julie Wee, Sebastián Vivero, Tamara Mathys, Coline Mollaret, Christian Hauck, Christophe Lambiel, Jan Beutel, and Wilfried Haeberli
The Cryosphere, 18, 5939–5963, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the importance of a multi-method and multi-disciplinary approach to better understand the influence of the internal structure of the Gruben glacier-forefield-connected rock glacier and adjacent debris-covered glacier on their driving thermo-mechanical processes and associated surface dynamics. We were able to discriminate glacial from periglacial processes as their spatio-temporal patterns of surface dynamics and geophysical signatures are (mostly) different.
Lotte Wendt, Line Rouyet, Hanne H. Christiansen, Tom Rune Lauknes, and Sebastian Westermann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2972, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2972, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In permafrost environments, the ground surface moves due to the formation and melt of ice in the ground. This study compares ground surface displacements measured from satellite images against field data of ground ice contents. We find good agreement between the detected seasonal subsidence and observed ground ice melt. Our results show the potential of satellite remote sensing for mapping ground ice variability, but also indicate that ice in excess of the pore space must be considered.
Livia Piermattei, Michael Zemp, Christian Sommer, Fanny Brun, Matthias H. Braun, Liss M. Andreassen, Joaquín M. C. Belart, Etienne Berthier, Atanu Bhattacharya, Laura Boehm Vock, Tobias Bolch, Amaury Dehecq, Inés Dussaillant, Daniel Falaschi, Caitlyn Florentine, Dana Floricioiu, Christian Ginzler, Gregoire Guillet, Romain Hugonnet, Matthias Huss, Andreas Kääb, Owen King, Christoph Klug, Friedrich Knuth, Lukas Krieger, Jeff La Frenierre, Robert McNabb, Christopher McNeil, Rainer Prinz, Louis Sass, Thorsten Seehaus, David Shean, Désirée Treichler, Anja Wendt, and Ruitang Yang
The Cryosphere, 18, 3195–3230, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellites have made it possible to observe glacier elevation changes from all around the world. In the present study, we compared the results produced from two different types of satellite data between different research groups and against validation measurements from aeroplanes. We found a large spread between individual results but showed that the group ensemble can be used to reliably estimate glacier elevation changes and related errors from satellite data.
Chiara Crippa, Stefan Steger, Giovanni Cuozzo, Francesca Bearzot, Volkmar Mair, and Claudia Notarnicola
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1511, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study, focused on South Tyrol (NE Italy), develops an updated and comprehensive activity classification system for all rock glaciers in the current regional inventory. Using multisource products, we integrate climatic, morphological and DInSAR data in replicable routines and multivariate statistical methods producing a comprehensive classification based on the updated RGIK 2023 guidelines. Results leave only 3.5% of the features non-classified respect to the 13–18.5% of the previous studies.
Thomas J. Barnes, Thomas V. Schuler, Simon Filhol, and Karianne S. Lilleøren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 801–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use machine learning to automatically outline landforms based on their characteristics. We test several methods to identify the most accurate and then proceed to develop the most accurate to improve its accuracy further. We manage to outline landforms with 65 %–75 % accuracy, at a resolution of 10 m, thanks to high-quality/high-resolution elevation data. We find that it is possible to run this method at a country scale to quickly produce landform inventories for future studies.
Aldo Bertone, Nina Jones, Volkmar Mair, Riccardo Scotti, Tazio Strozzi, and Francesco Brardinoni
The Cryosphere, 18, 2335–2356, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Traditional inventories display high uncertainty in discriminating between intact (permafrost-bearing) and relict (devoid) rock glaciers (RGs). Integration of InSAR-based kinematics in South Tyrol affords uncertainty reduction and depicts a broad elevation belt of relict–intact coexistence. RG velocity and moving area (MA) cover increase linearly with elevation up to an inflection at 2600–2800 m a.s.l., which we regard as a signature of sporadic-to-discontinuous permafrost transition.
Bernd Etzelmüller, Ketil Isaksen, Justyna Czekirda, Sebastian Westermann, Christin Hilbich, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 17, 5477–5497, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost (permanently frozen ground) is widespread in the mountains of Norway and Iceland. Several boreholes were drilled after 1999 for long-term permafrost monitoring. We document a strong warming of permafrost, including the development of unfrozen bodies in the permafrost. Warming and degradation of mountain permafrost may lead to more natural hazards.
Daniel Falaschi, Atanu Bhattacharya, Gregoire Guillet, Lei Huang, Owen King, Kriti Mukherjee, Philipp Rastner, Tandong Yao, and Tobias Bolch
The Cryosphere, 17, 5435–5458, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Because glaciers are crucial freshwater sources in the lowlands surrounding High Mountain Asia, constraining short-term glacier mass changes is essential. We investigate the potential of state-of-the-art satellite elevation data to measure glacier mass changes in two selected regions. The results demonstrate the ability of our dataset to characterize glacier changes of different magnitudes, allowing for an increase in the number of inaccessible glaciers that can be readily monitored.
Anatoly O. Sinitsyn, Sara Bazin, Rasmus Benestad, Bernd Etzelmüller, Ketil Isaksen, Hanne Kvitsand, Julia Lutz, Andrea L. Popp, Lena Rubensdotter, and Sebastian Westermann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2950, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2950, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study looked at under the ground on Svalbard, an archipelago close to the North Pole. We found something very surprising – there is water under the all year around frozen soil. This was not known before. This water could be used for drinking if we manage it carefully. This is important because getting clean drinking water is very difficult in Svalbard, and other Arctic places. Also, because the climate is getting warmer, there might be even more water underground in the future.
Luca Carturan, Fabrizio De Blasi, Roberto Dinale, Gianfranco Dragà, Paolo Gabrielli, Volkmar Mair, Roberto Seppi, David Tonidandel, Thomas Zanoner, Tiziana Lazzarina Zendrini, and Giancarlo Dalla Fontana
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4661–4688, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4661-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4661-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new dataset of air, englacial, soil surface and rock wall temperatures collected between 2010 and 2016 on Mt Ortles, which is the highest summit of South Tyrol, Italy. Details are provided on instrument type and characteristics, field methods, and data quality control and assessment. The obtained data series are available through an open data repository. This is a rare dataset from a summit area lacking observations on permafrost and glaciers and their climatic response.
Fanny Brun, Owen King, Marion Réveillet, Charles Amory, Anton Planchot, Etienne Berthier, Amaury Dehecq, Tobias Bolch, Kévin Fourteau, Julien Brondex, Marie Dumont, Christoph Mayer, Silvan Leinss, Romain Hugonnet, and Patrick Wagnon
The Cryosphere, 17, 3251–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The South Col Glacier is a small body of ice and snow located on the southern ridge of Mt. Everest. A recent study proposed that South Col Glacier is rapidly losing mass. In this study, we examined the glacier thickness change for the period 1984–2017 and found no thickness change. To reconcile these results, we investigate wind erosion and surface energy and mass balance and find that melt is unlikely a dominant process, contrary to previous findings.
