Articles | Volume 16, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2325-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2325-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Jun 2022
Research article |
| 16 Jun 2022
| 16 Jun 2022
Altimetric observation of wave attenuation through the Antarctic marginal ice zone using ICESat-2
Jill Brouwer
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Alexander D. Fraser
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Damian J. Murphy
Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Pat Wongpan
Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Alberto Alberello
School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
Alison Kohout
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ōtautahi / Christchurch, New Zealand
Christopher Horvat
Department of Earth Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
now at: Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland, New Zealand
Simon Wotherspoon
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Robert A. Massom
Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Jessica Cartwright
Spire Global, Inc., Glasgow, United Kingdom
Guy D. Williams
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Related authors
No articles found.
Arthur Gauthier, Claudia Borries, Alexander Kozlovsky, Diego Janches, Peter Brown, Denis Vida, Christoph Jacobi, Damian Murphy, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Johan Kero, Nicholas Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Gunter Stober
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-13, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-13, 2024
Preprint under review for ANGEO
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI)-Meteor Radar(MR) comparison of zonal and meridional winds and their dependence on local time and latitude. The correlation calculation between TIDI winds measurements and MR winds shows good agreement. A TIDI-MR seasonal comparison and the altitude-latitude dependence for winds is performed. TIDI reproduce the mean circulation well when compared with the MRs and might be useful as a lower boundary for general circulation models.
Joey J. Voermans, Alexander D. Fraser, Jill Brouwer, Michael H. Meylan, Qingxiang Liu, and Alexander V. Babanin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2104, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2104, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Limited measurements of waves in sea ice exist, preventing our understanding of wave attenuation in sea ice under a wide range of ice conditions. Using satellite observations from ICESat-2 we observe an overall linear increase of the wave attenuation rate with distance into the marginal ice zone. While attenuation may vary greatly locally, this finding may provide opportunities for the modelling of waves in sea ice at global and climate scales when such fine detail may not be needed.
Gunter Stober, Sharon L. Vadas, Erich Becker, Alan Liu, Alexander Kozlovsky, Diego Janches, Zishun Qiao, Witali Krochin, Guochun Shi, Wen Yi, Jie Zeng, Peter Brown, Denis Vida, Neil Hindley, Christoph Jacobi, Damian Murphy, Ricardo Buriti, Vania Andrioli, Paulo Batista, John Marino, Scott Palo, Denise Thorsen, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Kathrin Baumgarten, Johan Kero, Evgenia Belova, Nicholas Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Na Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4851–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘apai volcano exploded in a vigorous eruption, causing many atmospheric phenomena reaching from the surface up to space. In this study, we investigate how the mesospheric winds were affected by the volcanogenic gravity waves and estimated their propagation direction and speed. The interplay between model and observations permits us to gain new insights into the vertical coupling through atmospheric gravity waves.
Ralph Latteck and Damian J. Murphy
Ann. Geophys., 42, 55–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-55-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-55-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper gives an overview of continuous measurements of polar mesophere summer echoes (PMSE) by VHF radars at Andøya (69° N) and Davis (69° S). PMSE signal strengths are of the same order of magnitude; significantly fewer PMSE were observed in the Southern than the Northern Hemisphere. Compared to Andøya, the PMSE season over Davis starts ~7 d later and ends 9 d earlier; PMSE occur less frequently but with greater seasonal/diurnal occurrence variability, reaching higher peak altitudes.
Momme C. Hell and Christopher Horvat
The Cryosphere, 18, 341–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is heavily impacted by waves on its margins, and we currently do not have routine observations of waves in sea ice. Here we propose two methods to separate the surface waves from the sea-ice height observations along each ICESat-2 track using machine learning. Both methods together allow us to follow changes in the wave height through the sea ice.
Ashleigh Womack, Alberto Alberello, Marc de Vos, Alessandro Toffoli, Robyn Verrinder, and Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 18, 205–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Synoptic events have a significant influence on the evolution of Antarctic sea ice. Our current understanding of the interactions between cyclones and sea ice remains limited. Using two ensembles of buoys, deployed in the north-eastern Weddell Sea region during winter and spring of 2019, we show how the evolution and spatial pattern of sea ice drift and deformation in the Antarctic marginal ice zone were affected by the balance between atmospheric and oceanic forcing and the local ice.
Kazuya Kusahara, Daisuke Hirano, Masakazu Fujii, Alexander D. Fraser, Takeshi Tamura, Kohei Mizobata, Guy D. Williams, and Shigeru Aoki
The Cryosphere, 18, 43–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-43-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-43-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the Totten and Moscow University ice shelves, East Antarctica. We used an ocean–sea ice–ice shelf model to better understand regional interactions between ocean, sea ice, and ice shelf. We found that a combination of warm ocean water and local sea ice production influences the regional ice shelf basal melting. Furthermore, the model reproduced the summertime undercurrent on the upper continental slope, regulating ocean heat transport onto the continental shelf.
Lingwei Zhang, Tessa R. Vance, Alexander D. Fraser, Lenneke M. Jong, Sarah S. Thompson, Alison S. Criscitiello, and Nerilie J. Abram
The Cryosphere, 17, 5155–5173, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Physical features in ice cores provide unique records of past variability. We identified 1–2 mm ice layers without bubbles in surface ice cores from Law Dome, East Antarctica, occurring on average five times per year. The origin of these bubble-free layers is unknown. In this study, we investigate whether they have the potential to record past atmospheric processes and circulation. We find that the bubble-free layers are linked to accumulation hiatus events and meridional moisture transport.
Yanan Wang, Byongjun Hwang, Adam William Bateson, Yevgeny Aksenov, and Christopher Horvat
The Cryosphere, 17, 3575–3591, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3575-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3575-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is composed of small, discrete pieces of ice called floes, whose size distribution plays a critical role in the interactions between the sea ice, ocean and atmosphere. This study provides an assessment of sea ice models using new high-resolution floe size distribution observations, revealing considerable differences between them. These findings point not only to the limitations in models but also to the need for more high-resolution observations to validate and calibrate models.
Tian R. Tian, Alexander D. Fraser, Noriaki Kimura, Chen Zhao, and Petra Heil
The Cryosphere, 16, 1299–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a comprehensive validation of a satellite observational sea ice motion product in Antarctica by using drifting buoys. Two problems existing in this sea ice motion product have been noticed. After rectifying problems, we use it to investigate the impacts of satellite observational configuration and timescale on Antarctic sea ice kinematics and suggest the future improvement of satellite missions specifically designed for retrieval of sea ice motion.
Jessica Cartwright, Alexander D. Fraser, and Richard Porter-Smith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 479–490, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-479-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-479-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Due to the scale and remote nature of the polar regions, it is essential to use satellite remote sensing to monitor and understand them and their dynamics. Here we present data from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), processed in a manner proven for use in cryosphere studies. The data have been processed on three timescales (5 d, 2 d and 1 d) in order to optimise temporal resolution as each of the three MetOp satellites is launched.
Christopher Horvat and Lettie A. Roach
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 803–814, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-803-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-803-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is a composite of individual pieces, called floes, ranging in horizontal size from meters to kilometers. Variations in sea ice geometry are often forced by ocean waves, a process that is an important target of global climate models as it affects the rate of sea ice melting. Yet directly simulating these interactions is computationally expensive. We present a neural-network-based model of wave–ice fracture that allows models to incorporate their effect without added computational cost.
