Articles | Volume 16, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2899-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2899-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Jul 2022
Research article |
| 20 Jul 2022
| 20 Jul 2022
Physical and mechanical properties of winter first-year ice in the Antarctic marginal ice zone along the Good Hope Line
Sebastian Skatulla
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Riesna R. Audh
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Marine and Antarctic Research Centre for Innovation and Sustainability (MARIS), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Andrea Cook
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Ehlke Hepworth
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Marine and Antarctic Research Centre for Innovation and Sustainability (MARIS), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Siobhan Johnson
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Marine and Antarctic Research Centre for Innovation and Sustainability (MARIS), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Doru C. Lupascu
Institute for Materials Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Duisburg, Germany
Keith MacHutchon
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Rutger Marquart
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Marine and Antarctic Research Centre for Innovation and Sustainability (MARIS), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Tommy Mielke
Institute for Materials Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Duisburg, Germany
Emmanuel Omatuku
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Marine and Antarctic Research Centre for Innovation and Sustainability (MARIS), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Felix Paul
Institute for Materials Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Duisburg, Germany
Tokoloho Rampai
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Marine and Antarctic Research Centre for Innovation and Sustainability (MARIS), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Jörg Schröder
Institute of Mechanics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Carina Schwarz
Institute of Mechanics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Marcello Vichi
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Marine and Antarctic Research Centre for Innovation and Sustainability (MARIS), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Related authors
Felix Paul, Tommy Mielke, Carina Nisters, Jörg Schröder, Tokoloho Rampai, Sebastian Skatulla, Riesna Audh, Ehlke Hepworth, Marcello Vichi, and Doru C. Lupascu
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-362, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-362, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Frazil ice, consisting of loose disc-shaped ice crystals, is the very first sea ice that forms in the annual cycle in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the Antarctic. A sufficient number of frazil ice crystals forms the surface grease ice layer taking a fundamental role in the freezing processes in the MIZ. As soon as the ocean waves are damped, a closed ice cover can form. The viscous properties of frazil ice, which have a crucial influence on the growth of sea ice in the MIZ are investigated.
Rutger Marquart, Alberto Alberello, Alfred Bogaers, Francesca De Santi, and Marcello Vichi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2184, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2184, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a kilometre-scale sea-ice model in OpenFOAM that couples dynamic and thermodynamic processes for two types of ice, solid-like ice floes and fluid-like grease ice, under wave forcing. This model can help to improve data input for large-scale sea-ice models. Results show a linear relationship between the proportion of ice floes in the field and the overall viscosity. Additionally, we found that viscosity responds nonlinearly to the inclusion of thermodynamic sea-ice growth.
Ashleigh Womack, Alberto Alberello, Marc de Vos, Alessandro Toffoli, Robyn Verrinder, and Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 18, 205–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Synoptic events have a significant influence on the evolution of Antarctic sea ice. Our current understanding of the interactions between cyclones and sea ice remains limited. Using two ensembles of buoys, deployed in the north-eastern Weddell Sea region during winter and spring of 2019, we show how the evolution and spatial pattern of sea ice drift and deformation in the Antarctic marginal ice zone were affected by the balance between atmospheric and oceanic forcing and the local ice.
Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 16, 4087–4106, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the Antarctic is the largest in the world ocean. Antarctic sea ice has large year-to-year changes, and the MIZ represents its most variable component. Processes typical of the MIZ have also been observed in fully ice-covered ocean and are not captured by existing diagnostics. A new statistical method has been shown to address previous limitations in assessing the seasonal cycle of MIZ extent and to provide a probability map of sea ice state in the Southern Ocean.
Laique M. Djeutchouang, Nicolette Chang, Luke Gregor, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 19, 4171–4195, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observing system simulation experiments using a mesoscale-resolving model, we found that to significantly improve uncertainties and biases in carbon dioxide (CO2) mapping in the Southern Ocean, it is essential to resolve the seasonal cycle (SC) of the meridional gradient of CO2 through high frequency (at least daily) observations that also span the region's meridional axis. We also showed that the estimated SC anomaly and mean annual CO2 are highly sensitive to seasonal sampling biases.
Wayne de Jager and Marcello Vichi
The Cryosphere, 16, 925–940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-925-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-925-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice motion can be used to better understand how weather and climate change affect the ice. Antarctic sea ice extent has shown large variability over the observed period, and dynamical features may also have changed. Our method allows for the quantification of rotational motion caused by wind and how this may have changed with time. Cyclonic motion dominates the Atlantic sector, particularly from 2015 onwards, while anticyclonic motion has remained comparatively small and unchanged.
