Research article
06 Nov 2020
Research article | 06 Nov 2020
Simultaneous estimation of wintertime sea ice thickness and snow depth from space-borne freeboard measurements
Hoyeon Shi et al.
Related authors
Surface-based Ku- and Ka-band polarimetric radar for sea ice studies
Julienne Stroeve, Vishnu Nandan, Rosemary Willatt, Rasmus Tonboe, Stefan Hendricks, Robert Ricker, James Mead, Robbie Mallett, Marcus Huntemann, Polona Itkin, Martin Schneebeli, Daniela Krampe, Gunnar Spreen, Jeremy Wilkinson, Ilkka Matero, Mario Hoppmann, and Michel Tsamados
The Cryosphere, 14, 4405–4426, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4405-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4405-2020, 2020
Short summary
Satellite passive microwave sea-ice concentration data set intercomparison: closed ice and ship-based observations
Stefan Kern, Thomas Lavergne, Dirk Notz, Leif Toudal Pedersen, Rasmus Tage Tonboe, Roberto Saldo, and Atle MacDonald Sørensen
The Cryosphere, 13, 3261–3307, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3261-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3261-2019, 2019
Short summary
Estimating the snow depth, the snow–ice interface temperature, and the effective temperature of Arctic sea ice using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 and ice mass balance buoy data
Lise Kilic, Rasmus Tage Tonboe, Catherine Prigent, and Georg Heygster
The Cryosphere, 13, 1283–1296, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1283-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1283-2019, 2019
Short summary
In situ observed relationships between snow and ice surface skin temperatures and 2 m air temperatures in the Arctic
Pia Nielsen-Englyst, Jacob L. Høyer, Kristine S. Madsen, Rasmus Tonboe, Gorm Dybkjær, and Emy Alerskans
The Cryosphere, 13, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1005-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1005-2019, 2019
Short summary
Version 2 of the EUMETSAT OSI SAF and ESA CCI sea-ice concentration climate data records
Thomas Lavergne, Atle Macdonald Sørensen, Stefan Kern, Rasmus Tonboe, Dirk Notz, Signe Aaboe, Louisa Bell, Gorm Dybkjær, Steinar Eastwood, Carolina Gabarro, Georg Heygster, Mari Anne Killie, Matilde Brandt Kreiner, John Lavelle, Roberto Saldo, Stein Sandven, and Leif Toudal Pedersen
The Cryosphere, 13, 49–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019, 2019
Short summary
The EUMETSAT sea ice concentration climate data record
Rasmus T. Tonboe, Steinar Eastwood, Thomas Lavergne, Atle M. Sørensen, Nicholas Rathmann, Gorm Dybkjær, Leif Toudal Pedersen, Jacob L. Høyer, and Stefan Kern
The Cryosphere, 10, 2275–2290, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2275-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2275-2016, 2016
Short summary
The impact of melt ponds on summertime microwave brightness temperatures and sea-ice concentrations
Stefan Kern, Anja Rösel, Leif Toudal Pedersen, Natalia Ivanova, Roberto Saldo, and Rasmus Tage Tonboe
The Cryosphere, 10, 2217–2239, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2217-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2217-2016, 2016
Short summary
Inter-comparison and evaluation of sea ice algorithms: towards further identification of challenges and optimal approach using passive microwave observations
N. Ivanova, L. T. Pedersen, R. T. Tonboe, S. Kern, G. Heygster, T. Lavergne, A. Sørensen, R. Saldo, G. Dybkjær, L. Brucker, and M. Shokr
The Cryosphere, 9, 1797–1817, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1797-2015,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1797-2015, 2015
Short summary
Related subject area
Classification of sea ice types in Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar images
Jeong-Won Park, Anton Andreevich Korosov, Mohamed Babiker, Joong-Sun Won, Morten Wergeland Hansen, and Hyun-Cheol Kim
The Cryosphere, 14, 2629–2645, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2629-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2629-2020, 2020
Short summary
Opportunistic evaluation of modelled sea ice drift using passively drifting telemetry collars in Hudson Bay, Canada
Ron R. Togunov, Natasha J. Klappstein, Nicholas J. Lunn, Andrew E. Derocher, and Marie Auger-Méthé
The Cryosphere, 14, 1937–1950, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1937-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Combining TerraSAR-X and time-lapse photography for seasonal sea ice monitoring: the case of Deception Bay, Nunavik
Sophie Dufour-Beauséjour, Anna Wendleder, Yves Gauthier, Monique Bernier, Jimmy Poulin, Véronique Gilbert, Juupi Tuniq, Amélie Rouleau, and Achim Roth
The Cryosphere, 14, 1595–1609, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1595-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1595-2020, 2020