Justyna Czekirda, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, and Florence Magnin
The Cryosphere, 17, 2725–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess spatio-temporal permafrost variations in selected rock walls in Norway over the last 120 years. Ground temperature is modelled using the two-dimensional ground heat flux model CryoGrid 2D along nine profiles. Permafrost probably occurs at most sites. All simulations show increasing ground temperature from the 1980s. Our simulations show that rock wall permafrost with a temperature of −1 °C at 20 m depth could thaw at this depth within 50 years.
Chiara Montemagni, Stefano Zanchetta, Martina Rocca, Igor M. Villa, Corrado Morelli, Volkmar Mair, and Andrea Zanchi
Solid Earth, 14, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Vinschgau Shear Zone (VSZ) is one of the largest and most significant shear zones developed within the Late Cretaceous thrust stack in the Austroalpine domain of the eastern Alps. 40Ar / 39Ar geochronology constrains the activity of the VSZ between 97 and 80 Ma. The decreasing vorticity towards the core of the shear zone, coupled with the younging of mylonites, points to a shear thinning behavior. The deepest units of the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge were exhumed along the VSZ.
Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Johanna Scheer, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Nitin Chaudhary, Bernd Etzelmüller, Simon Filhol, Andreas Kääb, Cas Renette, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Robin B. Zweigel, Léo Martin, Sarah Morard, Matan Ben-Asher, Michael Angelopoulos, Julia Boike, Brian Groenke, Frederieke Miesner, Jan Nitzbon, Paul Overduin, Simone M. Stuenzi, and Moritz Langer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
Stefan Steger, Mateo Moreno, Alice Crespi, Peter James Zellner, Stefano Luigi Gariano, Maria Teresa Brunetti, Massimo Melillo, Silvia Peruccacci, Francesco Marra, Robin Kohrs, Jason Goetz, Volkmar Mair, and Massimiliano Pittore
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1483–1506, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel data-driven modelling approach to determine season-specific critical precipitation conditions for landslide occurrence. It is shown that the amount of precipitation required to trigger a landslide in South Tyrol varies from season to season. In summer, a higher amount of preparatory precipitation is required to trigger a landslide, probably due to denser vegetation and higher temperatures. We derive dynamic thresholds that directly relate to hit rates and false-alarm rates.
Sajid Ghuffar, Owen King, Grégoire Guillet, Ewelina Rupnik, and Tobias Bolch
The Cryosphere, 17, 1299–1306, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1299-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1299-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The panoramic cameras (PCs) on board Hexagon KH-9 satellite missions from 1971–1984 captured very high-resolution stereo imagery with up to 60 cm spatial resolution. This study explores the potential of this imagery for glacier mapping and change estimation. The high resolution of KH-9PC leads to higher-quality DEMs which better resolve the accumulation region of glaciers in comparison to the KH-9 mapping camera, and KH-9PC imagery can be useful in several Earth observation applications.
Fuming Xie, Shiyin Liu, Yongpeng Gao, Yu Zhu, Tobias Bolch, Andreas Kääb, Shimei Duan, Wenfei Miao, Jianfang Kang, Yaonan Zhang, Xiran Pan, Caixia Qin, Kunpeng Wu, Miaomiao Qi, Xianhe Zhang, Ying Yi, Fengze Han, Xiaojun Yao, Qiao Liu, Xin Wang, Zongli Jiang, Donghui Shangguan, Yong Zhang, Richard Grünwald, Muhammad Adnan, Jyoti Karki, and Muhammad Saifullah
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 847–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, first we generated inventories which allowed us to systematically detect glacier change patterns in the Karakoram range. We found that, by the 2020s, there were approximately 10 500 glaciers in the Karakoram mountains covering an area of 22 510.73 km2, of which ~ 10.2 % is covered by debris. During the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2020), the total glacier cover area in Karakoram remained relatively stable, with a slight increase in area of 23.5 km2.
Yu Zhu, Shiyin Liu, Junfeng Wei, Kunpeng Wu, Tobias Bolch, Junli Xu, Wanqin Guo, Zongli Jiang, Fuming Xie, Ying Yi, Donghui Shangguan, Xiaojun Yao, and Zhen Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-473, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-473, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we presented a nearly complete inventory of glacier mass change dataset across the eastern Tibetan Plateau by using topographical maps, which will enhance the knowledge on the heterogeneity of glacier change before 2000. Our dataset, in combination with the published results, provide a nearly five decades mass balance to support hydrological simulation, and to evaluate the contribution of mountain glacier loss to sea level.
Cas Renette, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Robin Benjamin Zweigel, Bernd Etzelmüller, Karianne Staalesen Lilleøren, Ketil Isaksen, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 33–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-33-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-33-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
One of the reasons for lower ground temperatures in coarse, blocky terrain is a low or varying soil moisture content, which most permafrost modelling studies did not take into account. We used the CryoGrid community model to successfully simulate this effect and found markedly lower temperatures in well-drained, blocky deposits compared to other set-ups. The inclusion of this drainage effect is another step towards a better model representation of blocky mountain terrain in permafrost regions.
Simon K. Allen, Ashim Sattar, Owen King, Guoqing Zhang, Atanu Bhattacharya, Tandong Yao, and Tobias Bolch
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3765–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3765-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3765-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates how the threat of a very large outburst from a future lake can be feasibly assessed alongside that from current lakes to inform disaster risk management within a transboundary basin between Tibet and Nepal. Results show that engineering measures and early warning systems would need to be coupled with effective land use zoning and programmes to strengthen local response capacities in order to effectively reduce the risk associated with current and future outburst events.
Alessandro Cicoira, Samuel Weber, Andreas Biri, Ben Buchli, Reynald Delaloye, Reto Da Forno, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Raphael Mayoraz, Matthias Meyer, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Eric Pointner, Hugo Raetzo, Cristian Scapozza, Tazio Strozzi, Lothar Thiele, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, Vanessa Wirz, and Jan Beutel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5061–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents a monitoring network of 54 positions, located on different periglacial landforms in the Swiss Alps: rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls. The data serve basic research but also decision-making and mitigation of natural hazards. It is the largest dataset of its kind, comprising over 209 000 daily positions and additional weather data.
Karianne S. Lilleøren, Bernd Etzelmüller, Line Rouyet, Trond Eiken, Gaute Slinde, and Christin Hilbich
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 975–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In northern Norway we have observed several rock glaciers at sea level. Rock glaciers are landforms that only form under the influence of permafrost, which is frozen ground. Our investigations show that the rock glaciers are probably not active under the current climate but most likely were active in the recent past. This shows how the Arctic now changes due to climate changes and also how similar areas in currently colder climates will change in the future.