Max Thomas, James France, Odile Crabeck, Benjamin Hall, Verena Hof, Dirk Notz, Tokoloho Rampai, Leif Riemenschneider, Oliver John Tooth, Mathilde Tranter, and Jan Kaiser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1833–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber, a laboratory facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions. We characterise the technical capabilities of our facility to help future users plan and perform experiments. We also characterise the sea ice grown in the facility, showing that the extinction of photosynthetically active radiation, the bulk salinity, and the growth rate of our artificial sea ice are within the range of natural values.
Felix Paul, Tommy Mielke, Carina Nisters, Jörg Schröder, Tokoloho Rampai, Sebastian Skatulla, Riesna Audh, Ehlke Hepworth, Marcello Vichi, and Doru C. Lupascu
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-362, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-362, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Frazil ice, consisting of loose disc-shaped ice crystals, is the very first sea ice that forms in the annual cycle in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the Antarctic. A sufficient number of frazil ice crystals forms the surface grease ice layer taking a fundamental role in the freezing processes in the MIZ. As soon as the ocean waves are damped, a closed ice cover can form. The viscous properties of frazil ice, which have a crucial influence on the growth of sea ice in the MIZ are investigated.
Mark Hague and Marcello Vichi
Biogeosciences, 18, 25–38, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-25-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-25-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines the question of what causes the rapid spring growth of microscopic marine algae (phytoplankton) in the ice-covered ocean surrounding Antarctica. One prominent hypothesis proposes that the melting of sea ice is the primary cause, while our results suggest that this is only part of the explanation. In particular, we show that phytoplankton are able to start growing before the sea ice melts appreciably, much earlier than previously thought.
Cited articles
Alberello, A., Onorato, M., Bennetts, L., Vichi, M., Eayrs, C., MacHutchon, K., and Toffoli, A.: Brief communication: Pancake ice floe size distribution during the winter expansion of the Antarctic marginal ice zone, The Cryosphere, 13, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-41-2019, 2019. a
Alberello, A., Bennetts, L., Heil, P., Eayrs, C., Vichi, M., MacHutchon, K.,
Onorato, M., and Toffoli, A.: Drift of pancake ice floes in the winter
Antarctic marginal ice zone during polar cyclones, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015418, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015418, 2020. a
Bennetts, L. G., O'Farrell, S., and Uotila, P.: Brief communication: Impacts of ocean-wave-induced breakup of Antarctic sea ice via thermodynamics in a stand-alone version of the CICE sea-ice model, The Cryosphere, 11, 1035–1040, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1035-2017, 2017. a
Bromwich, D. H., Guo, Z., Bai, L., and Chen, Q.-S.: Modeled Antarctic
precipitation. Part I: Spatial and temporal variability, J. Climate, 17, 427–447, 2004. a
Carnat, G., Papakyriakou, T., Geilfus, N.-X., Brabant, F., Delille, B.,
Vancoppenolle, M., Gilson, G., Zhou, J., and Tison, J.-L.: Investigations on
physical and textural properties of Arctic first-year sea ice in the Amundsen
Gulf, Canada, November 2007–June 2008 (IPY-CFL system study), J. Glaciol., 59, 819–837, 2013. a
Cox, G. F. and Weeks, W. F.: Equations for determining the gas and brine
volumes in sea-ice samples, J. Glaciol., 29, 306–316, 1983. a
Dansereau, V., Weiss, J., Saramito, P., and Lattes, P.: A Maxwell elasto-brittle rheology for sea ice modelling, The Cryosphere, 10, 1339–1359, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1339-2016, 2016. a
Dantl, G.: Elastic moduli of ice, in: Physics of ice: Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Physics of Ice, 9–14 September 1968, Munich, Germany, edited by: Riehl, N., Bullemer, B., and Engelhart, H., 223–230, 1969. a
Dempsey, D. and Langhorne, P.: Geometric properties of platelet ice crystals,
Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 78, 1–13, 2012. a
de Vos, M., Barnes, M., Biddle, L. C., Swart, S., Ramjukadh, C.-L., and Vichi, M.: Evaluating numerical and free-drift forecasts of sea ice drift during a Southern Ocean research expedition: An operational perspective, J.
