Articles | Volume 19, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4611-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4611-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
20 Oct 2025
Review article |
| 20 Oct 2025
| 20 Oct 2025
Review article: AntArchitecture – building an age–depth model from Antarctica's radiostratigraphy to explore ice-sheet evolution
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Julien A. Bodart
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Marie G. P. Cavitte
Department of Water and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Ailsa Chung
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
Rebecca J. Sanderson
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Johannes C. R. Sutter
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Olaf Eisen
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Nanna B. Karlsson
Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark
Joseph A. MacGregor
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
Neil Ross
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Duncan A. Young
University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA
David W. Ashmore
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, UK
Andreas Born
Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Winnie Chu
School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Xiangbin Cui
Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
Reinhard Drews
Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Steven Franke
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Vikram Goel
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco da Gama, Goa, India
John W. Goodge
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA
A. Clara J. Henry
Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Antoine Hermant
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Benjamin H. Hills
Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
Nicholas Holschuh
Department of Geology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
Michelle R. Koutnik
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Gwendolyn J.-M. C. Leysinger Vieli
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Emma J. MacKie
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Elisa Mantelli
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, Munich, Germany
Carlos Martín
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Felix S. L. Ng
School of Geography and Planning, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
Falk M. Oraschewski
Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark
Felipe Napoleoni
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Frédéric Parrenin
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
Sergey V. Popov
Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Gramberg All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean (VNIIOkeangeologia), St. Petersburg, Russia
Therese Rieckh
Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Rebecca Schlegel
Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Dustin M. Schroeder
Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
Martin J. Siegert
Tremough House, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
Xueyuan Tang
Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Thomas O. Teisberg
Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
Kate Winter
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
Shuai Yan
University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Harry Davis
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Christine F. Dow
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Tyler J. Fudge
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Tom A. Jordan
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Bernd Kulessa
School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science (ACEAS), Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Kenichi Matsuoka
Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
Clara J. Nyqvist
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Maryam Rahnemoonfar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
Matthew R. Siegfried
Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
Shivangini Singh
University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
Vjeran Višnjević
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Rodrigo Zamora
Institute of Science and Exploration, Valdivia, Chile
Alexandra Zuhr
Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Related authors
Bertie W. J. Miles, Tian Li, and Robert G. Bingham
The Cryosphere, 19, 4027–4043, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4027-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4027-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Totten Glacier, East Antarctica's largest mass-loss source, has thinned since at least the 1990s. No sustained acceleration has occurred since 1973, but earlier grounding-line retreat suggests prior loss. A ~20-year gap in surface undulations implies a mid-20th-century warm period that may have triggered ongoing loss. Collapse of a nearby ice shelf supports this. Current ~30-year satellite records are too short to capture full decadal melt-rate variability.
Neil Ross, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Bernd Kulessa, Martin Siegert, Guy J. G. Paxman, Keir A. Nichols, Matthew R. Siegfried, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Michael J. Bentley, Tom A. Jordan, Christine L. Batchelor, David Small, Olaf Eisen, Kate Winter, Robert G. Bingham, S. Louise Callard, Rachel Carr, Christine F. Dow, Helen A. Fricker, Emily Hill, Benjamin H. Hills, Coen Hofstede, Hafeez Jeofry, Felipe Napoleoni, and Wilson Sauthoff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3625, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3625, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We review previous research into a group of fast-flowing Antarctic ice streams, the Foundation-Patuxent-Academy System. Previously, we knew relatively little how these ice streams flow, how they interact with the ocean, what their geological history was, and how they might evolve in a warming world. By reviewing existing information on these ice streams, we identify the future research needed to determine how they function, and their potential contribution to global sea level rise.
Rebecca J. Sanderson, Kate Winter, S. Louise Callard, Felipe Napoleoni, Neil Ross, Tom A. Jordan, and Robert G. Bingham
The Cryosphere, 17, 4853–4871, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4853-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4853-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-penetrating radar allows us to explore the internal structure of glaciers and ice sheets to constrain past and present ice-flow conditions. In this paper, we examine englacial layers within the Lambert Glacier in East Antarctica using a quantitative layer tracing tool. Analysis reveals that the ice flow here has been relatively stable, but evidence for former fast flow along a tributary suggests that changes have occurred in the past and could change again in the future.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien A. Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesidio Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Detlef Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Andrew O. Hoffman, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Annika N. Horlings, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlighem, Jérémie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andrés Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Anotonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed elevation, and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
Julien A. Bodart, Robert G. Bingham, Duncan A. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, David W. Ashmore, Enrica Quartini, Andrew S. Hein, David G. Vaughan, and Donald D. Blankenship
The Cryosphere, 17, 1497–1512, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1497-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1497-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating how West Antarctica will change in response to future climatic change depends on our understanding of past ice processes. Here, we use a reflector widely visible on airborne radar data across West Antarctica to estimate accumulation rates over the past 4700 years. By comparing our estimates with current atmospheric data, we find that accumulation rates were 18 % greater than modern rates. This has implications for our understanding of past ice processes in the region.
Tancrède P. M. Leger, Andrew S. Hein, Ángel Rodés, Robert G. Bingham, Irene Schimmelpfennig, Derek Fabel, Pablo Tapia, and ASTER Team
Clim. Past, 19, 35–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-35-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-35-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past 800 thousand years, variations in the Earth’s orbit and tilt have caused antiphased solar insolation intensity in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Paradoxically, glacial records suggest that global ice sheets have responded synchronously to major cold glacial and warm interglacial episodes. To address this puzzle, we present a new detailed glacier chronology that estimates the timing of multiple Patagonian ice-sheet waxing and waning cycles over the past 300 thousand years.
Helen Ockenden, Robert G. Bingham, Andrew Curtis, and Daniel Goldberg
The Cryosphere, 16, 3867–3887, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3867-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3867-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hills and valleys hidden under the ice of Thwaites Glacier have an impact on ice flow and future ice loss, but there are not many three-dimensional observations of their location or size. We apply a mathematical theory to new high-resolution observations of the ice surface to predict the bed topography beneath the ice. There is a good correlation with ice-penetrating radar observations. The method may be useful in areas with few direct observations or as a further constraint for other methods.
Alice C. Frémand, Julien A. Bodart, Tom A. Jordan, Fausto Ferraccioli, Carl Robinson, Hugh F. J. Corr, Helen J. Peat, Robert G. Bingham, and David G. Vaughan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3379–3410, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3379-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3379-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of large swaths of airborne geophysical data (including gravity, magnetics, and radar) acquired between 1994 and 2020 over Antarctica by the British Antarctic Survey. These include a total of 64 datasets from 24 different surveys, amounting to >30 % of coverage over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. This paper discusses how these data were acquired and processed and presents the methods used to standardize and publish the data in an interactive and reproducible manner.
Álvaro Arenas-Pingarrón, Alex M. Brisbourne, Carlos Martín, Hugh F. J. Corr, Carl Robinson, Tom A. Jordan, and Paul V. Brennan
The Cryosphere, 19, 4657–4670, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4657-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4657-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging is essential for deep englacial observations. Each pixel is formed by averaging the radar echoes within an antenna beamwidth, but the echo diversity is lost after the average. We improve the SAR interpretation if three sub-images are formed with different sub-beamwidths: each is coloured in red, green, or blue, and they are overlapped, creating a coloured image. Interpreters will better identify the slopes of internal layers, crevasses, and layer roughness.