Sebastian Landwehr, Michele Volpi, F. Alexander Haumann, Charlotte M. Robinson, Iris Thurnherr, Valerio Ferracci, Andrea Baccarini, Jenny Thomas, Irina Gorodetskaya, Christian Tatzelt, Silvia Henning, Rob L. Modini, Heather J. Forrer, Yajuan Lin, Nicolas Cassar, Rafel Simó, Christel Hassler, Alireza Moallemi, Sarah E. Fawcett, Neil Harris, Ruth Airs, Marzieh H. Derkani, Alberto Alberello, Alessandro Toffoli, Gang Chen, Pablo Rodríguez-Ros, Marina Zamanillo, Pau Cortés-Greus, Lei Xue, Conor G. Bolas, Katherine C. Leonard, Fernando Perez-Cruz, David Walton, and Julia Schmale
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1295–1369, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1295-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1295-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition surveyed a large number of variables describing the dynamic state of ocean and atmosphere, freshwater cycle, atmospheric chemistry, ocean biogeochemistry, and microbiology in the Southern Ocean. To reduce the dimensionality of the dataset, we apply a sparse principal component analysis and identify temporal patterns from diurnal to seasonal cycles, as well as geographical gradients and
hotspotsof interaction. Code and data are open access.
Alexander D. Fraser, Robert A. Massom, Mark S. Handcock, Phillip Reid, Kay I. Ohshima, Marilyn N. Raphael, Jessica Cartwright, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Zhaohui Wang, and Richard Porter-Smith
The Cryosphere, 15, 5061–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5061-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5061-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Landfast ice is sea ice that remains stationary by attaching to Antarctica's coastline and grounded icebergs. Although a variable feature, landfast ice exerts influence on key coastal processes involving pack ice, the ice sheet, ocean, and atmosphere and is of ecological importance. We present a first analysis of change in landfast ice over an 18-year period and quantify trends (−0.19 ± 0.18 % yr−1). This analysis forms a reference of landfast-ice extent and variability for use in other studies.
Camilla K. Crockart, Tessa R. Vance, Alexander D. Fraser, Nerilie J. Abram, Alison S. Criscitiello, Mark A. J. Curran, Vincent Favier, Ailie J. E. Gallant, Christoph Kittel, Helle A. Kjær, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Lenneke M. Jong, Andrew D. Moy, Christopher T. Plummer, Paul T. Vallelonga, Jonathan Wille, and Lingwei Zhang
Clim. Past, 17, 1795–1818, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1795-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1795-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present preliminary analyses of the annual sea salt concentrations and snowfall accumulation in a new East Antarctic ice core, Mount Brown South. We compare this record with an updated Law Dome (Dome Summit South site) ice core record over the period 1975–2016. The Mount Brown South record preserves a stronger and inverse signal for the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (in austral winter and spring) compared to the Law Dome record (in summer).
Richard Porter-Smith, John McKinlay, Alexander D. Fraser, and Robert A. Massom
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3103–3114, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the characteristic complexity
signaturesaround the Antarctic outer coastal margin, giving a multiscale estimate of the magnitude and direction of undulation or complexity at each point location along the entire coastline. It has numerous applications for both geophysical and biological studies and will contribute to Antarctic research requiring quantitative information about this important interface.
Kazuya Kusahara, Daisuke Hirano, Masakazu Fujii, Alexander D. Fraser, and Takeshi Tamura
The Cryosphere, 15, 1697–1717, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1697-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1697-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used an ocean–sea ice–ice shelf model with a 2–3 km horizontal resolution to investigate ocean–ice shelf/glacier interactions in Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica. The numerical model reproduced the observed warm water intrusion along the deep trough in the bay. We examined in detail (1) water mass changes between the upper continental slope and shelf regions and (2) the fast-ice role in the ocean conditions and basal melting at the Shirase Glacier tongue.
Marzieh H. Derkani, Alberto Alberello, Filippo Nelli, Luke G. Bennetts, Katrin G. Hessner, Keith MacHutchon, Konny Reichert, Lotfi Aouf, Salman Khan, and Alessandro Toffoli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1189–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean has a profound impact on the Earth's climate system. Its strong winds, intense currents, and fierce waves are critical components of the air–sea interface. The scarcity of observations in this remote region hampers the comprehension of fundamental physics, the accuracy of satellite sensors, and the capabilities of prediction models. To fill this gap, a unique data set of simultaneous observations of winds, surface currents, and ocean waves in the Southern Ocean is presented.
John J. Cassano, Melissa A. Nigro, Mark W. Seefeldt, Marwan Katurji, Kelly Guinn, Guy Williams, and Alice DuVivier
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 969–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-969-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-969-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Between January 2012 and June 2017, a small unmanned aerial system (sUAS), or drone, known as the Small Unmanned Meteorological Observer (SUMO), was used to observe the lowest 1000 m of the Antarctic atmosphere. During six Antarctic field campaigns, 116 SUMO flights were completed. These flights took place during all seasons over both permanent ice and ice-free locations on the Antarctic continent and over sea ice in the western Ross Sea providing unique observations of the Antarctic atmosphere.
Alexander D. Fraser, Robert A. Massom, Kay I. Ohshima, Sascha Willmes, Peter J. Kappes, Jessica Cartwright, and Richard Porter-Smith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2987–2999, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2987-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2987-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Landfast ice, or
fast ice, is a form of sea ice which is mechanically fastened to stationary parts of the coast. Long-term and accurate knowledge of its extent around Antarctica is critical for understanding a number of important Antarctic coastal processes, yet no accurate, large-scale, long-term dataset of its extent has been available. We address this data gap with this new dataset compiled from satellite imagery, containing high-resolution maps of Antarctic fast ice from 2000 to 2018.
Eric P. Chassignet, Stephen G. Yeager, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Alexandra Bozec, Frederic Castruccio, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Christopher Horvat, Who M. Kim, Nikolay Koldunov, Yiwen Li, Pengfei Lin, Hailong Liu, Dmitry V. Sein, Dmitry Sidorenko, Qiang Wang, and Xiaobiao Xu
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4595–4637, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4595-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4595-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents global comparisons of fundamental global climate variables from a suite of four pairs of matched low- and high-resolution ocean and sea ice simulations to assess the robustness of climate-relevant improvements in ocean simulations associated with moving from coarse (∼1°) to eddy-resolving (∼0.1°) horizontal resolutions. Despite significant improvements, greatly enhanced horizontal resolution does not deliver unambiguous bias reduction in all regions for all models.
Stefanie Arndt, Mario Hoppmann, Holger Schmithüsen, Alexander D. Fraser, and Marcel Nicolaus
The Cryosphere, 14, 2775–2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, 2020
Bruce L. Greaves, Andrew T. Davidson, Alexander D. Fraser, John P. McKinlay, Andrew Martin, Andrew McMinn, and Simon W. Wright
Biogeosciences, 17, 3815–3835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3815-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3815-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We observed that variation in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) over 11 years showed a relationship with the species composition of hard-shelled phytoplankton in the seasonal ice zone (SIZ) of the Southern Ocean. Phytoplankton in the SIZ are productive during the southern spring and summer when the area is ice-free, with production feeding most Antarctic life. The SAM is known to be increasing with climate change, and changes in phytoplankton in the SIZ may have implications for higher life forms.