Frank Paul, Livia Piermattei, Désirée Treichler, Lin Gilbert, Luc Girod, Andreas Kääb, Ludivine Libert, Thomas Nagler, Tazio Strozzi, and Jan Wuite
The Cryosphere, 16, 2505–2526, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier surges are widespread in the Karakoram and have been intensely studied using satellite data and DEMs. We use time series of such datasets to study three glacier surges in the same region of the Karakoram. We found strongly contrasting advance rates and flow velocities, maximum velocities of 30 m d−1, and a change in the surge mechanism during a surge. A sensor comparison revealed good agreement, but steep terrain and the two smaller glaciers caused limitations for some of them.
Benjamin Lehmann, Robert S. Anderson, Xavier Bodin, Diego Cusicanqui, Pierre G. Valla, and Julien Carcaillet
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 605–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-605-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are some of the most frequently occurring landforms containing ice in mountain environments. Here, we use field observations, analysis of aerial and satellite images, and dating methods to investigate the activity of the rock glacier of the Vallon de la Route in the French Alps. Our results suggest that the rock glacier is characterized by two major episodes of activity and that the rock glacier system promotes the maintenance of mountain erosion.
Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Nina Brunner, Reynald Delaloye, Wilfried Haeberli, Andreas Kääb, and Patrick Thee
The Cryosphere, 16, 2083–2101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2083-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2083-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We intensely investigated the Gruben site in the Swiss Alps, where glaciers and permafrost landforms closely interact, to better understand cold-climate environments. By the interpretation of air photos from 5 decades, we describe long-term developments of the existing landforms. In combination with high-resolution positioning measurements and ground surface temperatures, we were also able to link these to short-term changes and describe different landform responses to climate forcing.
Noah D. Smith, Eleanor J. Burke, Kjetil Schanke Aas, Inge H. J. Althuizen, Julia Boike, Casper Tai Christiansen, Bernd Etzelmüller, Thomas Friborg, Hanna Lee, Heather Rumbold, Rachael H. Turton, Sebastian Westermann, and Sarah E. Chadburn
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3603–3639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3603-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3603-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic has large areas of small mounds that are caused by ice lifting up the soil. Snow blown by wind gathers in hollows next to these mounds, insulating them in winter. The hollows tend to be wetter, and thus the soil absorbs more heat in summer. The warm wet soil in the hollows decomposes, releasing methane. We have made a model of this, and we have tested how it behaves and whether it looks like sites in Scandinavia and Siberia. Sometimes we get more methane than a model without mounds.
Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Shelley MacDonell, Álvaro Ayala, Tobias Bolch, Pål Ringkjøb Nielsen, and Sebastián Vivero
The Cryosphere, 16, 647–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-647-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-647-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work uses satellite and aerial data to study glaciers and rock glacier changes in La Laguna catchment within the semi-arid Andes of Chile, where ice melt is an important factor in river flow. The results show the rate of ice loss of Tapado Glacier has been increasing since the 1950s, which possibly relates to a dryer, warmer climate over the previous decades. Several rock glaciers show high surface velocities and elevation changes between 2012 and 2020, indicating they may be ice-rich.
Gregoire Guillet, Owen King, Mingyang Lv, Sajid Ghuffar, Douglas Benn, Duncan Quincey, and Tobias Bolch
The Cryosphere, 16, 603–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surging glaciers show cyclical changes in flow behavior – between slow and fast flow – and can have drastic impacts on settlements in their vicinity.
One of the clusters of surging glaciers worldwide is High Mountain Asia (HMA).
We present an inventory of surging glaciers in HMA, identified from satellite imagery. We show that the number of surging glaciers was underestimated and that they represent 20 % of the area covered by glaciers in HMA, before discussing new physics for glacier surges.
Tazio Strozzi, Andreas Wiesmann, Andreas Kääb, Thomas Schellenberger, and Frank Paul
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-44, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-44, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge on surface velocity of glaciers and ice caps contributes to a better understanding of a wide range of processes related to glacier dynamics, mass change and response to climate. Based on the release of historical satellite radar data from various space agencies we compiled nearly complete mosaics of winter ice surface velocities for the 1990's over the Eastern Arctic. Compared to the present state, we observe a general increase of ice velocities along with a retreat of glacier fronts.
Bernd Etzelmüller, Justyna Czekirda, Florence Magnin, Pierre-Allain Duvillard, Ludovic Ravanel, Emanuelle Malet, Andreas Aspaas, Lene Kristensen, Ingrid Skrede, Gudrun D. Majala, Benjamin Jacobs, Johannes Leinauer, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Martina Böhme, Reginald Hermanns, Harald Ø. Eriksen, Tom Rune Lauknes, Michael Krautblatter, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 97–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a multi-authored study documenting the possible existence of permafrost in permanently monitored rockslides in Norway for the first time by combining a multitude of field data, including geophysical surveys in rock walls. The paper discusses the possible role of thermal regime and rockslide movement, and it evaluates the possible impact of atmospheric warming on rockslide dynamics in Norwegian mountains.
Jan Bouke Pronk, Tobias Bolch, Owen King, Bert Wouters, and Douglas I. Benn
The Cryosphere, 15, 5577–5599, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
About 10 % of Himalayan glaciers flow directly into lakes. This study finds, using satellite imagery, that such glaciers show higher flow velocities than glaciers without ice–lake contact. In particular near the glacier tongue the impact of a lake on the glacier flow can be dramatic. The development of current and new meltwater bodies will influence the flow of an increasing number of Himalayan glaciers in the future, a scenario not currently considered in regional ice loss projections.
Cristian Scapozza, Chantal Del Siro, Christophe Lambiel, and Christian Ambrosi
Geogr. Helv., 76, 401–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-76-401-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-76-401-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Exposure ages make it possible to determine the time of weathering of a rock surface. They can be determined from rebound values measured with the Schmidt hammer and calibrated on surfaces of known age, defined in this study thanks to historical cartography and two mule tracks built in 300 and 1250 CE, which allowed us to reconstruct glacier fluctuations over the last 3 centuries in Val Scaradra and to define the time of deglaciation and rock glacier development in the Splügenpass region.
Léo C. P. Martin, Jan Nitzbon, Johanna Scheer, Kjetil S. Aas, Trond Eiken, Moritz Langer, Simon Filhol, Bernd Etzelmüller, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 15, 3423–3442, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It is important to understand how permafrost landscapes respond to climate changes because their thaw can contribute to global warming. We investigate how a common permafrost morphology degrades using both field observations of the surface elevation and numerical modeling. We show that numerical models accounting for topographic changes related to permafrost degradation can reproduce the observed changes in nature and help us understand how parameters such as snow influence this phenomenon.