Haifeng Huo, Hui Xu, Jixiu Wu, Tao Li, Jingjin Liu, Enzhao Xiao, and Xueyuan Tang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4768, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4768, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Through a series of direct shear tests, this study analyzes the variation of shear strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) in compacted snow under different conditions of density, sintering time, and temperature. A Genetic Algorithm-Back Propagation neural network model was subsequently developed to establish systematic benchmark values for these parameters. This work provides essential data and a predictive framework for the reliable design of snow structures in cold regions.
Laurane Charrier, Amaury Dehecq, Lei Guo, Fanny Brun, Romain Millan, Nathan Lioret, Luke Copland, Nathan Maier, Christine Dow, and Paul Halas
The Cryosphere, 19, 4555–4583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4555-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4555-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
While global annual glacier velocities are openly accessible, sub-annual velocity time series are still lacking. This hinders our ability to understand flow processes and the integration of these observations in numerical models. We introduce an open source Python package called TICOI (Temporal Inversion using linear Combinations of Observations, and Interpolation) to fuse multi-temporal and multi-sensor image-pair velocities produced by different processing chains to produce standardized sub-annual velocity products.
Christian T. Wild, Reinhard Drews, Niklas Neckel, Joohan Lee, Sihyung Kim, Hyangsun Han, Won Sang Lee, Veit Helm, Sebastian Harry Reid Rosier, Oliver J. Marsh, and Wolfgang Rack
The Cryosphere, 19, 4533–4554, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4533-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4533-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet depends on how resistance along the sides of large glaciers slows down the flow of ice into the ocean. We present a method to map ice strength using the effect of ocean tides on floating ice shelves. Incorporating weaker ice in shear zones improves the accuracy of model predictions, compared with satellite observations. This demonstrates the untapped potential of radar satellites to map ice stiffness in the most critical areas for ice sheet stability.
Lise Seland Graff, Jerry Tjiputra, Ada Gjermundsen, Andreas Born, Jens Boldingh Debernard, Heiko Goelzer, Yan-Chun He, Petra Margaretha Langebroek, Aleksi Nummelin, Dirk Olivié, Øyvind Seland, Trude Storelvmo, Mats Bentsen, Chuncheng Guo, Andrea Rosendahl, Dandan Tao, Thomas Toniazzo, Camille Li, Stephen Outten, and Michael Schulz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 1671–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1671-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1671-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The magnitude of future Arctic amplification is highly uncertain. Using the Norwegian Earth System Model, we explore the effect of improving the representation of clouds, ocean eddies, the Greenland ice sheet, sea ice, and ozone on the projected Arctic winter warming in a coordinated experiment set. These improvements all lead to enhanced projected Arctic warming, with the largest changes found in the sea ice retreat regions and the largest uncertainty found on the Atlantic side.
Sina Loriani, Yevgeny Aksenov, David I. Armstrong McKay, Govindasamy Bala, Andreas Born, Cristiano Mazur Chiessi, Henk A. Dijkstra, Jonathan F. Donges, Sybren Drijfhout, Matthew H. England, Alexey V. Fedorov, Laura C. Jackson, Kai Kornhuber, Gabriele Messori, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Stefanie Rynders, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Bablu Sinha, Steven C. Sherwood, Didier Swingedouw, and Thejna Tharammal
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 1611–1653, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1611-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1611-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we draw on palaeo-records, observations, and modelling studies to review tipping points in the ocean overturning circulations, monsoon systems, and global atmospheric circulations. We find indications for tipping in the ocean overturning circulations and the West African monsoon, with potentially severe impacts on the Earth system and humans. Tipping in the other considered systems is regarded as conceivable but is currently not sufficiently supported by evidence.
Ailsa Chung, Frédéric Parrenin, Robert Mulvaney, Luca Vittuari, Massimo Frezzotti, Antonio Zanutta, David A. Lilien, Marie G. P. Cavitte, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 19, 4125–4140, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4125-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4125-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We applied an ice flow model to a flow line from the summit of Dome C to the Beyond EPICA ice core drill site on Little Dome C in Antarctica. Results show that the oldest ice at the drill site may be 1.12 Ma (at an age density of 20 kyr m-1) and originate from around 15 km upstream. We also discuss the nature of the 200–250 m thick basal layer which could be composed of stagnant ice, disturbed ice or even accreted ice (possibly containing debris).
Josefin Ahlkrona, A. Clara J. Henry, and André Löfgren
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4359, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4359, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
This paper leverages the Free Surface Stabilization Algorithm of Kaus et al. (2010) to construct the first fully implicit discretization of viscous free surface flows. It also presents the first second order accurate time-stepping scheme applicable to ice sheet models. We test the new method on an idealized problem and on a 2D glacier simulation. The results indicates that the method has great potential to speedup ice sheet models.
Bertie W. J. Miles, Tian Li, and Robert G. Bingham
The Cryosphere, 19, 4027–4043, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4027-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4027-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Totten Glacier, East Antarctica's largest mass-loss source, has thinned since at least the 1990s. No sustained acceleration has occurred since 1973, but earlier grounding-line retreat suggests prior loss. A ~20-year gap in surface undulations implies a mid-20th-century warm period that may have triggered ongoing loss. Collapse of a nearby ice shelf supports this. Current ~30-year satellite records are too short to capture full decadal melt-rate variability.
Michael Joseph Field, Emma Johanne MacKie, Lijing Wang, Atsuhiro Muto, and Niya Shao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2680, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2680, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelves are thinning and losing mass in West Antarctica because of interaction with warm water. The topography of the bedrock beneath the ice shelves is difficult to measure but important for understanding how quickly the ice shelves will melt. This study uses gravity data to infer the bedrock topography beneath the ice shelves. We use statistical methods to create an ensemble of bathymetry models that sample the uncertainty of the assumptions in the problem.
Shuai Yan, Duncan A. Young, Donald D. Blankenship, Tyler J. Fudge, Duyi Li, Laura Lindzey, Hunter Reeves, Alejandra Vega-Gonzalez, Shivangini Singh, Megan Kerr, Emily Wilbur, and Michelle Koutnik
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3944, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3944, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the radar characteristics of the basal unit along Dome A’s southern flank. Through manual mapping and delay-Doppler analysis, we identifies two basal unit types and maps the spatial variation of incoherent scattering. The results suggest that basal unit radar appearance is influenced by englacial temperature variability and potentially by subglacial geological controls.
Neil Ross, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Bernd Kulessa, Martin Siegert, Guy J. G. Paxman, Keir A. Nichols, Matthew R. Siegfried, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Michael J. Bentley, Tom A. Jordan, Christine L. Batchelor, David Small, Olaf Eisen, Kate Winter, Robert G. Bingham, S. Louise Callard, Rachel Carr, Christine F. Dow, Helen A. Fricker, Emily Hill, Benjamin H. Hills, Coen Hofstede, Hafeez Jeofry, Felipe Napoleoni, and Wilson Sauthoff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3625, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3625, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We review previous research into a group of fast-flowing Antarctic ice streams, the Foundation-Patuxent-Academy System. Previously, we knew relatively little how these ice streams flow, how they interact with the ocean, what their geological history was, and how they might evolve in a warming world. By reviewing existing information on these ice streams, we identify the future research needed to determine how they function, and their potential contribution to global sea level rise.
Ellen Lucinda Mutter and Nicholas Holschuh
The Cryosphere, 19, 3159–3176, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3159-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3159-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-penetrating radar is a technology that lets us see through ice sheets, capturing their organized, layered structure. But near the ice bottom, radar data are much more complicated, with signals that are disordered and often ignored. Here, we work to better understand these complex signals by comparing radar data to measurements of ice structure from ice cores. We show these signals reflect structural changes in the ice itself and can inform our search for ancient climate records.
