Articles | Volume 17, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3915-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3915-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Sep 2023
Research article |
| 12 Sep 2023
| 12 Sep 2023
Evaluating the utility of active microwave observations as a snow mission concept using observing system simulation experiments
Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD, USA
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD, USA
Carrie M. Vuyovich
Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD, USA
Sujay V. Kumar
Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD, USA
Melissa L. Wrzesien
Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD, USA
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD, USA
Rhae Sung Kim
Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD, USA
Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research II, University of
Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
current address: Earth Prediction Innovation Center, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, and Science and
Technology Corporation, Hampton, VA, USA
Related authors
Eunsang Cho, Megan Verfaillie, Jennifer M. Jacobs, Adam G. Hunsaker, Franklin B. Sullivan, Michael Palace, and Cameron Wagner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1530, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1530, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) lidar and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry are effective methods for mapping high-resolution snow depths. However, there are limited studies comparing their performance across different surface features and tracking spatial patterns of snowpack changes over time. Our study found that UAS lidar outperformed SfM photogrammetry. With limited wind effects, the snow spatial structure captured by UAS lidar remained temporally stable throughout the snow season.
Justin M. Pflug, Melissa L. Wrzesien, Sujay V. Kumar, Eunsang Cho, Kristi R. Arsenault, Paul R. Houser, and Carrie M. Vuyovich
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 631–648, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-631-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-631-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of 250 m of snow water equivalent in the western USA and Canada are improved by assimilating observations representative of a snow-focused satellite mission with a land surface model. Here, by including a gap-filling strategy, snow estimates could be improved in forested regions where remote sensing is challenging. This approach improved estimates of winter maximum snow water volume to within 4 %, on average, with persistent improvements to both spring snow and runoff in many regions.
Colleen Mortimer, Lawrence Mudryk, Eunsang Cho, Chris Derksen, Mike Brady, and Carrie Vuyvich
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3013, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ground measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) are vital for understanding the accuracy of large-scale estimates from satellites and climate models. We compare two different types of measurements – snow courses and airborne gamma SWE estimates – and analyse how measurement type impacts the accuracy assessment of gridded SWE products. We use this analysis produce a combined reference SWE dataset for North America, applicable for future gridded SWE product evaluations and other applications.
Eunsang Cho, Yonghwan Kwon, Sujay V. Kumar, and Carrie M. Vuyovich
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4039–4056, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An airborne gamma-ray remote-sensing technique provides reliable snow water equivalent (SWE) in a forested area where remote-sensing techniques (e.g., passive microwave) typically have large uncertainties. Here, we explore the utility of assimilating the gamma snow data into a land surface model to improve the modeled SWE estimates in the northeastern US. Results provide new insights into utilizing the gamma SWE data for enhanced land surface model simulations in forested environments.
Holly Proulx, Jennifer M. Jacobs, Elizabeth A. Burakowski, Eunsang Cho, Adam G. Hunsaker, Franklin B. Sullivan, Michael Palace, and Cameron Wagner
The Cryosphere, 17, 3435–3442, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares snow depth measurements from two manual instruments in a field and forest. Snow depths measured using a magnaprobe were typically 1 to 3 cm deeper than those measured using a snow tube. These differences were greater in the forest than in the field.
Eunsang Cho, Carrie M. Vuyovich, Sujay V. Kumar, Melissa L. Wrzesien, Rhae Sung Kim, and Jennifer M. Jacobs
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5721–5735, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
While land surface models are a common approach for estimating macroscale snow water equivalent (SWE), the SWE accuracy is often limited by uncertainties in model physics and forcing inputs. In this study, we found large underestimations of modeled SWE compared to observations. Precipitation forcings and melting physics limitations dominantly contribute to the SWE underestimations. Results provide insights into prioritizing strategies to improve the SWE simulations for hydrologic applications.
Holly Proulx, Jennifer M. Jacobs, Elizabeth A. Burakowski, Eunsang Cho, Adam G. Hunsaker, Franklin B. Sullivan, Michael Palace, and Cameron Wagner
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-7, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-7, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares snow depth measurements from two manual instruments and an airborne platform in a field and forest. The manual instruments’ snow depths differed by 1 to 3 cm. The airborne measurements , which do not penetrate the leaf litter, were consistently shallower than either manual instrument. When combining airborne snow depth maps with manual density measurements, corrections may be required to create unbiased maps of snow properties.
Jennifer M. Jacobs, Adam G. Hunsaker, Franklin B. Sullivan, Michael Palace, Elizabeth A. Burakowski, Christina Herrick, and Eunsang Cho
The Cryosphere, 15, 1485–1500, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1485-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1485-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This pilot study describes a proof of concept for using lidar on an unpiloted aerial vehicle to map shallow snowpack (< 20 cm) depth in open terrain and forests. The 1 m2 resolution snow depth map, generated by subtracting snow-off from snow-on lidar-derived digital terrain models, consistently had 0.5 to 1 cm precision in the field, with a considerable reduction in accuracy in the forest. Performance depends on the point cloud density and the ground surface variability and vegetation.
Louise Busschaert, Michel Bechtold, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Dirk Raes, Sujay V. Kumar, and Gabrielle J. M. De Lannoy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4974019, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4974019, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimates irrigation in the Po Valley using AquaCrop and Noah-MP models with sprinkler irrigation. Noah-MP shows higher annual rates than AquaCrop due to more water losses. After adjusting, both align with reported irrigation ranges (500–600 mm/yr). Soil moisture estimates from both models match satellite data, though both have limitations in vegetation and evapotranspiration modeling. The study emphasizes the need for observations to improve irrigation estimates.
Edward H. Bair, Dar A. Roberts, David R. Thompson, Philip G. Brodrick, Brenton A. Wilder, Niklas Bohn, Chris J. Crawford, Nimrod Carmon, Carrie M. Vuyovich, and Jeff Dozier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1681, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1681, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Key to the success of future satellite missions is understanding snowmelt in our warming climate, having implications for nearly 2 billion people. An obstacle is that an artifact, called the hook, is often mistaken for soot or dust. Instead it is caused by 3 amplifying effects: 1) a background reflectance that is too dark; 2) level terrain assumptions; 3) and differences in optical constants of ice. Sensor calibration and directional effects may also contribute. Solutions are presented.
Eunsang Cho, Megan Verfaillie, Jennifer M. Jacobs, Adam G. Hunsaker, Franklin B. Sullivan, Michael Palace, and Cameron Wagner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1530, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1530, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) lidar and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry are effective methods for mapping high-resolution snow depths. However, there are limited studies comparing their performance across different surface features and tracking spatial patterns of snowpack changes over time. Our study found that UAS lidar outperformed SfM photogrammetry. With limited wind effects, the snow spatial structure captured by UAS lidar remained temporally stable throughout the snow season.
Min Huang, Gregory R. Carmichael, James H. Crawford, Kevin W. Bowman, Isabelle De Smedt, Andreas Colliander, Michael H. Cosh, Sujay V. Kumar, Alex B. Guenther, Scott J. Janz, Ryan M. Stauffer, Anne M. Thompson, Niko M. Fedkin, Robert J. Swap, John D. Bolten, and Alicia T. Joseph
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-484, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-484, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses model simulations along with multiplatform, multidisciplinary observations and a range of analysis methods to estimate and understand the distributions, temporal changes, and impacts of reactive nitrogen and ozone over the most populous US region that has undergone significant environmental changes. Deposition, biogenic emissions, and extra-regional sources have been playing increasingly important roles in controlling pollutants’ budgets in this area as local emissions go down.
Justin M. Pflug, Melissa L. Wrzesien, Sujay V. Kumar, Eunsang Cho, Kristi R. Arsenault, Paul R. Houser, and Carrie M. Vuyovich
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 631–648, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-631-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-631-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of 250 m of snow water equivalent in the western USA and Canada are improved by assimilating observations representative of a snow-focused satellite mission with a land surface model. Here, by including a gap-filling strategy, snow estimates could be improved in forested regions where remote sensing is challenging. This approach improved estimates of winter maximum snow water volume to within 4 %, on average, with persistent improvements to both spring snow and runoff in many regions.
Zachary Hoppinen, Shadi Oveisgharan, Hans-Peter Marshall, Ross Mower, Kelly Elder, and Carrie Vuyovich
The Cryosphere, 18, 575–592, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-575-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-575-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used changes in radar echo travel time from multiple airborne flights to estimate changes in snow depths across Idaho for two winters. We compared our radar-derived retrievals to snow pits, weather stations, and a 100 m resolution numerical snow model. We had a strong Pearson correlation and root mean squared error of 10 cm relative to in situ measurements. Our retrievals also correlated well with our model, especially in regions of dry snow and low tree coverage.
Colleen Mortimer, Lawrence Mudryk, Eunsang Cho, Chris Derksen, Mike Brady, and Carrie Vuyvich
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3013, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ground measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) are vital for understanding the accuracy of large-scale estimates from satellites and climate models. We compare two different types of measurements – snow courses and airborne gamma SWE estimates – and analyse how measurement type impacts the accuracy assessment of gridded SWE products. We use this analysis produce a combined reference SWE dataset for North America, applicable for future gridded SWE product evaluations and other applications.
Eunsang Cho, Yonghwan Kwon, Sujay V. Kumar, and Carrie M. Vuyovich
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4039–4056, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An airborne gamma-ray remote-sensing technique provides reliable snow water equivalent (SWE) in a forested area where remote-sensing techniques (e.g., passive microwave) typically have large uncertainties. Here, we explore the utility of assimilating the gamma snow data into a land surface model to improve the modeled SWE estimates in the northeastern US. Results provide new insights into utilizing the gamma SWE data for enhanced land surface model simulations in forested environments.
Holly Proulx, Jennifer M. Jacobs, Elizabeth A. Burakowski, Eunsang Cho, Adam G. Hunsaker, Franklin B. Sullivan, Michael Palace, and Cameron Wagner
The Cryosphere, 17, 3435–3442, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares snow depth measurements from two manual instruments in a field and forest. Snow depths measured using a magnaprobe were typically 1 to 3 cm deeper than those measured using a snow tube. These differences were greater in the forest than in the field.