Juditha Undine Schmidt, Bernd Etzelmüller, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Florence Magnin, Julia Boike, Moritz Langer, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 15, 2491–2509, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents rock surface temperatures (RSTs) of steep high-Arctic rock walls on Svalbard from 2016 to 2020. The field data show that coastal cliffs are characterized by warmer RSTs than inland locations during winter seasons. By running model simulations, we analyze factors leading to that effect, calculate the surface energy balance and simulate different future scenarios. Both field data and model results can contribute to a further understanding of RST in high-Arctic rock walls.
Andreas Kääb, Tazio Strozzi, Tobias Bolch, Rafael Caduff, Håkon Trefall, Markus Stoffel, and Alexander Kokarev
The Cryosphere, 15, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a map of rock glacier motion over parts of the northern Tien Shan and time series of surface speed for six of them over almost 70 years.
This is by far the most detailed investigation of this kind available for central Asia.
We detect a 2- to 4-fold increase in rock glacier motion between the 1950s and present, which we attribute to atmospheric warming.
Relative to the shrinking glaciers in the region, this implies increased importance of periglacial sediment transport.
Sebastián Vivero, Reynald Delaloye, and Christophe Lambiel
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-8, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-8, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We use repeated drone flights to measure the velocities of a rock glacier located in the western Swiss Alps. The results are validated by comparing with simultaneous GPS measurements. Between 2016 and 2019, the rock glacier doubled its overall frontal velocity, from 5 m to more than 10 m per year. These high velocities and the development of a scarp feature indicate a rock glacier destabilisation phase. Finally, this work highlights the use of drones for rock glacier monitoring.
Antoine Guillemot, Laurent Baillet, Stéphane Garambois, Xavier Bodin, Agnès Helmstetter, Raphaël Mayoraz, and Eric Larose
The Cryosphere, 15, 501–529, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Among mountainous permafrost landforms, rock glaciers are composed of boulders, fine frozen materials, water and ice in various proportions. Displacement rates of active rock glaciers can reach several m/yr, contributing to emerging risks linked to gravitational hazards. Thanks to passive seismic monitoring, resonance effects related to seasonal freeze–thawing processes of the shallower layers have been monitored and modeled. This method is an accurate tool for studying rock glaciers at depth.
Julián Gelman Constantin, Lucas Ruiz, Gustavo Villarosa, Valeria Outes, Facundo N. Bajano, Cenlin He, Hector Bajano, and Laura Dawidowski
The Cryosphere, 14, 4581–4601, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the results of two field campaigns and modeling activities on the impact of atmospheric particles on Alerce Glacier (Argentinean Andes). We found that volcanic ash remains at different snow layers several years after eruption, increasing light absorption on the glacier surface (with a minor contribution of soot). This leads to 36 % higher annual glacier melting. We find remarkably that volcano eruptions in 2011 and 2015 have a relevant effect on the glacier even in 2016 and 2017.
Franz Goerlich, Tobias Bolch, and Frank Paul
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3161–3176, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3161-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3161-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work indicates all glaciers in the Pamir that surged between 1988 and 2018 as revealed by different remote sensing data, mainly Landsat imagery. We found ~ 200 surging glaciers for the entire mountain range and detected the minimum and maximum extents of most of them. The smallest surging glacier is ~ 0.3 km2. This inventory is important for further research on the surging behaviour of glaciers and has to be considered when processing glacier changes (mass, area) of the region.
Andrew J. Hodson, Aga Nowak, Mikkel T. Hornum, Kim Senger, Kelly Redeker, Hanne H. Christiansen, Søren Jessen, Peter Betlem, Steve F. Thornton, Alexandra V. Turchyn, Snorre Olaussen, and Alina Marca
The Cryosphere, 14, 3829–3842, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3829-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3829-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Methane stored below permafrost is an unknown quantity in the Arctic greenhouse gas budget. In coastal areas with rising sea levels, much of the methane seeps into the sea and is removed before it reaches the atmosphere. However, where land uplift outpaces rising sea levels, the former seabed freezes, pressurising methane-rich groundwater beneath, which then escapes via permafrost seepages called pingos. We describe this mechanism and the origins of the methane discharging from Svalbard pingos.
Cited articles
Avian, M., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., and Bauer, A.: LiDAR for monitoring mass movements in permafrost environments at the cirque Hinteres Langtal, Austria, between 2000 and 2008, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1087–1094, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1087-2009, 2009.
Azócar, G. F. and Brenning, A.: Hydrological and geomorphological
significance of rock glaciers in the dry Andes, Chile (27–33 S), Permafrost
Periglac., 21, 42–53, 2010.
Barboux, C., Delaloye, R., and Lambiel, C.: Inventorying slope movements in
an Alpine environment using DInSAR, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39,
2087–2099, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3603, 2014.
Barboux, C., Strozzi, T., Delaloye, R., Wegmüller, U., and Collet, C.:
Mapping slope movements in Alpine environments using TerraSAR-X
interferometric methods, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 109, 178–192,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.09.010, 2015.
Barcaza, G., Nussbaumer, S. U., Tapia, G., Valdés, J., García,
J.-L., Videla, Y., Albornoz, A., and Arias, V.: Glacier inventory and recent
glacier variations in the Andes of Chile, South America, Ann. Glaciol.,
58, 166–180, 2017.
Barsch, D.: Permafrost creep and rockglaciers, Permafrost Periglac.,
3, 175–188, https://doi.org/10.1002/PPP.3430030303, 1992.
Barsch, D.: Rockglaciers: indicators for the Permafrost and Former
Geoecology in High Mountain Environment, Springer Sci., Berlin, Heidelberg,
Germany, 1996.
Berger, J., Krainer, K., and Mostler, W.: Dynamics of an active rock glacier
(Ötztal Alps, Austria), Quaternary Res., 62, 233–242,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.07.002, 2004.
Berthling, I.: Beyond confusion: Rock glaciers as cryo-conditioned
landforms, Geomorphology, 131, 98–106,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2011.05.002, 2011.
Bertone, A., Zucca, F., Marin, C., Notarnicola, C., Cuozzo, G., Krainer, K.,
Mair, V., Riccardi, P., Callegari, M., and Seppi, R.: An Unsupervised Method
to Detect Rock Glacier Activity by Using Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometric
Coherence: A Regional-Scale Study in the Eastern European Alps, Remote
Sens., 11, 1711, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141711, 2019.