Short summary
Broadband albedo of Arctic sea ice from MERIS optical data
Christine Pohl, Larysa Istomina, Steffen Tietsche, Evelyn Jäkel, Johannes Stapf, Gunnar Spreen, and Georg Heygster
The Cryosphere, 14, 165–182, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-165-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-165-2020, 2020
Short summary
Satellite passive microwave sea-ice concentration data set intercomparison: closed ice and ship-based observations
Stefan Kern, Thomas Lavergne, Dirk Notz, Leif Toudal Pedersen, Rasmus Tage Tonboe, Roberto Saldo, and Atle MacDonald Sørensen
The Cryosphere, 13, 3261–3307, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3261-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3261-2019, 2019
Short summary
Estimating the sea ice floe size distribution using satellite altimetry: theory, climatology, and model comparison
Christopher Horvat, Lettie A. Roach, Rachel Tilling, Cecilia M. Bitz, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Colin Guider, Kaitlin Hill, Andy Ridout, and Andrew Shepherd
The Cryosphere, 13, 2869–2885, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2869-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2869-2019, 2019
Short summary
The 2018 North Greenland polynya observed by a newly introduced merged optical and passive microwave sea-ice concentration dataset
Valentin Ludwig, Gunnar Spreen, Christian Haas, Larysa Istomina, Frank Kauker, and Dmitrii Murashkin
The Cryosphere, 13, 2051–2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2051-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2051-2019, 2019
Short summary
Estimation of turbulent heat flux over leads using satellite thermal images
Meng Qu, Xiaoping Pang, Xi Zhao, Jinlun Zhang, Qing Ji, and Pei Fan
The Cryosphere, 13, 1565–1582, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1565-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1565-2019, 2019
Short summary
Instantaneous sea ice drift speed from TanDEM-X interferometry
Dyre Oliver Dammann, Leif E. B. Eriksson, Joshua M. Jones, Andrew R. Mahoney, Roland Romeiser, Franz J. Meyer, Hajo Eicken, and Yasushi Fukamachi
The Cryosphere, 13, 1395–1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1395-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1395-2019, 2019
Short summary
Estimating the snow depth, the snow–ice interface temperature, and the effective temperature of Arctic sea ice using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 and ice mass balance buoy data
Lise Kilic, Rasmus Tage Tonboe, Catherine Prigent, and Georg Heygster
The Cryosphere, 13, 1283–1296, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1283-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1283-2019, 2019
Short summary
Baffin Bay sea ice inflow and outflow: 1978–1979 to 2016–2017
Haibo Bi, Zehua Zhang, Yunhe Wang, Xiuli Xu, Yu Liang, Jue Huang, Yilin Liu, and Min Fu
The Cryosphere, 13, 1025–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1025-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1025-2019, 2019
Short summary
Version 2 of the EUMETSAT OSI SAF and ESA CCI sea-ice concentration climate data records
Thomas Lavergne, Atle Macdonald Sørensen, Stefan Kern, Rasmus Tonboe, Dirk Notz, Signe Aaboe, Louisa Bell, Gorm Dybkjær, Steinar Eastwood, Carolina Gabarro, Georg Heygster, Mari Anne Killie, Matilde Brandt Kreiner, John Lavelle, Roberto Saldo, Stein Sandven, and Leif Toudal Pedersen
The Cryosphere, 13, 49–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019, 2019
Short summary
A new tracking algorithm for sea ice age distribution estimation
Anton Andreevich Korosov, Pierre Rampal, Leif Toudal Pedersen, Roberto Saldo, Yufang Ye, Georg Heygster, Thomas Lavergne, Signe Aaboe, and Fanny Girard-Ardhuin
The Cryosphere, 12, 2073–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2073-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2073-2018, 2018
Short summary
Warm winter, thin ice?
Julienne C. Stroeve, David Schroder, Michel Tsamados, and Daniel Feltham
The Cryosphere, 12, 1791–1809, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1791-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1791-2018, 2018
Short summary
Cited articles
Alexandrov, V., Sandven, S., Wahlin, J., and Johannessen, O. M.: The relation between sea ice thickness and freeboard in the Arctic, The Cryosphere, 4, 373–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-373-2010, 2010.
Armitage, T. W. K. and Ridout, A. L.: Arctic sea ice freeboard from AltiKa
and comparison with CryoSat-2 and Operation IceBridge, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
42, 6724–6731, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064823, 2015.