Eunsang Cho, Carrie M. Vuyovich, Sujay V. Kumar, Melissa L. Wrzesien, Rhae Sung Kim, and Jennifer M. Jacobs
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5721–5735, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
While land surface models are a common approach for estimating macroscale snow water equivalent (SWE), the SWE accuracy is often limited by uncertainties in model physics and forcing inputs. In this study, we found large underestimations of modeled SWE compared to observations. Precipitation forcings and melting physics limitations dominantly contribute to the SWE underestimations. Results provide insights into prioritizing strategies to improve the SWE simulations for hydrologic applications.
Leung Tsang, Michael Durand, Chris Derksen, Ana P. Barros, Do-Hyuk Kang, Hans Lievens, Hans-Peter Marshall, Jiyue Zhu, Joel Johnson, Joshua King, Juha Lemmetyinen, Melody Sandells, Nick Rutter, Paul Siqueira, Anne Nolin, Batu Osmanoglu, Carrie Vuyovich, Edward Kim, Drew Taylor, Ioanna Merkouriadi, Ludovic Brucker, Mahdi Navari, Marie Dumont, Richard Kelly, Rhae Sung Kim, Tien-Hao Liao, Firoz Borah, and Xiaolan Xu
The Cryosphere, 16, 3531–3573, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3531-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3531-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow water equivalent (SWE) is of fundamental importance to water, energy, and geochemical cycles but is poorly observed globally. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements at X- and Ku-band can address this gap. This review serves to inform the broad snow research, monitoring, and application communities about the progress made in recent decades to move towards a new satellite mission capable of addressing the needs of the geoscience researchers and users.
Amy McNally, Jossy Jacob, Kristi Arsenault, Kimberly Slinski, Daniel P. Sarmiento, Andrew Hoell, Shahriar Pervez, James Rowland, Mike Budde, Sujay Kumar, Christa Peters-Lidard, and James P. Verdin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3115–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3115-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3115-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) Land Data Assimilation System (FLDAS) global and Central Asia data streams described here generate routine estimates of snow, soil moisture, runoff, and other variables useful for tracking water availability. These data are hosted by NASA and USGS data portals for public use.
Min Huang, James H. Crawford, Gregory R. Carmichael, Kevin W. Bowman, Sujay V. Kumar, and Colm Sweeney
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7461–7487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7461-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7461-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates that ozone dry-deposition modeling can be improved by revising the model's dry-deposition parameterizations to better represent the effects of environmental conditions including the soil moisture fields. Applying satellite soil moisture data assimilation is shown to also have added value. Such advancements in coupled modeling and data assimilation can benefit the assessments of ozone impacts on human and vegetation health.
Wanshu Nie, Sujay V. Kumar, Kristi R. Arsenault, Christa D. Peters-Lidard, Iliana E. Mladenova, Karim Bergaoui, Abheera Hazra, Benjamin F. Zaitchik, Sarith P. Mahanama, Rachael McDonnell, David M. Mocko, and Mahdi Navari
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2365–2386, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region faces significant food and water insecurity and hydrological hazards. Here we investigate the value of assimilating remote sensing data sets into an Earth system model to help build an effective drought monitoring system and support risk mitigation and management by countries in the region. We highlight incorporating satellite-informed vegetation conditions into the model as being one of the key processes for a successful application for the region.
Jawairia A. Ahmad, Barton A. Forman, and Sujay V. Kumar
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2221–2243, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Assimilation of remotely sensed data into a land surface model to improve the spatiotemporal estimation of soil moisture across South Asia exhibits potential. Satellite retrieval assimilation corrects biases that are generated due to an unmodeled hydrologic phenomenon, i.e., irrigation. The improvements in fine-scale, modeled soil moisture estimates by assimilating coarse-scale retrievals indicates the utility of the described methodology for data-scarce regions.
Holly Proulx, Jennifer M. Jacobs, Elizabeth A. Burakowski, Eunsang Cho, Adam G. Hunsaker, Franklin B. Sullivan, Michael Palace, and Cameron Wagner
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-7, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-7, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares snow depth measurements from two manual instruments and an airborne platform in a field and forest. The manual instruments’ snow depths differed by 1 to 3 cm. The airborne measurements , which do not penetrate the leaf litter, were consistently shallower than either manual instrument. When combining airborne snow depth maps with manual density measurements, corrections may be required to create unbiased maps of snow properties.
Min Huang, James H. Crawford, Joshua P. DiGangi, Gregory R. Carmichael, Kevin W. Bowman, Sujay V. Kumar, and Xiwu Zhan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11013–11040, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11013-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11013-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the impact of satellite soil moisture data assimilation on modeled weather and ozone fields at various altitudes above the southeastern US during the summer. It emphasizes the importance of soil moisture in the understanding of surface ozone pollution and upper tropospheric chemistry, as well as air pollutants’ source–receptor relationships between the US and its downwind areas.
Michiel Maertens, Gabriëlle J. M. De Lannoy, Sebastian Apers, Sujay V. Kumar, and Sarith P. P. Mahanama
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4099–4125, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4099-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4099-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we simulated the water balance over the South American Dry Chaco and assessed the impact of land cover changes thereon using three different land surface models. Our simulations indicated that different models result in a different partitioning of the total water budget, but all showed an increase in soil moisture and percolation over the deforested areas. We also found that, relative to independent data, no specific land surface model is significantly better than another.
Jennifer M. Jacobs, Adam G. Hunsaker, Franklin B. Sullivan, Michael Palace, Elizabeth A. Burakowski, Christina Herrick, and Eunsang Cho
The Cryosphere, 15, 1485–1500, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1485-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1485-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This pilot study describes a proof of concept for using lidar on an unpiloted aerial vehicle to map shallow snowpack (< 20 cm) depth in open terrain and forests. The 1 m2 resolution snow depth map, generated by subtracting snow-off from snow-on lidar-derived digital terrain models, consistently had 0.5 to 1 cm precision in the field, with a considerable reduction in accuracy in the forest. Performance depends on the point cloud density and the ground surface variability and vegetation.
Rhae Sung Kim, Sujay Kumar, Carrie Vuyovich, Paul Houser, Jessica Lundquist, Lawrence Mudryk, Michael Durand, Ana Barros, Edward J. Kim, Barton A. Forman, Ethan D. Gutmann, Melissa L. Wrzesien, Camille Garnaud, Melody Sandells, Hans-Peter Marshall, Nicoleta Cristea, Justin M. Pflug, Jeremy Johnston, Yueqian Cao, David Mocko, and Shugong Wang
The Cryosphere, 15, 771–791, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-771-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-771-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High SWE uncertainty is observed in mountainous and forested regions, highlighting the need for high-resolution snow observations in these regions. Substantial uncertainty in snow water storage in Tundra regions and the dominance of water storage in these regions points to the need for high-accuracy snow estimation. Finally, snow measurements during the melt season are most needed at high latitudes, whereas observations at near peak snow accumulations are most beneficial over the midlatitudes.
Yifan Zhou, Benjamin F. Zaitchik, Sujay V. Kumar, Kristi R. Arsenault, Mir A. Matin, Faisal M. Qamer, Ryan A. Zamora, and Kiran Shakya
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 41–61, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-41-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-41-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
South and Southeast Asia face significant food insecurity and hydrological hazards. Here we introduce a South and Southeast Asia hydrological monitoring and sub-seasonal to seasonal forecasting system (SAHFS-S2S) to help local governments and decision-makers prepare for extreme hydroclimatic events. The monitoring system captures soil moisture variability well in most regions, and the forecasting system offers skillful prediction of soil moisture variability 2–3 months in advance, on average.
Anne Sophie Daloz, Marian Mateling, Tristan L'Ecuyer, Mark Kulie, Norm B. Wood, Mikael Durand, Melissa Wrzesien, Camilla W. Stjern, and Ashok P. Dimri
The Cryosphere, 14, 3195–3207, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3195-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3195-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The total of snow that falls globally is a critical factor governing freshwater availability. To better understand how this resource is impacted by climate change, we need to know how reliable the current observational datasets for snow are. Here, we compare five datasets looking at the snow falling over the mountains versus the other continents. We show that there is a large consensus when looking at fractional contributions but strong dissimilarities when comparing magnitudes.
Xinxuan Zhang, Viviana Maggioni, Azbina Rahman, Paul Houser, Yuan Xue, Timothy Sauer, Sujay Kumar, and David Mocko
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3775–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3775-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3775-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the extent to which a land surface model can be optimized via the assimilation of leaf area index (LAI) observations at the global scale. The model performance is evaluated by the model-estimated LAI and five water flux/storage variables. Results show the LAI assimilation reduces errors in the model-estimated LAI. The LAI assimilation also improves the five water variables under wet conditions, but some of the model-estimated variables tend to be worse under dry conditions.
Sujay V. Kumar, Thomas R. Holmes, Rajat Bindlish, Richard de Jeu, and Christa Peters-Lidard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3431–3450, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3431-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3431-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation optical depth (VOD) is a byproduct of the soil moisture retrieval from passive microwave instruments. This study demonstrates that VOD information can be utilized for improving land surface water budget and carbon conditions through data assimilation.
Shraddhanand Shukla, Kristi R. Arsenault, Abheera Hazra, Christa Peters-Lidard, Randal D. Koster, Frank Davenport, Tamuka Magadzire, Chris Funk, Sujay Kumar, Amy McNally, Augusto Getirana, Greg Husak, Ben Zaitchik, Jim Verdin, Faka Dieudonne Nsadisa, and Inbal Becker-Reshef
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1187–1201, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1187-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1187-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The region of southern Africa is prone to climate-driven food insecurity events, as demonstrated by the major drought event in 2015–2016. This study demonstrates that recently developed NASA Hydrological Forecasting and Analysis System-based root-zone soil moisture monitoring and forecasting products are well correlated with interannual regional crop yield, can identify below-normal crop yield events and provide skillful crop yield forecasts, and hence support early warning of food insecurity.