Bertone, A., Barboux, C., Bodin, X., Bolch, T., Brardinoni, F., Caduff, R., Christiansen, H. H., Darrow, M., Delaloye, R., Etzelmüller, B., Humlum, O., Lambiel, C., Lilleøren, K. S., Mair, V., Pellegrinon, G., Rouyet, L., Ruiz, L., and Strozzi, R.: Regional kinematics-based rock glacier inventories (ESA CCI+ Permafrost project), https://unifr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/instant/portfolio/index.html?appid=99cf50eb91c245d1b171a4a842d8ef0e, last access: 12 October 2021.
Blöthe, J. H., Rosenwinkel, S., Höser, T., and Korup, O.:
Rock-glacier dams in High Asia, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44,
808–824, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4532, 2019.
Blöthe, J. H., Halla, C., Schwalbe, E., Bottegal, E., Trombotto Liaudat,
D., and Schrott, L.: Surface velocity fields of active rock glaciers and
ice-debris complexes in the Central Andes of Argentina, Earth Surf. Proc.
Land., 46, 504–522, 2021.
Boeckli, L., Brenning, A., Gruber, S., and Noetzli, J.: A statistical approach to modelling permafrost distribution in the European Alps or similar mountain ranges, The Cryosphere, 6, 125–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-125-2012, 2012.
Bolch, T. and Gorbunov, A. P.: Characteristics and origin of rock glaciers
in northern Tien Shan (Kazakhstan/Kyrgyzstan), Permafrost Periglac.,
25, 320–332, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1825, 2014.
Bolch, T. and Strel, A.: Evolution of rock glaciers in northern Tien Shan,
Central Asia, 1971–2016, in: 5th European Conference on Permafrost,
Chamonix, France, 23 June–1 July 2018, 48–49, 2018.
Bolch, T. and Marchenko, S. S.: Significance of glaciers, rockglaciers and ice-rich permafrost in the Northern Tien Shan as water towers under climate change conditions, in: Selected papers from the Workshop “Assessment of Snow, Glacier and Water Resources in Asia” held in Almaty, Kazakhstan, 28–30 November 2006, IHP/HWRP-Berichte, 8, 132–144, 2009.
Bolch, T., Rohrbach, N., Kutuzov, S., Robson, B. A., and Osmonov, A.:
Occurrence, evolution and ice content of ice-debris complexes in the
Ak-Shiirak, Central Tien Shan revealed by geophysical and remotely-sensed
investigations, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 129–143, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4487, 2019.
Bosson, J.-B. and Lambiel, C.: Internal Structure and Current Evolution of
Very Small Debris-Covered Glacier Systems Located in Alpine Permafrost
Environments, Front. Earth Sci., 4, 39, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00039, 2016.
Brardinoni, F., Scotti, R., Sailer, R., and Mair, V.: Evaluating sources of
uncertainty and variability in rock glacier inventories, Earth Surf.
Proc. Land., 44, 2450–2466, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4674, 2019.
Brencher, G., Handwerger, A. L., and Munroe, J. S.: InSAR-based characterization of rock glacier movement in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, USA, The Cryosphere, 15, 4823–4844, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4823-2021, 2021.
Calkin, P. E.: Rock glaciers of central Brooks Range, Alaska, USA, Rock Glaciers, Allen and Unwin, London, 65–82, 1987.
Charbonneau, A. A. and Smith, D. J.: An inventory of rock glaciers in the
central British Columbia Coast Mountains, Canada, from high resolution
Google Earth imagery, Arctic, Antarct. Alp. Res., 50, 1489026,
https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2018.1489026, 2018.
Cicoira, A., Beutel, J., Faillettaz, J. and Vieli, A.: Water controls the
seasonal rhythm of rock glacier flow, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 528, 115844,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EPSL.2019.115844, 2019.
Colucci, R. R., Boccali, C., Žebre, M., and Guglielmin, M.: Rock
glaciers, protalus ramparts and pronival ramparts in the south-eastern Alps,
Geomorphology, 269, 112–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.06.039, 2016.
Corte, A.: The hydrological significance of rock glaciers, J. Glaciol.,
17, 157–158, 1976.
Cremonese, E., Gruber, S., Phillips, M., Pogliotti, P., Boeckli, L., Noetzli, J., Suter, C., Bodin, X., Crepaz, A., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., Lang, K., Letey, S., Mair, V., Morra di Cella, U., Ravanel, L., Scapozza, C., Seppi, R., and Zischg, A.: Brief Communication: ”An inventory of permafrost evidence for the European Alps”, The Cryosphere, 5, 651–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-651-2011, 2011.
Crosetto, M., Monserrat, O., Devanthéry, N., Cuevas-González, M.,
Barra, A., and Crippa, B.: Persistent scatterer interferometry using
Sentinel-1 data, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote,
41, 835–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B7-835-2016, 2016.
Darrow, M. M., Gyswyt, N. L., Simpson, J. M., Daanen, R. P., and Hubbard, T. D.: Frozen debris lobe morphology and movement: an overview of eight dynamic features, southern Brooks Range, Alaska, The Cryosphere, 10, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-977-2016, 2016.
Delaloye, R. and Staub, B.: Seasonal variations of rock glacier creep: Time
series observations from the Western Swiss Alps, in: Proceedings of the
International Conference on Book of Abstracts, Potsdam, Germany, hdl:10013/epic.49110, 20–24 June
2016.
Delaloye, R., Lambiel, C., and Gärtner-Roer, I.: Overview of rock glacier kinematics research in the Swiss Alps, Geogr. Helv., 65, 135–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-65-135-2010, 2010.
Delaloye, R., Morard, S., Barboux, C., Abbet, D., Gruber, V., Riedo, M., and
Gachet, S.: Rapidly moving rock glaciers in Mattertal, Jahrestagung der
Schweizerischen Geomorphol. Gesellschaft, 29, 21–31, 2013.
Delaloye, R., Barboux, C., Bodin, X., Brenning, A., Hartl, L., Hu, Y.,
Ikeda, A., Kaufmann, V., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., and Lambiel, C.: Rock
glacier inventories and kinematics: A new IPA Action Group, in: Eucop5–5th
European Conference of Permafrost, Chamonix, France, 23 June–1 July 2018,
23, 392–393, 2018.
Ellis, J. M. and Calkin, P. E.: Nature and distribution of glaciers,
neoglacial moraines, and rock glaciers, east-central Brooks Range, Alaska,
Arctic Alpine Res., 11, 403–420, 1979.
Eriksen, H. Ø., Rouyet, L., Lauknes, T. R., Berthling, I., Isaksen, K.,
Hindberg, H., Larsen, Y., and Corner, G. D.: Recent acceleration of a rock
glacier complex, Adjet, Norway, documented by 62 years of remote sensing
observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 8314–8323, 2018.
