Articles | Volume 13, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2557-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2557-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Sep 2019
Research article |
| 30 Sep 2019
| 30 Sep 2019
Mountain permafrost degradation documented through a network of permanent electrical resistivity tomography sites
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Christin Hilbich
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Cécile Pellet
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Adrian Flores-Orozco
Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
Reynald Delaloye
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Christian Hauck
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Related authors
Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, Coline Mollaret, Pablo Wainstein, and Lukas U. Arenson
The Cryosphere, 16, 1845–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In view of water scarcity in the Andes, the significance of permafrost as a future water resource is often debated focusing on satellite-detected features such as rock glaciers. We present data from > 50 geophysical surveys in Chile and Argentina to quantify the ground ice volume stored in various permafrost landforms, showing that not only rock glacier but also non-rock-glacier permafrost contains significant ground ice volumes and is relevant when assessing the hydrological role of permafrost.
Wilfried Haeberli, Lukas U. Arenson, Julie Wee, Christian Hauck, and Nico Mölg
The Cryosphere, 18, 1669–1683, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers in ice-rich permafrost can be discriminated from debris-covered glaciers. The key physical phenomenon relates to the tight mechanical coupling between the moving frozen body at depth and the surface layer of debris in the case of rock glaciers, as opposed to the virtually inexistent coupling in the case of surface ice with a debris cover. Contact zones of surface ice with subsurface ice in permafrost constitute diffuse landforms beyond either–or-type landform classification.
Mohammad Farzamian, Teddi Herring, Goncalo Vieira, Miguel Angel de Pablo, Borhan Yaghoobi Tabar, and Christian Hauck
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2908, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2908, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An Automated Electrical Resistivity Tomography (A-ERT) system was developed and deployed in Antarctica to monitor permafrost and active layer dynamics. The A-ERT, coupled with an efficient processing workflow, demonstrated its capability to monitor real-time thaw depth progression, detect seasonal and surficial freezing/thawing events, and assess permafrost stability. Our study showcased the potential of A-ERT for contributing to global permafrost monitoring networks.
Bernd Etzelmüller, Ketil Isaksen, Justyna Czekirda, Sebastian Westermann, Christin Hilbich, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 17, 5477–5497, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost (permanently frozen ground) is widespread in the mountains of Norway and Iceland. Several boreholes were drilled after 1999 for long-term permafrost monitoring. We document a strong warming of permafrost, including the development of unfrozen bodies in the permafrost. Warming and degradation of mountain permafrost may lead to more natural hazards.
Johannes Buckel, Jan Mudler, Rainer Gardeweg, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Regula Frauenfelder, Christof Kneisel, Sebastian Buchelt, Jan Henrik Blöthe, Andreas Hördt, and Matthias Bücker
The Cryosphere, 17, 2919–2940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals permafrost degradation by repeating old geophysical measurements at three Alpine sites. The compared data indicate that ice-poor permafrost is highly affected by temperature warming. The melting of ice-rich permafrost could not be identified. However, complex geomorphic processes are responsible for this rather than external temperature change. We suspect permafrost degradation here as well. In addition, we introduce a new current injection method for data acquisition.
Theresa Maierhofer, Adrian Flores Orozco, Nathalie Roser, Jonas K. Limbrock, Christin Hilbich, Clemens Moser, Andreas Kemna, Elisabetta Drigo, Umberto Morra di Cella, and Christian Hauck
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-671, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-671, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we apply an electrical method in a high mountain permafrost terrain in the Italian Alps, where long-term borehole temperature data are available for validation. In particular, we investigate the frequency dependence of the electrical properties for seasonal and annual variations along three years monitoring period. We demonstrate that our method is capable of resolving temporal changes in the thermal state and the ice/water ratio associated with seasonal freeze-thaw processes.
Adrian Wicki, Peter Lehmann, Christian Hauck, and Manfred Stähli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Soil wetness measurements are used for shallow landslide prediction; however, existing sites are often located in flat terrain. Here, we assessed the ability of monitoring sites at flat locations to detect critically saturated conditions compared to if they were situated at a landslide-prone location. We found that differences exist but that both sites could equally well distinguish critical from non-critical conditions for shallow landslide triggering if relative changes are considered.
Alessandro Cicoira, Samuel Weber, Andreas Biri, Ben Buchli, Reynald Delaloye, Reto Da Forno, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Raphael Mayoraz, Matthias Meyer, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Eric Pointner, Hugo Raetzo, Cristian Scapozza, Tazio Strozzi, Lothar Thiele, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, Vanessa Wirz, and Jan Beutel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5061–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents a monitoring network of 54 positions, located on different periglacial landforms in the Swiss Alps: rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls. The data serve basic research but also decision-making and mitigation of natural hazards. It is the largest dataset of its kind, comprising over 209 000 daily positions and additional weather data.
Karianne S. Lilleøren, Bernd Etzelmüller, Line Rouyet, Trond Eiken, Gaute Slinde, and Christin Hilbich
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 975–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In northern Norway we have observed several rock glaciers at sea level. Rock glaciers are landforms that only form under the influence of permafrost, which is frozen ground. Our investigations show that the rock glaciers are probably not active under the current climate but most likely were active in the recent past. This shows how the Arctic now changes due to climate changes and also how similar areas in currently colder climates will change in the future.
Aldo Bertone, Chloé Barboux, Xavier Bodin, Tobias Bolch, Francesco Brardinoni, Rafael Caduff, Hanne H. Christiansen, Margaret M. Darrow, Reynald Delaloye, Bernd Etzelmüller, Ole Humlum, Christophe Lambiel, Karianne S. Lilleøren, Volkmar Mair, Gabriel Pellegrinon, Line Rouyet, Lucas Ruiz, and Tazio Strozzi
The Cryosphere, 16, 2769–2792, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the guidelines developed by the IPA Action Group and within the ESA Permafrost CCI project to include InSAR-based kinematic information in rock glacier inventories. Nine operators applied these guidelines to 11 regions worldwide; more than 3600 rock glaciers are classified according to their kinematics. We test and demonstrate the feasibility of applying common rules to produce homogeneous kinematic inventories at global scale, useful for hydrological and climate change purposes.
Tamara Mathys, Christin Hilbich, Lukas U. Arenson, Pablo A. Wainstein, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 16, 2595–2615, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With ongoing climate change, there is a pressing need to understand how much water is stored as ground ice in permafrost. Still, field-based data on permafrost in the Andes are scarce, resulting in large uncertainties regarding ground ice volumes and their hydrological role. We introduce an upscaling methodology of geophysical-based ground ice quantifications at the catchment scale. Our results indicate that substantial ground ice volumes may also be present in areas without rock glaciers.
Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Nina Brunner, Reynald Delaloye, Wilfried Haeberli, Andreas Kääb, and Patrick Thee
The Cryosphere, 16, 2083–2101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2083-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2083-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We intensely investigated the Gruben site in the Swiss Alps, where glaciers and permafrost landforms closely interact, to better understand cold-climate environments. By the interpretation of air photos from 5 decades, we describe long-term developments of the existing landforms. In combination with high-resolution positioning measurements and ground surface temperatures, we were also able to link these to short-term changes and describe different landform responses to climate forcing.
Theresa Maierhofer, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Andreas Kemna, and Adrián Flores-Orozco
The Cryosphere, 16, 1903–1925, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We extend the application of electrical methods to characterize alpine permafrost using the so-called induced polarization (IP) effect associated with the storage of charges at the interface between liquid and solid phases. We investigate different field protocols to enhance data quality and conclude that with appropriate measurement and processing procedures, the characteristic dependence of the IP response of frozen rocks improves the assessment of thermal state and ice content in permafrost.
Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, Coline Mollaret, Pablo Wainstein, and Lukas U. Arenson
The Cryosphere, 16, 1845–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In view of water scarcity in the Andes, the significance of permafrost as a future water resource is often debated focusing on satellite-detected features such as rock glaciers. We present data from > 50 geophysical surveys in Chile and Argentina to quantify the ground ice volume stored in various permafrost landforms, showing that not only rock glacier but also non-rock-glacier permafrost contains significant ground ice volumes and is relevant when assessing the hydrological role of permafrost.
Martin Hoelzle, Christian Hauck, Tamara Mathys, Jeannette Noetzli, Cécile Pellet, and Martin Scherler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1531–1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With ongoing climate change, it is crucial to understand the interactions of the individual heat fluxes at the surface and within the subsurface layers, as well as their impacts on the permafrost thermal regime. A unique set of high-altitude meteorological measurements has been analysed to determine the energy balance at three mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps, where data have been collected since the late 1990s in collaboration with the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network (PERMOS).
Bernd Etzelmüller, Justyna Czekirda, Florence Magnin, Pierre-Allain Duvillard, Ludovic Ravanel, Emanuelle Malet, Andreas Aspaas, Lene Kristensen, Ingrid Skrede, Gudrun D. Majala, Benjamin Jacobs, Johannes Leinauer, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Martina Böhme, Reginald Hermanns, Harald Ø. Eriksen, Tom Rune Lauknes, Michael Krautblatter, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 97–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a multi-authored study documenting the possible existence of permafrost in permanently monitored rockslides in Norway for the first time by combining a multitude of field data, including geophysical surveys in rock walls. The paper discusses the possible role of thermal regime and rockslide movement, and it evaluates the possible impact of atmospheric warming on rockslide dynamics in Norwegian mountains.
Adrian Wicki, Per-Erik Jansson, Peter Lehmann, Christian Hauck, and Manfred Stähli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4585–4610, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture information was shown to be valuable for landslide prediction. Soil moisture was simulated at 133 sites in Switzerland, and the temporal variability was compared to the regional occurrence of landslides. We found that simulated soil moisture is a good predictor for landslides, and that the forecast goodness is similar to using in situ measurements. This encourages the use of models for complementing existing soil moisture monitoring networks for regional landslide early warning.
Timea Katona, Benjamin Silas Gilfedder, Sven Frei, Matthias Bücker, and Adrian Flores-Orozco
Biogeosciences, 18, 4039–4058, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4039-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4039-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used electrical geophysical methods to map variations in the rates of microbial activity within a wetland. Our results show that the highest electrical conductive and capacitive properties relate to the highest concentrations of phosphates, carbon, and iron; thus, we can use them to characterize the geometry of the biogeochemically active areas or hotspots.
Christian Halla, Jan Henrik Blöthe, Carla Tapia Baldis, Dario Trombotto Liaudat, Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, and Lothar Schrott
The Cryosphere, 15, 1187–1213, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the semi-arid to arid Andes of Argentina, rock glaciers contain invisible and unknown amounts of ground ice that could become more important in future for the water availability during the dry season. The study shows that the investigated rock glacier represents an important long-term ice reservoir in the dry mountain catchment and that interannual changes of ground ice can store and release significant amounts of annual precipitation.
Matthias Bücker, Adrián Flores Orozco, Jakob Gallistl, Matthias Steiner, Lukas Aigner, Johannes Hoppenbrock, Ruth Glebe, Wendy Morales Barrera, Carlos Pita de la Paz, César Emilio García García, José Alberto Razo Pérez, Johannes Buckel, Andreas Hördt, Antje Schwalb, and Liseth Pérez
Solid Earth, 12, 439–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use seismic, electromagnetic, and geoelectrical methods to assess sediment thickness and lake-bottom geology of two karst lakes. An unexpected drainage event provided us with the unusual opportunity to compare water-borne measurements with measurements carried out on the dry lake floor. The resulting data set does not only provide insight into the specific lake-bottom geology of the studied lakes but also evidences the potential and limitations of the employed field methods.
Sebastián Vivero, Reynald Delaloye, and Christophe Lambiel
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-8, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-8, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We use repeated drone flights to measure the velocities of a rock glacier located in the western Swiss Alps. The results are validated by comparing with simultaneous GPS measurements. Between 2016 and 2019, the rock glacier doubled its overall frontal velocity, from 5 m to more than 10 m per year. These high velocities and the development of a scarp feature indicate a rock glacier destabilisation phase. Finally, this work highlights the use of drones for rock glacier monitoring.
Maximilian Weigand, Florian M. Wagner, Jonas K. Limbrock, Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, and Andreas Kemna
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 317–336, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-317-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-317-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In times of global warming, permafrost is starting to degrade at alarming rates, requiring new and improved characterization approaches. We describe the design and test installation, as well as detailed data quality assessment, of a monitoring system used to capture natural electrical potentials in the subsurface. These self-potential signals are of great interest for the noninvasive investigation of water flow in the non-frozen or partially frozen subsurface.
Mohammad Farzamian, Gonçalo Vieira, Fernando A. Monteiro Santos, Borhan Yaghoobi Tabar, Christian Hauck, Maria Catarina Paz, Ivo Bernardo, Miguel Ramos, and Miguel Angel de Pablo
The Cryosphere, 14, 1105–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1105-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1105-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A 2-D automated electrical resistivity tomography (A-ERT) system was installed for the first time in Antarctica at Deception Island to (i) monitor subsurface freezing and thawing processes on a daily and seasonal basis and map the spatial and temporal variability of thaw depth and to (ii) study the impact of short-lived extreme meteorological events on active layer dynamics.
Jan Mudler, Andreas Hördt, Anita Przyklenk, Gianluca Fiandaca, Pradip Kumar Maurya, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 13, 2439–2456, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2439-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2439-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The capacitively coupled resistivity (CCR) method enables the determination of frequency-dependent electrical parameters of the subsurface. CCR is well suited for application in cryospheric areas because it provides logistical advantages regarding coupling on hard surfaces and highly resistive grounds. With our new spectral two-dimensional inversion, we can identify subsurface structures based on full spectral information. We show the first results of the inversion method on the field scale.
Matthias Steiner, Florian M. Wagner, and Adrian Flores Orozco
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-52, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-52, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Mario Kummert and Reynald Delaloye
Geogr. Helv., 73, 357–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-73-357-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-73-357-2018, 2018
Martin Beniston, Daniel Farinotti, Markus Stoffel, Liss M. Andreassen, Erika Coppola, Nicolas Eckert, Adriano Fantini, Florie Giacona, Christian Hauck, Matthias Huss, Hendrik Huwald, Michael Lehning, Juan-Ignacio López-Moreno, Jan Magnusson, Christoph Marty, Enrique Morán-Tejéda, Samuel Morin, Mohamed Naaim, Antonello Provenzale, Antoine Rabatel, Delphine Six, Johann Stötter, Ulrich Strasser, Silvia Terzago, and Christian Vincent
The Cryosphere, 12, 759–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper makes a rather exhaustive overview of current knowledge of past, current, and future aspects of cryospheric issues in continental Europe and makes a number of reflections of areas of uncertainty requiring more attention in both scientific and policy terms. The review paper is completed by a bibliography containing 350 recent references that will certainly be of value to scholars engaged in the fields of glacier, snow, and permafrost research.
Benjamin Mewes, Christin Hilbich, Reynald Delaloye, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 11, 2957–2974, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2957-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2957-2017, 2017
Cécile Pellet and Christian Hauck
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3199–3220, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3199-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3199-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a detailed description of the new Swiss soil moisture monitoring network SOMOMOUNT, which comprises six stations distributed along an elevation gradient ranging from 1205 to 3410 m. The liquid soil moisture (LSM) data collected during the first 3 years are discussed with regard to their soil type and climate dependency as well as their altitudinal distribution. The elevation dependency of the LSM was found to be non-linear with distinct dynamics at high and low elevation.