Kristi R. Arsenault, Sujay V. Kumar, James V. Geiger, Shugong Wang, Eric Kemp, David M. Mocko, Hiroko Kato Beaudoing, Augusto Getirana, Mahdi Navari, Bailing Li, Jossy Jacob, Jerry Wegiel, and Christa D. Peters-Lidard
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3605–3621, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3605-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3605-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth’s land surface hydrology and physics can be represented in highly sophisticated models known as land surface models. The Land surface Data Toolkit (LDT) software was developed to meet these models’ input processing needs. LDT supports a variety of land surface and hydrology models and prepares the inputs (e.g., meteorological data, satellite observations to be assimilated into a model), which can be used for inter-model studies and to initialize weather and climate forecasts.
Sujay V. Kumar, Jiarui Dong, Christa D. Peters-Lidard, David Mocko, and Breogán Gómez
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2637–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2637-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2637-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Data assimilation deals with the blending of model forecasts and observations based on their relative errors. This paper addresses the importance of accurately representing the errors in the model forecasts for skillful data assimilation performance.
S. V. Kumar, C. D. Peters-Lidard, J. A. Santanello, R. H. Reichle, C. S. Draper, R. D. Koster, G. Nearing, and M. F. Jasinski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4463–4478, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4463-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4463-2015, 2015
Related subject area
Discipline: Snow | Subject: Remote Sensing
Simulation of Arctic snow microwave emission in surface-sensitive atmosphere channels
Retrieval of snow and soil properties for forward radiative transfer modeling of airborne Ku-band SAR to estimate snow water equivalent: the Trail Valley Creek 2018/19 snow experiment
Evaluating L-band InSAR snow water equivalent retrievals with repeat ground-penetrating radar and terrestrial lidar surveys in northern Colorado
Reanalyzing the spatial representativeness of snow depth at automated monitoring stations using airborne lidar data
Tower-based C-band radar measurements of an alpine snowpack
Optimally solving topography of snow-scaped landscapes to improve snow property retrieval from spaceborne imaging spectroscopy measurements
Mapping surface hoar from near-infrared texture in a laboratory
Thermal infrared shadow-hiding in GOES-R ABI imagery: snow and forest temperature observations from the SnowEx 2020 Grand Mesa field campaign
Evaluating Snow Depth Retrievals from Sentinel-1 Volume Scattering over NASA SnowEx Sites
Temperature-dominated spatiotemporal variability in snow phenology on the Tibetan Plateau from 2002 to 2022
Snow water equivalent retrieved from X- and dual Ku-band scatterometer measurements at Sodankylä using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method
Bayesian physical–statistical retrieval of snow water equivalent and snow depth from X- and Ku-band synthetic aperture radar – demonstration using airborne SnowSAr in SnowEx'17
Snow water equivalent retrieval over Idaho – Part 1: Using Sentinel-1 repeat-pass interferometry
Passive microwave remote-sensing-based high-resolution snow depth mapping for Western Himalayan zones using multifactor modeling approach
Retrieval of snow water equivalent from dual-frequency radar measurements: using time series to overcome the need for accurate a priori information
Snow accumulation, albedo and melt patterns following road construction on permafrost, Inuvik–Tuktoyaktuk Highway, Canada
Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 1: Measurements, processing, and accuracy assessment
Measuring the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth in subarctic environments using UASs – Part 2: Snow processes and snow–canopy interactions
Evaluating Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer (SMRT) model emissivities with 89 to 243 GHz observations of Arctic tundra snow
Evaluation of snow depth retrievals from ICESat-2 using airborne laser-scanning data
How do tradeoffs in satellite spatial and temporal resolution impact snow water equivalent reconstruction?
Exploring the use of multi-source high-resolution satellite data for snow water equivalent reconstruction over mountainous catchments
Estimating snow accumulation and ablation with L-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)
Snowmelt characterization from optical and synthetic-aperture radar observations in the La Joie Basin, British Columbia
Topographic and vegetation controls of the spatial distribution of snow depth in agro-forested environments by UAV lidar
Temporal stability of long-term satellite and reanalysis products to monitor snow cover trends
Towards long-term records of rain-on-snow events across the Arctic from satellite data
Implementing spatially and temporally varying snow densities into the GlobSnow snow water equivalent retrieval
Evaluation of E3SM land model snow simulations over the western United States
Landsat, MODIS, and VIIRS snow cover mapping algorithm performance as validated by airborne lidar datasets
Snow stratigraphy observations from Operation IceBridge surveys in Alaska using S and C band airborne ultra-wideband FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous wave) radar
Brief communication: A continuous formulation of microwave scattering from fresh snow to bubbly ice from first principles
Review article: Global monitoring of snow water equivalent using high-frequency radar remote sensing
Automated avalanche mapping from SPOT 6/7 satellite imagery with deep learning: results, evaluation, potential and limitations
Potential of X-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar co-polar phase difference for arctic snow depth estimation
Snow water equivalent change mapping from slope-correlated synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) phase variations
Sentinel-1 time series for mapping snow cover depletion and timing of snowmelt in Arctic periglacial environments: case study from Zackenberg and Kobbefjord, Greenland
Sentinel-1 snow depth retrieval at sub-kilometer resolution over the European Alps
Characterizing tundra snow sub-pixel variability to improve brightness temperature estimation in satellite SWE retrievals
Mapping liquid water content in snow at the millimeter scale: an intercomparison of mixed-phase optical property models using hyperspectral imaging and in situ measurements
Brief communication: Evaluation of the snow cover detection in the Copernicus High Resolution Snow & Ice Monitoring Service
Evaluation of snow extent time series derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer global area coverage data (1982–2018) in the Hindu Kush Himalayas
Deriving Arctic 2 m air temperatures over snow and ice from satellite surface temperature measurements
Impact of dynamic snow density on GlobSnow snow water equivalent retrieval accuracy
The retrieval of snow properties from SLSTR Sentinel-3 – Part 1: Method description and sensitivity study
The retrieval of snow properties from SLSTR Sentinel-3 – Part 2: Results and validation
Tree canopy and snow depth relationships at fine scales with terrestrial laser scanning
Snow depth mapping with unpiloted aerial system lidar observations: a case study in Durham, New Hampshire, United States
Mapping avalanches with satellites – evaluation of performance and completeness
Estimating fractional snow cover from passive microwave brightness temperature data using MODIS snow cover product over North America
Melody Sandells, Nick Rutter, Kirsty Wivell, Richard Essery, Stuart Fox, Chawn Harlow, Ghislain Picard, Alexandre Roy, Alain Royer, and Peter Toose
The Cryosphere, 18, 3971–3990, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite microwave observations are used for weather forecasting. In Arctic regions this is complicated by natural emission from snow. By simulating airborne observations from in situ measurements of snow, this study shows how snow properties affect the signal within the atmosphere. Fresh snowfall between flights changed airborne measurements. Good knowledge of snow layering and structure can be used to account for the effects of snow and could unlock these data to improve forecasts.
Benoit Montpetit, Joshua King, Julien Meloche, Chris Derksen, Paul Siqueira, J. Max Adam, Peter Toose, Mike Brady, Anna Wendleder, Vincent Vionnet, and Nicolas R. Leroux
The Cryosphere, 18, 3857–3874, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3857-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3857-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper validates the use of free open-source models to link distributed snow measurements to radar measurements in the Canadian Arctic. Using multiple radar sensors, we can decouple the soil from the snow contribution. We then retrieve the "microwave snow grain size" to characterize the interaction between the snow mass and the radar signal. This work supports future satellite mission development to retrieve snow mass information such as the future Canadian Terrestrial Snow Mass Mission.
Randall Bonnell, Daniel McGrath, Jack Tarricone, Hans-Peter Marshall, Ella Bump, Caroline Duncan, Stephanie Kampf, Yunling Lou, Alex Olsen-Mikitowicz, Megan Sears, Keith Williams, Lucas Zeller, and Yang Zheng
The Cryosphere, 18, 3765–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow provides water for billions of people, but the amount of snow is difficult to detect remotely. During the 2020 and 2021 winters, a radar was flown over mountains in Colorado, USA, to measure the amount of snow on the ground, while our team collected ground observations to test the radar technique’s capabilities. The technique yielded accurate measurements of the snowpack that had good correlation with ground measurements, making it a promising application for the upcoming NISAR satellite.
Jordan N. Herbert, Mark S. Raleigh, and Eric E. Small
The Cryosphere, 18, 3495–3512, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Automated stations measure snow properties at a single point but are frequently used to validate data that represent much larger areas. We use lidar snow depth data to see how often the mean snow depth surrounding a snow station is within 10 cm of the snow station depth at different scales. We found snow stations overrepresent the area-mean snow depth in ~ 50 % of cases, but the direction of bias at a site is temporally consistent, suggesting a site could be calibrated to the surrounding area.
Isis Brangers, Hans-Peter Marshall, Gabrielle De Lannoy, Devon Dunmire, Christian Mätzler, and Hans Lievens
The Cryosphere, 18, 3177–3193, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the interactions between C-band radar waves and snow, a tower-based experiment was set up in the Idaho Rocky Mountains. The reflections were collected in the time domain to measure the backscatter profile from the various snowpack and ground surface layers. The results demonstrate that C-band radar is sensitive to seasonal patterns in snow accumulation but that changes in microstructure, stratigraphy and snow wetness may complicate satellite-based snow depth retrievals.
Brenton A. Wilder, Joachim Meyer, Josh Enterkine, and Nancy F. Glenn
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1473, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Remotely sensed properties of snow are dependent on accurate terrain information, which for a lot of the cryosphere and seasonal snow zones, are often insufficient in accuracy. However, as we show in this paper, we can bypass this issue by optimally solving for the terrain by utilizing the raw radiance data returned to the sensor. This method performed well when compared to validation datasets and has the potential to be used across a variety of different snow climates.