Jessica Cartwright, Christopher J. Banks, and Meric Srokosz
The Cryosphere, 14, 1909–1917, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1909-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1909-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses reflected GPS signals to measure ice at the South Pole itself for the first time. These measurements are essential to understand the interaction of the ice with the Earth’s physical systems. Orbital constraints mean that satellites are usually unable to measure in the vicinity of the South Pole itself. This is overcome here by using data obtained by UK TechDemoSat-1. Data are processed to obtain the height of glacial ice across the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
Christopher Horvat, Lettie A. Roach, Rachel Tilling, Cecilia M. Bitz, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Colin Guider, Kaitlin Hill, Andy Ridout, and Andrew Shepherd
The Cryosphere, 13, 2869–2885, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2869-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2869-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in the floe size distribution (FSD) are important for sea ice evolution but to date largely unobserved and unknown. Climate models, forecast centres, ship captains, and logistic specialists cannot currently obtain statistical information about sea ice floe size on demand. We develop a new method to observe the FSD at global scales and high temporal and spatial resolution. With refinement, this method can provide crucial information for polar ship routing and real-time forecasting.
Wen Yi, Xianghui Xue, Iain M. Reid, Damian J. Murphy, Chris M. Hall, Masaki Tsutsumi, Baiqi Ning, Guozhu Li, Robert A. Vincent, Jinsong Chen, Jianfei Wu, Tingdi Chen, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7567–7581, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7567-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7567-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The seasonal variations in the mesopause densities, especially with regard to its global structure, are still unclear. In this study, we report the climatology of the mesopause density estimated using multiyear observations from nine meteor radars from Arctic to Antarctic latitudes. The results reveal a significant AO and SAO in mesopause density, an asymmetry between the two polar regions and evidence of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs), perhaps associated with the ISOs of the troposphere.
Sven Wilhelm, Gunter Stober, Vivien Matthias, Christoph Jacobi, and Damian J. Murphy
Ann. Geophys., 37, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that the mesospheric winds are affected by an expansion–shrinking of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere that takes place due to changes in the intensity of the solar radiation, which affects the density within the atmosphere. On seasonal timescales, an increase in the neutral density occurs together with a decrease in the eastward-directed zonal wind. Further, even after removing the seasonal and the 11-year solar cycle variations, we show a connection between them.
Alberto Alberello, Miguel Onorato, Luke Bennetts, Marcello Vichi, Clare Eayrs, Keith MacHutchon, and Alessandro Toffoli
The Cryosphere, 13, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-41-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-41-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Existing observations do not provide quantitative descriptions of the floe size distribution for pancake ice floes. This is important during the Antarctic winter sea ice expansion, when hundreds of kilometres of ice cover around the Antarctic continent are composed of pancake floes (D = 0.3–3 m). Here, a new set of images from the Antarctic marginal ice zone is used to measure the shape of individual pancakes for the first time and to infer their size distribution.
Mana Inoue, Mark A. J. Curran, Andrew D. Moy, Tas D. van Ommen, Alexander D. Fraser, Helen E. Phillips, and Ian D. Goodwin
Clim. Past, 13, 437–453, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-437-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-437-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica, was studied its chemical components. The Mill Island ice core contains 97 years of climate record (1913–2009) and has a mean snow accumulation of 1.35 m yr−1 (ice equivalent). Trace ion concentrations were generally higher than other Antarctic ice core sites. Nearby sea ice concentration was found to influence the annual mean sea salt record. The Mill Island ice core records are unexpectedly complex, with strong modulation of the trace chemistry.
C. Horvat and E. Tziperman
The Cryosphere, 9, 2119–2134, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2119-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2119-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-ice cover is composed of floes of different sizes and thicknesses, whose distribution varies in space and time, and may affect the interaction between sea ice and the ocean and atmosphere, yet is not represented in climate models. We develop and demonstrate a model for the evolution of the joint distribution of floe sizes and thicknesses, subject to melting and freezing, mechanical interactions between floes, and the fracture of floes by waves, forced by atmospheric and ocean forcing fields.
J. L. Lieser, M. A. J. Curran, A. R. Bowie, A. T. Davidson, S. J. Doust, A. D. Fraser, B. K. Galton-Fenzi, R. A. Massom, K. M. Meiners, J. Melbourne-Thomas, P. A. Reid, P. G. Strutton, T. R. Vance, M. Vancoppenolle, K. J. Westwood, and S. W. Wright
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-6187-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-6187-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
S. P. Alexander, D. J. Murphy, and A. R. Klekociuk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3121–3132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3121-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3121-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Discipline: Sea ice | Subject: Antarctic
The role of atmospheric conditions in the Antarctic sea ice extent summer minima
Sources of low-frequency variability in observed Antarctic sea ice
Quantifying the Influence of Snow over Sea Ice Morphology on L-Band Microwave Satellite Observations in the Southern Ocean
A contrast in sea ice drift and deformation between winter and spring of 2019 in the Antarctic marginal ice zone
Multidecadal variability and predictability of Antarctic sea ice in the GFDL SPEAR_LO model
Signature of the stratosphere–troposphere coupling on recent record-breaking Antarctic sea-ice anomalies
Southern Ocean polynyas and dense water formation in a high-resolution, coupled Earth system model
A decade-plus of Antarctic sea ice thickness and volume estimates from CryoSat-2 using a physical model and waveform fitting
Annual evolution of the ice–ocean interaction beneath landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
The response of sea ice and high-salinity shelf water in the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya to cyclonic atmosphere circulations
Antarctic sea ice regime shift associated with decreasing zonal symmetry in the Southern Annular Mode
Evolution of the dynamics, area, and ice production of the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica, 2016–2021
Modulation of the seasonal cycle of the Antarctic sea ice extent by sea ice processes and feedbacks with the ocean and the atmosphere
Ice Sheet and Sea Ice Ultrawideband Microwave radiometric Airborne eXperiment (ISSIUMAX) in Antarctica: first results from Terra Nova Bay
Influence of fast ice on future ice shelf melting in the Totten Glacier area, East Antarctica
A comparison between Envisat and ICESat sea ice thickness in the Southern Ocean
An indicator of sea ice variability for the Antarctic marginal ice zone
Physical and mechanical properties of winter first-year ice in the Antarctic marginal ice zone along the Good Hope Line
Flexural and compressive strength of the landfast sea ice in the Prydz Bay, East Antarctic
The sensitivity of landfast sea ice to atmospheric forcing in single-column model simulations: a case study at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica
An evaluation of Antarctic sea-ice thickness from the Global Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System based on in situ and satellite observations
Rectification and validation of a daily satellite-derived Antarctic sea ice velocity product
Weddell Sea polynya analysis using SMOS–SMAP apparent sea ice thickness retrieval
Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability
Brief communication: The anomalous winter 2019 sea-ice conditions in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Southern Ocean polynyas in CMIP6 models
Airborne mapping of the sub-ice platelet layer under fast ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Evaluation of sea-ice thickness from four reanalyses in the Antarctic Weddell Sea
The Antarctic sea ice cover from ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2: freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness
Seasonal and interannual variability of landfast sea ice in Atka Bay, Weddell Sea, Antarctica
Influence of sea-ice anomalies on Antarctic precipitation using source attribution in the Community Earth System Model
Retrieval of snow freeboard of Antarctic sea ice using waveform fitting of CryoSat-2 returns
Three years of sea ice freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness of the Weddell Sea from Operation IceBridge and CryoSat-2
Bianca Mezzina, Hugues Goosse, François Klein, Antoine Barthélemy, and François Massonnet
The Cryosphere, 18, 3825–3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze years with extraordinarily low sea ice extent in Antarctica during summer, until the striking record in 2022. We highlight common aspects among these events, such as the fact that the exceptional melting usually occurs in two key regions and that it is related to winds with a similar direction. We also investigate whether the summer conditions are preceded by an unusual state of the sea ice during the previous winter, as well as the physical processes involved.