Berg, W., Kroodsma, R., Kummerow, C. D., and McKague, D. S.: Fundamental
Climate Data Records of Microwave Brightness Temperatures, Remote Sens.,
10, 1306, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081306, 2018.
Braakmann-Folgmann, A. and Donlon, C.: Estimating snow depth on Arctic sea ice using satellite microwave radiometry and a neural network, The Cryosphere, 13, 2421–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2421-2019, 2019.
Brucker, L. and Markus, T.: Arctic-scale assessment of satellite passive
microwave-derived snow depth on sea ice using Operation IceBridge airborne
data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 2892–2905, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20228,
2013.
Comiso, J. C.: Bootstrap Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP
SSM/I-SSMIS, Version 3, Boulder, Colorado USA, NASA National Snow and Ice
Data Center, https://doi.org/10.5067/7Q8HCCWS4I0R, 2017.
Comiso, J. C., Cavalieri, D. J., and Markus, T.: Sea ice concentration, ice
temperature, and snow depth using AMSR-E data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
Sens., 41, 243–252, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808317, 2003.
Dybkjær, G. and Eastwood, S.: Validation Report for the OSI SAF High
Latitude L2 Sea and Sea Ice Surface Temperature, OSI-205, Version 1.1, OSI
SAF, 30 pp., 2016.
Dybkjær, G., Eastwood, S., Borg, A. L., Højer, J., and Tonboe, R.:
Algorithm theoretical basis document for the OSI SAF Sea and Sea Ice Surface
Temperature L2 processing chain, OSI-205-a and OSI-205-b, Version 1.4, OSI
SAF, 40 pp., 2018.
Dybkjær, G., Tonboe, R., Højer, J., and Eastwood, S.: Arctic and
Antarctic snow and ice Surface Temperatures from AVHRR thermal Infrared
satellite sensors, 1982-2015, in preparation, 2020.
Guerreiro, K., Fleury, S., Zakharova, E., Rémy, F., and Kouraev, A.:
Potential for estimation of snow depth on Arctic sea ice from CryoSat-2 and
SARAL/AltiKa missions, Remote Sens. Environ., 186, 339–349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.07.013, 2016.
Guerreiro, K., Fleury, S., Zakharova, E., Kouraev, A., Rémy, F., and Maisongrande, P.: Comparison of CryoSat-2 and ENVISAT radar freeboard over Arctic sea ice: toward an improved Envisat freeboard retrieval, The Cryosphere, 11, 2059–2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2059-2017, 2017.
Karlsson, K.-G., Anttila, K., Trentmann, J., Stengel, M., Meirink, J. F.,
Devasthale, A., Hanschmann, T., Kothe, S., Jääskeläinen, E.,
Sedlar, J., Benas, N., van Zadelhoff, G.-J., Schlundt, C., Stein, D.,
Finkensieper, S., Håkansson, N., Hollmann, R., Fuchs, P., and Werscheck,
M.: CLARA-A2: CM SAF cLoud, Albed
o and surface RAdiation dataset from AVHRR
data – Edition 2, Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM
SAF), https://doi.org/10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/CLARA_AVHRR/V002, 2017.
Kern, S. and Spreen, G.: Uncertainties in Antarctic sea-ice thickness
retrieval from ICESat, Ann. Glaciol., 56, 107–119, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG69A736, 2015.
Kern, S., Khvorostovsky, K., Skourup, H., Rinne, E., Parsakhoo, Z. S., Djepa, V., Wadhams, P., and Sandven, S.: The impact of snow depth, snow density and ice density on sea ice thickness retrieval from satellite radar altimetry: results from the ESA-CCI Sea Ice ECV Project Round Robin Exercise, The Cryosphere, 9, 37–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-37-2015, 2015.
Kilic, L., Tonboe, R. T., Prigent, C., and Heygster, G.: Estimating the snow depth, the snow–ice interface temperature, and the effective temperature of Arctic sea ice using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 and ice mass balance buoy data, The Cryosphere, 13, 1283–1296, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1283-2019, 2019.
Kurtz, N.: IceBridge Sea Ice Freeboard, Snow Depth, and Thickness Quick Look, Boulder, Colorado USA, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center, https://doi.org/10.5067/GRIXZ91DE0L9, 2016, updated 2019.
Kurtz, N. T. and Farrell, S. L.: Large-scale surveys of snow depth on
Arctic sea ice from Operation IceBridge, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L20505,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049216, 2011.
Kurtz, N. and Harbeck, J.: CryoSat-2 Level-4 Sea Ice Elevation, Freeboard,
and Thickness, Version 1, Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice
Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, https://doi.org/10.5067/96JO0KIFDAS8,
2017.