James Dillon, Christopher Donahue, Evan Schehrer, Karl Birkeland, and Kevin Hammonds
The Cryosphere, 18, 2557–2582, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2557-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2557-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Surface hoar crystals are snow grains that form when vapor deposits on a snow surface. They create a weak layer in the snowpack that can cause large avalanches to occur. Thus, determining when and where surface hoar forms is a lifesaving matter. Here, we developed a means of mapping surface hoar using remote-sensing technologies. We found that surface hoar displayed heightened texture, hence the variability of brightness. Using this, we created surface hoar maps with an accuracy upwards of 95 %.
Steven J. Pestana, C. Chris Chickadel, and Jessica D. Lundquist
The Cryosphere, 18, 2257–2276, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2257-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2257-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compared infrared images taken by GOES-R satellites of an area with snow and forests against surface temperature measurements taken on the ground, from an aircraft, and by another satellite. We found that GOES-R measured warmer temperatures than the other measurements, especially in areas with more forest and when the Sun was behind the satellite. From this work, we learned that the position of the Sun and surface features such as trees that can cast shadows impact GOES-R infrared images.
Zachary Hoppinen, Ross T. Palomaki, George Brencher, Devon Dunmire, Eric Gagliano, Adrian Marziliano, Jack Tarricone, and Hans-Peter Marshall
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1018, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses radar imagery from the Sentinel-1 satellite to derive snow depth from increases in the returning energy. These retrieved depths are then compared to nine lidar derived snow depths across the western United State to assess the ability of this technique to be used to monitor global snow distributions. We also qualitatively compare the changes in underlying Sentinel-1 amplitudes against both the total lidar snow depths and 9 automated snow monitoring stations.
Jiahui Xu, Yao Tang, Linxin Dong, Shujie Wang, Bailang Yu, Jianping Wu, Zhaojun Zheng, and Yan Huang
The Cryosphere, 18, 1817–1834, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1817-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1817-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding snow phenology (SP) and its possible feedback are important. We reveal spatiotemporal heterogeneous SP on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the mediating effects from meteorological, topographic, and environmental factors on it. The direct effects of meteorology on SP are much greater than the indirect effects. Topography indirectly effects SP, while vegetation directly effects SP. This study contributes to understanding past global warming and predicting future trends on the TP.
Jinmei Pan, Michael Durand, Juha Lemmetyinen, Desheng Liu, and Jiancheng Shi
The Cryosphere, 18, 1561–1578, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1561-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1561-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an algorithm to estimate snow mass using X- and dual Ku-band radar, and tested it in a ground-based experiment. The algorithm, the Bayesian-based Algorithm for SWE Estimation (BASE) using active microwaves, achieved an RMSE of 30 mm for snow water equivalent. These results demonstrate the potential of radar, a highly promising sensor, to map snow mass at high spatial resolution.
Siddharth Singh, Michael Durand, Edward Kim, and Ana P. Barros
The Cryosphere, 18, 747–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal snowfall accumulation plays a critical role in climate. The water stored in it is measured by the snow water equivalent (SWE), the amount of water released after completely melting. We demonstrate a Bayesian physical–statistical framework to estimate SWE from airborne X- and Ku-band synthetic aperture radar backscatter measurements constrained by physical snow hydrology and radar models. We explored spatial resolutions and vertical structures that agree well with ground observations.
Shadi Oveisgharan, Robert Zinke, Zachary Hoppinen, and Hans Peter Marshall
The Cryosphere, 18, 559–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The seasonal snowpack provides water resources to billions of people worldwide. Large-scale mapping of snow water equivalent (SWE) with high resolution is critical for many scientific and economics fields. In this work we used the radar remote sensing interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to estimate the SWE change between 2 d. The error in the estimated SWE change is less than 2 cm for in situ stations. Additionally, the retrieved SWE using InSAR is correlated with lidar snow depth.
Dhiraj Kumar Singh, Srinivasarao Tanniru, Kamal Kant Singh, Harendra Singh Negi, and RAAJ Ramsankaran
The Cryosphere, 18, 451–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-451-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-451-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In situ techniques for snow depth (SD) measurement are not adequate to represent the spatiotemporal variability in SD in the Western Himalayan region. Therefore, this study focuses on the high-resolution mapping of daily snow depth in the Indian Western Himalayan region using passive microwave remote-sensing-based algorithms. Overall, the proposed multifactor SD models demonstrated substantial improvement compared to the operational products. However, there is a scope for further improvement.
Michael Durand, Joel T. Johnson, Jack Dechow, Leung Tsang, Firoz Borah, and Edward J. Kim
The Cryosphere, 18, 139–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-139-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-139-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal snow accumulates each winter, storing water to release later in the year and modulating both water and energy cycles, but the amount of seasonal snow is one of the most poorly measured components of the global water cycle. Satellite concepts to monitor snow accumulation have been proposed but not selected. This paper shows that snow accumulation can be measured using radar, and that (contrary to previous studies) does not require highly accurate information about snow microstructure.
Jennika Hammar, Inge Grünberg, Steven V. Kokelj, Jurjen van der Sluijs, and Julia Boike
The Cryosphere, 17, 5357–5372, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Roads on permafrost have significant environmental effects. This study assessed the Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk Highway (ITH) in Canada and its impact on snow accumulation, albedo and snowmelt timing. Our findings revealed that snow accumulation increased by up to 36 m from the road, 12-day earlier snowmelt within 100 m due to reduced albedo, and altered snowmelt patterns in seemingly undisturbed areas. Remote sensing aids in understanding road impacts on permafrost.
Anssi Rauhala, Leo-Juhani Meriö, Anton Kuzmin, Pasi Korpelainen, Pertti Ala-aho, Timo Kumpula, Bjørn Kløve, and Hannu Marttila
The Cryosphere, 17, 4343–4362, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4343-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4343-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow conditions in the Northern Hemisphere are rapidly changing, and information on snow depth is important for decision-making. We present snow depth measurements using different drones throughout the winter at a subarctic site. Generally, all drones produced good estimates of snow depth in open areas. However, differences were observed in the accuracies produced by the different drones, and a reduction in accuracy was observed when moving from an open mire area to forest-covered areas.
Leo-Juhani Meriö, Anssi Rauhala, Pertti Ala-aho, Anton Kuzmin, Pasi Korpelainen, Timo Kumpula, Bjørn Kløve, and Hannu Marttila
The Cryosphere, 17, 4363–4380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4363-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4363-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Information on seasonal snow cover is essential in understanding snow processes and operational forecasting. We study the spatiotemporal variability in snow depth and snow processes in a subarctic, boreal landscape using drones. We identified multiple theoretically known snow processes and interactions between snow and vegetation. The results highlight the applicability of the drones to be used for a detailed study of snow depth in multiple land cover types and snow–vegetation interactions.
Kirsty Wivell, Stuart Fox, Melody Sandells, Chawn Harlow, Richard Essery, and Nick Rutter
The Cryosphere, 17, 4325–4341, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite microwave observations improve weather forecasts, but to use these observations in the Arctic, snow emission must be known. This study uses airborne and in situ snow observations to validate emissivity simulations for two- and three-layer snowpacks at key frequencies for weather prediction. We assess the impact of thickness, grain size and density in key snow layers, which will help inform development of physical snow models that provide snow profile input to emissivity simulations.
César Deschamps-Berger, Simon Gascoin, David Shean, Hannah Besso, Ambroise Guiot, and Juan Ignacio López-Moreno
The Cryosphere, 17, 2779–2792, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The estimation of the snow depth in mountains is hard, despite the importance of the snowpack for human societies and ecosystems. We measured the snow depth in mountains by comparing the elevation of points measured with snow from the high-precision altimetric satellite ICESat-2 to the elevation without snow from various sources. Snow depths derived only from ICESat-2 were too sparse, but using external airborne/satellite products results in spatially richer and sufficiently precise snow depths.
Edward H. Bair, Jeff Dozier, Karl Rittger, Timbo Stillinger, William Kleiber, and Robert E. Davis
The Cryosphere, 17, 2629–2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To test the title question, three snow cover products were used in a snow model. Contrary to previous work, higher-spatial-resolution snow cover products only improved the model accuracy marginally. Conclusions are as follows: (1) snow cover and albedo from moderate-resolution sensors continue to provide accurate forcings and (2) finer spatial and temporal resolutions are the future for Earth observations, but existing moderate-resolution sensors still offer value.
Valentina Premier, Carlo Marin, Giacomo Bertoldi, Riccardo Barella, Claudia Notarnicola, and Lorenzo Bruzzone
The Cryosphere, 17, 2387–2407, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2387-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2387-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The large amount of information regularly acquired by satellites can provide important information about SWE. We explore the use of multi-source satellite data, in situ observations, and a degree-day model to reconstruct daily SWE at 25 m. The results show spatial patterns that are consistent with the topographical features as well as with a reference product. Being able to also reproduce interannual variability, the method has great potential for hydrological and ecological applications.
Jack Tarricone, Ryan W. Webb, Hans-Peter Marshall, Anne W. Nolin, and Franz J. Meyer
The Cryosphere, 17, 1997–2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain snowmelt provides water for billions of people across the globe. Despite its importance, we cannot currently measure the amount of water in mountain snowpacks from satellites. In this research, we test the ability of an experimental snow remote sensing technique from an airplane in preparation for the same sensor being launched on a future NASA satellite. We found that the method worked better than expected for estimating important snowpack properties.
Sara E. Darychuk, Joseph M. Shea, Brian Menounos, Anna Chesnokova, Georg Jost, and Frank Weber
The Cryosphere, 17, 1457–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1457-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1457-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) and optical observations to map snowmelt timing and duration on the watershed scale. We found that Sentinel-1 SAR time series can be used to approximate snowmelt onset over diverse terrain and land cover types, and we present a low-cost workflow for SAR processing over large, mountainous regions. Our approach provides spatially distributed observations of the snowpack necessary for model calibration and can be used to monitor snowmelt in ungauged basins.