Ole Zeising, Tore Hattermann, Lars Kaleschke, Sophie Berger, Olaf Boebel, Reinhard Drews, M. Reza Ershadi, Tanja Fromm, Frank Pattyn, Daniel Steinhage, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 19, 2837–2854, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2837-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2837-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Basal melting of ice shelves impacts the mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. This study focuses on the Ekström Ice Shelf in East Antarctica, using multiyear data from an autonomous radar system. Results show a surprising seasonal pattern of high melt rates in winter and spring. The seasonalities of sea-ice growth and ocean density indicate that, in winter, dense water enhances plume activity and melt rates. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for improving future mass balance projections.
Shaoxia Liu, Xueyuan Tang, Shuhu Yang, and Lijuan Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3092, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3092, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
1. We have used a computer model to understand the distribution of heat from the Earth's interior across the Antarctic continent. 2. The findings show that heat flow is generally lower in East Antarctica, while it is higher in West Antarctica in coastal and mountainous areas. 3. These differences affect the movement and melting of glaciers and help us to predict changes in sea level due to climate change.
Younghyun Koo, Gong Cheng, Mathieu Morlighem, and Maryam Rahnemoonfar
The Cryosphere, 19, 2583–2599, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2583-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2583-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Calving, the breaking of ice bodies from the terminus of a glacier, plays an important role in the mass losses of Greenland ice sheets. However, calving parameters have been poorly understood because of the intensive computational demands of traditional numerical models. To address this issue and find the optimal calving parameter that best represents real observations, we develop deep-learning emulators based on graph neural network architectures.
Amy Constance Faith King, Thomas Keith Bauska, Amaelle Landais, Carlos Martin, and Eric William Wolff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3305, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3305, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
We show how measurements of nitrogen isotopes in Antarctic ice core records can be used to show dramatic thinning of an ice sheet during ice mass changes in the Holocene. Combining such measurements with proxies for ice sheet elevation could be a powerful tool for constraining the history of ice dynamics at sites which are sensitive to rapid changes, and could contribute to constraining ice sheet models.
Titouan Tcheng, Elise Fourré, Christophe Leroy-Dos-Santos, Frédéric Parrenin, Emmanuel Le Meur, Frédéric Prié, Olivier Jossoud, Roxanne Jacob, Bénédicte Minster, Olivier Magand, Cécile Agosta, Niels Dutrievoz, Vincent Favier, Léa Baubant, Coralie Lassalle-Bernard, Mathieu Casado, Martin Werner, Alexandre Cauquoin, Laurent Arnaud, Bruno Jourdain, Ghislain Picard, Marie Bouchet, and Amaëlle Landais
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2863, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2863, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Studying Antarctic ice cores is crucial to assess past climate changes, as they hold historical climate data. This study examines multiple ice cores from three sites in coastal Adélie Land to see if combining cores improves data interpretability. It does at two sites, but at a third, wind-driven snow layer mixing limited benefits. We show that using multiple ice cores from one location can better uncover climate history, especially in areas with less wind disturbance.
Ole Zeising, Álvaro Arenas-Pingarrón, Alex M. Brisbourne, and Carlos Martín
The Cryosphere, 19, 2355–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ice crystal orientation influences how glacier ice deforms. Radar polarimetry is commonly used to study the bulk ice crystal orientation, but the often used coherence method only provides information of the shallow ice in fast-flowing areas. This study shows that reducing the bandwidth of high-bandwidth radar data significantly enhances the depth limit of the coherence method. This improvement helps us to better understand ice dynamics in fast-flowing ice streams.
Shfaqat A. Khan, Helene Seroussi, Mathieu Morlighem, William Colgan, Veit Helm, Gong Cheng, Danjal Berg, Valentina R. Barletta, Nicolaj K. Larsen, William Kochtitzky, Michiel van den Broeke, Kurt H. Kjær, Andy Aschwanden, Brice Noël, Jason E. Box, Joseph A. MacGregor, Robert S. Fausto, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Ian M. Howat, Kuba Oniszk, Dominik Fahrner, Anja Løkkegaard, Eigil Y. H. Lippert, Alicia Bråtner, and Javed Hassan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3047–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3047-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3047-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The surface elevation of the Greenland Ice Sheet is changing due to surface mass balance processes and ice dynamics, each exhibiting distinct spatiotemporal patterns. Here, we employ satellite and airborne altimetry data with fine spatial (1 km) and temporal (monthly) resolutions to document this spatiotemporal evolution from 2003 to 2023. This dataset of fine-resolution altimetry data in both space and time will support studies of ice mass loss and be useful for GIS ice sheet modeling.
Joseph A. MacGregor, Mark A. Fahnestock, John D. Paden, Jilu Li, Jeremy P. Harbeck, and Andy Aschwanden
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2911–2931, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2911-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2911-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the second version of a deep radiostratigraphic database for the Greenland Ice Sheet. It includes numerous improvements to the original database from 2015 and includes newer high-quality radar sounding data from 2014–2019. It represents a unique and widespread constraint on the history of the ice sheet that could be helpful to initialize and interpret ice-sheet models.
Vikram Goel, Carlos Martin, Kenichi Matsuoka, Bhanu Pratap, Geir Moholdt, Rahul Dey, Chavarukonam M. Laluraj, and Meloth Thamban
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2037, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We identified an ideal site in coastal East Antarctica for extracting ice core that contain detailed climate records dating back 20,000 years. We surveyed two ice rises combining radar measurements with ice flow modeling to assess their suitability. One site emerged as optimal, offering well-preserved climate history with high temporal resolution. An ice core record from this site could help us understand historical interactions between sea ice, winds, and precipitation patterns in the region.
Hameed Moqadam and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 19, 2159–2196, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2159-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2159-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This is an overview of methodologies that have been applied to map the internal reflection horizons, or ice-layer boundaries, of ice sheets on Earth and other planets. We briefly explain radar applications in glaciology and the methods which have been used and published. There are summaries of the published work of the last 2 decades. Finally, we conclude by introducing the gaps and opportunities for further advancement in this field, and we present possible future directions.
Steven Franke, Mara Neudert, Veit Helm, Arttu Jutila, Océane Hames, Niklas Neckel, Stefanie Arndt, and Christian Haas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2657, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2657, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explored how icebergs affect the distribution of snow and flooding on Antarctic coastal sea ice. Using aircraft-based radar and laser scanning, we found that icebergs create thick snow drifts on their wind-facing sides and leave snow-free zones in their lee. The weight of these snow drifts often causes the ice below to flood, forming slush. These patterns, driven by wind and iceberg placement, are crucial for understanding sea ice changes and improving climate models.
Felix Pollak, Frédéric Parrenin, Emilie Capron, Zanna Chase, Lenneke Jong, and Etienne Legrain
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2233, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2233, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) marked a shift towards extended glacial periods and amplitudes, while its underlying mechanisms are still disputed. Here, we present a new conceptual model capable of simulating the global ice volume over the last 2.6 Ma and reconstructing the MPT. We find that a long-lasting, gradual trend in the climate system is most favourable in reconstructing the MPT and that for the last 900 ka, precession was more important for glacial terminations than obliquity.
Tamara Annina Gerber, David A. Lilien, Niels F. Nymand, Daniel Steinhage, Olaf Eisen, and Dorthe Dahl-Jensen
The Cryosphere, 19, 1955–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1955-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1955-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how anisotropic scattering and birefringence affect radar signals in ice sheets. Using data from northeast Greenland, we show that anisotropic scattering – driven by subtle ice crystal orientation changes – dominates the azimuthal power response. We find a strong link between scattering strength, orientation, and stratigraphy. This suggests anisotropic scattering can reveal crystal fabric orientation and differentiate ice units from distinct climatic periods.