Kurtz, N. T., Farrell, S. L., Studinger, M., Galin, N., Harbeck, J. P., Lindsay, R., Onana, V. D., Panzer, B., and Sonntag, J. G.: Sea ice thickness, freeboard, and snow depth products from Operation IceBridge airborne data, The Cryosphere, 7, 1035–1056, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1035-2013, 2013.
Kurtz, N. T., Galin, N., and Studinger, M.: An improved CryoSat-2 sea ice freeboard retrieval algorithm through the use of waveform fitting, The Cryosphere, 8, 1217–1237, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1217-2014, 2014.
Kurtz, N., Studinger, M., Harbeck, J., Onana, V., and Yi, D.: IceBridge L4 Sea
Ice Freeboard, Snow Depth, and Thickness, Version 1, Boulder, Colorado USA.
NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center, https://doi.org/10.5067/G519SHCKWQV6, 2015.
Kwok, R. and Cunningham, G. F.: Variability of Arctic sea ice thickness and
volume from CryoSat-2, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 373, 20140157, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0157, 2015.
Kwok, R. and Markus, T.: Potential basin-scale estimates of Arctic snow
depth with sea ice freeboards from CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2: An exploratory
analysis, Adv. Space Res., 62, 1243–1250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.09.007, 2018.
Kwok, R., Cunningham, G. F., Wensnahan, M., Rigor, I., Zwally, H. J., and
Yi, D.: Thinning and volume loss of the Arctic Ocean sea ice cover:
2003–2008, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, C07005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005312, 2009.
Lawrence, I. R., Tsamados, M. C., Stroeve, J. C., Armitage, T. W. K., and Ridout, A. L.: Estimating snow depth over Arctic sea ice from calibrated dual-frequency radar freeboards, The Cryosphere, 12, 3551–3564, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3551-2018, 2018.
Laxon, S., Peacock, N., and Smith, D.: High interannual variablility of sea
ice thickness in the Arctic region, Nature, 425, 947–950, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02050, 2003.
Laxon, S. W., Giles, K. A., Ridout, A. L., Wingham, D. J., Willatt, R.,
Cullen, R., Kwok, R., Schweiger, A., Zhang, J., Haas, C., Hendricks, S.,
Krishfield, R., Kurtz, N., Farrell, S., and Davidson, M.: CryoSat-2
estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40,
732–737, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50193, 2013.
Lee, S.-M., Sohn, B.-J., and Kummerow, C. D.: Long-term Arctic snow/ice
interface temperature from special sensor for Microwave imager measurements,
Remote Sens., 10, 1795, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111795, 2018.
Maaß, N., Kaleschke, L., Tian-Kunze, X., and Drusch, M.: Snow thickness retrieval over thick Arctic sea ice using SMOS satellite data, The Cryosphere, 7, 1971–1989, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1971-2013, 2013.
Mallett, R. D. C., Lawrence, I. R., Stroeve, J. C., Landy, J. C., and Tsamados, M.: Brief communication: Conventional assumptions involving the speed of radar waves in snow introduce systematic underestimates to sea ice thickness and seasonal growth rate estimates, The Cryosphere, 14, 251–260, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-251-2020, 2020.
Markus, T. and Cavalieri, D. J.: Snow depth distribution over sea ice in the
Southern Ocean from satellite passive microwave data, Antarct. Res. Ser.,
74, 19–39, 1998.
Markus, T., Neumann, T., Martino, A., Abdalati, W., Brunt, K., Csatho, B.,
Farrell, S., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Harding, D., Jasinski, M., Kwok, R.,
Magruder, L., Lubin, D., Luthcke, S., Morison, J., Nelson, R.,
Neuenschwander, A., Stephen, P., Popescu, S., Shum, C. K., Schutz, B. E.,
Smith, B., Yang. Y., and Zwally, J.: The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation
Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science requirements, concept, and implementation,
Remote Sens. Environ, 190, 260–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.12.029, 2017.
Maykut, G. A. and Untersteiner, N.: Some results from a time-dependent
thermodynamic model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1550–1575, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC076i006p01550, 1971.
Nandan, V., Geldsetzer, T., Yackel, J., Mahmud, M., Scharien, R., Howell,
S., King, J., Ricker, R., and Else, B.: Effect of Snow Salinity on CryoSat-2
Arctic First-Year Sea Ice Freeboard Measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
44, 10419–10426, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074506, 2017.
Perovich, D., Richter-Menge, J., and Polashenski, C.: Observing and
understanding climate change: Monitoring the mass balance, motion, and
thickness of Arctic sea ice, CRREL-Dartmouth mass balance buoy program,
available at:
http://imb-crrel-dartmouth.org, last access: 14 September 2019.