Operat. Oceanogr., 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2021.1883293, 2021. a
Doble, M., Coon, M., and Peppe, O.: Study of the winter Antarctic marginal ice zone, Ber. Polar Meeresforsch., 402, 158–161, 2001. a
Doble, M. J., Coon, M. D., and Wadhams, P.: Pancake ice formation in the
Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001373, 2003. a, b
Eayrs, C., Holland, D., Francis, D., Wagner, T., Kumar, R., and Li, X.:
Understanding the Seasonal Cycle of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in the Context
of Longer-Term Variability, Rev. Geophys., 57, 1037–1064, 2019. a
Eicken, H.: Deriving modes and rates of ice growth in the Weddell Sea from
microstructural, salinity and stable-isotope data, Antarctic Sea Ice: Physical Processes, Interactions and Variability, Antarct. Res. Ser., 74,
89–122, 1998. a
Eicken, H., Lange, M. A., and Wadhams, P.: Characteristics and distribution
patterns of snow and meteoric ice in the Weddell Sea and their contribution
to the mass balance of sea ice, in: Annales Geophysicae, vol. 12,
Springer, 80–93, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0080-x, 1994. a
Eicken, H., Fischer, H., and Lemke, P.: Effects of the snow cover on Antarctic sea ice and potential modulation of its response to climate change, Ann. Glaciol., 21, 369–376, 1995. a
Frederking, R. and Timco, G.: Uniaxial compressive strength and deformation of Beaufort sea ice, in: The Seventh International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Helsinki, Finland, 5–9 April 1983, ISBN 951-38-1872-1,
ISSN 0357-9387, 89–98, 1983. a
Galley, R., Else, B., Geilfus, N.-X., Hare, A., Isleifson, D., Barber, D., and Rysgaard, S.: Imaged brine inclusions in young sea ice – Shape, distribution and formation timing, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 111, 39–48, 2015. a
Gammon, P., Kiefte, H., Clouter, M., and Denner, W.: Elastic constants of
artificial and natural ice samples by Brillouin spectroscopy, J. Glaciol., 29, 433–460, 1983. a
Haas, C., Vieho, T., and Eicken, H.: Sea-ice conditions during the Winter
Weddell Gyre Study 1992, ANT X/4, with RV “Polarstern”: Ship observations and AVHRR satellite imagery, Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Physik, Alfred Wegener Institute für Polar und Meeresforschung, 34, 1992. a
Han, H., Li, Z., Huang, W., Lu, P., and Lei, R.: The uniaxial compressive
strength of the Arctic summer sea ice, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 34, 129–136, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-015-0598-7, 2015. a, b
Hepworth, E., Vichi, M., van Zuydam, A., Taylor, N. C., Bossau, J.,
Engelbrecht, M., and Aarskog, T.: Sea Ice Observations in the Antarctic
Marginal Ice Zone during Winter 2019, PANGEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921759, 2020. a
Herman, A., Cheng, S., and Shen, H. H.: Wave energy attenuation in fields of colliding ice floes – Part 1: Discrete-element modelling of dissipation due to ice–water drag, The Cryosphere, 13, 2887–2900, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2887-2019, 2019. a, b
Hibler III, W.: A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 815–846, 1979. a
Hobbs, W. R., Massom, R., Stammerjohn, S., Reid, P., Williams, G., and Meier,
W.: A review of recent changes in Southern Ocean sea ice, their drivers and
forcings, Global Planet. Change, 143, 228–250, 2016. a
Hutchings, J. and Hibler III, W.: Small-scale sea ice deformation in the
Beaufort Sea seasonal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003971, 2008. a
Hutchings, J., Heil, P., Steer, A., and Hibler III, W.: Subsynoptic scale
spatial variability of sea ice deformation in the western Weddell Sea during
early summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC006961, 2012. a
Jeffries, M., Morris, K., Weeks, W., and Worby, A.: Seasonal variations in the properties and structural composition of sea ice and snow cover in the
Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 43, 138–151, 1997. a
Jeffries, M. O., Shaw, R. A., Morris, K., Veazey, A. L., and Krouse, H. R.:
Crystal structure, stable isotopes (δ18O), and development of sea ice in the Ross, Amundsen, and Bellingshausen seas, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 99, 985–995, 1994. a
Kermani, M., Farzaneh, M., and Gagnon, R.: Compressive strength of atmospheric ice, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 49, 195–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.05.003, 2007. a, b
Kohout, A., Williams, M., Dean, S., and Meylan, M.: Storm-induced sea-ice
breakup and the implications for ice extent, Nature, 509, 604–607, 2014. a
Kohout, A. L., Meylan, M. H., and Plew, D. R.: Wave attenuation in a marginal
ice zone due to the bottom roughness of ice floes, Ann. Glaciol., 52, 118–122, 2011. a
Kovacs, A.: Sea ice. Part II, Estimating the full-scale tensile, flexural and
compressive strength of first-year ice, CRREL Report 96-11, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.) and
Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9221 (last access: 8 July 2021), 1996. a
Kovacs, A.: Estimating the full-scale flexural and compressive strength of
first-year sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 8681–8689, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02738, 1997. a, b, c
Kuehn, G. A. and Schulson, E. M.: The mechanical properties of saline ice under uniaxial compression, Ann. Glaciol., 19, 39–48, 1994. a
Lange, M., Schlosser, P., Ackley, S., Wadhams, P., and Dieckmann, G.: 18O concentrations in sea ice of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, J.