ESA – PVIR report: ESA CCI+ Permafrost, CCN1 & CCN2 Rock Glacier
Kinematics as New Associated Parameter of ECV Permafrost, D4.1 Product
Validation and Intercomparison Report (PVIR),
https://climate.esa.int/media/documents/CCI_PERMA_CCN1_2_D4.1_PVIR_v1.0_20210127.pdf,
last access: 12 October 2021.
Falaschi, D., Tadono, T,. and Masiokas, M.: Rock glaciers in the patagonian
andes: an inventory for the monte san lorenzo (cerro cochrane) massif,
47degrees, Geogr. Ann. Ser. A, 97, 769–777,
https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12113, 2015.
Ferretti, A., Prati, C., and Rocca, F.: Permanent scatterers in SAR
interferometry, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 39, 8–20,
https://doi.org/10.1109/36.898661, 2001.
Fey, C. and Krainer, K.: Analyses of UAV and GNSS based flow velocity
variations of the rock glacier Lazaun (Ötztal Alps, South Tyrol, Italy),
Geomorphology, 365, 107261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107261, 2020.
Frauenfelder, R., Schneider, B., and Kääb, A.: Using dynamic
modelling to simulate the distribution of rockglaciers, Geomorphology,
93, 130–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2006.12.023, 2008.
Gorbunov, A. P.: Rock glaciers in the mountains of Middle Asia, in: Proc. 4th Int. Conference on Permafrost, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 359–362, 1983.
Gorbunov, A. P., Titkov, S. N., and Polyakov, V. G.: Dynamics of rock glaciers of the Northern Tien Shan and the Djungar Ala Tau, Kazakhstan, Permafrost Periglac., 3, 29–39, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.3430030105, 1992.
Gorbunov, A. P., Seversky, E. V, Titkov, S. N., Marchenko, S. S., and Popov,
M.: Rock glaciers, Zailiysiky Range, Kungei Ranges, Tienshan, Kazakhstan,
National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder,
CO, Digit. media, https://doi.org/10.7265/51zk-r767, 1998.
Guglielmin, M. and Smiraglia, C.: The rock glacier inventory of the Italian
Alps, 7th Int. Conf. Permafrost, Yellowknife, Canada, Univ. Laval Press.
Nord., 55, 375–382, 1998.
Haeberli, W.: Creep of mountain permafrost: internal structure and flow of
alpine rock glaciers, Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau,
Hydrol. und Glaziologie an der ETH Zurich, 77, 142 pp., 1985.
Haeberli, W., Hallet, B., Arenson, L., Elconin, R., Humlum, O.,
Kääb, A., Kaufmann, V., Ladanyi, B., Matsuoka, N., Springman, S., and
Mühll, D. V.: Permafrost creep and rock glacier dynamics, Permafrost
Periglac., 17, 189–214, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.561, 2006.
Humlum, O.: Rock glacier types on Disko, central West Greenland, Geogr.
Tidsskr. J. Geogr., 82, 59–66, 1982.
Jones, D. B., Harrison, S., Anderson, K., and Betts, R. A.: Mountain rock
glaciers contain globally significant water stores, Sci. Rep., 8, 2834,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21244-w, 2018a.
Jones, D. B., Harrison, S., Anderson, K., Selley, H. L., Wood, J. L., and
Betts, R. A.: The distribution and hydrological significance of rock
glaciers in the Nepalese Himalaya, Global Planet. Change, 160,
123–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.11.005, 2018b.
Kääb, A.: Monitoring high-mountain terrain deformation from repeated
air- and spaceborne optical data: Examples using digital aerial imagery and
ASTER data, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 57, 39–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2716(02)00114-4, 2002.
Kääb, A.: Remote sensing of permafrost-related problems and hazards,
Permafrost Periglac., 136, 107–136, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp, 2008.
Kääb, A., Chiarle, M., Raup, B., and Schneider, C.: Climate change
impacts on mountain glaciers and permafrost, Global Planet. Change, 56,
vii–ix, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.008, 2007.
Kääb, A., Strozzi, T., Bolch, T., Caduff, R., Trefall, H., Stoffel, M., and Kokarev, A.: Inventory and changes of rock glacier creep speeds in Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too, northern Tien Shan, since the 1950s, The Cryosphere, 15, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021, 2021.
Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., Delaloye, R., Lambiel, C., Gärtner-Roer, I.,
Kaufmann, V., Scapozza, C., Krainer, K., Staub, B., Thibert, E., and Bodin,
X.: Interannual variability of rock glacier flow velocities in the European
Alps, in: 5th European Conference on Permafrost, June 2018, Chamonix, France,
23 June–1 July 2018, 396–397, 2018.
Kenner, R., Phillips, M., Beutel, J., Hiller, M., Limpach, P., Pointner, E.,
and Volken, M.: Factors Controlling Velocity Variations at Short-Term,
Seasonal and Multiyear Time Scales, Ritigraben Rock Glacier, Western Swiss
Alps, Permafrost Periglac., 684, 675–684, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1953,
2017.
Klees, R. and Massonnet, D.: Deformation measurements using SAR
interferometry: potential and limitations, Geol. en Mijnb., 77, 161–176,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003594502801, 1998.
Kofler, C., Steger, S., Mair, V., Zebisch, M., Comiti, F., and
Schneiderbauer, S.: An inventory-driven rock glacier status model (intact
vs. relict) for South Tyrol, Eastern Italian Alps, Geomorphology, 350,
106887, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106887, 2020.
Konrad, S. K., Humphrey, N. F., Steig, E. J., Clark, D. H., Potter Jr, N.,
and Pfeffer, W. T.: Rock glacier dynamics and paleoclimatic implications,
Geology, 27, 1131–1134, 1999.
Krainer, K. and Ribis, M.: A Rock Glacier Inventory of the Tyrolean Alps
(Austria), Austrian J. Earth Sci., 105, 32–47, 2012.
Kummert, M. and Delaloye, R.: Mapping and quantifying sediment transfer
between the front of rapidly moving rock glaciers and torrential gullies,
Geomorphology, 309, 60–76, 2018.
Kummert, M., Delaloye, R., and Braillard, L.: Erosion and sediment transfer
processes at the front of rapidly moving rock glaciers: Systematic
observations with automatic cameras in the western Swiss Alps, Permafrost
Periglac., 29, 21–33, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1960, 2018.
Lambiel, C., Strozzi, T., Paillex, N., Vivero, S., and Jones, N.: Mapping
rock glaciers in the Southern Alps of New Zealand with Sentinel-1 InSAR, in
1st Southern Hemisphere Conference on Permafrost, Queenstown, New Zealand,
4–14 December 2019.
Lilleøren, K. S. and Etzelmüller, B.: A regional inventory of rock
glaciers and ice-cored moraines in Norway, Geogr. Ann. Ser. A,
93, 175–191, 2011.