David B. Bonan, Jakob Dörr, Robert C. J. Wills, Andrew F. Thompson, and Marius Årthun
The Cryosphere, 18, 2141–2159, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic sea ice has exhibited variability over satellite records, including a period of gradual expansion and a period of sudden decline. We use a novel statistical method to identify sources of variability in observed Antarctic sea ice changes. We find that the gradual increase in sea ice is likely related to large-scale temperature trends, and periods of abrupt sea ice decline are related to specific flavors of equatorial tropical variability known as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.
Lu Zhou, Julienne Stroeve, Vishnu Nandan, Rosemary Willatt, Shiming Xu, Weixin Zhu, Sahra Kacimi, Stefanie Arndt, and Zifan Yang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-81, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-81, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow over Antarctic sea ice, influenced by highly variable meteorological conditions and heavy snowfall, has complex stratigraphy and profound impact over the microwave signature. We employ advanced radiation transfer models to analyze the effects of complex snow properties on brightness temperatures over the sea ice in Southern Oceans. Great potential lies in the understanding of snow processes and the application to satellite retrievals.
Ashleigh Womack, Alberto Alberello, Marc de Vos, Alessandro Toffoli, Robyn Verrinder, and Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 18, 205–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Synoptic events have a significant influence on the evolution of Antarctic sea ice. Our current understanding of the interactions between cyclones and sea ice remains limited. Using two ensembles of buoys, deployed in the north-eastern Weddell Sea region during winter and spring of 2019, we show how the evolution and spatial pattern of sea ice drift and deformation in the Antarctic marginal ice zone were affected by the balance between atmospheric and oceanic forcing and the local ice.
Yushi Morioka, Liping Zhang, Thomas L. Delworth, Xiaosong Yang, Fanrong Zeng, Masami Nonaka, and Swadhin K. Behera
The Cryosphere, 17, 5219–5240, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5219-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5219-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic sea ice extent shows multidecadal variations with its decrease in the 1980s and increase after the 2000s until 2015. Here we show that our climate model can predict the sea ice decrease by deep convection in the Southern Ocean and the sea ice increase by the surface wind variability. These results suggest that accurate simulation and prediction of subsurface ocean and atmosphere conditions are important for those of Antarctic sea ice variability on a multidecadal timescale.
Raúl R. Cordero, Sarah Feron, Alessandro Damiani, Pedro J. Llanillo, Jorge Carrasco, Alia L. Khan, Richard Bintanja, Zutao Ouyang, and Gino Casassa
The Cryosphere, 17, 4995–5006, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4995-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4995-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the response of Antarctic sea ice to year-to-year changes in the tropospheric–stratospheric dynamics. Our findings suggest that, by affecting the tropospheric westerlies, the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex has played a major role in recent record-breaking anomalies in Antarctic sea ice.
Hyein Jeong, Adrian K. Turner, Andrew F. Roberts, Milena Veneziani, Stephen F. Price, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Luke P. Van Roekel, Wuyin Lin, Peter M. Caldwell, Hyo-Seok Park, Jonathan D. Wolfe, and Azamat Mametjanov
The Cryosphere, 17, 2681–2700, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We find that E3SM-HR reproduces the main features of the Antarctic coastal polynyas. Despite the high amount of coastal sea ice production, the densest water masses are formed in the open ocean. Biases related to the lack of dense water formation are associated with overly strong atmospheric polar easterlies. Our results indicate that the large-scale polar atmospheric circulation must be accurately simulated in models to properly reproduce Antarctic dense water formation.
Steven Fons, Nathan Kurtz, and Marco Bagnardi
The Cryosphere, 17, 2487–2508, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2487-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2487-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic sea ice thickness is an important quantity in the Earth system. Due to the thick and complex snow cover on Antarctic sea ice, estimating the thickness of the ice pack is difficult using traditional methods in radar altimetry. In this work, we use a waveform model to estimate the freeboard and snow depth of Antarctic sea ice from CryoSat-2 and use these values to calculate sea ice thickness and volume between 2010 and 2021 and showcase how the sea ice pack has changed over this time.
Haihan Hu, Jiechen Zhao, Petra Heil, Zhiliang Qin, Jingkai Ma, Fengming Hui, and Xiao Cheng
The Cryosphere, 17, 2231–2244, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2231-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2231-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceanic characteristics beneath sea ice significantly affect ice growth and melting. The high-frequency and long-term observations of oceanic variables allow us to deeply investigate their diurnal and seasonal variation and evaluate their influences on sea ice evolution. The large-scale sea ice distribution and ocean circulation contributed to the seasonal variation of ocean variables, revealing the important relationship between large-scale and local phenomena.
Xiaoqiao Wang, Zhaoru Zhang, Michael S. Dinniman, Petteri Uotila, Xichen Li, and Meng Zhou
The Cryosphere, 17, 1107–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1107-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1107-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The bottom water of the global ocean originates from high-salinity water formed in polynyas in the Southern Ocean where sea ice coverage is low. This study reveals the impacts of cyclones on sea ice and water mass formation in the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya using numerical simulations. Sea ice production is rapidly increased caused by enhancement in offshore wind, promoting high-salinity water formation in the polynya. Cyclones also modulate the transport of this water mass by wind-driven currents.
Serena Schroeter, Terence J. O'Kane, and Paul A. Sandery
The Cryosphere, 17, 701–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic sea ice has increased over much of the satellite record, but we show that the early, strongly opposing regional trends diminish and reverse over time, leading to overall negative trends in recent decades. The dominant pattern of atmospheric flow has changed from strongly east–west to more wave-like with enhanced north–south winds. Sea surface temperatures have also changed from circumpolar cooling to regional warming, suggesting recent record low sea ice will not rapidly recover.
Grant J. Macdonald, Stephen F. Ackley, Alberto M. Mestas-Nuñez, and Adrià Blanco-Cabanillas
The Cryosphere, 17, 457–476, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-457-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-457-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polynyas are key sites of sea ice production, biological activity, and carbon sequestration. The Amundsen Sea Polynya is of particular interest due to its size and location. By analyzing radar imagery and climate and sea ice data products, we evaluate variations in the dynamics, area, and ice production of the Amundsen Sea Polynya. In particular, we find the local seafloor topography and associated grounded icebergs play an important role in the polynya dynamics, influencing ice production.
Hugues Goosse, Sofia Allende Contador, Cecilia M. Bitz, Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Clare Eayrs, Thierry Fichefet, Kenza Himmich, Pierre-Vincent Huot, François Klein, Sylvain Marchi, François Massonnet, Bianca Mezzina, Charles Pelletier, Lettie Roach, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Nicole P. M. van Lipzig
The Cryosphere, 17, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using idealized sensitivity experiments with a regional atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model, we show that sea ice advance is constrained by initial conditions in March and the retreat season is influenced by the magnitude of several physical processes, in particular by the ice–albedo feedback and ice transport. Atmospheric feedbacks amplify the response of the winter ice extent to perturbations, while some negative feedbacks related to heat conduction fluxes act on the ice volume.
Marco Brogioni, Mark J. Andrews, Stefano Urbini, Kenneth C. Jezek, Joel T. Johnson, Marion Leduc-Leballeur, Giovanni Macelloni, Stephen F. Ackley, Alexandra Bringer, Ludovic Brucker, Oguz Demir, Giacomo Fontanelli, Caglar Yardim, Lars Kaleschke, Francesco Montomoli, Leung Tsang, Silvia Becagli, and Massimo Frezzotti
The Cryosphere, 17, 255–278, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-255-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-255-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In 2018 the first Antarctic campaign of UWBRAD was carried out. UWBRAD is a new radiometer able to collect microwave spectral signatures over 0.5–2 GHz, thus outperforming existing similar sensors. It allows us to probe thicker sea ice and ice sheet down to the bedrock. In this work we tried to assess the UWBRAD potentials for sea ice, glaciers, ice shelves and buried lakes. We also highlighted the wider range of information the spectral signature can provide to glaciological studies.