Glaciol., 36, 315–323, 1990. a
Lange, M. A., Ackley, S. F., Wadhams, P., Dieckmann, G., and Eicken, H.:
Development of sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Ann. Glaciol., 12, 92–96, 1989. a
Langleben, M. P. and Pounder, E. R.: Elastic parameters of sea ice, Ice and snow; properties, processes, and applications, in: Ice and snow; properties, processes, and applications: proceedings of a conference held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, edited by: Kingery, W. E., 12–16 February 1962, 69–78, 1963. a, b, c, d
Marquart, R., Bogaers, A., Skatulla, S., Alberello, A., Toffoli, A., Schwarz,
C., and Vichi, M.: A computational fluid dynamics model for the small-scale
dynamics of wave, ice floe and interstitial grease ice interaction, Fluids,
6, 176, https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050176, 2021. a, b
Mellor, M.: Mechanical behavior of sea ice, in: The geophysics of sea ice, Springer, 165–281, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5352-0_3, 1986. a, b, c
Nanthikesan, S. and Sunder, S. S.: Anisotropic elasticity of polycrystalline
ice Ih, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 22, 149–169, 1994. a
Notz, D. and Worster, M. G.: In situ measurements of the evolution of young sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004333, 2008. a, b
Passerotti, G., Bennetts, L. G., von Bock und Polach, F., Alberello, A.,
Puolakka, O., Dolatshah, A., Monbaliu, J., and Toffoli, A.: Interactions
between irregular wave fields and sea ice: A physical model for wave
attenuation and ice breakup in an ice tank, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 1431–1446,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0238.1, 2022. a
Paul, F., Mielke, T., Nisters, C., Schröder, J., Rampai, T., Skatulla, S., Audh, R., Hepworth, E., Vichi, M., and Lupascu, D. C.: Brief communication: Grease Ice in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9,
647,
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060647, 2021. a
Petrich, C. and Eicken, H.: Overview of sea ice growth and properties, in: Sea ice, edited by Thomas, D. N., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, 1–41, ISBN-13 978-1118778388,
ISBN-10 1118778383, 2017. a
Provost, C., Sennéchael, N., Miguet, J., Itkin, P., Rösel, A., Koenig, Z., Villacieros-Robineau, N., and Granskog, M. A.: Observations of flooding and snow-ice formation in a thinner Arctic sea-ice regime during the
N-ICE2015 campaign: Influence of basal ice melt and storms, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 7115–7134, 2017. a
Pustogvar, A. and Kulyakhtin, A.: Sea ice density measurements. Methods and
uncertainties, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 131, 46–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.09.001, 2016. a
Rampal, P., Weiss, J., Marsan, D., Lindsay, R., and Stern, H.: Scaling
properties of sea ice deformation from buoy dispersion analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004143, 2008. a
Roach, L. A., Horvat, C., Dean, S. M., and Bitz, C. M.: An emergent sea ice
floe size distribution in a global coupled ocean-sea ice model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 4322–4337, 2018. a
Schulson, E., Fortt, A., Iliescu, D., and Renshaw, C.: Failure envelope of
first-year Arctic sea ice: The role of friction in compressive fracture, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003235, 2006. a
Schulson, E. M. and Duval, P.: Creep and Fracture of Ice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511581397, 2009. a
Shokr, M. and Agnew, T. A.: Validation and potential applications of
Environment Canada Ice Concentration Extractor (ECICE) algorithm to Arctic
ice by combining AMSR-E and QuikSCAT observations, Remote Sens. Environ., 128, 315–332, 2013. a
Shokr, M. and Sinha, N.: Sea ice: physics and remote sensing, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN-13 978-1119027898.