Vasana Dharmadasa, Christophe Kinnard, and Michel Baraër
The Cryosphere, 17, 1225–1246, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1225-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1225-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the successful usage of UAV lidar to monitor small-scale snow depth distribution. Our results show that underlying topography and wind redistribution of snow along forest edges govern the snow depth variability at agro-forested sites, while forest structure variability dominates snow depth variability in the coniferous environment. This emphasizes the importance of including and better representing these processes in physically based models for accurate snowpack estimates.
Ruben Urraca and Nadine Gobron
The Cryosphere, 17, 1023–1052, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1023-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1023-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the fitness of some of the longest satellite (NOAA CDR, 1966–2020) and reanalysis (ERA5, 1950–2020; ERA5-Land, 1950–2020) products currently available to monitor the Northern Hemisphere snow cover trends using 527 stations as the reference. We found different artificial trends and stepwise discontinuities in all the products that hinder the accurate monitoring of snow trends, at least without bias correction. The study also provides updates on the snow cover trends during 1950–2020.
Annett Bartsch, Helena Bergstedt, Georg Pointner, Xaver Muri, Kimmo Rautiainen, Leena Leppänen, Kyle Joly, Aleksandr Sokolov, Pavel Orekhov, Dorothee Ehrich, and Eeva Mariatta Soininen
The Cryosphere, 17, 889–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-889-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-889-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rain-on-snow (ROS) events occur across many regions of the terrestrial Arctic in mid-winter. In extreme cases ice layers form which affect wildlife, vegetation and soils beyond the duration of the event. The fusion of multiple types of microwave satellite observations is suggested for the creation of a climate data record. Retrieval is most robust in the tundra biome, where records can be used to identify extremes and the results can be applied to impact studies at regional scale.
Pinja Venäläinen, Kari Luojus, Colleen Mortimer, Juha Lemmetyinen, Jouni Pulliainen, Matias Takala, Mikko Moisander, and Lina Zschenderlein
The Cryosphere, 17, 719–736, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-719-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-719-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow water equivalent (SWE) is a valuable characteristic of snow cover. In this research, we improve the radiometer-based GlobSnow SWE retrieval methodology by implementing spatially and temporally varying snow densities into the retrieval procedure. In addition to improving the accuracy of SWE retrieval, varying snow densities were found to improve the magnitude and seasonal evolution of the Northern Hemisphere snow mass estimate compared to the baseline product.
Dalei Hao, Gautam Bisht, Karl Rittger, Timbo Stillinger, Edward Bair, Yu Gu, and L. Ruby Leung
The Cryosphere, 17, 673–697, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-673-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-673-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We comprehensively evaluated the snow simulations in E3SM land model over the western United States in terms of spatial patterns, temporal correlations, interannual variabilities, elevation gradients, and change with forest cover of snow properties and snow phenology. Our study underscores the need for diagnosing model biases and improving the model representations of snow properties and snow phenology in mountainous areas for more credible simulation and future projection of mountain snowpack.
Timbo Stillinger, Karl Rittger, Mark S. Raleigh, Alex Michell, Robert E. Davis, and Edward H. Bair
The Cryosphere, 17, 567–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-567-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-567-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding global snow cover is critical for comprehending climate change and its impacts on the lives of billions of people. Satellites are the best way to monitor global snow cover, yet snow varies at a finer spatial resolution than most satellite images. We assessed subpixel snow mapping methods across a spectrum of conditions using airborne lidar. Spectral-unmixing methods outperformed older operational methods and are ready to to advance snow cover mapping at the global scale.
Jilu Li, Fernando Rodriguez-Morales, Xavier Fettweis, Oluwanisola Ibikunle, Carl Leuschen, John Paden, Daniel Gomez-Garcia, and Emily Arnold
The Cryosphere, 17, 175–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-175-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-175-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Alaskan glaciers' loss of ice mass contributes significantly to ocean surface rise. It is important to know how deeply and how much snow accumulates on these glaciers to comprehend and analyze the glacial mass loss process. We reported the observed seasonal snow depth distribution from our radar data taken in Alaska in 2018 and 2021, developed a method to estimate the annual snow accumulation rate at Mt. Wrangell caldera, and identified transition zones from wet-snow zones to ablation zones.
Ghislain Picard, Henning Löwe, and Christian Mätzler
The Cryosphere, 16, 3861–3866, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Microwave satellite observations used to monitor the cryosphere require radiative transfer models for their interpretation. These models represent how microwaves are scattered by snow and ice. However no existing theory is suitable for all types of snow and ice found on Earth. We adapted a recently published generic scattering theory to snow and show how it may improve the representation of snows with intermediate densities (~500 kg/m3) and/or with coarse grains at high microwave frequencies.
Leung Tsang, Michael Durand, Chris Derksen, Ana P. Barros, Do-Hyuk Kang, Hans Lievens, Hans-Peter Marshall, Jiyue Zhu, Joel Johnson, Joshua King, Juha Lemmetyinen, Melody Sandells, Nick Rutter, Paul Siqueira, Anne Nolin, Batu Osmanoglu, Carrie Vuyovich, Edward Kim, Drew Taylor, Ioanna Merkouriadi, Ludovic Brucker, Mahdi Navari, Marie Dumont, Richard Kelly, Rhae Sung Kim, Tien-Hao Liao, Firoz Borah, and Xiaolan Xu
The Cryosphere, 16, 3531–3573, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3531-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3531-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow water equivalent (SWE) is of fundamental importance to water, energy, and geochemical cycles but is poorly observed globally. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements at X- and Ku-band can address this gap. This review serves to inform the broad snow research, monitoring, and application communities about the progress made in recent decades to move towards a new satellite mission capable of addressing the needs of the geoscience researchers and users.
Elisabeth D. Hafner, Patrick Barton, Rodrigo Caye Daudt, Jan Dirk Wegner, Konrad Schindler, and Yves Bühler
The Cryosphere, 16, 3517–3530, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3517-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3517-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing where avalanches occur is very important information for several disciplines, for example avalanche warning, hazard zonation and risk management. Satellite imagery can provide such data systematically over large regions. In our work we propose a machine learning model to automate the time-consuming manual mapping. Additionally, we investigate expert agreement for manual avalanche mapping, showing that our network is equally as good as the experts in identifying avalanches.
Joëlle Voglimacci-Stephanopoli, Anna Wendleder, Hugues Lantuit, Alexandre Langlois, Samuel Stettner, Andreas Schmitt, Jean-Pierre Dedieu, Achim Roth, and Alain Royer
The Cryosphere, 16, 2163–2181, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in the state of the snowpack in the context of observed global warming must be considered to improve our understanding of the processes within the cryosphere. This study aims to characterize an arctic snowpack using the TerraSAR-X satellite. Using a high-spatial-resolution vegetation classification, we were able to quantify the variability in snow depth, as well as the topographic soil wetness index, which provided a better understanding of the electromagnetic wave–ground interaction.
Jayson Eppler, Bernhard Rabus, and Peter Morse
The Cryosphere, 16, 1497–1521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new method for mapping changes in the snow water equivalent (SWE) of dry snow based on differences between time-repeated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. It correlates phase differences with variations in the topographic slope which allows the method to work without any "reference" targets within the imaged area and without having to numerically unwrap the spatial phase maps. This overcomes the key challenges faced in using SAR interferometry for SWE change mapping.
Sebastian Buchelt, Kirstine Skov, Kerstin Krøier Rasmussen, and Tobias Ullmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 625–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-625-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-625-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we present a threshold and a derivative approach using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar time series to capture the small-scale heterogeneity of snow cover (SC) and snowmelt. Thereby, we can identify start of runoff and end of SC as well as perennial snow and SC extent during melt with high spatiotemporal resolution. Hence, our approach could support monitoring of distribution patterns and hydrological cascading effects of SC from the catchment scale to pan-Arctic observations.
Hans Lievens, Isis Brangers, Hans-Peter Marshall, Tobias Jonas, Marc Olefs, and Gabriëlle De Lannoy
The Cryosphere, 16, 159–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-159-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-159-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow depth observations at high spatial resolution from the Sentinel-1 satellite mission are presented over the European Alps. The novel observations can improve our knowledge of seasonal snow mass in areas with complex topography, where satellite-based estimates are currently lacking, and benefit a number of applications including water resource management, flood forecasting, and numerical weather prediction.
Julien Meloche, Alexandre Langlois, Nick Rutter, Alain Royer, Josh King, Branden Walker, Philip Marsh, and Evan J. Wilcox
The Cryosphere, 16, 87–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-87-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-87-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To estimate snow water equivalent from space, model predictions of the satellite measurement (brightness temperature in our case) have to be used. These models allow us to estimate snow properties from the brightness temperature by inverting the model. To improve SWE estimate, we proposed incorporating the variability of snow in these model as it has not been taken into account yet. A new parameter (coefficient of variation) is proposed because it improved simulation of brightness temperature.
Christopher Donahue, S. McKenzie Skiles, and Kevin Hammonds
The Cryosphere, 16, 43–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-43-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-43-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of water within a snowpack is important information for predicting snowmelt and wet-snow avalanches. From within a controlled laboratory, the optimal method for measuring liquid water content (LWC) at the snow surface or along a snow pit profile using near-infrared imagery was determined. As snow samples melted, multiple models to represent wet-snow reflectance were assessed against a more established LWC instrument. The best model represents snow as separate spheres of ice and water.
Zacharie Barrou Dumont, Simon Gascoin, Olivier Hagolle, Michaël Ablain, Rémi Jugier, Germain Salgues, Florence Marti, Aurore Dupuis, Marie Dumont, and Samuel Morin
The Cryosphere, 15, 4975–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4975-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4975-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2020, the Copernicus High Resolution Snow & Ice Monitoring Service has distributed snow cover maps at 20 m resolution over Europe in near-real time. These products are derived from the Sentinel-2 Earth observation mission, with a revisit time of 5 d or less (cloud-permitting). Here we show the good accuracy of the snow detection over a wide range of regions in Europe, except in dense forest regions where the snow cover is hidden by the trees.