Guillian Van Achter, Thierry Fichefet, Hugues Goosse, and Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro
The Cryosphere, 16, 4745–4761, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4745-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4745-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the changes in ocean–ice interactions in the Totten Glacier area between the last decades (1995–2014) and the end of the 21st century (2081–2100) under warmer climate conditions. By the end of the 21st century, the sea ice is strongly reduced, and the ocean circulation close to the coast is accelerated. Our research highlights the importance of including representations of fast ice to simulate realistic ice shelf melt rate increase in East Antarctica under warming conditions.
Jinfei Wang, Chao Min, Robert Ricker, Qian Shi, Bo Han, Stefan Hendricks, Renhao Wu, and Qinghua Yang
The Cryosphere, 16, 4473–4490, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4473-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4473-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The differences between Envisat and ICESat sea ice thickness (SIT) reveal significant temporal and spatial variations. Our findings suggest that both overestimation of Envisat sea ice freeboard, potentially caused by radar backscatter originating from inside the snow layer, and the AMSR-E snow depth biases and sea ice density uncertainties can possibly account for the differences between Envisat and ICESat SIT.
Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 16, 4087–4106, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the Antarctic is the largest in the world ocean. Antarctic sea ice has large year-to-year changes, and the MIZ represents its most variable component. Processes typical of the MIZ have also been observed in fully ice-covered ocean and are not captured by existing diagnostics. A new statistical method has been shown to address previous limitations in assessing the seasonal cycle of MIZ extent and to provide a probability map of sea ice state in the Southern Ocean.
Sebastian Skatulla, Riesna R. Audh, Andrea Cook, Ehlke Hepworth, Siobhan Johnson, Doru C. Lupascu, Keith MacHutchon, Rutger Marquart, Tommy Mielke, Emmanuel Omatuku, Felix Paul, Tokoloho Rampai, Jörg Schröder, Carina Schwarz, and Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 16, 2899–2925, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2899-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2899-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
First-year sea ice has been sampled at the advancing outer edge of the Antarctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) along the Good Hope Line. Ice cores were extracted from five pancake ice floes and subsequently analysed for their physical and mechanical properties. Of particular interest was elucidating the transition of ice composition within the MIZ in terms of differences in mechanical stiffness and strength properties as linked to physical and textural characteristics at early-stage ice formation.
Qingkai Wang, Zhaoquan Li, Peng Lu, Yigang Xu, and Zhijun Li
The Cryosphere, 16, 1941–1961, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1941-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1941-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A large area of landfast sea ice exists in the Prydz Bay, and it is always a safety concern to transport cargos on ice to the research stations. Knowing the mechanical properties of sea ice is helpful to solve the issue; however, these data are rarely reported in this region. We explore the effects of sea ice physical properties on the flexural strength, effective elastic modulus, and uniaxial compressive strength, which gives new insights into assessing the bearing capacity of landfast sea ice.
Fengguan Gu, Qinghua Yang, Frank Kauker, Changwei Liu, Guanghua Hao, Chao-Yuan Yang, Jiping Liu, Petra Heil, Xuewei Li, and Bo Han
The Cryosphere, 16, 1873–1887, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The sea ice thickness was simulated by a single-column model and compared with in situ observations obtained off Zhongshan Station in the Antarctic. It is shown that the unrealistic precipitation in the atmospheric forcing data leads to the largest bias in sea ice thickness and snow depth modeling. In addition, the increasing snow depth gradually inhibits the growth of sea ice associated with thermal blanketing by the snow.
Sutao Liao, Hao Luo, Jinfei Wang, Qian Shi, Jinlun Zhang, and Qinghua Yang
The Cryosphere, 16, 1807–1819, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (GIOMAS) can basically reproduce the observed variability in Antarctic sea-ice volume and its changes in the trend before and after 2013, and it underestimates Antarctic sea-ice thickness (SIT) especially in deformed ice zones. Assimilating additional sea-ice observations with advanced assimilation methods may result in a more accurate estimation of Antarctic SIT.
Tian R. Tian, Alexander D. Fraser, Noriaki Kimura, Chen Zhao, and Petra Heil
The Cryosphere, 16, 1299–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a comprehensive validation of a satellite observational sea ice motion product in Antarctica by using drifting buoys. Two problems existing in this sea ice motion product have been noticed. After rectifying problems, we use it to investigate the impacts of satellite observational configuration and timescale on Antarctic sea ice kinematics and suggest the future improvement of satellite missions specifically designed for retrieval of sea ice motion.
Alexander Mchedlishvili, Gunnar Spreen, Christian Melsheimer, and Marcus Huntemann
The Cryosphere, 16, 471–487, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-471-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-471-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we show that the activity leading to the open-ocean polynyas near the Maud Rise seamount that have occurred repeatedly from 1974–1976 as well as 2016–2017 does not simply stop for polynya-free years. Using apparent sea ice thickness retrieval, we have identified anomalies where there is thinning of sea ice on a scale that is comparable to that of the polynya events of 2016–2017. These anomalies took place in 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2018.
Alexander D. Fraser, Robert A. Massom, Mark S. Handcock, Phillip Reid, Kay I. Ohshima, Marilyn N. Raphael, Jessica Cartwright, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Zhaohui Wang, and Richard Porter-Smith
The Cryosphere, 15, 5061–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5061-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5061-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Landfast ice is sea ice that remains stationary by attaching to Antarctica's coastline and grounded icebergs. Although a variable feature, landfast ice exerts influence on key coastal processes involving pack ice, the ice sheet, ocean, and atmosphere and is of ecological importance. We present a first analysis of change in landfast ice over an 18-year period and quantify trends (−0.19 ± 0.18 % yr−1). This analysis forms a reference of landfast-ice extent and variability for use in other studies.
Greg H. Leonard, Kate E. Turner, Maren E. Richter, Maddy S. Whittaker, and Inga J. Smith
The Cryosphere, 15, 4999–5006, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4999-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4999-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
McMurdo Sound sea ice can generally be partitioned into two regimes: a stable fast-ice cover forming south of approximately 77.6° S and a more dynamic region north of 77.6° S that is regularly impacted by polynyas. In 2019, a stable fast-ice cover formed unusually late due to repeated break-out events. This subsequently affected sea-ice operations in the 2019/20 field season. We analysed the 2019 sea-ice conditions and found a strong correlation with unusually large southerly wind events.
Martin Mohrmann, Céline Heuzé, and Sebastiaan Swart
The Cryosphere, 15, 4281–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Polynyas are large open-water areas within the sea ice. We developed a method to estimate their area, distribution and frequency for the Southern Ocean in climate models and observations. All models have polynyas along the coast but few do so in the open ocean, in contrast to observations. We examine potential atmospheric and oceanic drivers of open-water polynyas and discuss recently implemented schemes that may have improved some models' polynya representation.
Christian Haas, Patricia J. Langhorne, Wolfgang Rack, Greg H. Leonard, Gemma M. Brett, Daniel Price, Justin F. Beckers, and Alex J. Gough
The Cryosphere, 15, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method to remotely detect proxy signals of Antarctic ice shelf melt under adjacent sea ice. It is based on aircraft surveys with electromagnetic induction sounding. We found year-to-year variability of the ice shelf melt proxy in McMurdo Sound and spatial fine structure that support assumptions about the melt of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. With this method it will be possible to map and detect locations of intense ice shelf melt along the coast of Antarctica.