Jonas Wicky and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 11, 1311–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Talus slopes are a widespread geomorphic feature, which may show permafrost conditions even at low elevation due to cold microclimates induced by a gravity-driven internal air circulation. We show for the first time a numerical simulation of this internal air circulation of a field-scale talus slope. Results indicate that convective heat transfer leads to a pronounced ground cooling in the lower part of the talus slope favoring the persistence of permafrost.
Antoine Marmy, Jan Rajczak, Reynald Delaloye, Christin Hilbich, Martin Hoelzle, Sven Kotlarski, Christophe Lambiel, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Nadine Salzmann, Benno Staub, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 10, 2693–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new semi-automated method to calibrate the 1-D soil model COUP. It is the first time (as far as we know) that this approach is developed for mountain permafrost. It is applied at six test sites in the Swiss Alps. In a second step, the calibrated model is used for RCM-based simulations with specific downscaling of RCM data to the borehole scale. We show projections of the permafrost evolution at the six sites until the end of the century and according to the A1B scenario.
G. Blöschl, A. P. Blaschke, M. Broer, C. Bucher, G. Carr, X. Chen, A. Eder, M. Exner-Kittridge, A. Farnleitner, A. Flores-Orozco, P. Haas, P. Hogan, A. Kazemi Amiri, M. Oismüller, J. Parajka, R. Silasari, P. Stadler, P. Strauss, M. Vreugdenhil, W. Wagner, and M. Zessner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 227–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-227-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-227-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper illustrates the experimental and monitoring set-up of the 66 ha Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) in Petzenkirchen, Lower Austria, which allows meaningful hypothesis testing. The HOAL catchment features a range of different runoff generation processes (surface runoff, springs, tile drains, wetlands), and is convenient from a logistic point of view as all instruments can be connected to the power grid and a high-speed glassfibre local area network.
A. Ekici, S. Chadburn, N. Chaudhary, L. H. Hajdu, A. Marmy, S. Peng, J. Boike, E. Burke, A. D. Friend, C. Hauck, G. Krinner, M. Langer, P. A. Miller, and C. Beer
The Cryosphere, 9, 1343–1361, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares the performance of different land models in estimating soil thermal regimes at distinct cold region landscape types. Comparing models with different processes reveal the importance of surface insulation (snow/moss layer) and soil internal processes (heat/water transfer). The importance of model processes also depend on site conditions such as high/low snow cover, dry/wet soil types.
P. Pogliotti, M. Guglielmin, E. Cremonese, U. Morra di Cella, G. Filippa, C. Pellet, and C. Hauck
The Cryosphere, 9, 647–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-647-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the thermal state and recent evolution of permafrost at Cime Bianche.
The analysis reveals that (i) spatial variability of MAGST is greater than its interannual variability and is controlled by snow duration and air temperature during the snow-free period, (ii) the ALT has a pronounced spatial variability caused by a different subsurface ice and water content, and (iii) permafrost is warming at significant rates below 8m of depth.
B. Staub, A. Marmy, C. Hauck, C. Hilbich, and R. Delaloye
Geogr. Helv., 70, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-70-45-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-70-45-2015, 2015
A. Ekici, C. Beer, S. Hagemann, J. Boike, M. Langer, and C. Hauck
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-631-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-631-2014, 2014
M. Scherler, S. Schneider, M. Hoelzle, and C. Hauck
Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 141–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-141-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-141-2014, 2014
S. Schneider, S. Daengeli, C. Hauck, and M. Hoelzle
Geogr. Helv., 68, 265–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-265-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-265-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Discipline: Frozen ground | Subject: Frozen Ground
The evolution of Arctic permafrost over the last 3 centuries from ensemble simulations with the CryoGridLite permafrost model
Permafrost degradation of peatlands in northern Sweden
Permafrost saline water and Early to mid-Holocene permafrost aggradation in Svalbard
Environmental spaces for palsas and peat plateaus are disappearing at a circumpolar scale
Post-Little Ice Age rock wall permafrost evolution in Norway
Modelling rock glacier ice content based on InSAR-derived velocity, Khumbu and Lhotse valleys, Nepal
The temperature-dependent shear strength of ice-filled joints in rock mass considering the effect of joint roughness, opening and shear rates
Significant underestimation of peatland permafrost along the Labrador Sea coastline in northern Canada
Estimation of stream water components and residence time in a permafrost catchment in the central Tibetan Plateau using long-term water stable isotopic data
Brief communication: Improving ERA5-Land soil temperature in permafrost regions using an optimized multi-layer snow scheme
Towards accurate quantification of ice content in permafrost of the Central Andes – Part 2: An upscaling strategy of geophysical measurements to the catchment scale at two study sites
Long-term analysis of cryoseismic events and associated ground thermal stress in Adventdalen, Svalbard
Seismic physics-based characterization of permafrost sites using surface waves
Three in one: GPS-IR measurements of ground surface elevation changes, soil moisture, and snow depth at a permafrost site in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Surface temperatures and their influence on the permafrost thermal regime in high-Arctic rock walls on Svalbard
Consequences of permafrost degradation for Arctic infrastructure – bridging the model gap between regional and engineering scales
Passive seismic recording of cryoseisms in Adventdalen, Svalbard
Projecting circum-Arctic excess-ground-ice melt with a sub-grid representation in the Community Land Model
Ground ice, organic carbon and soluble cations in tundra permafrost soils and sediments near a Laurentide ice divide in the Slave Geological Province, Northwest Territories, Canada
The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions
Brief Communication: The reliability of gas extraction techniques for analysing CH4 and N2O compositions in gas trapped in permafrost ice wedges
Geochemical signatures of pingo ice and its origin in Grøndalen, west Spitsbergen
Permafrost variability over the Northern Hemisphere based on the MERRA-2 reanalysis
Distinguishing ice-rich and ice-poor permafrost to map ground temperatures and ground ice occurrence in the Swiss Alps
New ground ice maps for Canada using a paleogeographic modelling approach
Origin, burial and preservation of late Pleistocene-age glacier ice in Arctic permafrost (Bylot Island, NU, Canada)
Characteristics and fate of isolated permafrost patches in coastal Labrador, Canada
Rock glaciers in Daxue Shan, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau: an inventory, their distribution, and their environmental controls
Microtopographic control on the ground thermal regime in ice wedge polygons
Moritz Langer, Jan Nitzbon, Brian Groenke, Lisa-Marie Assmann, Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Simone Maria Stuenzi, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 18, 363–385, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-363-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-363-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using a model that can simulate the evolution of Arctic permafrost over centuries to millennia, we find that post-industrialization permafrost warming has three "hotspots" in NE Canada, N Alaska, and W Siberia. The extent of near-surface permafrost has decreased substantially since 1850, with the largest area losses occurring in the last 50 years. The simulations also show that volcanic eruptions have in some cases counteracted the loss of near-surface permafrost for a few decades.
Samuel Valman, Matthias Siewert, Doreen Boyd, Martha Ledger, David Gee, Betsabe de la Barreda-Bautista, Andrew Sowter, and Sofie Sjogersten
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-138, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-138, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for TC
Short summary
Short summary
Climate warming is thawing permafrost that makes up palsa (frost mound) peatlands, risking ecosystem col-lapse and carbon release as methane. We measure this regional degradation using radar satellite technology to measure ground elevation changes and show how terrain roughness measurements can be used to estimate local permafrost damage. We find that over half of Sweden’s largest palsa peatlands are degrading, with the worse impacts to the North linked to increased winter precipitation.
Dotan Rotem, Vladimir Lyakhovsky, Hanne Hvidtfeldt Christiansen, Yehudit Harlavan, and Yishai Weinstein
The Cryosphere, 17, 3363–3381, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3363-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3363-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Frozen saline pore water, left over from post-glacial marine ingression, was found in shallow permafrost in a Svalbard fjord valley. This suggests that freezing occurred immediately after marine regression due to isostatic rebound. We conducted top-down freezing simulations, which confirmed that with Early to mid-Holocene temperatures (e.g. −4 °C), freezing could progress down to 20–40 m within 200 years. This, in turn, could inhibit flow through the sediment, therefore preserving saline fluids.