Xiaodan Wu, Kathrin Naegeli, Valentina Premier, Carlo Marin, Dujuan Ma, Jingping Wang, and Stefan Wunderle
The Cryosphere, 15, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4261-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4261-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a comprehensive accuracy assessment of an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer global area coverage snow-cover extent time series dataset for the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The sensor-to-sensor consistency, the accuracy related to snow depth, elevations, land-cover types, slope, and aspects, and topographical variability were also explored. Our analysis shows an overall accuracy of 94 % in comparison with in situ station data, which is the same with MOD10A1 V006.
Pia Nielsen-Englyst, Jacob L. Høyer, Kristine S. Madsen, Rasmus T. Tonboe, Gorm Dybkjær, and Sotirios Skarpalezos
The Cryosphere, 15, 3035–3057, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3035-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3035-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic region is responding heavily to climate change, and yet, the air temperature of Arctic ice-covered areas is heavily under-sampled when it comes to in situ measurements. This paper presents a method for estimating daily mean 2 m air temperatures (T2m) in the Arctic from satellite observations of skin temperature, providing spatially detailed observations of the Arctic. The satellite-derived T2m product covers clear-sky snow and ice surfaces in the Arctic for the period 2000–2009.
Pinja Venäläinen, Kari Luojus, Juha Lemmetyinen, Jouni Pulliainen, Mikko Moisander, and Matias Takala
The Cryosphere, 15, 2969–2981, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2969-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2969-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Information about snow water equivalent (SWE) is needed in many applications, including climate model evaluation and forecasting fresh water availability. Space-borne radiometer observations combined with ground snow depth measurements can be used to make global estimates of SWE. In this study, we investigate the possibility of using sparse snow density measurement in satellite-based SWE retrieval and show that using the snow density information in post-processing improves SWE estimations.
Linlu Mei, Vladimir Rozanov, Christine Pohl, Marco Vountas, and John P. Burrows
The Cryosphere, 15, 2757–2780, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2757-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2757-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new snow property retrieval algorithm from satellite observations. This is Part 1 of two companion papers and shows the method description and sensitivity study. The paper investigates the major factors, including the assumptions of snow optical properties, snow particle distribution and atmospheric conditions (cloud and aerosol), impacting snow property retrievals from satellite observation.
Linlu Mei, Vladimir Rozanov, Evelyn Jäkel, Xiao Cheng, Marco Vountas, and John P. Burrows
The Cryosphere, 15, 2781–2802, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2781-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2781-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new snow property retrieval algorithm from satellite observations. This is Part 2 of two companion papers and shows the results and validation. The paper performs the new retrieval algorithm on the Sea and Land
Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) instrument and compares the retrieved snow properties with ground-based measurements, aircraft measurements and other satellite products.
Ahmad Hojatimalekshah, Zachary Uhlmann, Nancy F. Glenn, Christopher A. Hiemstra, Christopher J. Tennant, Jake D. Graham, Lucas Spaete, Arthur Gelvin, Hans-Peter Marshall, James P. McNamara, and Josh Enterkine
The Cryosphere, 15, 2187–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the relationships between snow depth, vegetation canopy, and local-scale processes during the snow accumulation period using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). In addition to topography and wind, our findings suggest the importance of fine-scale tree structure, species type, and distributions on snow depth. Snow depth increases from the canopy edge toward the open areas, but wind and topographic controls may affect this trend. TLS data are complementary to wide-area lidar surveys.
Jennifer M. Jacobs, Adam G. Hunsaker, Franklin B. Sullivan, Michael Palace, Elizabeth A. Burakowski, Christina Herrick, and Eunsang Cho
The Cryosphere, 15, 1485–1500, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1485-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1485-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This pilot study describes a proof of concept for using lidar on an unpiloted aerial vehicle to map shallow snowpack (< 20 cm) depth in open terrain and forests. The 1 m2 resolution snow depth map, generated by subtracting snow-off from snow-on lidar-derived digital terrain models, consistently had 0.5 to 1 cm precision in the field, with a considerable reduction in accuracy in the forest. Performance depends on the point cloud density and the ground surface variability and vegetation.
Elisabeth D. Hafner, Frank Techel, Silvan Leinss, and Yves Bühler
The Cryosphere, 15, 983–1004, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-983-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-983-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellites prove to be very valuable for documentation of large-scale avalanche periods. To test reliability and completeness, which has not been satisfactorily verified before, we attempt a full validation of avalanches mapped from two optical sensors and one radar sensor. Our results demonstrate the reliability of high-spatial-resolution optical data for avalanche mapping, the suitability of radar for mapping of larger avalanches and the unsuitability of medium-spatial-resolution optical data.
Xiongxin Xiao, Shunlin Liang, Tao He, Daiqiang Wu, Congyuan Pei, and Jianya Gong
The Cryosphere, 15, 835–861, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Daily time series and full space-covered sub-pixel snow cover area data are urgently needed for climate and reanalysis studies. Due to the fact that observations from optical satellite sensors are affected by clouds, this study attempts to capture dynamic characteristics of snow cover at a fine spatiotemporal resolution (daily; 6.25 km) accurately by using passive microwave data. We demonstrate the potential to use the passive microwave and the MODIS data to map the fractional snow cover area.
Cited articles
Arnold, C. and Dey, C.: Observing-systems simulation experiments: Past,
present, and future, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 67, 687–695,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1986)067<0687:OSSEPP>2.0.CO;2.,
1986.
Barnett, T. P., Adam, J. C., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Potential impacts of a
warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated
regions, Nature, 438, 303–309, 2005.
Borah, F. K., Tsang, L., Kang, D. K., Kim, E., Siqueira, P., Barros, A., and Durand, M.: Data Analysis and SWE Retrieval of Airborne SAR Data AT X Band and KU Bands, in: 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 17–22 July 2022, 4252–4255, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS46834.2022.9884965, 2022.
Bormann, K. J., Brown, R. D., Derksen, C., and Painter, T. H.: Estimating
snow-cover trends from space, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 924–928, 2018.
Carroll, S. S., Carroll, T. R., and Poston, R. W.: Spatial modeling and
prediction of snow-water equivalent using ground-based, air-borne, and
satellite snow data, J. Geophys. Res., 104,
19623–19629, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900093, 1999.
Cline, D., Yueh, S., Chapman, B., Stankov, B., Gasiewski, A., Masters, D.,
Elder, K. J., Kelly, R., Painter, T. H., Miller, S., Katzberg, S., and
Mahrt, L.: NASA cold land processes experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Airborne
remote sensing, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 338–346, 2009.
Cho, E., Tuttle, S. E., and Jacobs, J. M.: Evaluating consistency of snow
water equivalent retrievals from passive microwave sensors over the north
central US: SSM/I vs. SSMIS and AMSR-E vs. AMSR2, Remote Sensing, 9, 465,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9050465, 2017.
Cho, E., Jacobs, J. M., and Vuyovich, C.: The value of long-term (40 years)
airborne gamma radiation SWE record for evaluating three observation-based
gridded SWE datasets by seasonal snow and land cover classifications, Water
Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR025813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025813,
2020.
Cho, E., Kwon, Y., Kumar, S. V., and Vuyovich, C. M.: Assimilation of airborne gamma observations provides utility for snow estimation in forested environments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-332, in review, 2022a.
Cho, E., Vuyovich, C. M., Kumar, S. V., Wrzesien, M. L., Kim, R. S., and Jacobs, J. M.: Precipitation biases and snow physics limitations drive the uncertainties in macroscale modeled snow water equivalent, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5721–5735, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5721-2022, 2022b.
Cho, E., Vuyovich, C. M., Kumar, S. V., Wrzesien, M. L., and Kim, R. S.: Data for ”Evaluating the utility of active microwave observations as a snow mission concept using observing system simulation experiments”, HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/1ad0d4b62c4440e9bb9267a7470d7b81 (last access: 7 September 2023), 2023.
Crow, W. T., Chan, S. T. K., Entekhabi, D., Houser, P. R., Hsu, A. Y., Jackson,
T. J., Njoku, E. G., O'Neill, P. E., Shi, J., and Zhan, X.: An observing system
simulation experiment for Hydros radiometer-only soil moisture
productsm IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 43, 1289–1303, 2005.
De Lannoy, G. J. M., Reichle, R. H., Houser, P. R., Arsenault, K. R.,
Verhoest, N. E. C., and Pauwels, V. R. N.: Satellite-Scale Snow Water
Equivalent Assimilation into a HighResolution Land Surface Model, J.
Hydrometeorol., 11, 352–369, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JHM1192.1, 2010.
Derksen, C., Walker, A., and Goodison, B.: Evaluation of passive microwave
snow water equivalent retrievals across the boreal forest/tundra transition
of western Canada, Remote Sens. Environ., 96, 315–327,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.02.014, 2005.
Derksen, C., Toose, P., Rees, A., Wang, L., English, M., Walker, A., and
Sturm, M.: Development of a tundra-specific snow water equivalent retrieval
algorithm for satellite passive microwave data, Remote Sens. Environ., 114,
1699–1709, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.02.019, 2010.
Derksen, C., Lemmetyinen, J., King, J., Belair, S., Garnaud, C., Lapointe,
M., Crevier, Y., Burbidge, G., and Siqueira, P.: A DualFrequency Ku-Band
Radar Mission Concept for Seasonal Snow, in: IGARSS 2019–2019 IEEE
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE, Yokohama,
Japan, 28 July–2 August 2019, 5742–5744, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2019.8898030,
2019.
Dong, J., Walker, J., and Houser, P.: Factors affecting remotely sensed snow
water equivalent uncertainty, Remote Sens. Environ., 97, 68–82,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.04.010, 2005.
Dozier, J., Bair, E. H., and Davis, R. E.: Estimating the spatial
distribution of snow water equivalent in the world's mountains, Wiley
Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 3, 461–474,
https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1140, 2016.
Ek, M. B., Mitchell, K., and Lin, Y.: Implementation of Noah land surface
model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction
operational mesoscale Eta model, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8851,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003296, 2003.
Elder, K., Cline, D., Liston, G. E., and Armstrong, R.: NASA Cold Land
Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): field measurements of snowpack
properties and soil moisture, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 320–329,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm877.1, 2009.
Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S.,
Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S.,
Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf,
D.: The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Rev. Geophys., 45, 1–33,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005rg000183, 2007.
Foster, J. L., Sun, C., Walker, J. P., Kelly, R., Chang, A., Dong, J., and
Powell, H.: Quantifying the uncertainty in passive microwave snow water
equivalent observations, Remote Sens. Environ., 94, 187–203, 2005.
Enzminger, T. L., Small, E. E., and Borsa, A. A.: Subsurface water dominates
Sierra Nevada seasonal hydrologic storage, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46,
11993–12001, 2019.
Garnaud, C., Bélair, S., Carrera, M. L., Derksen, C., Bilodeau, B.,
Abrahamowicz, M., Gauthier, N., and Vionnet, V.: Quantifying Snow Mass
Mission Concept Trade-Offs Using an Observing System Simulation Experiment,
J. Hydrometeorol., 20, 155–173, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0241.1,
2019.
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs,
L., Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M. G., Reichle, R., Wargan,
K., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A.,
da Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G. K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D.,
Nielsen, J. E., Partyka, G., Pawson, S., Putman, W., Rienecker, M.,
Schubert, S. D., Sienkiewicz, M., and Zhao, B.: The modern-era retrospective
analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA2), J. Climate, 30,
5419–5454, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1, 2017 (data available at: https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/data_access/, last access: 1 October 2022).
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A.,
Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S. V., Goetz, S. J., Loveland, T. R.,
Kommareddy, A., Egorov, A., Chini, L., Justice, C. O., and Townshend, J. R. G.:
High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change, Science,
342, 850–853, 2013 (data available at: https://glad.umd.edu/Potapov/TCC_2010/, last access: 1 October 2022).
He, C., Chen, F., Barlage, M., Liu, C., Newman, A., Tang, W., Ikeda, K., and
Rasmussen, R.: Can Convection-Permitting Modeling Provide Decent
Precipitation for Offline High-Resolution Snowpack Simulations Over
Mountains?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 12631–12654,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030823, 2019.
Henn, B., Newman, A. J., Livneh, B., Daly, C., and Lundquist, J. D.: An
assessment of differences in gridded precipitation datasets in complex
terrain, J. Hydrol., 556, 1205–1219,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.008, 2018.
Immerzeel, W. W., Lutz, A. F., Andrade, M., Bahl, A., Biemans, H., Bolch,
T., Hyde, S., Brumby, S., Davies, B. J., Elmore, A. C., Emmer, A., Feng, M.,
Fernández, A., Haritashya, U., Kargel, J. S., Koppes, M., Kraaijenbrink,
P. D. A., Kulkarni, A. V., Mayewski, P. A., Nepal, S., Pacheco, P., Painter,
T. H., Pellicciotti, F., Rajaram, H., Rupper, S., Sinisalo, A., Shrestha, A.
B., Viviroli, D., Wada, Y., Xiao, C., Yao, T., and Baillie, J. E. M.:
Importance and vulnerability of the world's water towers, Nature, 577,
364–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y, 2019.
Jordan, R. E.: A one-dimensional temperature model for a snow cover:
Technical documentation for SNTHERM, 89,
https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/bitstream/11681/11677/1/SR-91-16.pdf (last access: 1 October 2022),
1991.
Kang, D. H., Barros, A. P., and Dery, S. J.: Evaluating passive microwave
radiometry for the dynamical transition from dry to wet snowpacks, IEEE
T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 52, 3–15, 2013.
Kim, R. S., Kumar, S., Vuyovich, C., Houser, P., Lundquist, J., Mudryk, L., Durand, M., Barros, A., Kim, E. J., Forman, B. A., Gutmann, E. D., Wrzesien, M. L., Garnaud, C., Sandells, M., Marshall, H.-P., Cristea, N., Pflug, J. M., Johnston, J., Cao, Y., Mocko, D., and Wang, S.: Snow Ensemble Uncertainty Project (SEUP): quantification of snow water equivalent uncertainty across North America via ensemble land surface modeling, The Cryosphere, 15, 771–791, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-771-2021, 2021.
King, J., Derksen, C., Toose, P., Langlois, A., Larsen, C., Lemmetyinen, J.,
Marsh, P., Montpetit, B., Roy, A., Rutter, N., and Sturm, M.: The influence
of snow microstructure on dual-frequency radar measurements in a tundra
environment, Remote Sens. Environ., 215, 242–254,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.028, 2018.
Kumar, S. V., Peters-Lidard, C. D., Tian, Y., Houser, P. R., Geiger, J.,
Olden, S., Lighty, L., Eastman, J. L., Doty, B., and Dirmeyer, P.: Land
information system: An interoperable framework for high resolution land
surface modeling, Environ. Model. Softw., 21, 1402–1415, 2006 (code available at: https://github.com/NASA-LIS/LISF, last access: 1 July 2023).
Kumar, S. V., Reichle, R. H., Harrison, K. W., Peters-Lidard, C. D.,
Yatheendradas, S., and Santanello, J. A.: A comparison of methods for a
priori bias correction in soil moisture data assimilation, Water Resour.
Res., 48, W03515, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010261, 2012.
Kumar, S. V., Harrison, K. W., Peters-Lidard, C. D., Santanello Jr., J. A.,
and Kirschbaum, D.: Assessing the impact of L-band observations on drought
and flood risk estimation: A decision-theoretic approach in an OSSE
environment, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 2140–2156, 2014a.
Kumar, S. V., Peters-Lidard, C. D., Mocko, D., Reichle, R., Liu, Y.,
Arsenault, K. R., Xia, Y., Ek, M., Riggs, G., Livneh, B., and Cosh, M.:
Assimilation of remotely sensed soil moisture and snow depth retrievals for
drought estimation, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 2446–2469, 2014b.
Kumar, S. V., Peters-Lidard, C. D., Arsenault, K. R., Getirana, A., Mocko,
D., and Liu, Y.: Quantifying the added value of snow cover area
observations in passive microwave snow depth assimilation, J.
Hydrometeorol., 16, 1736–1741,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0021.1, 2015.
Kwon, Y., Yoon, Y., Forman, B. A., Kumar, S. V., and Wang, L.: Quantifying
the observational requirements of a space-borne LiDAR snow mission, J.
Hydrol., 601, 126709, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126709, 2021.
Lahmers, T. M., Kumar, S. V., Rosen, D., Dugger, A., Gochis, D. J.,
Santanello, J. A., Gangodagamage, C., and Dunlap, R.: Assimilation of
NASA's Airborne Snow Observatory Snow Measurements for Improved Hydrological
Modeling: A Case Study Enabled by the Coupled LIS/WRF-Hydro System, Water
Resour. Res., 58, e2021WR029867, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR029867, 2022.
Larue, F., Royer, A., De Sève, D., Langlois, A., Roy, A., and Brucker,
L.: Validation of GlobSnow-2 snow water equivalent over Eastern Canada,
Remote Sens. Environ., 194, 264–277,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.03.027, 2017.
Le Moigne, J., Dabney, P., de Weck, O., Foreman, V., Grogan, P., Holland,
M., Hughes, S., and Nag, S.: Tradespace analysis tool for designing
constellations (TAT-C), in: 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 1181–1184, 2017.
Lettenmaier, D. P., Alsdorf, D., Dozier, J., Huffman, G. J., Pan, M., and
Wood, E. F.: Inroads of remote sensing into hydrologic science during the
WRR era, Water Resour. Res., 51, 7309–7342,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017616, 2015.
Li, D., Wrzesien, M. L., Durand, M., Adam, J., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: How much runoff originates as snow in the western United States, and how will that change in the future?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6163–6172, 2017.
Lievens, H., Demuzere, M., Marshall, H. P., Reichle, R. H., Brucker, L.,
Brangers, I., de Rosnay, P., Dumont, M., Girotto, M., Immerzeel, W. W.,
Jonas, T., Kim, E. J., Koch, I., Marty, C., Saloranta, T., Schöber, J.,
and De Lannoy, G. J. M.: Snow depth variability in the Northern Hemisphere
mountains observed from space, Nat. Commun., 10, 4629,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12566-y, 2019.
Lievens, H., Brangers, I., Marshall, H.-P., Jonas, T., Olefs, M., and De Lannoy, G.: Sentinel-1 snow depth retrieval at sub-kilometer resolution over the European Alps, The Cryosphere, 16, 159–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-159-2022, 2022.
Liston, G. E. and Sturm, M.: Global Seasonal-Snow Classification, Version 1, Boulder, Colorado USA, National Snow and Ice Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/99FTCYYYLAQ0, 2021.
Macelloni, G., Paloscia, S., Pampaloni, P., and Tedesco, M.: Microwave
emission from dry snow: A comparison of experimental and model results, IEEE
T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 39, 2649–2656, 2001.
Magagi, R., Bernier, M., and Ung, C. H.: Quantitative analysis of RADARSAT
SAR data over a sparse forest canopy, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote
Sens., 40, 1301–1313, 2002.
Masutani, M., Woollen, J. S., Lord, S. J., Emmitt, G. D., Kleespies, T. J.,
Wood, S. A., Greco, S., Sun, H. B., Terry, J., Kapoor, V., Treadon, R., and
Campana, K. A.: Observing system simulation experiments at the National
Centers for Environmental Prediction, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D07101,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012528, 2010.
Mätzler, C.: Applications of the interaction of microwaves with the
natural snow cover, Remote Sens. Rev., 2, 259–387,
https://doi.org/10.1080/02757258709532086, 1987.
Minder, J. R., Letcher, T. W., and Skiles, S. M.: An evaluation of
high-resolution regional climate model simulations of snow cover and albedo
over the Rocky Mountains, with implications for the simulated snow-albedo
feedback, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 9069–9088,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024995, 2016.
Molotch, N. P. and Bales, R. C.: Scaling snow observations from the point to
the grid element: Implications for observation network design, Water Resour.
Res., 41, W11421, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004229, 2005.