Qian Shi, Qinghua Yang, Longjiang Mu, Jinfei Wang, François Massonnet, and Matthew R. Mazloff
The Cryosphere, 15, 31–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-31-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-31-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The ice thickness from four state-of-the-art reanalyses (GECCO2, SOSE, NEMO-EnKF and GIOMAS) are evaluated against that from remote sensing and in situ observations in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Most of the reanalyses can reproduce ice thickness in the central and eastern Weddell Sea but failed to capture the thick and deformed ice in the western Weddell Sea. These results demonstrate the possibilities and limitations of using current sea-ice reanalysis in Antarctic climate research.
Sahra Kacimi and Ron Kwok
The Cryosphere, 14, 4453–4474, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4453-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4453-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our current understanding of Antarctic ice cover is largely informed by ice extent measurements from passive microwave sensors. These records, while useful, provide a limited picture of how the ice is responding to climate change. In this paper, we combine measurements from ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2 missions to assess snow depth and ice thickness of the Antarctic ice cover over an 8-month period (April through November 2019). The potential impact of salinity in the snow layer is discussed.
Stefanie Arndt, Mario Hoppmann, Holger Schmithüsen, Alexander D. Fraser, and Marcel Nicolaus
The Cryosphere, 14, 2775–2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, 2020
Hailong Wang, Jeremy G. Fyke, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Jesse M. Nusbaumer, Hansi Singh, David Noone, Philip J. Rasch, and Rudong Zhang
The Cryosphere, 14, 429–444, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-429-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-429-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using a climate model with unique water source tagging, we found that sea-ice anomalies in the Southern Ocean and accompanying SST changes have a significant influence on Antarctic precipitation and its source attribution through their direct impact on moisture sources and indirect impact on moisture transport. This study also highlights the importance of atmospheric dynamics in affecting the thermodynamic impact of sea-ice anomalies on regional Antarctic precipitation.
Steven W. Fons and Nathan T. Kurtz
The Cryosphere, 13, 861–878, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-861-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-861-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A method to measure the snow freeboard of Antarctic sea ice from CryoSat-2 data is developed. Through comparisons with data from airborne campaigns and another satellite mission, we find that this method can reasonably retrieve snow freeboard across the Antarctic and shows promise in retrieving snow depth in certain locations. Snow freeboard data from CryoSat-2 are important because they enable the calculation of sea ice thickness and help to better understand snow depth on Antarctic sea ice.
Ron Kwok and Sahra Kacimi
The Cryosphere, 12, 2789–2801, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2789-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2789-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The variability of snow depth and ice thickness in three years of repeat surveys of an IceBridge (OIB) transect across the Weddell Sea is examined. Retrieved thicknesses suggest a highly variable but broadly thicker ice cover compared to that inferred from drilling and ship-based measurements. The use of lidar and radar altimeters to estimate snow depth for thickness calculations is analyzed, and the need for better characterization of biases due to radar penetration effects is highlighted.
Cited articles
Abdalati, W., Zwally, H. J., Bindschadler, R., Csatho, B., Farrell, S. L.,
Fricker, H. A., Harding, D., Kwok, R., Lefsky, M., Markus, T., Marshak, A.,
Neumann, T., Palm, S., Schutz, B., Smith, B., Spinhirne, J., and Webb, C.:
The ICESat-2 Laser Altimetry Mission, Proc. IEEE, 98,
735–751, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2009.2034765, 2010. a
Alberello, A., Onorato, M., Bennetts, L., Vichi, M., Eayrs, C., MacHutchon, K., and Toffoli, A.: Brief communication: Pancake ice floe size distribution during the winter expansion of the Antarctic marginal ice zone, The Cryosphere, 13, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-41-2019, 2019. a
Alberello, A., Bennetts, L., Onorato, M., Vichi, M., MacHutchon, K., Eayrs, C.,
Ntamba, B. N., Benetazzo, A., Bergamasco, F., Nelli, F., Pattani, R., Clarke,
H., Tersigni, I., and Toffoli, A.: Three-dimensional imaging of waves and
floe sizes in the marginal ice zone during an explosive cyclone, arXiv [preprint], arXiv:2103.08864
2021. a, b
Armitage, T. W. K. and Kwok, R.: SWOT and the ice-covered polar oceans: An
exploratory analysis, Adv. Space Res., 68, 829–842,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.07.006, 2021. a, b
Asplin, M. G., Galley, R., Barber, D. G., and Prinsenberg, S.: Fracture of
summer perennial sea ice by ocean swell as a result of Arctic storms,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C06025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007221,
2012. a
Bennetts, L. G., O'Farrell, S., Uotila, P., and Squire, V. A.: An idealized
wave–ice interaction model without subgrid spatial or temporal
discretizations, Ann. Glaciol., 56, 258–262,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG69A599, 2015. a, b
Bennetts, L. G., O'Farrell, S., and Uotila, P.: Brief communication: Impacts of ocean-wave-induced breakup of Antarctic sea ice via thermodynamics in a stand-alone version of the CICE sea-ice model, The Cryosphere, 11, 1035–1040, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1035-2017, 2017. a
Brouwer, J.: Antarctic MIZ code, GitHub [code], https://github.com/Jill-Brouwer/Brouwer-etal-2022-MIZ-code, last access: 16 June 2022. a
Butterworth, B. J. and Miller, S. D.: Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in the
Southern Ocean and Antarctic marginal ice zone, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 43, 7223–7230, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069581, 2016. a
Collins, C. O., Rogers, W. E., Marchenko, A., and Babanin, A. V.: In situ
measurements of an energetic wave event in the Arctic marginal ice zone,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1863–1870, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063063,
2015. a
De Santi, F., De Carolis, G., Olla, P., Doble, M., Cheng, S., Shen, H. H.,
Wadhams, P., and Thomson, J.: On the Ocean Wave Attenuation Rate in
Grease-Pancake Ice, a Comparison of Viscous Layer Propagation
Models With Field Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123,
5933–5948, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013865, 2018. a
Doble, M. J., Carolis, G. D., Meylan, M. H., Bidlot, J.-R., and Wadhams, P.:
Relating wave attenuation to pancake ice thickness, using field measurements
and model results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4473–4481,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063628, 2015. a
Dobrynin, M., Murawsky, J., and Yang, S.: Evolution of the global wind wave
climate in CMIP5 experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052843, 2012. a
Dumont, D., Kohout, A. L., and Bertino, L.: A wave-based model for the marginal
ice zone including a floe breaking parameterization, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 116, C04001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006682, 2011. a, b, c
Earle, M.: Nondirectional and directional wave data analysis procedures, Tech.