Perovich, D., Richter-Menge, J., Tucker, W., Elder, B., and Bosworth, B.:
Snow and Ice Temperature Profiles, Version 1.0. UCAR/NCAR – Earth Observing
Laboratory, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6KS6PZ7, 2007.
Pringle, D. J., Trodahl, H. J., and Haskell, T. G.: Direct measurement of
sea ice thermal conductivity: no surface reduction, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
111, C05020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC002990, 2006.
Ricker, R., Hendricks, S., Helm, V., Skourup, H., and Davidson, M.: Sensitivity of CryoSat-2 Arctic sea-ice freeboard an
d thickness on radar-waveform interpretation, The Cryosphere, 8, 1607–1622, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1607-2014, 2014.
Rostosky, P., Spreen, G., Farrell, S. L., Frost, T., Heygster, G., and
Melsheimer, C.: Snow depth retrieval on Arctic sea ice from passive
microwave radiometers – improvements and extensions to multiyear ice using
lower frequencies, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 7120–7138, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014028, 2018.
Sturm, M., Holmgren, J., König, M., and Morris, K.: The thermal
conductivity of seasonal snow, J. Glaciol., 43, 26–41, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000002781, 1997.
Sturm, M., Perovich, D. K., and Holmgren, J.: Thermal conductivity and heat
transfer through the snow on the ice of the Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res.,
107, 8043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000409, 2002.
Tilling, R. L., Ridout, A., and Shepherd, A.: Estimating Arctic sea ice
thickness and volume using CryoSat-2 radar altimeter data, Adv. Space Res.,
62, 1203–1225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.10.051, 2018.
Tiuri, M., Sihvola, A., Nyfors, E., and Hallikainen, M.: The complex dielectric
constant of snow at microwave frequencies, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 9, 377–382,
1984.
Tonboe, R. T., Pedersen, L. T., and Haas, C.: Simulation of the CryoSat-2
satellite radar altimeter sea ice thickness retrieval uncertainty, Can. J.
Remote Sens., 36, 55–67, https://doi.org/10.5589/m10-027, 2010.
Trodahl, H. J., Wilkinson, S. O. F., McGuinness, M. J., and Haskell, T. G.:
Thermal conductivity of sea ice; dependence on temperature and depth,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1279–1282, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012088, 2001.
Warren, S. G., Rigor, I. G., Untersteiner, N., Radionov, V. F., Bryazgin, N.
N., Aleksandrov, Y. I., and Colony, R.: Snow depth on Arctic sea ice, J.
Climate, 12, 1814–1829, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1814:SDOASI>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Webster, M. A., Rigor, I. G., Nghiem, S. V., Kurtz, N. T., Farrell, S. L.,
Perovich, D. K., and Sturm, M.: Interdecadal changes in snow depth on Arctic
sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 5395–5406, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC009985, 2014.
Wingham, D. J., Francis, C. R., Baker, S., Bouzinac, C., Brockley, D.,
Cullen, R., Chateau-Thierry, P., Laxon, S. W., Mallow, U., Mavrocordatos,
C., Phalippou, L., Ratier, G., Rey, L., Rostan, F., Viau, P., and Wallis, D.
W.: CryoSat: a mission to determine the fluctuations in Earth's land and
marine ice fields, Adv. Space Res., 37, 841–871, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.027, 2006.
Willatt, R., Laxon, S., Giles, K., Cullen, R., Haas, C., and Helm, V.:
Ku-band radar penetration into snow cover on Arctic sea ice using airborne
data, Ann. Glaciol., 52, 197–205, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931589, 2011.
Zhou, L., Xu, S., Liu, J., and Wang, B.: On the retrieval of sea ice thickness and snow depth using concurrent laser altimetry and L-band remote sensing data, The Cryosphere, 12, 993–1012, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-993-2018, 2018.
Zwally, H. J., Schutz, B., Abdalati, W., Abshire, J., Bentley, C., Brenner,
A., Bufton, J., Dezio, J., Hancock, D., Harding, D., Herring, T., Minster,
B., Quinn, K., Palm, S., Spinhirne, J., and Thomas, R.: ICESat's laser
measurements of polar ice, atmosphere, ocean, and land, J. Geodyn., 34,
405–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(02)00042-X, 2002.
Zygmuntowska, M., Rampal, P., Ivanova, N., and Smedsrud, L. H.: Uncertainties in Arctic sea ice thickness and volume: new estimates and implications for trends, The Cryosphere, 8, 705–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-705-2014, 2014.