Marc J. Sailer, Tyler J. Fudge, John D. Patterson, Shuai Yan, Duncan A. Young, Shivangini Singh, Don Blankenship, and Megan Kerr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2104, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2104, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we model vertical atmospheric gas diffusion in ice older than 1 million years in the Antarctic ice sheet. We estimate climate signal preservation and help identify a potential region for a future deep ice core in East Antarctica. We find that regions with low accumulation rates and moderate ice thickness result in lower diffusion rates. In particular, the foothills of Dome A is a promising location for a deep ice core that extends the present ice core record.
Charlotte Rahlves, Heiko Goelzer, Andreas Born, and Petra M. Langebroek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2192, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2192, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to better simulate how Greenland’s ice sheet may change over thousands of years in response to climate change. Using a stand-alone ice sheet model, we adjust snowfall and melting patterns based on changes in the ice sheet’s shape. This approach avoids complex coupled models and enables faster testing of many future scenarios to understand the long-term stability of Greenland’s ice.
Felix S. L. Ng, Rachael H. Rhodes, Tyler J. Fudge, and Eric W. Wolff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1566, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1566, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Impurity diffusion in ice causes loss of climate history. We give a new method of finding the diffusion rate from ice-core records. Its use on sulphate data from the EPICA Dome C core reveals rapid diffusion in snow that suggests H2SO4 vapour diffusion in air pores, and much slower diffusion in the ice below that indicates signal relocation between crystal interfaces. We estimate a maximum sulphate diffusion length of 2 cm for ice 1–2 Myr old sought by the ice-coring projects on Little Dome C.
Marnie B. Bryant, Adrian A. Borsa, Eric J. Anderson, Claire C. Masteller, Roger J. Michaelides, Matthew R. Siegfried, and Adam P. Young
The Cryosphere, 19, 1825–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1825-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1825-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We measure shoreline change across a 7 km stretch of coastline on the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast between 2019 and 2022 using multispectral imagery from Planet and satellite altimetry from ICESat-2. We find that shoreline change rates are high and variable and that different shoreline types show distinct patterns of change in shoreline position and topography. We discuss how the observed changes may be driven by both time-varying ocean and air conditions and spatial variations in morphology.
Jonas Liebsch, Jörg Ebbing, and Kenichi Matsuoka
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1905, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of the Antarctic ice sheets depends, in addition to factors representing the warming climate, on the earth structure beneath the ice. What’s beneath the ice is largely inaccessible for direct sampling, but can be interpreted with the use of satellite or airborne measurements. We apply an unsupervised machine learning method to such data in East Antarctica to test whether this can ease interpretation and hence our understanding of what rocks are beneath the ice.
Charlotte M. Carter, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, Chris R. Stokes, Veit Helm, John Paden, and Olaf Eisen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1743, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1743, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The landscapes beneath actively fast-flowing ice in Greenland have not been explored in detail, as digital elevation models do not have a high enough resolution to see these subglacial features. We use swath radar imaging to visualise these landforms at a high resolution, revealing a landscape that would usually be assumed to be indicative of faster ice flow than the current velocities. Interpretation of the landscape also gives an indication of the properties of the bed beneath the ice stream.
Sjur Barndon, Robert Law, Andreas Born, Thomas Chudley, and Stefanie Brechtelsbauer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1304, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1304, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
By simulating a section of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet over a deep fjord, we aim to understand the behaviour of ice sheets over rough landscapes. For perpendicular flow, we find reduced speed within the fjord and reverse flow at its base. Comparing real and smoothed topography shows that low-resolution models fail to capture these effects. Our findings have implications for Greenland ice sheet models, as commonly used bedrock resolutions likely overlook the influence of similar rough landscapes.
Robert Law, Andreas Born, Philipp Voigt, Joseph A. MacGregor, and Claire Marie Guimond
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.18779, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.18779, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Convection has been previously, yet contentiously, suggested for ice sheets, but never before comprehensively explored using numerical models. We use mantle dynamics code to test the hypothesis that convection gives rise to enigmatic plume-like features observed in radio-stratigraphy observations of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Our results provide very good agreement with field observations, but could imply that ice in northern Greenland is significantly softer than commonly thought.
Zhengyi Song, Yudi Pan, Jiangtao Li, Hongrui Peng, Yiming Wang, Yuande Yang, Kai Lu, Xueyuan Tang, and Xiaohong Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1274, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Obtaining the physical properties of ice sheets is important. In this study, we use seismic ambient noise to obtain the shallow S-wave velocity structure at the Dome A region. The result agrees with the ice-core data nearby and reveals radial anisotropy in the firn layer due to compaction and recrystallization processes. This study demonstrates that cultural seismic noise provides an effective and environmentally friendly way for the imaging of near-surface structures in Antarctica.
Andrew O. Hoffman, Knut Christianson, Ching-Yao Lai, Ian Joughin, Nicholas Holschuh, Elizabeth Case, Jonathan Kingslake, and the GHOST science team
The Cryosphere, 19, 1353–1372, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1353-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1353-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use satellite and ice-penetrating radar technology to segment crevasses in the Amundsen Sea Embayment. Inspection of satellite time series reveals inland expansion of crevasses where surface stresses have increased. We develop a simple model for the strength of densifying snow and show that these crevasses are likely restricted to the near surface. This result bridges discrepancies between satellite and lab experiments and reveals the importance of porosity on surface crevasse formation.
Charlotte Rahlves, Heiko Goelzer, Andreas Born, and Petra M. Langebroek
The Cryosphere, 19, 1205–1220, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1205-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1205-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet significantly contributes to rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities globally. To improve future sea-level projections, we simulated ice sheet behavior until 2100, initializing the model with observed geometry and using various climate models. Predictions indicate a sea-level rise of 32 to 228 mm by 2100, with climate model uncertainty being the main source of variability in projections.
Steven Franke, Daniel Steinhage, Veit Helm, Alexandra M. Zuhr, Julien A. Bodart, Olaf Eisen, and Paul Bons
The Cryosphere, 19, 1153–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1153-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1153-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study presents internal reflection horizons (IRHs) over an area of 450 000 km² from western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, spanning 4.8–91 ka. Using radar and ice core data, nine IRHs were dated and correlated with volcanic events. The data enhance our understanding of the ice sheet's age–depth architecture, accumulation, and dynamics. The findings inform ice flow models and contribute to Antarctic-wide comparisons of IRHs, supporting efforts toward a 3D age–depth ice sheet model.
James W. Marschalek, Edward Gasson, Tina van de Flierdt, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Martin J. Siegert, and Liam Holder
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1673–1708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1673-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1673-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheet models can help predict how Antarctica's ice sheets respond to environmental change, and such models benefit from comparison to geological data. Here, we use an ice sheet model output and other data to predict the erosion of debris and trace its transport to where it is deposited on the ocean floor. This allows the results of ice sheet modelling to be directly and quantitively compared to real-world data, helping to reduce uncertainty regarding Antarctic sea level contribution.