Lilleøren, K. S., Etzelmüller, B., Gärtner-Roer, I.,
Kääb, A., Westermann, S., and Guðmundsson, Á.: The
distribution, thermal characteristics and dynamics of permafrost in
Tröllaskagi, northern Iceland, as inferred from the distribution of rock
glaciers and ice-cored moraines, Permafrost Periglac., 24,
322–335, 2013.
Lilleøren, K. S., Etzelmüller, B., Rouyet, L., Eiken, T., and Hilbich, C.: Transitional rock glaciers at sea-level in Northern Norway, Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-6, in review, 2022.
Liu, L., Millar, C. I., Westfall, R. D., and Zebker, H. A.: Surface motion of active rock glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA: inventory and a case study using InSAR, The Cryosphere, 7, 1109–1119, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1109-2013, 2013.
Mair, V., Zischg, A., Stötter, J., Krainer, K., Zilger, J., Belitz, K.,
Schenk, A., Damm, B., and Bucher, K.: PROALP-Mapping and monitoring of permafrost phenomena in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Italy, in: Geophys. Res. Abstr., Vienna, Austria, 13–18 April 2008, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-02467, 1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A-02467, 2008.
Marcer, M.: Rock glaciers automatic mapping using optical imagery and
convolutional neural networks, Permafrost Periglac., 31, 561–566,
2020.
Marcer, M., Bodin, X., Brenning, A., Schoeneich, P., Charvet, R., and
Gottardi, F.: Permafrost Favorability Index: Spatial Modeling in the French
Alps Using a Rock Glacier Inventory, Front. Earth Sci., 5, 105,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00105, 2017.
Marcer, M., Serrano, C., Brenning, A., Bodin, X., Goetz, J., and Schoeneich, P.: Evaluating the destabilization susceptibility of active rock glaciers in the French Alps, The Cryosphere, 13, 141–155, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-141-2019, 2019.
Marcer, M., Ringsø Nielsen, S., Ribeyre, C., Kummert, M., Duvillard, P.,
Schoeneich, P., Bodin, X., and Genuite, K.: Investigating the slope failures
at the Lou rock glacier front, French Alps, Permafrost Periglac.,
31, 15–30, 2020.
Massonnet, D. and Feigl, K. L.: Radar interferometry and its application to
changes in the Earth's surface, Rev. Geophys., 36, 441–500,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97RG03139, 1998.
Massonnet, D. and Souyris, J.-C.: Imaging with Synthetic Aperture Radar, EPFL Press, New York, USA, 2008.
Matsuoka, M., Watanabe, T., Ikea, A., Christiansen, H. H., Humlum, O., and
Rouyet, L.: Decadal-scale variability of polar rock glacier dynamics:
accelerating due to warming?, in: 1st Southern Hemisphere Conference on
Permafrost, Queenstown, New Zealand, 4–14 December 2019.
Monnier, S. and Kinnard, C.: Pluri-decadal (1955–2014) evolution of glacier–rock glacier transitional landforms in the central Andes of Chile (30–33° S), Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 493–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-493-2017, 2017.
Munroe, J. S.: Distribution, evidence for internal ice, and possible
hydrologic significance of rock glaciers in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, USA,
Quatern. Res., 90, 50–65, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.24, 2018.
Necsoiu, M., Onaca, A., Wigginton, S., and Urdea, P.: Rock glacier dynamics
in Southern Carpathian Mountains from high-resolution optical and
multi-temporal SAR satellite imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 177, 21–36,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2016.02.025, 2016.
Osmanoğlu, B., Sunar, F., Wdowinski, S., and Cabral-Cano, E.: Time series
analysis of InSAR data: Methods and trends, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 115, 90–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.003, 2016.
PERMOS: Permafrost in Switzerland 2014/2015 to 2017/2018, edited by: Noetzli, J.,
Pellet, C., and Staub, B., Glaciological Report (Permafrost) No.
16–19 of the Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, 104,
https://doi.org/10.13093/permos-rep-2019-16-19, http://www.permos.ch/publications.html
(last access: 14 October 2021), 2019.
Rangecroft, S., Harrison, S., Anderson, K., Magrath, J., Castel, A. P., and
Pacheco, P.: A First Rock Glacier Inventory for the Bolivian Andes, Permafrost Periglac., 25, 333–343, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1816, 2014.
Reinosch, E., Gerke, M., Riedel, B., Schwalb, A., Ye, Q., and Buckel, J.:
Rock glacier inventory of the western Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau, supported by InSAR time series and automated classification, Permafrost Periglac., 32, 657–672, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2117, 2021.
RGIK – baseline concepts: Towards standard guidelines for inventorying rock
glaciers: baseline concepts (Version 4.2.2), IPA Action Group Rock glacier
inventories and kinematics, 13,
https://bigweb.unifr.ch/Science/Geosciences/Geomorphology/Pub/Website/IPA/Guidelines/V4/220331_Baseline_Concepts_Inventorying_Rock_Glaciers_V4.2.2.pdf, last access: 16 May
2022.
RGIK – kinematic: Optional kinematic attribute in standardized rock
glacier inventories (Version 3.0), IPA Action Group Rock glacier inventories and kinematics, 8,
https://bigweb.unifr.ch/Science/Geosciences/Geomorphology/Pub/Website/IPA/CurrentVersion/Current_KinematicalAttribute.pdf, last access: 16 May 2022.
RGIK – kinematic approach: Rock glacier inventory using InSAR (kinematic
approach), Practical Guidelines (Version 3.0.2). IPA Action Group Rock
glacier inventories and kinematics, 38,
https://bigweb.unifr.ch/Science/Geosciences/Geomorphology/Pub/Website/CCI/Guidelines/RGI_ka_InSAR-based_Guidelines_v.3.0.2.pdf (last access: 8 October 2021), 2020.
Robson, B. A., Bolch, T., MacDonell, S., Hölbling, D., Rastner, P., and
Schaffer, N.: Automated detection of rock glaciers using deep learning and
object-based image analysis, Remote Sens. Environ., 250, 112033,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112033, 2020.
Robson, B. A., MacDonell, S., Ayala, Á., Bolch, T., Nielsen, P. R., and Vivero, S.: Glacier and rock glacier changes since the 1950s in the La Laguna catchment, Chile, The Cryosphere, 16, 647–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-647-2022, 2022.
Roer, I., Kääb, A., and Dikau, R.: Rockglacier acceleration in the
Turtmann valley (Swiss Alps): Probable controls, Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr., 59, 157–163, https://doi.org/10.1080/00291950510020655, 2005.