ISBN-10 1119027896, 2015. a
Sinha, N. K.: Uniaxial compressive strength of first-year and multi-year sea
ice, Can. J. Civ. Eng., 11, 82–91, https://doi.org/10.1139/l84-010, 1984. a, b
Skatulla, S., Audh, R. R., Cook, A., Hepworth, E., Johnson, S., Lupascu, D. C., MacHutchon, K., Marquart, R., Mielke, T., Omatuku, E., Paul, F., Rampai, T., Schwarz, C., Schröder, J., and Vichi, M.: Physical and mechanical results for sea ice data – SCALE Winter Cruise 2019, SA Agulhas II, University of Cape Town [data set], https://doi.org/10.25375/uct.14900361.v1, 2021. a
Smith, M. and Thomson, J.: Pancake sea ice kinematics and dynamics using
shipboard stereo video, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.35, 2019. a
Snyder, S. A., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: The role of damage and
recrystallization in the elastic properties of columnar ice, J. Glaciol., 61, 461–480, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J225, 2015. a, b
Spreen, G., Kaleschke, L., and Heygster, G.: Sea ice remote sensing using AMSR-E 89-GHz channels, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003384, 2008. a
Squire, V. A.: A fresh look at how ocean waves and sea ice interact, Philos. T. Roy. Soc.. A, 376, 20170342, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0342, 2018. a
Sturm, M., Morris, K., and Massom, R.: The winter snow cover of the West
Antarctic pack ice: its spatial and temporal variability, Antarctic sea ice:
physical processes, interactions and variability, American Geophysical Union, edited by: Jeffries, M. O., USA, ISBN 9780875909028, 74, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR074p0001, 1998. a
Thomas, M., Vancoppenolle, M., France, J., Sturges, W., Bakker, D. C., Kaiser, J., and von Glasow, R.: Tracer measurements in growing sea ice support convective gravity drainage parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015791 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015791, 2020. a
Tison, J.-L., Schwegmann, S., Dieckmann, G., Rintala, J.-M., Meyer, H., Moreau, S., Vancoppenolle, M., Nomura, D., Engberg, S., Blomster, L., and Hendricks, S.: Biogeochemical impact of snow cover and cyclonic intrusions on the winter Weddell Sea ice pack, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 9548–9571, 2017. a, b, c, d, e
Urabe, N. and Inoue, M.: Mechanical Properties of Antarctic Sea Ice, J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng., 110, 403–408, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3257079, 1988a. a, b, c, d
Wang, R. and Shen, H. H.: Gravity waves propagating into an ice-covered ocean: A viscoelastic model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005591, 2010. a
Weeks, W. F. and Ackley, S. F.: The growth, structure, and properties of sea
ice, in: CRREL Monograph 82-1, CRREL, 1–130, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA123762.pdf (last access: 8 July 2021), 1982. a
Weiss, J.: Drift, deformation, and fracture of sea ice: a perspective across
scales, in: vol. 83, Springer, ISBN-13 978-9400762015,
ISBN-10 9400762011, 2013. a
Weiss, J. and Dansereau, V.: Linking scales in sea ice mechanics, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 375, 20150352, https://doi.org//10.1098/rsta.2015.0352, 2017. a, b
Wells, A., Wettlaufer, J., and Orszag, S.: Brine fluxes from growing sea ice,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046288, 2011.
a
Worby, A., Massom, R., Allison, I., Lytle, V., and Heil, P.: East Antarctic sea ice: A review of its structure, properties and drift, Antarctic sea ice:
physical processes, interactions and variability, 74, 41–67, 1998. a
Ye, Y., Heygster, G., and Shokr, M.: Improving multiyear ice concentration
estimates with reanalysis air temperatures, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 54, 2602–2614, 2015. a
Yiew, L. J., Bennetts, L., Meylan, M., Thomas, G., and French, B.: Wave-induced collisions of thin floating disks, Phys. Fluids, 29, 127102, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5003310, 2017. a
Short summary
First-year sea ice has been sampled at the advancing outer edge of the Antarctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) along the Good Hope Line. Ice cores were extracted from five pancake ice floes and subsequently analysed for their physical and mechanical properties. Of particular interest was elucidating the transition of ice composition within the MIZ in terms of differences in mechanical stiffness and strength properties as linked to physical and textural characteristics at early-stage ice formation.
First-year sea ice has been sampled at the advancing outer edge of the Antarctic marginal ice...