Penelope How, Dorthe Petersen, Kristian Kjellerup Kjeldsen, Katrine Raundrup, Nanna Bjørnholt Karlsson, Alexandra Messerli, Anja Rutishauser, Jonathan Lee Carrivick, James M. Lea, Robert Schjøtt Fausto, Andreas Peter Ahlstrøm, and Signe Bech Andersen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-18, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-marginal lakes around Greenland temporarily store glacial meltwater, affecting sea level rise, glacier dynamics and ecosystems. Our study presents an eight-year inventory (2016–2023) of 2918 lakes, mapping their size, abundance, and surface water temperature. This openly available dataset supports future research on sea level projections, lake-driven glacier melting, and sustainable resource planning, including hydropower development under Greenland's climate commitments.
Jennifer F. Arthur, Calvin Shackleton, Geir Moholdt, Kenichi Matsuoka, and Jelte van Oostveen
The Cryosphere, 19, 375–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-375-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-375-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes can form beneath the large ice sheets and can influence ice-sheet dynamics and stability. Some of these subglacial lakes are active, meaning that they periodically drain and refill. Here we report seven new active subglacial lakes close to the Antarctic Ice Sheet margin using satellite measurements of ice surface height changes in a region where little was known previously. These findings improve our understanding of subglacial hydrology and will help refine subglacial hydrological models.
Frédéric Parrenin, Ailsa Chung, and Carlos Martín
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3411, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3411, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new numerical age solver for a pseudo-steady flow tube of an ice sheet. Thanks to a new coordinate system which tracks the trajectories and a change of the time variable, our scheme combines the advantages of Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes: no numerical diffusion and no dilution of tracers. Our model is so fast that it is easy to optimize its parameters. Our model is made available to the ice sheet community as an easy to use open-source software coded in python.
Paul Dirk Bons, Yuanbang Hu, Maria-Gema Llorens, Steven Franke, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, Julien Wetshoff, and Yu Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3817, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3817, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
What causes folds in ice layers from the km-scale down to the scale visible in drill core? Classical buckle folding due to variations in viscosity between layers, or the effect of mechanical anisotropy of ice due to an alignment of the crystal-lattice planes? Comparison of power spectra of folds in ice, a biotite schist, and numerical simulations show that folding in ice is due to the mechanical anisotropy, as there is no characteristic fold scale that would result from buckle folding.
Joanne S. Johnson, John Woodward, Ian Nesbitt, Kate Winter, Seth Campbell, Keir A. Nichols, Ryan A. Venturelli, Scott Braddock, Brent M. Goehring, Brenda Hall, Dylan H. Rood, and Greg Balco
The Cryosphere, 19, 303–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-303-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-303-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Determining where and when the Antarctic ice sheet was smaller than present requires recovery and exposure dating of subglacial bedrock. Here we use ice sheet model outputs and field data (geological and glaciological observations, bedrock samples, and ground-penetrating radar) to assess the suitability for subglacial drilling of sites in the Hudson Mountains, West Antarctica. We find that no sites are perfect, but two are feasible, with the most suitable being Winkie Nunatak (74.86°S, 99.77°W).
Konstanze Haubner, Heiko Goelzer, and Andreas Born
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3785, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We add a new dynamic component – an ice sheet model simulating the Greenland ice sheet – to an Earth system model that already captures the global climate evolution including ocean, atmosphere, land and sea ice. Under a strong warming scenario, the global warming of 10 °C over 250 yrs is dominating the climate evolution. Changes from the ice-climate interaction are mainly local yet impacting the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet. Hence, ice-climate feedbacks should be considered beyond 2100.
Nicolas B. Sartore, Till J. W. Wagner, Matthew R. Siegfried, Nimish Pujara, and Lucas K. Zoet
The Cryosphere, 19, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-249-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-249-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how waves may erode the front of Antarctica's largest ice shelf, Ross Ice Shelf, and how this results in bending forces that can cause deformation of the near-front shelf and trigger intermediate-scale calving (with icebergs of lengths ∼ 100 m). We compare satellite observations to theoretical estimates of erosion and ice shelf bending in order to better understand the processes underlying this type of calving and its role in the overall ice shelf mass flux.
Thi-Khanh-Dieu Hoang, Aurélien Quiquet, Christophe Dumas, Andreas Born, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 21, 27–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-27-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-27-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the simulation of surface mass balance (SMB) that influences the advance–retreat of ice sheets, we run a snow model, the BErgen Snow SImulator (BESSI), with transient climate forcing obtained from an Earth system model, iLOVECLIM, over Greenland and Antarctica during the Last Interglacial (LIG; 130–116 ka). Compared to the simple existing SMB scheme of iLOVECLIM, BESSI gives more details about SMB processes with higher physics constraints while maintaining a low computational cost.
Heiko Goelzer, Petra M. Langebroek, Andreas Born, Stefan Hofer, Konstanze Haubner, Michele Petrini, Gunter Leguy, William H. Lipscomb, and Katherine Thayer-Calder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3045, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3045, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
On the backdrop of observed accelerating ice sheet mass loss over the last few decades, there is growing interest in the role of ice sheet changes in global climate projections. In this regard, we have coupled an Earth system model with an ice sheet model and have produced an initial set of climate projections including an interactive coupling with a dynamic Greenland ice sheet.
Frédéric Parrenin, Marie Bouchet, Christo Buizert, Emilie Capron, Ellen Corrick, Russell Drysdale, Kenji Kawamura, Amaëlle Landais, Robert Mulvaney, Ikumi Oyabu, and Sune Olander Rasmussen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8735–8750, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8735-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8735-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleochrono-1.1 probabilistic dating model allows users to derive a common and optimized chronology for several paleoclimatic sites from various archives (ice cores, speleothems, marine cores, lake cores, etc.). It combines prior sedimentation scenarios with chronological information such as dated horizons, dated intervals, stratigraphic links and (for ice cores) Δdepth observations. Paleochrono-1.1 is available under an open-source license.
Penglan Luo, Gang Qiao, Zhi Qu, and Sergey Popov
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-3-2024, 311–318, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-311-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-311-2024, 2024
Marie Genevieve Paule Cavitte, Hugues Goosse, Quentin Dalaiden, and Nicolas Ghilain
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3140, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3140, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cores in East Antarctica show contrasting records of past snowfall. We tested if large-scale weather patterns could explain this by combining ice core data with an atmospheric model and radar-derived errors. However, the reconstruction produced unrealistic wind patterns to fit the ice core records. We suggest that uncertainties are not fully captured and that small-scale local wind effects, not represented in the model, could significantly influence snowfall records in the ice cores.
Tobias Zolles and Andreas Born
The Cryosphere, 18, 4831–4844, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4831-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4831-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland ice sheet largely depends on the climate state. The uncertainties associated with the year-to-year variability have only a marginal impact on our simulated surface mass budget; this increases our confidence in projections and reconstructions. Basing the simulations on proxies, e.g., temperature, results in overestimates of the surface mass balance, as climatologies lead to small amounts of snowfall every day. This can be reduced by including sub-monthly precipitation variability.
Adam J. Hepburn, Christine F. Dow, Antti Ojala, Joni Mäkinen, Elina Ahokangas, Jussi Hovikoski, Jukka-Pekka Palmu, and Kari Kajuutti
The Cryosphere, 18, 4873–4916, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Terrain formerly occupied by ice sheets in the last ice age allows us to parameterize models of basal water flow using terrain and data unavailable beneath current ice sheets. Using GlaDS, a 2D basal hydrology model, we explore the origin of murtoos, a specific landform found throughout Finland that is thought to mark the upper limit of channels beneath the ice. Our results validate many of the predictions of murtoo origins and demonstrate that such models can be used to explore past ice sheets.