Roer, I., Haeberli, W., Avian, M., Kaufmann, V., Delaloye, R., Lambiel, C.,
and Kääb, A.: Observations and considerations on destabilizing
active rock glaciers in the European Alps, Ninth Int. Conf. Permafrost,
Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 29 June–3 July 2008, 4, 1505–1510,
https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-6082, 2008.
Rouyet, L., Lauknes, T. R., Christiansen, H. H., Strand, S. M., and Larsen,
Y.: Seasonal dynamics of a permafrost landscape, Adventdalen, Svalbard,
investigated by InSAR, Remote Sens. Environ., 231, 111236,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2019.111236, 2019.
Rouyet, L., Lilleøren, K., Böhme, M., Vick, L., Delaloye, R.,
Etzelmüller, B., Lauknes, T. R., Larsen, Y. and Blikra, L. H.: Regional
morpho-kinematic inventory of slope movements in Northern Norway, Front.
Earth Sci., 9, 2296-6463,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.681088, 2021.
Sandwell, D. T. and Price, E. J.: Phase gradient approach to stacking
interferograms, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 103, 30183–30204,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JB900008, 1998.
Sattler, K., Anderson, B., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K. and de Róiste, M.:
Estimating Permafrost Distribution in the Maritime Southern Alps, New
Zealand, Based on Climatic Conditions at Rock Glacier Sites, Front. Earth
Sci., 4, 4, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00004, 2016.
Schmid, M.-O., Baral, P., Gruber, S., Shahi, S., Shrestha, T., Stumm, D., and Wester, P.: Assessment of permafrost distribution maps in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region using rock glaciers mapped in Google Earth, The Cryosphere, 9, 2089–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2089-2015, 2015.
Scotti, R., Brardinoni, F., Alberti, S., Frattini, P. and Crosta, G. B.: A
regional inventory of rock glaciers and protalus ramparts in the central
Italian Alps, Geomorphology, 186, 136–149,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.12.028, 2013.
Scotti, R., Crosta, G. B., and Villa, A.: Destabilisation of Creeping
Permafrost: The Plator Rock Glacier Case Study (Central Italian Alps),
Permafrost Periglac., 28, 224–236, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1917, 2017.
Seppi, R., Carton, A., Zumiani, M., Dall'Amico, M., Zampedri, G., and Rigon,
R.: Inventory, distribution and topographic features of rock glaciers in the
southern region of the Eastern Italian Alps (Trentino), Geogr. Fis. e Din.
Quat., 35, 185–197, https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2012.35.17, 2012.
Seppi, R., Carturan, L., Carton, A., Zanoner, T., Zumiani, M., Cazorzi, F.,
Bertone, A., Baroni, C., and Salvatore, M. C.: Decoupled kinematics of two
neighbouring permafrost creeping landforms in the Eastern Italian Alps,
Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 2703–2719, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4698,
2019.
Strozzi, T., Caduff, R., Jones, N., Barboux, C., Delaloye, R., Bodin, X.,
Kääb, A., Mätzler, E., and Schrott, L.: Monitoring rock glacier
kinematics with satellite synthetic aperture radar, Remote Sens., 12,
559, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030559, 2020.
Touzi, R., Lopes, A., Bruniquel, J., and Vachon, P. W.: Coherence estimation
for SAR imagery, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 37, 135–149,
https://doi.org/10.1109/36.739146, 1999.
Villarroel, C., Tamburini Beliveau, G., Forte, A., Monserrat, O., Morvillo,
M., Villarroel, C. D., Tamburini Beliveau, G., Forte, A. P., Monserrat, O.,
and Morvillo, M.: DInSAR for a Regional Inventory of Active Rock Glaciers in
the Dry Andes Mountains of Argentina and Chile with Sentinel-1 Data, Remote
Sens., 10, 1588, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101588, 2018.
Wagner, T., Pleschberger, R., Kainz, S., Ribis, M., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A.,
Krainer, K., Philippitsch, R., and Winkler, G.: The first consistent
inventory of rock glaciers and their hydrological catchments of the Austrian
Alps, Austrian J. Earth Sci., 113, 1–23, 2020.
Wang, X., Liu, L., Zhao, L., Wu, T., Li, Z., and Liu, G.: Mapping and inventorying active rock glaciers in the northern Tien Shan of China using satellite SAR interferometry, The Cryosphere, 11, 997–1014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-997-2017, 2017.
Wangchuk, S., Bolch, T., and Robson, B.: Monitoring glacial lakes and their surroundings using Sentinel-1 SAR data, Google Earth Engine, and Persistent Scatter Interferometry, Remote Sens. Environ., 271, 112910, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112910, 2022.
Westermann, S., Peter, M., Langer, M., Schwamborn, G., Schirrmeister, L., Etzelmüller, B., and Boike, J.: Transient modeling of the ground thermal conditions using satellite data in the Lena River delta, Siberia, The Cryosphere, 11, 1441–1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1441-2017, 2017.
Wirz, V., Gruber, S., Purves, R. S., Beutel, J., Gärtner-Roer, I., Gubler, S., and Vieli, A.: Short-term velocity variations at three rock glaciers and their relationship with meteorological conditions, Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 103–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-103-2016, 2016.
Yague-Martinez, N., Prats-Iraola, P., Rodriguez Gonzalez, F., Brcic, R.,
Shau, R., Geudtner, D., Eineder, M. and Bamler, R.: Interferometric
Processing of Sentinel-1 TOPS Data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 54,
2220–2234, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.2497902, 2016.
Yu, C., Li, Z., and Penna, N. T.: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar
atmospheric correction using a GPS-based iterative tropospheric
decomposition model, Remote Sens. Environ., 204, 109–121,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSE.2017.10.038, 2018.
Zalazar, L., Ferri, L., Castro, M., Gargantini, H., Gimenez, M., Pitte, P.,
Ruiz, L., Masiokas, M., Costa, G., and Villalba, R.: Spatial distribution and
characteristics of Andean ice masses in Argentina: results from the first
National Glacier Inventory, J. Glaciol., 66, 938–949, 2020.
Zwieback, S., Liu, X., Antonova, S., Heim, B., Bartsch, A., Boike, J., and
Hajnsek, I.: A statistical test of phase closure to detect influences on
DInSAR deformation estimates besides displacements and decorrelation noise:
Two case studies in high-latitude regions, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote,
54, 5588–5601, 2016.
Short summary
We present the guidelines developed by the IPA Action Group and within the ESA Permafrost CCI project to include InSAR-based kinematic information in rock glacier inventories. Nine operators applied these guidelines to 11 regions worldwide; more than 3600 rock glaciers are classified according to their kinematics. We test and demonstrate the feasibility of applying common rules to produce homogeneous kinematic inventories at global scale, useful for hydrological and climate change purposes.
We present the guidelines developed by the IPA Action Group and within the ESA Permafrost CCI...