Oona Leppiniemi, Olli Karjalainen, Juha Aalto, Miska Luoto, and Jan Hjort
The Cryosphere, 17, 3157–3176, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, suitable environments for palsas and peat plateaus were modeled for the whole Northern Hemisphere. The hotspots of occurrences were in northern Europe, western Siberia, and subarctic Canada. Climate change was predicted to cause almost complete loss of the studied landforms by the late century. Our predictions filled knowledge gaps in the distribution of the landforms, and they can be utilized in estimation of the pace and impacts of the climate change over northern regions.
Justyna Czekirda, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, and Florence Magnin
The Cryosphere, 17, 2725–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess spatio-temporal permafrost variations in selected rock walls in Norway over the last 120 years. Ground temperature is modelled using the two-dimensional ground heat flux model CryoGrid 2D along nine profiles. Permafrost probably occurs at most sites. All simulations show increasing ground temperature from the 1980s. Our simulations show that rock wall permafrost with a temperature of −1 °C at 20 m depth could thaw at this depth within 50 years.
Yan Hu, Stephan Harrison, Lin Liu, and Joanne Laura Wood
The Cryosphere, 17, 2305–2321, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are considered to be important freshwater reservoirs in the future climate. However, the amount of ice stored in rock glaciers is poorly quantified. Here we developed an empirical model to estimate ice content in rock the glaciers in the Khumbu and Lhotse valleys, Nepal. The modelling results confirmed the hydrological importance of rock glaciers in the study area. The developed approach shows promise in being applied to permafrost regions to assess water storage of rock glaciers.
Shibing Huang, Haowei Cai, Zekun Xin, and Gang Liu
The Cryosphere, 17, 1205–1223, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1205-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1205-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the warming degradation mechanism of ice-filled joints is revealed, and the effect of temperature, normal stress, shear rate and joint opening on the shear strength of rough ice-filled joints is investigated. The shear rupture modes include shear cracking of joint ice and debonding of the ice–rock interface, which is related to the above factors. The bonding strength of the ice–rock interface is larger than the shear strength of joint ice when the temperature is below −1 ℃.
Yifeng Wang, Robert G. Way, Jordan Beer, Anika Forget, Rosamond Tutton, and Meredith C. Purcell
The Cryosphere, 17, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-63-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-63-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Peatland permafrost in northeastern Canada has been misrepresented by models, leading to significant underestimates of peatland permafrost and permafrost distribution along the Labrador Sea coastline. Our multi-stage, multi-mapper, consensus-based inventorying process, supported by field- and imagery-based validation efforts, identifies peatland permafrost complexes all along the coast. The highest density of complexes is found to the south of the current sporadic discontinuous permafrost limit.
Shaoyong Wang, Xiaobo He, Shichang Kang, Hui Fu, and Xiaofeng Hong
The Cryosphere, 16, 5023–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5023-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5023-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study used the sine-wave exponential model and long-term water stable isotopic data to estimate water mean residence time (MRT) and its influencing factors in a high-altitude permafrost catchment (5300 m a.s.l.) in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP). MRT for stream and supra-permafrost water was estimated at 100 and 255 d, respectively. Climate and vegetation factors affected the MRT of stream and supra-permafrost water mainly by changing the thickness of the permafrost active layer.
Bin Cao, Gabriele Arduini, and Ervin Zsoter
The Cryosphere, 16, 2701–2708, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented a new multi-layer snow scheme in the land surface scheme of ERA5-Land with revised snow densification parameterizations. The revised HTESSEL improved the representation of soil temperature in permafrost regions compared to ERA5-Land; in particular, warm bias in winter was significantly reduced, and the resulting modeled near-surface permafrost extent was improved.
Tamara Mathys, Christin Hilbich, Lukas U. Arenson, Pablo A. Wainstein, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 16, 2595–2615, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With ongoing climate change, there is a pressing need to understand how much water is stored as ground ice in permafrost. Still, field-based data on permafrost in the Andes are scarce, resulting in large uncertainties regarding ground ice volumes and their hydrological role. We introduce an upscaling methodology of geophysical-based ground ice quantifications at the catchment scale. Our results indicate that substantial ground ice volumes may also be present in areas without rock glaciers.
Rowan Romeyn, Alfred Hanssen, and Andreas Köhler
The Cryosphere, 16, 2025–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2025-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2025-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have investigated a long-term record of ground vibrations, recorded by a seismic array installed in Adventdalen, Svalbard. This record contains a large number of
frost quakes, a type of ground shaking that can be produced by cracks that form as the ground cools rapidly. We use underground temperatures measured in a nearby borehole to model forces of thermal expansion and contraction that can cause these cracks. We also use the seismic measurements to estimate where these cracks occurred.
Hongwei Liu, Pooneh Maghoul, and Ahmed Shalaby
The Cryosphere, 16, 1157–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The knowledge of physical and mechanical properties of permafrost and its location is critical for the management of permafrost-related geohazards. Here, we developed a hybrid inverse and multiphase poromechanical approach to quantitatively estimate the physical and mechanical properties of a permafrost site. Our study demonstrates the potential of surface wave techniques coupled with our proposed data-processing algorithm to characterize a permafrost site more accurately.
Jiahua Zhang, Lin Liu, Lei Su, and Tao Che
The Cryosphere, 15, 3021–3033, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We improve the commonly used GPS-IR algorithm for estimating surface soil moisture in permafrost areas, which does not consider the bias introduced by seasonal surface vertical movement. We propose a three-in-one framework to integrate the GPS-IR observations of surface elevation changes, soil moisture, and snow depth at one site and illustrate it by using a GPS site in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study is the first to use GPS-IR to measure environmental variables in the Tibetan Plateau.
Juditha Undine Schmidt, Bernd Etzelmüller, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Florence Magnin, Julia Boike, Moritz Langer, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 15, 2491–2509, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents rock surface temperatures (RSTs) of steep high-Arctic rock walls on Svalbard from 2016 to 2020. The field data show that coastal cliffs are characterized by warmer RSTs than inland locations during winter seasons. By running model simulations, we analyze factors leading to that effect, calculate the surface energy balance and simulate different future scenarios. Both field data and model results can contribute to a further understanding of RST in high-Arctic rock walls.
Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Hanna Lee, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Sebastian Westermann, Vladimir Romanovsky, Scott Lamoureux, Donald A. Walker, Sarah Chadburn, Erin Trochim, Lei Cai, Jan Nitzbon, Stephan Jacobi, and Moritz Langer
The Cryosphere, 15, 2451–2471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2451-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2451-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate warming puts infrastructure built on permafrost at risk of failure. There is a growing need for appropriate model-based risk assessments. Here we present a modelling study and show an exemplary case of how a gravel road in a cold permafrost environment in Alaska might suffer from degrading permafrost under a scenario of intense climate warming. We use this case study to discuss the broader-scale applicability of our model for simulating future Arctic infrastructure failure.
Rowan Romeyn, Alfred Hanssen, Bent Ole Ruud, Helene Meling Stemland, and Tor Arne Johansen
The Cryosphere, 15, 283–302, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A series of unusual ground motion signatures were identified in geophone recordings at a frost polygon site in Adventdalen on Svalbard. By analysing where the ground motion originated in time and space, we are able to classify them as cryoseisms, also known as frost quakes, a ground-cracking phenomenon that occurs as a result of freezing processes. The waves travelling through the ground produced by these frost quakes also allow us to measure the structure of the permafrost in the near surface.