Emma Pearce, Dimitri Zigone, Coen Hofstede, Andreas Fichtner, Joachim Rimpot, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Johannes Freitag, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 18, 4917–4932, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study near EastGRIP camp in Greenland shows varying firn properties by direction (crucial for studying ice stream stability, structure, surface mass balance, and past climate conditions). We used dispersion curve analysis of Love and Rayleigh waves to show firn is nonuniform along and across the flow of an ice stream due to wind patterns, seasonal variability, and the proximity to the edge of the ice stream. This method better informs firn structure, advancing ice stream understanding.
Daniel H. Richards, Elisa Mantelli, Samuel S. Pegler, and Sandra Piazolo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3067, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3067, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice behaves differently depending on its crystal orientation, but how this affects its flow is unclear. We combine a range of previous models into a common equation to better understand crystal alignment. We tested a range of previous models on ice streams and divides, discovering that the best fit to observations comes from a) assuming neighbouring crystals have the same stress, and b) through describing the effect of crystal orientation on the flow in a way that allows directional variation.
Felix S. L. Ng
The Cryosphere, 18, 4645–4669, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4645-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4645-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Liquid veins and grain boundaries in ice can accelerate the decay of climate signals in δ18O and δD by short-circuiting the slow isotopic diffusion in crystal grains. This theory for "excess diffusion" has not been confirmed experimentally. We show that, if the mechanism occurs, then distinct isotopic patterns must form near grain junctions, offering a testable prediction of the theory. We calculate the patterns and describe an experimental scheme for testing ice-core samples for the mechanism.
Antoine Hermant, Linnea Huusko, and Thorsten Mauritsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10707–10715, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10707-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10707-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles, from natural and human sources, have a cooling effect on the climate, partially offsetting global warming. They do this through direct (sunlight reflection) and indirect (cloud property alteration) mechanisms. Using a global climate model, we found that, despite declining emissions, the direct effect of human aerosols has increased while the indirect effect has decreased, which is attributed to the shift in emissions from North America and Europe to Southeast Asia.
Christian Wirths, Thomas F. Stocker, and Johannes C. R. Sutter
The Cryosphere, 18, 4435–4462, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4435-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4435-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the influence of several regional climate models on the Antarctic Ice Sheet when applied as forcing for the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). Our study shows that the choice of regional climate model forcing results in uncertainties of around a tenth of those in future sea level rise projections and also affects the extent of grounding line retreat in West Antarctica.
Therese Rieckh, Andreas Born, Alexander Robinson, Robert Law, and Gerrit Gülle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6987–7000, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the open-source model ELSA, which simulates the internal age structure of large ice sheets. It creates layers of snow accumulation at fixed times during the simulation, which are used to model the internal stratification of the ice sheet. Together with reconstructed isochrones from radiostratigraphy data, ELSA can be used to assess ice sheet models and to improve their parameterization. ELSA can be used coupled to an ice sheet model or forced with its output.
Falk M. Oraschewski, Inka Koch, M. Reza Ershadi, Jonathan D. Hawkins, Olaf Eisen, and Reinhard Drews
The Cryosphere, 18, 3875–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3875-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3875-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain glaciers have a layered structure which contains information about past snow accumulation and ice flow. Using ground-penetrating radar instruments, the internal structure can be observed. The detection of layers in the deeper parts of a glacier is often difficult. Here, we present a new approach for imaging the englacial structure of an Alpine glacier (Colle Gnifetti, Switzerland and Italy) using a phase-sensitive radar that can detect reflection depth changes at sub-wavelength scales.
Siobhan F. Killingbeck, Anja Rutishauser, Martyn J. Unsworth, Ashley Dubnick, Alison S. Criscitiello, James Killingbeck, Christine F. Dow, Tim Hill, Adam D. Booth, Brittany Main, and Eric Brossier
The Cryosphere, 18, 3699–3722, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A subglacial lake was proposed to exist beneath Devon Ice Cap in the Canadian Arctic based on the analysis of airborne data. Our study presents a new interpretation of the subglacial material beneath the Devon Ice Cap from surface-based geophysical data. We show that there is no evidence of subglacial water, and the subglacial lake has likely been misidentified. Re-evaluation of the airborne data shows that overestimation of a critical processing parameter has likely occurred in prior studies.
Thore Kausch, Stef Lhermitte, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Eric Keenan, and Shashwat Shukla
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2077, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2077, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Determining the net balance of snow accumulation on the surface of Antarctica is challenging. Sentinel-1 satellite sensors, which can see through snow, offer a promising method. However, linking their signals to snow amounts is complex due to snow's internal structure and limited on-the-ground data. This study found a connection between satellite signals and snow levels at three locations in Dronning Maud Land. Using models and field data, the method shows potential for wider use in Antarctica.
Nanna B. Karlsson, Dustin M. Schroeder, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Winnie Chu, Jørgen Dall, Natalia H. Andersen, Reese Dobson, Emma J. Mackie, Simon J. Köhn, Jillian E. Steinmetz, Angelo S. Tarzona, Thomas O. Teisberg, and Niels Skou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3333–3344, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3333-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3333-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the 1970s, more than 177 000 km of observations were acquired from airborne radar over the Greenland ice sheet. The radar data contain information on not only the thickness of the ice, but also the properties of the ice itself. This information was recorded on film rolls and subsequently stored. In this study, we document the digitization of these film rolls that shed new and unprecedented detailed light on the Greenland ice sheet 50 years ago.
Dominique Raynaud, Qiuzhen Yin, Emilie Capron, Zhipeng Wu, Frédéric Parrenin, André Berger, and Vladimir Lipenkov
Clim. Past, 20, 1269–1282, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1269-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1269-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is a lack of reconstructions from Antarctic ice cores of the temperature during the summer, a critical season in terms of solar energy received, preventing a good understanding of the link between Antarctic past climate and astronomically induced insolation changes. Here, the variations in total air content in an Antarctic ice core are found to be correlated to local summer temperatures simulated with a climate model. This tracer can be used to reconstruct past local summer temperatures.
Eledath M. Gayathri, Chavarukonam M. Laluraj, Karathazhiyath Satheesan, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mahalinganathan Kanthanathan, and Meloth Thamban
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1666, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1666, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we study the effects of short–term atmospheric warming events on the ice sheet surface and subsurface temperatures of coastal Dronning Maud Land during 2014–2018. Our results revealed that the impact of warming events over ice sheet surface and subsurface temperatures varies with the mechanism of warming and prevailing meteorological conditions. The frequency and duration of such events are important for the surface and sub-surface processes of ice sheets.
Anja Rutishauser, Kirk M. Scanlan, Baptiste Vandecrux, Nanna B. Karlsson, Nicolas Jullien, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Robert S. Fausto, and Penelope How
The Cryosphere, 18, 2455–2472, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2455-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2455-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ice Sheet interior is covered by a layer of firn, which is important for surface meltwater runoff and contributions to global sea-level rise. Here, we combine airborne radar sounding and laser altimetry measurements to delineate vertically homogeneous and heterogeneous firn. Our results reveal changes in firn between 2011–2019, aligning well with known climatic events. This approach can be used to outline firn areas primed for significantly changing future meltwater runoff.
Charlotte M. Carter, Michael J. Bentley, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Guy J. G. Paxman, Tom A. Jordan, Julien A. Bodart, Neil Ross, and Felipe Napoleoni
The Cryosphere, 18, 2277–2296, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use radio-echo sounding data to investigate the presence of flat surfaces beneath the Evans–Rutford region in West Antarctica. These surfaces may be what remains of laterally continuous surfaces, formed before the inception of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and we assess two hypotheses for their formation. Tectonic structures in the region may have also had a control on the growth of the ice sheet by focusing ice flow into troughs adjoining these surfaces.