Rep. NDBC Technical Document 96-01, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 1996. a
Eayrs, C., Holland, D., Francis, D., Wagner, T., Kumar, R., and Li, X.:
Understanding the Seasonal Cycle of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in
the Context of Longer-Term Variability, Rev. Geophys., 57,
1037–1064, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000631, 2019. a, b
Fox, C. and Haskell, T. G.: Ocean wave speed in the Antarctic marginal ice
zone, Ann. Glaciol., 33, 350–354, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818941,
2001. a
Fu, L.-L. and Ubelmann, C.: On the Transition from Profile Altimeter to
Swath Altimeter for Observing Global Ocean Surface Topography,
J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 560–568,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00109.1, 2013. a
Gilman, D. L., Fuglister, F. J., and Mitchell, J. M.: On the Power Spectrum
of “Red Noise”, J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 182–184,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1963)020<0182:OTPSON>2.0.CO;2, 1963. a
Greengard, L. and Lee, J.-Y.: Accelerating the Nonuniform Fast Fourier
Transform, SIAM Rev., 46, 443–454, https://doi.org/10.1137/S003614450343200X,
2004. a
Horvat, C. and Roach, L. A.: WIFF1.0: a hybrid machine-learning-based parameterization of wave-induced sea ice floe fracture, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 803–814, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-803-2022, 2022. a
Horvat, C., Tziperman, E., and Campin, J.-M.: Interaction of sea ice floe size,
ocean eddies, and sea ice melting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
8083–8090, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069742, 2016. a
Horvat, C., Roach, L. A., Tilling, R., Bitz, C. M., Fox-Kemper, B., Guider, C., Hill, K., Ridout, A., and Shepherd, A.: Estimating the sea ice floe size distribution using satellite altimetry: theory, climatology, and model comparison, The Cryosphere, 13, 2869–2885, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2869-2019, 2019. a
Kohout, A. L., Smith, M., Roach, L. A., Williams, G., Montiel, F., and
Williams, M. J. M.: Observations of exponential wave attenuation in
Antarctic sea ice during the PIPERS campaign, Ann. Glaciol.,
61, 196–209, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.36, 2020. a, b, c, d
Kohout, A., Williams, G., and Wongpan, P.: JARE61 Waves in Ice Observations, Mendeley Data V1 [data set], https://doi.org/10.17632/22hpw2xn3x.1, 2021. a
Kwok, R., Petty, A. A., Cunningham, G., Markus, T., Hancock, D., Ivanoff, A., Wimert, J., Bagnardi, M., Kurtz, N., and the ICESat-2 Science Team: ATLAS/ICESat-2 L3A Sea Ice Height, Version 2. Pan-Antarctic data for February, May, September and December of 2019. Boulder, Colorado USA, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/ATLAS/ATL07.005, 2021. a
Lubin, D. and Massom, R.: Polar Remote Sensing Volume 1: Atmosphere and
Oceans, Springer-Verlag and Praxis Publishing, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1st
Edn., https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30785-0, 2006. a, b, c
Massom, R. A. and Stammerjohn, S. E.: Antarctic sea ice change and variability:
Physical and ecological implications, Polar Sci., 4, 149–186,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2010.05.001, 2010. a
Massom, R. A., Comiso, J. C., Worby, A. P., Lytle, V. I., and Stock, L.:
Regional Classes of Sea Ice Cover in the East Antarctic Pack
Observed from Satellite and In Situ Data during a Winter Time
Period, Remote Sens. Environ., 68, 61–76,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00100-X, 1999. a
Massom, R. A., Eicken, H., Hass, C., Jeffries, M. O., Drinkwater, M. R., Sturm,
M., Worby, A. P., Wu, X., Lytle, V. I., Ushio, S., Morris, K., Reid, P. A.,
Warren, S. G., and Allison, I.: Snow on Antarctic sea ice, Rev.
Geophys., 39, 413–445, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000RG000085, 2001. a
Massom, R. A., Stammerjohn, S. E., Lefebvre, W., Harangozo, S. A., Adams, N.,
Scambos, T. A., Pook, M. J., and Fowler, C.: West Antarctic Peninsula sea
ice in 2005: Extreme ice compaction and ice edge retreat due to strong
anomaly with respect to climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
113, C02S20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004239, 2008. a, b
Maykut, G. A. and Perovich, D. K.: The role of shortwave radiation in the
summer decay of a sea ice cover, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 92,
7032–7044, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC07p07032, 1987. a
Melsheimer, C., and Spreen, G.: AMSR2 ASI sea ice concentration data, Antarctic, version 5.4 (NetCDF) (February, May, September and December of 2019), PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.898400, 2019. a
Melsheimer, C., Spreen, G., Ye, Y., and Shokr, M.: Antarctic sea ice types from active and passive microwave remote sensing, The Cryosphere Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-381, in review, 2022. a
Meredith, M., Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A.,
Hollowed, A., Kofinas, G., Mackintosh, A., Melbourne-Thomas, J.,
Muelbert, M. M. C., Ottersen, G., Pritchard, H., and Schuur,
E. A. G.: Polar Regions, in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 203–320, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.005, 2019. a
Meylan, M. H., Bennetts, L. G., and Kohout, A. L.: In situ measurements and
analysis of ocean waves in the Antarctic marginal ice zone, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 41, 5046–5051, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060809, 2014. a
Meylan, M. H., Bennetts, L. G., Mosig, J. E. M., Rogers, W. E., Doble, M. J.,
and Peter, M. A.: Dispersion Relations, Power Laws, and Energy Loss
for Waves in the Marginal Ice Zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 3322–3335, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018JC013776, 2018. a, b
Montiel, F. and Squire, V. A.: Modelling wave-induced sea ice break-up in the
marginal ice zone, P. Roy. Soc. A, 473, 20170258, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0258,
2017. a
Montiel, F., Squire, V. A., Doble, M., Thomson, J., and Wadhams, P.:
Attenuation and Directional Spreading of Ocean Waves During a
Storm Event in the Autumn Beaufort Sea Marginal Ice Zone,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 5912–5932,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013763, 2018. a
Montiel, F., Kohout, A. L., and Roach, L. A.: Physical drivers of ocean wave
attenuation in the marginal ice zone, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 889–906,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0240.1, 2022. a
Muggeo, V. M. R.: Estimating regression models with unknown break-points,
Stat. Med., 22, 3055–3071, https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1545, 2003. a
Murphy, D., French, W., and Vincent, R.: Long-period planetary waves in the
mesosphere and lower thermosphere above Davis, Antarctica, J.
Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 69, 2118–2138,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.06.008, 2007. a, b, c, d
Neumann, T. A., Martino, A. J., Markus, T., Bae, S., Bock, M. R., Brenner,
A. C., Brunt, K. M., Cavanaugh, J., Fernandes, S. T., Hancock, D. W.,
Harbeck, K., Lee, J., Kurtz, N. T., Luers, P. J., Luthcke, S. B., Magruder,
L., Pennington, T. A., Ramos-Izquierdo, L., Rebold, T., Skoog, J., and
Thomas, T. C.: The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite – 2
mission: A global geolocated photon product derived from the Advanced
Topographic Laser Altimeter System, Remote Sens. Environ.,
233, 111325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111325, 2019. a
Palo, S. E., Portnyagin, Y. I., Forbes, J. M., Makarov, N. A., and Merzlyakov, E. G.: Transient eastward-propagating long-period waves observed over the South Pole, Ann. Geophys., 16, 1486–1500, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1486-7, 1998. a
Press, W., Teukolsky, S., Vetterling, W., and Flannery, B.: Numerical recipes
in C: the art of scientific computing, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2nd Edn., ISBN 978-0-521-43108-8, 1992. a
Rapley, C. G.: First observations of the interaction of ocean swell with sea
ice using satellite radar altimeter data, Nature, 307, 150–152, 1984. a
Roach, L. A., Horvat, C., Dean, S. M., and Bitz, C. M.: An Emergent Sea
Ice Floe Size Distribution in a Global Coupled Ocean-Sea
Ice Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 4322–4337,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013692, 2018. a
Roach, L. A., Bitz, C. M., Horvat, C., and Dean, S. M.: Advances in Modeling
Interactions Between Sea Ice and Ocean Surface Waves, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Sy., 11, 4167–4181,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001836, 2019. a
Rogers, W. E., Meylan, M., and Kohout, A.: Estimates of spectral wave
attenuation in Antarctic sea ice, using model/data inversion, Earth and Space Science Open Archive [preprint],
https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10503945.1, 2020. a
Spreen, G., Kaleschke, L., and Heygster, G.: Sea ice remote sensing using
AMSR-E 89-GHz channels, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C02S03,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003384, 2008.