Lei Cai, Hanna Lee, Kjetil Schanke Aas, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 14, 4611–4626, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4611-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A sub-grid representation of excess ground ice in the Community Land Model (CLM) is developed as novel progress in modeling permafrost thaw and its impacts under the warming climate. The modeled permafrost degradation with sub-grid excess ice follows the pathway that continuous permafrost transforms into discontinuous permafrost before it disappears, including surface subsidence and talik formation, which are highly permafrost-relevant landscape changes excluded from most land models.
Rupesh Subedi, Steven V. Kokelj, and Stephan Gruber
The Cryosphere, 14, 4341–4364, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4341-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4341-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost beneath tundra near Lac de Gras (Northwest Territories, Canada) contains more ice and less organic carbon than shown in global compilations. Excess-ice content of 20–60 %, likely remnant Laurentide basal ice, is found in upland till. This study is based on 24 boreholes up to 10 m deep. Findings highlight geology and glacial legacy as determinants of a mosaic of permafrost characteristics with potential for thaw subsidence up to several metres in some locations.
Bin Cao, Stephan Gruber, Donghai Zheng, and Xin Li
The Cryosphere, 14, 2581–2595, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports that ERA5-Land (ERA5L) soil temperature bias in permafrost regions correlates with the bias in air temperature and with maximum snow height. While global reanalyses are important drivers for permafrost study, ERA5L soil data are not well suited for directly informing permafrost research decision making due to their warm bias in winter. To address this, future soil temperature products in reanalyses will require permafrost-specific alterations to their land surface models.
Ji-Woong Yang, Jinho Ahn, Go Iwahana, Sangyoung Han, Kyungmin Kim, and Alexander Fedorov
The Cryosphere, 14, 1311–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1311-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1311-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing permafrost may lead to decomposition of soil carbon and nitrogen and emission of greenhouse gases. Thus, methane and nitrous oxide compositions in ground ice may provide information on their production mechanisms in permafrost. We test conventional wet and dry extraction methods. We find that both methods extract gas from the easily extractable parts of the ice and yield similar results for mixing ratios. However, both techniques are unable to fully extract gas from the ice.
Nikita Demidov, Sebastian Wetterich, Sergey Verkulich, Aleksey Ekaykin, Hanno Meyer, Mikhail Anisimov, Lutz Schirrmeister, Vasily Demidov, and Andrew J. Hodson
The Cryosphere, 13, 3155–3169, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3155-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3155-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
As Norwegian geologist Liestøl (1996) recognised,
in connection with formation of pingos there are a great many unsolved questions. Drillings and temperature measurements through the pingo mound and also through the surrounding permafrost are needed before the problems can be better understood. To shed light on pingo formation here we present the results of first drilling of pingo on Spitsbergen together with results of detailed hydrochemical and stable-isotope studies of massive-ice samples.
Jing Tao, Randal D. Koster, Rolf H. Reichle, Barton A. Forman, Yuan Xue, Richard H. Chen, and Mahta Moghaddam
The Cryosphere, 13, 2087–2110, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2087-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2087-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The active layer thickness (ALT) in middle-to-high northern latitudes from 1980 to 2017 was produced at 81 km2 resolution by a global land surface model (NASA's CLSM) with forcing fields from a reanalysis data set, MERRA-2. The simulated permafrost distribution and ALTs agree reasonably well with an observation-based map and in situ measurements, respectively. The accumulated above-freezing air temperature and maximum snow water equivalent explain most of the year-to-year variability of ALT.
Robert Kenner, Jeannette Noetzli, Martin Hoelzle, Hugo Raetzo, and Marcia Phillips
The Cryosphere, 13, 1925–1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new permafrost mapping method distinguishes between ice-poor and ice-rich permafrost. The approach was tested for the entire Swiss Alps and highlights the dominating influence of the factors elevation and solar radiation on the distribution of ice-poor permafrost. Our method enabled the indication of mean annual ground temperatures and the cartographic representation of permafrost-free belts, which are bounded above by ice-poor permafrost and below by permafrost-containing excess ice.
H. Brendan O'Neill, Stephen A. Wolfe, and Caroline Duchesne
The Cryosphere, 13, 753–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-753-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-753-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we present new models to depict ground ice in permafrost in Canada, incorporating knowledge from recent studies. The model outputs we present reproduce observed regional ground ice conditions and are generally comparable with previous mapping. However, our results are more detailed and more accurately reflect ground ice conditions in many regions. The new mapping is an important step toward understanding terrain response to permafrost degradation in Canada.
Stephanie Coulombe, Daniel Fortier, Denis Lacelle, Mikhail Kanevskiy, and Yuri Shur
The Cryosphere, 13, 97–111, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-97-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-97-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a detailed description of relict glacier ice preserved in the permafrost of Bylot Island (Nunavut). We demonstrate that the 18O composition (-34.0 0.4 ‰) of the ice is consistent with the late Pleistocene age ice in the Barnes Ice Cap. As most of the glaciated Arctic landscapes are still strongly determined by their glacial legacy, the melting of these large ice bodies could have significant impacts on permafrost geosystem landscape dynamics and ecosystems.
Robert G. Way, Antoni G. Lewkowicz, and Yu Zhang
The Cryosphere, 12, 2667–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2667-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2667-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Isolated patches of permafrost in southeast Labrador are among the southernmost lowland permafrost features in Canada. Local characteristics at six sites were investigated from Cartwright, NL (~ 54° N) to Blanc-Sablon, QC (~ 51° N). Annual ground temperatures varied from −0.7 °C to −2.3 °C with permafrost thicknesses of 1.7–12 m. Ground temperatures modelled for two sites showed permafrost disappearing at the southern site by 2060 and persistence beyond 2100 at the northern site only for RCP2.6.
Zeze Ran and Gengnian Liu
The Cryosphere, 12, 2327–2340, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2327-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2327-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This article provides the first rock glacier inventory of Daxue Shan, south- eastern Tibetan Plateau. This study provides important data for exploring the relation between maritime periglacial environments and the development of rock glaciers on the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). It may also highlight the characteristics typical of rock glaciers found in a maritime setting.
Charles J. Abolt, Michael H. Young, Adam L. Atchley, and Dylan R. Harp
The Cryosphere, 12, 1957–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1957-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1957-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the relationship between ice wedge polygon topography and near-surface ground temperature using a combination of field work and numerical modeling. We analyze a year-long record of ground temperature across a low-centered polygon, then demonstrate that lower rims and deeper troughs promote warmer conditions in the ice wedge in winter. This finding implies that ice wedge cracking and growth, which are driven by cold conditions, can be impeded by rim erosion or trough subsidence.
Cited articles
Arenson, L., Hoelzle, M., and Springman, S.: Borehole deformation
measurements and internal structure of some rock glaciers in Switzerland,
Permafrost Periglac., 13, 117–135, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.414, 2002.
Arenson, L., Hauck, C., Hilbich, C., Seward, L., Yamamoto, Y., and
Springman, S.: Sub-surface heterogeneities in the Murtèl-Corvatsch rock
glacier, Switzerland, Geo2010, 6th Canadian Permafrost Conference, Calgary, Canada, 12–16 September 2010, 1494–1500, 2010.
Barker, R. and Moore, J.: The application of time-lapse electrical tomography
in groundwater studies, Geophysics, 17, 1454, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1437878, 1998.
Biskaborn, B. K., Lanckman, J.-P., Lantuit, H., Elger, K., Streletskiy, D. A., Cable, W. L., and Romanovsky, V. E.: The new database of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 245–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-245-2015, 2015.
Caterina, D., Flores-Orozco, A., and Nguyen, F.: Long-term ERT monitoring of
biogeochemical changes of an aged hydrocarbon contamination, J. Contam.
Hydrol., 201, 19–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.04.003, 2017.
Coperey, A., Revil, A., Abdulsamad, F., Stutz, B., Duvillard, P. A., and
Ravanel, L.: Low frequency induced polarization of porous media undergoing
freezing: preliminary observations and modeling. J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
124, 4523–4544, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB017015, 2019.