Rebecca B. Latto, Ross J. Turner, Anya M. Reading, Sue Cook, Bernd Kulessa, and J. Paul Winberry
The Cryosphere, 18, 2081–2101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2081-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2081-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic catalogues are potentially rich sources of information on glacier processes. In a companion study, we constructed an event catalogue for seismic data from the Whillans Ice Stream. Here, we provide a semi-automated workflow for consistent catalogue analysis using an unsupervised cluster analysis. We discuss the defining characteristics of identified signal types found in this catalogue and possible mechanisms for the underlying glacier processes and noise sources.
Alexandra M. Zuhr, Sonja Wahl, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Maria Hörhold, Hanno Meyer, Vasileios Gkinis, and Thomas Laepple
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1861–1874, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1861-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1861-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present stable water isotope data from the accumulation zone of the Greenland ice sheet. A spatial sampling scheme covering 39 m and three depth layers was carried out between 14 May and 3 August 2018. The data suggest spatial and temporal variability related to meteorological conditions, such as wind-driven snow redistribution and vapour–snow exchange processes. The data can be used to study the formation of the stable water isotopes signal, which is seen as a climate proxy.
Zhengyi Hu, Wei Jiang, Yuzhen Yan, Yan Huang, Xueyuan Tang, Lin Li, Florian Ritterbusch, Guo-Min Yang, Zheng-Tian Lu, and Guitao Shi
The Cryosphere, 18, 1647–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1647-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1647-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The age of the surface blue ice in the Grove Mountains area is dated to be about 140 000 years, and one meteorite found here is 260 000 years old. It is inferred that the Grove Mountains blue-ice area holds considerable potential for paleoclimate studies.
Gustav Jungdal-Olesen, Jane Lund Andersen, Andreas Born, and Vivi Kathrine Pedersen
The Cryosphere, 18, 1517–1532, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explore how the shape of the land and underwater features in Scandinavia affected the former Scandinavian ice sheet over time. Using a computer model, we simulate how the ice sheet evolved during different stages of landscape development. We discovered that early glaciations were limited in size by underwater landforms, but as these changed, the ice sheet expanded more rapidly. Our findings highlight the importance of considering landscape changes when studying ice-sheet history.
Sheng Dong, Lei Fu, Xueyuan Tang, Zefeng Li, and Xiaofei Chen
The Cryosphere, 18, 1241–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Subglacial lakes are a unique environment at the bottom of ice sheets, and they have distinct features in radar echo images that allow for visual detection. In this study, we use machine learning to analyze radar reflection waveforms and identify candidate subglacial lakes. Our approach detects more lakes than known inventories and can be used to expand the subglacial lake inventory. Additionally, this analysis may also provide insights into interpreting other subglacial conditions.
Christine F. Dow, Derek Mueller, Peter Wray, Drew Friedrichs, Alexander L. Forrest, Jasmin B. McInerney, Jamin Greenbaum, Donald D. Blankenship, Choon Ki Lee, and Won Sang Lee
The Cryosphere, 18, 1105–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelves are a key control on Antarctic contribution to sea level rise. We examine the Nansen Ice Shelf in East Antarctica using a combination of field-based and satellite data. We find the basal topography of the ice shelf is highly variable, only partially visible in satellite datasets. We also find that the thinnest region of the ice shelf is altered over time by ice flow rates and ocean melting. These processes can cause fractures to form that eventually result in large calving events.
Tyler J. Fudge, Raphael Sauvage, Linh Vu, Benjamin H. Hills, Mirko Severi, and Edwin D. Waddington
Clim. Past, 20, 297–312, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-297-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use the oldest Antarctic ice core to estimate the rate of diffusion of sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is a marker of past volcanic activity and is critical in developing ice core timescales. The rate of diffusion is uncertain and is important to know, both for selecting future ice core locations and interpreting ice core records. We find the effective diffusivity of sulfate is 10 times smaller than previously estimated, indicating that the sulfuric acid signals will persist for longer.
Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Rasmus Bahbah, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Natalia Havelund Andersen, Jade Bowling, Noel Gourmelen, Alex Horton, Nanna B. Karlsson, Amber Leeson, Jennifer Maddalena, Malcolm McMillan, Anne Solgaard, and Birgit Wessel
The Cryosphere, 18, 505–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-505-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-505-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Under the right topographic and hydrological conditions, lakes may form beneath the large ice sheets. Some of these subglacial lakes are active, meaning that they periodically drain and refill. When a subglacial lake drains rapidly, it may cause the ice surface above to collapse, and here we investigate how to improve the monitoring of active subglacial lakes in Greenland by monitoring how their associated collapse basins change over time.
Tobias Roylands, Robert G. Hilton, Erin L. McClymont, Mark H. Garnett, Guillaume Soulet, Sébastien Klotz, Mathis Degler, Felipe Napoleoni, and Caroline Le Bouteiller
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 271–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-271-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-271-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks can release carbon dioxide and consume oxygen. We present a new field-based method to measure the exchange of these gases in real time, which allows us to directly compare the amount of reactants and products. By studying two sites with different rock types, we show that the chemical composition is an important factor in driving the weathering reactions. Locally, the carbon dioxide release changes alongside temperature and precipitation.
Eledath M. Gayathri, Chavarukonam M. Laluraj, Karathazhiyath Satheesan, Kenichi Matsuoka, and Meloth Thamban
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2515, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2515, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Episodic Antarctic Ice Sheet Surface Warming events can affect the mass balance of ice sheets by sublimation and melting during summer. Our study using five-year borehole thermistor measurements revealed two types of events over the coastal Dronning Maud Land region: cloud-induced and wind-induced. Understanding the frequency and duration of these events is important for predicting their future impacts on ice shelves and ice sheets.
Baptiste Vandecrux, Jason E. Box, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Signe B. Andersen, Nicolas Bayou, William T. Colgan, Nicolas J. Cullen, Robert S. Fausto, Dominik Haas-Artho, Achim Heilig, Derek A. Houtz, Penelope How, Ionut Iosifescu Enescu, Nanna B. Karlsson, Rebecca Kurup Buchholz, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Daniel McGrath, Noah P. Molotch, Bianca Perren, Maiken K. Revheim, Anja Rutishauser, Kevin Sampson, Martin Schneebeli, Sandy Starkweather, Simon Steffen, Jeff Weber, Patrick J. Wright, Henry Jay Zwally, and Konrad Steffen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5467–5489, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5467-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5467-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) comprises stations that have been monitoring the weather on the Greenland Ice Sheet for over 30 years. These stations are being replaced by newer ones maintained by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). The historical data were reprocessed to improve their quality, and key information about the weather stations has been compiled. This augmented dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/VVXGUT (Steffen et al., 2022).
Ladina Steiner, Holger Schmithüsen, Jens Wickert, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 17, 4903–4916, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4903-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4903-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The present study illustrates the potential of a combined Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry and refractometry (GNSS-RR) method for accurate, simultaneous, and continuous estimation of in situ snow accumulation, snow water equivalent, and snow density time series. The combined GNSS-RR method was successfully applied on a fast-moving, polar ice shelf. The combined GNSS-RR approach could be highly advantageous for a continuous quantification of ice sheet surface mass balances.