Squire, V. A.: A fresh look at how ocean waves and sea ice interact,
Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 376, 20170342, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0342, 2018. a
Squire, V. A.: Ocean Wave Interactions with Sea Ice: A Reappraisal,
Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 52, 37–60,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060301, 2020. a, b, c, d
Stammerjohn, S., Massom, R., Rind, D., and Martinson, D.: Regions of rapid sea ice change: An inter-hemispheric seasonal comparison, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L06501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL050874, 2012. a
Steele, M.: Sea ice melting and floe geometry in a simple ice-ocean model,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 97, 17729–17738,
https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC01755, 1992. a
Stopa, J. E., Ardhuin, F., Thomson, J., Smith, M. M., Kohout, A., Doble, M.,
and Wadhams, P.: Wave Attenuation Through an Arctic Marginal Ice
Zone on 12 October 2015: 1. Measurement of Wave Spectra and Ice
Features From Sentinel 1A, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
123, 3619–3634, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013791, 2018a. a, b
Stopa, J. E., Sutherland, P., and Ardhuin, F.: Strong and highly variable push
of ocean waves on Southern Ocean sea ice, P. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 5861–5865, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802011115,
2018b. a
Stroeve, J. C., Jenouvrier, S., Campbell, G. G., Barbraud, C., and Delord, K.: Mapping and assessing variability in the Antarctic marginal ice zone, pack ice and coastal polynyas in two sea ice algorithms with implications on breeding success of snow petrels, The Cryosphere, 10, 1823–1843, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1823-2016, 2016. a
Strong, C.: Atmospheric influence on Arctic marginal ice zone position and
width in the Atlantic sector, February–April 1979–2010, Clim.
Dynam., 39, 3091–3102, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1356-6, 2012. a
Strong, C., Foster, D., Cherkaev, E., Eisenman, I., and Golden, K. M.: On the
Definition of Marginal Ice Zone Width, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 34, 1565–1584, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0171.1, 2017. a, b, c
Sturm, M. and Massom, R. A.: Snow in the sea ice system: friend or foe?,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, chap. 3, 65–109,
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118778371.ch3, 2017. a
Sutherland, P. and Dumont, D.: Marginal Ice Zone Thickness and Extent
due to Wave Radiation Stress, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48,
1885–1901, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0167.1, 2018. a
Thomson, J., Hosekova, L., Meylan, M. H., Kohout, A. L., and Kumar, N.:
Spurious Rollover of Wave Attenuation Rates in Sea Ice Caused by Noise in
Field Measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126,
e2020JC016606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016606, 2021. a, b
Tilling, R. L., Ridout, A., and Shepherd, A.: Estimating Arctic sea ice
thickness and volume using CryoSat-2 radar altimeter data, Adv. Space
Res., 62, 1203–1225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.10.051, 2018. a
Toffoli, A. and Bitner‐Gregersen, E. M.: Types of Ocean Surface Waves,
Wave Classification, in: Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore
Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 1–8,
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118476406.emoe077, 2017. a
Toyota, T., Haas, C., and Tamura, T.: Size distribution and shape properties of
relatively small sea-ice floes in the Antarctic marginal ice zone in late
winter, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58,
1182–1193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.034, 2011. a
Uotila, P., Goosse, H., Haines, K., Chevallier, M., Barthélemy, A., Bricaud,
C., Carton, J., Fučkar, N., Garric, G., Iovino, D., Kauker, F., Korhonen,
M., Lien, V. S., Marnela, M., Massonnet, F., Mignac, D., Peterson, K. A.,
Sadikni, R., Shi, L., Tietsche, S., Toyoda, T., Xie, J., and Zhang, Z.: An
assessment of ten ocean reanalyses in the polar regions, Clim. Dynam.,
52, 1613–1650, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4242-z, 2019. a
Vichi, M.: A statistical definition of the Antarctic marginal ice zone, The Cryosphere Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-307, in review, 2021. a
Vichi, M., Eayrs, C., Alberello, A., Bekker, A., Bennetts, L., Holland, D.,
Jong, E. D., Joubert, W., MacHutchon, K., Messori, G., Mojica, J. F.,
Onorato, M., Saunders, C., Skatulla, S., and Toffoli, A.: Effects of an
Explosive Polar Cyclone Crossing the Antarctic Marginal Ice
Zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 5948–5958,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082457, 2019. a, b, c, d
Wadhams, P.: Airborne laser profiling of swell in an open ice field, J.
Geophys. Res. (1896–1977), 80, 4520–4528,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC080i033p04520, 1975. a
Wadhams, P.: The Seasonal Ice Zone, in: The Geophysics of Sea Ice,
edited by: Untersteiner, N., NATO ASI Series, Springer US,
Boston, MA, 825–991, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5352-0_15, 1986. a, b
Wadhams, P., Squire, V. A., Ewing, J. A., and Pascal, R. W.: The Effect of
the Marginal Ice Zone on the Directional Wave Spectrum of the
Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 358–376, 1986. a
Wadhams, P., Aulicino, G., Parmiggiani, F., Persson, P. O. G., and Holt, B.:
Pancake Ice Thickness Mapping in the Beaufort Sea From Wave
Dispersion Observed in SAR Imagery, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 2213–2237, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013003, 2018.
a
Weeks, W. F.: On sea ice, vol. 49, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, 1st
Edn., ISBN 978-1-60223-079-8, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1285, 2010. a, b
Welch, P.: The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power
spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms,
IEEE T. Acoust. Speech, 15, 70–73,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901, 1967. a
Williams, T. D., Bennetts, L. G., Squire, V. A., Dumont, D., and Bertino, L.:
Wave–ice interactions in the marginal ice zone. Part 1: Theoretical
foundations, Ocean Model., 71, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.05.010,
2013a. a, b
Williams, T. D., Bennetts, L. G., Squire, V. A., Dumont, D., and Bertino, L.:
Wave–ice interactions in the marginal ice zone. Part 2: Numerical
implementation and sensitivity studies along 1D transects of the ocean
surface, Ocean Model., 71, 92–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.05.011,
2013b. a, b
Williams, T. D., Rampal, P., and Bouillon, S.: Wave–ice interactions in the neXtSIM sea-ice model, The Cryosphere, 11, 2117–2135, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2117-2017, 2017. a, b
Wood, S. N.: Thin plate regression splines, J. Roy. Stat.
Soc. B, 65, 95–114,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9868.00374, 2003. a
Wood, S. N.: Generalized Additive Models An Introduction with R, 2nd Edn., Chapman
Hall/CRC, ISBN 9781315370279, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370279, 2017. a
World Meteorological Organization: Sea Ice Nomenclature, Tech. rep., Collection and Series: WMO-No. 259, https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4651 (last access: 15 June 2022), 2014. a
Young, I. R., Fontaine, E., Liu, Q., and Babanin, A. V.: The Wave Climate
of the Southern Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 1417–1433,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0031.1, 2020. a, b, c
Short summary
The marginal ice zone is the region where ocean waves interact with sea ice. Although this important region influences many sea ice, ocean and biological processes, it has been difficult to accurately measure on a large scale from satellite instruments. We present new techniques for measuring wave attenuation using the NASA ICESat-2 laser altimeter. By measuring how waves attenuate within the sea ice, we show that the marginal ice zone may be far wider than previously realised.
The marginal ice zone is the region where ocean waves interact with sea ice. Although this...