Dafflon, B., Oktem, R., Peterson, J., Ulrich, C., Tran, A. P., Romanovsky,
V., and Hubbard, S. S.: Coincident aboveground and belowground autonomous
monitoring to quantify covariability in permafrost, soil, and vegetation
properties in Arctic tundra, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 1321–1342,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003724, 2017.
Dahlin, T.: The development of electrical imaging techniques, Comput.
Geosci., 27, 1019–1029, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00160-6, 2001.
Delaloye, R. and Lambiel, C.: Evidence of winter ascending air circulation
throughout talus slopes and rock glaciers situated in the lower belt of
alpine discontinuous permafrost (Swiss Alps), Norw. J.
Geogr., 59 ,194–203, https://doi.org/10.1080/00291950510020673, 2005.
Delaloye, R., Reynard, E., Lambiel, C., Marescot, L., and Monnet, R.:
Thermal anomaly in a cold scree slope, Creux du Van, Switzerland, Proc. 8th
Int. Conf. Perm., Zurich, 21–25 July 2003, 175–180, 2003.
Delaloye, R., Lambiel, C., and Gärtner-Roer, I.: Overview of rock
glacier kinematics research in the Swiss Alps: seasonal rhythm, interannual
variations and trends over several decades, Geogr. Helv.,
65, 135–145, https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-38562, 2010.
Doetsch, J., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Christiansen, A. V., Fiandaca, G., Auken,
E., and Elberling, B.: Direct current (DC) resistivity and induced
polarization (IP) monitoring of active layer dynamics at high temporal
resolution, Cold Reg. Sci., Technol., 119, 16–28, 2015.
Duvillard, P. A., Revil, A., Qi, Y., Soueid Ahmed, A., Coperey, A., and
Ravanel, L.: Three-dimensional electrical conductivity and induced
polarization tomography of a rock glacier, J. Geoph. Res., 123, 9528–9554,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015965, 2018.
Farzamian, M., Vieira, G., Monteiro Santos, F. A., Yaghoobi Tabar, B., Hauck, C., Paz, M. C., Bernando, I., Ramos, M., and de Pablo, M. A.: Detailed detection of fast changes in the active layer using quasi-continuous electrical resistivity tomography (Deception Island, Antarctica), The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-39, in review, 2019.
Flores-Orozco, A., Kemna, A., and Zimmermann, E.: Data error quantification in
spectral induced polarization imaging, Geophysics, 77, 227–237,
https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2010-0194.1, 2012.
Flores-Orozco, A., Bücker, M., Steiner, M., and Malet, J.P.:
Complex-conductivity imaging for the understanding of landslide
architecture, Eng. Geol., 243, 241–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.07.009,
2018.
Flores-Orozco, A.., Micić, V., Bücker, M., Gallistl, J., Hofmann, T.,
and Nguyen, F.: Complex-conductivity monitoring to delineate aquifer pore
clogging during nanoparticles injection, Geophys. J. Int., 218, 1838–1852,
2019.
Friedel, S.: Resolution, stability and efficiency of resistivity tomography
estimated from a generalized inverse approach. Geophys. J. Int., 153,
305–316, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01890.x, 2003.
Grimm, R. E. and Stillman, D. E.: Field test of detection and
characterization of subsurface ice using broadband spectral induced
polarization, Permafrost Periglac., 26, 28–38, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015jog15j113,
2015.
Gruber, S., King, L., Kohl, T., Herz, T., Haeberli, W., and Hoelzle, M.:
Interpretation of geothermal profiles perturbed by topography: The Alpine
Permafrost boreholes at Stockhorn Plateau, Switzerland, Permafrost
Periglac., 15, 349–357, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.503, 2004.
Gude, M., Dietrich, S., Mäusbacher, R., Hauck, C., Molenda, R., Ruzicka,
V., and Zacharda, M.: Permafrost conditions in non-alpine scree slopes in
central Europe, in: Permafrost, edited by: Phillips, M., Springman, S. M., Arenson, L. U., Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, 331–336, 2003.
Haeberli, W., Huder, J., Keusen, HR., Pika, J., and Röthlisberger,
H.:Core drilling through rock glacier permafrost, Proceedings of the Fifth
International Conference on Permafrost, Trondheim, Norway, 2–5 August 1988.
Tapir Publishers, 937–944, 1988.
Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., Kääb, A., Keller F., Vonder Mühll,
D., and Wagner S.: Ten years after drilling through the permafrost of the
active rock glacier Murtèl, eastern Swiss Alps: answered questions and
new perspectives, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on
Permafrost, Collection Nordicana, Centre d'études nordiques,
Université Laval, 403–410, 1998.
Harris, S., French, H., Heginbottom, J. A., Johnston, G. H., Ladanyi, B.,
Sego, D., and Van Everdingen, R. O.: Glossary of Permafrost and Related
Ground-Ice Terms, National Research Council of Canada, Technical Report, 159 pp., https://doi.org/10.4224/20386561, 1988.
Harris, C., Arenson, L. U., Christiansen, H. H., Etzelmüller, B., Frauenfelder, R., Gruber, S., Haeberli, W., Hauck, C., Hölzle, M., Humlum, O., Isaksen, K., Kääb, A., Kern-Lütschg, M. A., Lehning, M., Matsuoka, N., Murton, J. B., Nötzli, J., Phillips, M., Ross, N., Seppälä, M., Springman, S. M., and Vonder Mühll, D.: Permafrost and climate in Europe:
Monitoring and modelling thermal, geomorphological and geotechnical
responses, Earth-Sci. Rev., 92, 117–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.12.00, 2009.
Hauck, C.: Geophysical methods for detecting permafrost in high mountains.
Doctoral dissertation, ETH Zürich, Mitteilung der VAW/ETH Zürich
171, 204 pp., 2001.
Hauck, C.: Frozen ground monitoring using DC resistivity tomography,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014995, 2002.
Hauck, C.: New concepts in geophysical surveying and data interpretation for
permafrost terrain, Permafrost Periglac., 24, 131–137,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1774., 2013.
Hauck, C. and Kneisel, C. (Eds.): Applied Geophysics in Periglacial
Environments, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 240 pp., 2008a.
Hauck, C. and Kneisel, C.: Quantifying the ice content in low-altitude scree
slopes using geophysical methods, in: Applied
geophysics in periglacial environments, edited by: Hauck, C. and Kneisel, C., Cambridge University Press, 153–164, 2008b.
Hauck, C., Vonder Mühll, D., and Maurer, H.: Using DC resistivity
tomography to detect and characterise mountain permafrost, Geophys.
Prospect., 51, 273–284, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00375.x, 2003.
Hauck, C., Böttcher, M., and Maurer, H.: A new model for estimating subsurface ice content based on combined electrical and seismic data sets, The Cryosphere, 5, 453–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-453-2011, 2011.
Hausmann, H., Krainer, K., Brückl, E., and Mostler, W.: Internal
structure and ice content of Reichenkar rock glacier (Stubai Alps, Austria)
assessed by geophysical investigations, Permafrost Periglac., 18, 351–367,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.601, 2007.
Hayley, K., Bentley, L. R., Gharibi, M., and Nightingale, M.: Low temperature
dependence of electrical resistivity: Implications for near surface
geophysical monitoring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18402,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031124, 2007.
Hellman, K., Johansson, S., Olsson, P., and Dahlin, T.: Resistivity
Inversion Software Comparison, Near Surface Geoscience 2016 – 22nd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,
https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602016 , 2016.
Hermans, T., Nguyen, F., Robert, T., and Revil, A.: Geophysical methods for
monitoring temperature changes in shallow low enthalpy geothermal systems,
Energies, 7, 5083–5118, https://doi.org/10.3390/en7085083, 2014.