Montomoli, F., Macelloni, G., Brogioni, M., Lemmetyinen, J., Cohen, J., and Rott, H.: Observations and simulation of multifrequency SAR data over a snow-covered boreal forest, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 9, 1216–1228, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2417999, 2015.
Nagler, T., Rott, Heidinger, M., Malcher, P., Macelloni, G., Pettinato, S.,
Santi, E., Essery, R., Pulliainen, J., Takal, M., Malnes, E., Storvold, R.,
Johnson, H., Haas, C., and Duguay, C.: Retrieval of physical snow properties
from SAR observations at Ku- and X-band frequencies, Final Report, ESTEC
contract, 20756(56), 07, 2008.
National Research Council: Earth Science and Applications from Space:
National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond, Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press, https://doi.org/10.17226/11820, 2007.
Nearing, G. S., Crow, W. T., Thorp, K. R., Moran, M. S., Reichle, R. H., and
Gupta, H. V.: Assimilating remote sensing observations of leaf area index
and soil moisture for wheat yield estimates: An observing system simulation
experiment, Water Resour. Res., 48, W05525,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011420, 2012.
Niu, G. Y. and Yang, Z. L.: Effects of frozen soil on snowmelt runoff and
soil water storage at a continental scale, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 937–952,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM538.1, 2006.
Niu, G. Y., Yang, Z. L., Mitchell, K. E., Chen, F., Ek, M. B., Barlage, M.,
Kumar, A., Manning, K., Niyogi, D., Rosero, E., Tewari, M., and Xia, Y.: The
community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options
(Noah-MP): 1. Model description and evaluation with local-scale
measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D12109,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139, 2011.
Peters-Lidard, C. D., Houser, P. R., Tian, Y., Kumar, S. V., Geiger, J.,
Olden, S., Lighty, L., Doty, B., Dirmeyer, P., Adams, J., and Mitchell, K.:
High-performance Earth system modeling with NASA/GSFC's Land Information
System, Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering, 3, 157–165, 2007.
Pulliainen, J., Luojus, K., Derksen, C., Mudryk, L., Lemmetyinen, J.,
Salminen, M., Ikonen, J., Takala, M., Cohen, J., Smolander, T., and Norberg,
J.: Patterns and trends of Northern Hemisphere snow mass from 1980 to 2018,
Nature, 581, 294–298, 2020.
Raleigh, M. S., Lundquist, J. D., and Clark, M. P.: Exploring the impact of forcing error characteristics on physically based snow simulations within a global sensitivity analysis framework, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3153–3179, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3153-2015, 2015.
Reichle, R. H., McLaughlin, D. B., and Entekhabi, D.: Hydrologic data
assimilation with the ensemble Kalman filter, Mon. Weather Rev., 130,
103–114, 2002.
Rott, H., Yueh, S. H., Cline, D. W., Duguay, C., Essery, R., Haas, C.,
Hélière, F., Kern, M., Macelloni, G., Malnes, E., Nagler, T.,
Pulliainen, J., Rebhan, H., and Thompson, A.: Cold regions hydrology
high-resolution observatory for snow and cold land processes, Proc. IEEE,
98, 752–765, 2010.
Rutter, N., Essery, R., Pomeroy, J., Altimir, N., Andreadis, K., Baker, I.,
Barr, A., Bartlett, P., Boone, A., Deng, H., Douville, H., Dutra, E., Elder,
K., Ellis, C., Feng, X., Gelfan, A., Goodbody, A., Gusev, Y., Gustafsson,
D., Hellström, R., Hirabayashi, Y., Hirota, T., Jonas, T., Koren, V.,
Kuragina, A., Lettenmaier, D., Li, W.-P., Luce, C., Martin, E., Nasonova,
O., Pumpanen, J., Pyles, R. D., Samuelsson, P., Sandells, M., Schädler,
G., Shmakin, A., Smirnova, T. G., Stähli, M., Stöckli, R., Strasser,
U., Su, H., Suzuki, K., Takata, K., Tanaka, K., Thompson, E., Vesala, T.,
Viterbo, P., Wiltshire, A., Xia, K., Xue, Y., and Yamazaki, T.: Evaluation
of forest snow processes models (SnowMIP2), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114,
D06111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011063, 2009.
Rutter, N., Sandells, M. J., Derksen, C., King, J., Toose, P., Wake, L., Watts, T., Essery, R., Roy, A., Royer, A., Marsh, P., Larsen, C., and Sturm, M.: Effect of snow microstructure variability on Ku-band radar snow water equivalent retrievals, The Cryosphere, 13, 3045–3059, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3045-2019, 2019.
Santi, E., De Gregorio, L., Pettinato, S., Cuozzo, G., Jacob, A., Notarnicola, C., Günther, D., Strasser, U., Cigna, F., Tapete, D., and Paloscia, S.: On the Use of COSMO-SkyMed X-Band SAR for Estimating Snow Water Equivalent in Alpine Areas: A Retrieval Approach Based on Machine Learning and Snow Models, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 60, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3191409, 2022.
Schmucki, E., Marty, C., Fierz, C., and Lehning, M.: Evaluation of modelled
snow depth and snow water equivalent at three contrasting sites in
Switzerland using SNOWPACK simulations driven by different meteorological
data input, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 99, 27–37,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.12.004, 2014.
Sturm, M. and Liston, G. E.: Revisiting the Global Seasonal Snow
Classification: An Updated Dataset for Earth System Applications, J.
Hydrometeorol., 22, 2917–2938, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-21-0070.1,
2021.
Sturm, M., Goldstein, M. A., and Parr, C.: Water and life from snow:
A trillion dollar science question, Water Resour. Res., 53,
3534–3544, 2017.
Takala, M., Luojus, K., Pulliainen, J., Derksen, C., Lemmetyinen, J.,
Kärnä, J. P., Koskinen, J., and Bojkov, B.: Estimating Northern
Hemisphere snow water equivalent for climate research through assimilation
of spaceborne radiometer data and groundbased measurements, Remote Sens.
Environ., 115, 3517–3529, 2011.
Tsang, L., Durand, M., Derksen, C., Barros, A. P., Kang, D.-H., Lievens, H., Marshall, H.-P., Zhu, J., Johnson, J., King, J., Lemmetyinen, J., Sandells, M., Rutter, N., Siqueira, P., Nolin, A., Osmanoglu, B., Vuyovich, C., Kim, E., Taylor, D., Merkouriadi, I., Brucker, L., Navari, M., Dumont, M., Kelly, R., Kim, R. S., Liao, T.-H., Borah, F., and Xu, X.: Review article: Global monitoring of snow water equivalent using high-frequency radar remote sensing, The Cryosphere, 16, 3531–3573, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3531-2022, 2022.
Tedesco, M., Kim, E. J., Gasiewski, A., Klein, M., and Stankov, B.:
Analysis of multiscale radiometric data collected during the Cold Land
Processes Experiment-1 (CLPX-1), Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023006, 2005.
USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1 Arc-Second Global, [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PR7TFT, 2018.
Vander Jagt, B. J., Durand, M. T., Margulis, S. A., Kim, E. J., and Molotch,
N. P.: The effect of spatial variability on the sensitivity of passive
microwave measurements to snow water equivalent, Remote Sens. Environ., 136,
163–179, 2013.
Vuyovich, C. M., Jacobs, J. M., and Daly, S. F.: Comparison of passive
microwave and modeled estimates of total watershed SWE in the continental
United States, Water Resour. Res., 50, 9088–9102,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014734, 2014.
Walker, A. and Goodison, B.: Discrimination of a wet snow cover using
passive microwave satellite data, Ann. Glaciol., 17, 307–311, 1993.
Wrzesien, M. L., Kumar, S., Vuyovich, C., Gutmann, E. D., Kim, R. S.,
Forman, B. A., Durand, M., Raleigh, M. S., Webb, R., and Houser, P.:
Development of a “nature run” for observing system simulation experiments
(OSSEs) for snow mission development, J. Hydrometeorol., 23,
351–375, 2022.
Xia, Y., Mitchell, K., Ek, M., Sheffield, J., Cosgrove, B., Wood, E., Luo,
L., Alonge, C., Wei, H., Meng, J., Livneh, B., Lettenmaier, D., Koren, V.,
Duan, Q., Mo, K., Fan, Y., and Mocko, D.: Continental-scale water and energy
flux analysis and validation for the North American Land Data Assimilation
System project phase 2 (NLDAS-2): 1. Intercomparison and application of
model products, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D03109,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016048, 2012.
Yang, Z.-L. and Dickinson, R. E.: Description of the BiosphereAtmosphere
Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the soil moisture workshop and evaluation of its
performance, Global Planet. Change, 13, 117–134, 1996.
Yang, Z. L., Niu, G. Y., Mitchell, K. E., Chen, F., Ek, M. B., Barlage, M., Longuevergne, L., Manning, K., Niyogi, D., Tewari, M., and Xia, Y.: The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP): 2. Evaluation over global river basins, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139, 2011.
Yueh, S. H., Dinardo, S. J., Akgiray, A., West, R., Cline, D. W., and Elder,
K.: Airborne Ku-Band Polarimetric Radar Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Snow
Cover, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 47, 3347–3364,
https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2022945, 2009.
Zeng, X., Broxton, P., and Dawson, N.: Snowpack change from 1982 to 2016
over conterminous United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 12940–12947,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079621, 2018.
Zhu, J., Tan, S., King, J., Derksen, C., Lemmetyinen, J., and Tsang, L.:
Forward and Inverse Radar Modeling of Terrestrial Snow Using SnowSAR Data,
IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 56, 7122–7132,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2018.2848642, 2018.
Short summary
As a future snow mission concept, active microwave sensors have the potential to measure snow water equivalent (SWE) in deep snowpack and forested environments. We used a modeling and data assimilation approach (a so-called observing system simulation experiment) to quantify the usefulness of active microwave-based SWE retrievals over western Colorado. We found that active microwave sensors with a mature retrieval algorithm can improve SWE simulations by about 20 % in the mountainous domain.
As a future snow mission concept, active microwave sensors have the potential to measure snow...