Hermans, T., Wildemeersch, S., Jamin, P., Orban, P., Brouyère, S.,
Dassargues, A., and Nguyen, F.: Quantitative temperature monitoring of a
heat tracing experimentusing cross-borehole ERT, Geothermics, 53, 14–26,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.03.013, 2015.
Hilbich, C.: Time-lapse refraction seismic tomography for the detection of ground ice degradation, The Cryosphere, 4, 243–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-243-2010, 2010.
Hilbich, C., Hauck, C., Delaloye, R., and Hoelzle, M.: A geoelectric
monitoring network and resistivity-temperature relationships of different
mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps, in: Proceedings Ninth International
Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, Vol. 1, edited by: Kane, D. L. and Hinkel, K. M., Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks,
699–704, 2008a.
Hilbich, C., Hauck, C., Hoelzle, M., Scherler, M., Schudel, L., Völksch,
I., Vonder Mühll, D., and Mäusbacher, R.: Monitoring mountain
permafrost evolution using electrical resistivity tomography: A 7-year study
of seasonal, annual, and long-term variations at Schilthorn, Swiss Alps, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, F01S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000799, 2008b.
Hilbich, C., Marescot, L., Hauck, C., Loke, M. H., and Mäusbacher, R.:
Applicability of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Monitoring to Coarse
Blocky and Ice-rich Permafrost Landforms, Permafrost Periglac., 20,
269–284, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.652, 2009.
Hilbich, C., Fuss, C., and Hauck, C.: Automated time-lapse ERT for improved
process analysis and monitoring of frozen ground, Permafrost Periglac.,
22, 306–319, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.732, 2011.
Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Tomaskovicova, S., and Dahlin, T.: Effect of electrode
shape on grounding resistances – Part 1: The focus-one protocol, Geophysics,
81, WA159–WA167, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0484.1, 2016.
Isaksen, K., Ødegård, R. S., Etzelmüller, B., Hilbich, C., Hauck,
C., Farbrot, H., Trond, E., Hans Olav, H., and Hipp, T. F.: Degrading
Mountain Permafrost in Southern Norway: Spatial and Temporal Variability of
Mean Ground Temperatures, 1999–2009, Permafrost Periglac., 22, 361–377,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.728, 2011.
Juliussen, H., Christiansen, H. H., Strand, G. S., Iversen, S., Midttømme, K., and Rønning, J. S.: NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database – a TSP NORWAY IPY legacy, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 235–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-235-2010, 2010.
Karaoulis, M., Tsourlos, P., Kim, J., and Revil, A.: 4D time-lapse ERT
inversion: introducing combined time and space constraints, Near Surf.
Geophys., 12, 25–34, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2013004, 2013.
Keller, G. V. and Frischknecht, F. C.: Electrical Methods in Geophysical
Prospecting, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1966.
Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A. and Kaufmann, V.: About the relationship between
rock glacier velocity and climate parameters in central Austria, Austrian J.
Earth Sc., 105, 94–112, 2012.
Kenner, R., Phillips, M., Hauck, C., Hilbich, C., Mulsow, C., Bühler,
Y., Stoffel A., and Buchroithner M.: New insights on permafrost genesis and
conservation in talus slopes based on observations at Flüelapass,
Eastern Switzerland, Geomorphology, 290, 101–113,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.04.011, 2017.
Keuschnig, M., Krautblatter, M., Hartmeyer, I., Fuss, C., and Schrott, L.:
Automated Electrical Resistivity Tomography Testing for Early Warning in
Unstable Permafrost Rock Walls Around Alpine Infrastructure, Permafrost
Periglac., 28, 158–171, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1916, 2017.
Klein, K. A. and Santamarina, J. C.: Electrical Conductivity in Soils:
Underlying Phenomena. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,
J. Environ. Eng. Geophys, 8, 263–273, https://doi.org/10.4133/JEEG8.4.263, 2003.
Kneisel, C., Hauck, C., Fortier, R., and Moorman, B.: Advances in
geophysical methods for permafrost investigations, Permafrost Periglac., 19,
157–178, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.616, 2008.
Kneisel, C., Rödder, T., and Schwindt, D.: Frozen ground dynamics
resolved by multi-year and year-around electrical resistivity monitoring at
three alpine sites in the Swiss Alps, Near Surf. Geophys., 12, 117–132,
https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2013067, 2014.
Krautblatter, M. and Draebing, D.: Pseudo 3D – P-wave refraction seismic
monitoring of permafrost in steep unstable bedrock, J. Geophys. Res.,
119, 287–299, https://doi.org/10.1002/2012JF002638, 2014.
Krautblatter, M., Verleysdonk, S., Flores-Orozco, A., and Kemna, A.:
Temperature-calibrated imaging of seasonal changes in permafrost rock walls
by quantitative electrical resistivity tomography (Zugspitze,
German/Austrian Alps), J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, F02003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jf001209, 2010.
LaBrecque D. J. and Yang X.: Difference inversion of ERT data: A fast
inversion method for 3-D in situ monitoring, J. Environ. Eng. Geophys.,
6, 83–89, 2001.
LaBrecque, D., Miletto, M., Daily, W., Ramirez, A., and Owen, E.: The
effects of “Occam” inversion of resistivity tomography data, Geophysics, 61, 538–548, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443980, 1996.
Lesparre, N., Nguyen, F., Kemna, A., Robert, T., Hermans, T., Daoudi, M.,
and Flores Orozco, A.: A new approach for time-lapse data weighting in
electrical resistivity tomography, Geophysics, 82, E325–E333, 2017.
Lewkowicz, A. G., Etzelmueller, B., and Smith, S. L.: Characteristics of
Discontinuous Permafrost based on the Ground Temperature Measurements and
Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Southern Yukon, Canada, Permafrost
Periglac., 22, 320–342, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.703, 2011.
Loke M. H.: Time-lapse resistivity imaging inversion: Environmental and
Engineering Geophysical Society European Section, Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, 2001, EEM7–EEM7,
https://doi.org/10.4133/1.2922877, 1999.
Loke, M. H.: RES2DINV ver. 4.08 Rapid 2-D Resistivity and IP Inversion using
the Least-Squares Method, User Manual, 2018.
Loke, M., Dahlin, T., and Rucker, D. F.: Smoothness- constrained time-lapse
inversion of data from 3D resistivity surveys, Near Surface Geophysics, 12,
5–24, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2013025, 2014.
Marmy, A., Rajczak, J., Delaloye, R., Hilbich, C., Hoelzle, M., Kotlarski, S., Lambiel, C., Noetzli, J., Phillips, M., Salzmann, N., Staub, B., and Hauck, C.: Semi-automated calibration method for modelling of mountain permafrost evolution in Switzerland, The Cryosphere, 10, 2693–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016, 2016.
Maurer, H. and Hauck, C.: Geophysical imaging of alpine rock glaciers, J.
Glaciol., 53, 110–120, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507781833893, 2007.
Mewes, B., Hilbich, C., Delaloye, R., and Hauck, C.: Resolution capacity of geophysical monitoring regarding permafrost degradation induced by hydrological processes, The Cryosphere, 11, 2957–2974, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2957-2017, 2017.
Morard, S.: Effets de la circulation d'air par effet de cheminée dans
l'évolution du régime thermique des éboulis froids de basse et
moyenne altitude, Doctoral dissertation, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Fribourg,
GeoFocus 29, 2011.
Morard, S., Delaloye, R., and Dorthe, J.: Seasonal thermal regime of a
mid-latitude ventilated debris accumulation, Proceedings of the 9th
International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks Alaska, 1233–1238, 2008.
Morard, S., Delaloye, R., and Lambiel, C.: Pluriannual thermal behavior of low elevation cold talus slopes in western Switzerland, Geogr. Helv., 65, 124–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-65-124-2010, 2010.
Noetzli, J., Hilbich, C., Hauck, C., Hoelzle, M., and Gruber, S.: Comparison
of simulated 2D temperature profiles with time-lapse electrical resistivity
data at the Schilthorn crest, Switzerland, Proceedings of the 9th
International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, USA, 2008, 1293–1298,
2008.
Noetzli, J., Christiansen, H. H., Gugliemin, M., Romanovsky, V. E.,
Shiklomanov, N. I., Smith, S. L., and Zhao, L.: Permafrost thermal state, in:
“State of the Climate in 2015”, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97,
173–226, 2016.
Oldenborger, G. and LeBlanc, A.: Monitoring changes in unfrozen water
content with electrical resistivity surveys in cold continuous permafrost,
Geophys. J. Int., 215, 965–977, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy321, 2018.
Oldenburg D. W. and Li Y.: Estimating depth of investigation in dc
resistivity and IP surveys, Geophysics, 64, 403–416,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444545, 1999.
Outcalt, S. I., Nelson, F. E., and Hinkel, K. M.: The zero curtain effect:
Heat and mass transfer across an isothermal region in freezing soil, Water
Resour. Res., 26, 1509–1516, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i007p01509, 1990.
Pellet, C., Hilbich, C., Marmy, A., and Hauck, C.: Soil Moisture Data for
the Validation of Permafrost Models Using Direct and Indirect Measurement
Approaches at Three Alpine Sites, Front. Earth Sci., 3, 91,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00091, 2016.
Pellet, C. and Hauck, C.: Monitoring soil moisture from middle to high elevation in Switzerland: set-up and first results from the SOMOMOUNT network, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3199–3220, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3199-2017, 2017.
PERMOS: PERMOS Database, Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network, Fribourg,
Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.13093/PERMOS-2016-01, 2016.
PERMOS: Permafrost in Switzerland 2014/2015 to 2017/2018, in: Glaciological Report (Permafrost), No. 16–19 of the Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, edited by: Noetzli, J., Pellet, C., and Staub, B., 104 pp, https://doi.org/10.13093/permos-rep-2019-16-19, 2019.
Pogliotti, P., Guglielmin, M., Cremonese, E., Morra di Cella, U., Filippa, G., Pellet, C., and Hauck, C.: Warming permafrost and active layer variability at Cime Bianche, Western European Alps, The Cryosphere, 9, 647–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-647-2015, 2015.
Ravanel, L., Magnin, F., and Deline, P.: Impacts of the 2003 and 2015 summer
heat waves on permafrost-affected rock-walls in the Mont Blanc massif, Sci.
Total Environ., 609, 132–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.055, 2017.
Revil, A. and Glover, P. W. J.: Nature of surface electrical conductivity in
natural sands, sandstones, and clays, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 25, 691–694, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00296, 1998.
Robertson E. I. and MacDonald W. J. P.: Electrical resistivity and ground
temperature at Scott Base, Antarctica, New Zeal. J. Geol.Geop., 5, 797–809,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1962.10417639, 1962.
Rosset, E., Hilbich, C., Schneider, S., and Hauck, C.: Automatic filtering
of ERT monitoring data in mountain permafrost, Near Surf. Geophys., 11,
423–433, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2013003, 2013.
Scapozza, C., Baron, L., and Lambiel, C.: Borehole logging in Alpine
periglacial talus slopes (Valais, Swiss Alps), Permafrost Periglac., 26,
67–83, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1832, 2015.
Scherler, M., Hauck, C., Hoelzle, M., Stähli, M., and Völksch, I.:
Meltwater infiltration into the frozen active layer at an alpine permafrost
site, Permafrost Periglac., 21, 325–334, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.694, 2010.
Scherler, M., Hauck, C., Hoelzle, M., and Salzmann N.: Modeled sensitivity
of two alpine permafrost sites to RCM-based climate scenarios, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 118, 780–794, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20069, 2013.
Scherrer, S. C., Fischer, E. M., Posselt, R., Liniger, M. A., Croci-Maspoli,
M., and Knutti, R.: Emerging trends in heavy precipitation and hot
temperature extremes in Switzerland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 2626–2637,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024634, 2016.
Schneider, S., Daengeli, S., Hauck, C., and Hoelzle, M.: A spatial and temporal analysis of different periglacial materials by using geoelectrical, seismic and borehole temperature data at Murtèl–Corvatsch, Upper Engadin, Swiss Alps, Geogr. Helv., 68, 265–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-265-2013, 2013.
Slater, L.: Near Surface Electrical Characterization of Hydraulic
Conductivity: From Petrophysical Properties to Aquifer Geometries – A
Review, Surv. Geophys., 28, 169–197, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-007-9022-y, 2007.
Staub, B., Marmy, A., Hauck, C., Hilbich, C., and Delaloye, R.: Ground temperature variations in a talus slope influenced by permafrost: a comparison of field observations and model simulations, Geogr. Helv., 70, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-70-45-2015, 2015.
Stiegler, C., Rode, M., Sass, O., and Otto, J. C.: An Undercooled Scree Slope
Detected by Geophysical Investigations in Sporadic Permafrost below 1000 M
ASL, Central Austria, Permafrost Periglac, 25, 194–207, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1813, 2014.
Supper, R., Ottowitz, D., Jochum, B., Romer, A., Pfeiler, S., Kauer, S.,
Keuschnig, M., and Ita, A.: Geoelectrical monitoring of frozen ground and
permafrost in alpine areas: field studies and considerations towards an
improved measuring technology, Near Surf. Geophys., 12, 93–115, 2014.
Suzuki, K. and Higashi, S.: Groundwater flow after heavy rain in
landslide-slope area from 2-D inversion of resistivity monitoring data,
Geophysics, 66, 733, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444963, 2001.
Tomaškovičová, S.: Coupled thermo-geophysical inversion for
permafrost monitoring. Doctoral dissertation, Technical University of
Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering, No. R-387,
2018.
Tomaškovičová, S., Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Christiansen, V. A., Brandt, I., Dahlin, T., and Elberling, B.: Effect of electrode shape on
grounding resistances – Part 2: Experimental results and cryospheric
monitoring, Geophysics, 8, WA169–WA182,
https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0148.1, 2016.
Vonder Mühll, D. and Klingelé, E.: Gravimetrical Investigation of
Ice-Rich Permafrost within the Rock Glacier Murtèl-Corvatsch (Upper
Engadin, Swiss Alps), Permafrost Periglac., 5, 13–24,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.3430050103, 1994.
Vonder Mühll, D., Hauck, C., and Lehmann, F.: Verification of
geophysical models in Alpine permafrost using borehole information, Ann.
Glaciol., 31, 300–306, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820057, 2000.
Wakonigg, H.: Unterkühlte Schutthalden, Beiträge zur
Permafrostforschung in Österreich, Arbeiten aus dem Institut für
Geographie der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, 33, 209–223, 1996.
Wang, C., Zhang, H., Wu, Q., Zhang, Z., and Xie, L.: Monitoring permafrost
soil moisture with multi-temporal TERRASAR-X data in northern Tibet, 2016
IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS),
Beijing, China, 10–15 July 2016, 3039–3042, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7729786, 2016.
Ward, A. S., Gooseff, M. N., and Singha, K.: Imaging hyporheic zone solute
transport using electrical resistivity, Hydrol. Processes, 24, 948–953,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7672, 2010.
Wicky, J. and Hauck, C.: Numerical modelling of convective heat transport by air flow in permafrost talus slopes, The Cryosphere, 11, 1311–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017, 2017.
Short summary
We present a long-term multisite electrical resistivity tomography monitoring network (more than 1000 datasets recorded from six mountain permafrost sites). Despite harsh and remote measurement conditions, the datasets are of good quality and show consistent spatio-temporal variations yielding significant added value to point-scale borehole information. Observed long-term trends are similar for all permafrost sites, showing ongoing permafrost thaw and ground ice loss due to climatic conditions.
We present a long-term multisite electrical resistivity tomography monitoring network (more than...