Rebecca J. Sanderson, Kate Winter, S. Louise Callard, Felipe Napoleoni, Neil Ross, Tom A. Jordan, and Robert G. Bingham
The Cryosphere, 17, 4853–4871, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4853-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4853-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-penetrating radar allows us to explore the internal structure of glaciers and ice sheets to constrain past and present ice-flow conditions. In this paper, we examine englacial layers within the Lambert Glacier in East Antarctica using a quantitative layer tracing tool. Analysis reveals that the ice flow here has been relatively stable, but evidence for former fast flow along a tributary suggests that changes have occurred in the past and could change again in the future.
Marie G. P. Cavitte, Hugues Goosse, Kenichi Matsuoka, Sarah Wauthy, Vikram Goel, Rahul Dey, Bhanu Pratap, Brice Van Liefferinge, Thamban Meloth, and Jean-Louis Tison
The Cryosphere, 17, 4779–4795, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The net accumulation of snow over Antarctica is key for assessing current and future sea-level rise. Ice cores record a noisy snowfall signal to verify model simulations. We find that ice core net snowfall is biased to lower values for ice rises and the Dome Fuji site (Antarctica), while the relative uncertainty in measuring snowfall increases rapidly with distance away from the ice core sites at the ice rises but not at Dome Fuji. Spatial variation in snowfall must therefore be considered.
Marie Bouchet, Amaëlle Landais, Antoine Grisart, Frédéric Parrenin, Frédéric Prié, Roxanne Jacob, Elise Fourré, Emilie Capron, Dominique Raynaud, Vladimir Ya Lipenkov, Marie-France Loutre, Thomas Extier, Anders Svensson, Etienne Legrain, Patricia Martinerie, Markus Leuenberger, Wei Jiang, Florian Ritterbusch, Zheng-Tian Lu, and Guo-Min Yang
Clim. Past, 19, 2257–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2257-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2257-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new federative chronology for five deep polar ice cores retrieves 800 000 years of past climate variations with improved accuracy. Precise ice core timescales are key to studying the mechanisms linking changes in the Earth’s orbit to the diverse climatic responses (temperature and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations). To construct the chronology, new measurements from the oldest continuous ice core as well as glaciological modeling estimates were combined in a statistical model.
Koi McArthur, Felicity S. McCormack, and Christine F. Dow
The Cryosphere, 17, 4705–4727, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using subglacial hydrology model outputs for Denman Glacier, East Antarctica, we investigated the effects of various friction laws and effective pressure inputs on ice dynamics modeling over the same glacier. The Schoof friction law outperformed the Budd friction law, and effective pressure outputs from the hydrology model outperformed a typically prescribed effective pressure. We propose an empirical prescription of effective pressure to be used in the absence of hydrology model outputs.
Felicity S. McCormack, Jason L. Roberts, Bernd Kulessa, Alan Aitken, Christine F. Dow, Lawrence Bird, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Katharina Hochmuth, Richard S. Jones, Andrew N. Mackintosh, and Koi McArthur
The Cryosphere, 17, 4549–4569, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in Antarctic surface elevation can cause changes in ice and basal water flow, impacting how much ice enters the ocean. We find that ice and basal water flow could divert from the Totten to the Vanderford Glacier, East Antarctica, under only small changes in the surface elevation, with implications for estimates of ice loss from this region. Further studies are needed to determine when this could occur and if similar diversions could occur elsewhere in Antarctica due to climate change.
Alexandra M. Zuhr, Erik Loebel, Marek Muchow, Donovan Dennis, Luisa von Albedyll, Frigga Kruse, Heidemarie Kassens, Johanna Grabow, Dieter Piepenburg, Sören Brandt, Rainer Lehmann, Marlene Jessen, Friederike Krüger, Monika Kallfelz, Andreas Preußer, Matthias Braun, Thorsten Seehaus, Frank Lisker, Daniela Röhnert, and Mirko Scheinert
Polarforschung, 91, 73–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-73-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-73-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polar research is an interdisciplinary and multi-faceted field of research. Its diversity ranges from history to geology and geophysics to social sciences and education. This article provides insights into the different areas of German polar research. This was made possible by a seminar series, POLARSTUNDE, established in the summer of 2020 and organized by the German Society of Polar Research and the German National Committee of the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS Germany).
Kevin Hank, Lev Tarasov, and Elisa Mantelli
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5627–5652, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5627-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5627-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Physically meaningful modeling of geophysical system instabilities is numerically challenging, given the potential effects of purely numerical artifacts. Here we explore the sensitivity of ice stream surge activation to numerical and physical model aspects. We find that surge characteristics exhibit a resolution dependency but converge at higher horizontal grid resolutions and are significantly affected by the incorporation of bed thermal and sub-glacial hydrology models.
Zhuo Wang, Ailsa Chung, Daniel Steinhage, Frédéric Parrenin, Johannes Freitag, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 17, 4297–4314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4297-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4297-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combine radar-based observed internal layer stratigraphy of the ice sheet with a 1-D ice flow model in the Dome Fuji region. This results in maps of age and age density of the basal ice, the basal thermal conditions, and reconstructed accumulation rates. Based on modeled age we then identify four potential candidates for ice which is potentially 1.5 Myr old. Our map of basal thermal conditions indicates that melting prevails over the presence of stagnant ice in the study area.
Nora Hirsch, Alexandra Zuhr, Thomas Münch, Maria Hörhold, Johannes Freitag, Remi Dallmayr, and Thomas Laepple
The Cryosphere, 17, 4207–4221, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4207-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4207-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stable water isotopes from firn cores provide valuable information on past climates, yet their utility is hampered by stratigraphic noise, i.e. the irregular deposition and wind-driven redistribution of snow. We found stratigraphic noise on the Antarctic Plateau to be related to the local accumulation rate, snow surface roughness and slope inclination, which can guide future decisions on sampling locations and thus increase the resolution of climate reconstructions from low-accumulation areas.
Whyjay Zheng, Shashank Bhushan, Maximillian Van Wyk De Vries, William Kochtitzky, David Shean, Luke Copland, Christine Dow, Renette Jones-Ivey, and Fernando Pérez
The Cryosphere, 17, 4063–4078, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4063-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4063-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We design and propose a method that can evaluate the quality of glacier velocity maps. The method includes two numbers that we can calculate for each velocity map. Based on statistics and ice flow physics, velocity maps with numbers close to the recommended values are considered to have good quality. We test the method using the data from Kaskawulsh Glacier, Canada, and release an open-sourced software tool called GLAcier Feature Tracking testkit (GLAFT) to help users assess their velocity maps.
Anja Løkkegaard, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Christian Zdanowicz, Gary D. Clow, Martin P. Lüthi, Samuel H. Doyle, Henrik H. Thomsen, David Fisher, Joel Harper, Andy Aschwanden, Bo M. Vinther, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Harry Zekollari, Toby Meierbachtol, Ian McDowell, Neil Humphrey, Anne Solgaard, Nanna B. Karlsson, Shfaqat A. Khan, Benjamin Hills, Robert Law, Bryn Hubbard, Poul Christoffersen, Mylène Jacquemart, Julien Seguinot, Robert S. Fausto, and William T. Colgan
The Cryosphere, 17, 3829–3845, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3829-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3829-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a database compiling 95 ice temperature profiles from the Greenland ice sheet and peripheral ice caps. Ice viscosity and hence ice flow are highly sensitive to ice temperature. To highlight the value of the database in evaluating ice flow simulations, profiles from the Greenland ice sheet are compared to a modeled temperature field. Reoccurring discrepancies between modeled and observed temperatures provide insight on the difficulties faced when simulating ice temperatures.
Ailsa Chung, Frédéric Parrenin, Daniel Steinhage, Robert Mulvaney, Carlos Martín, Marie G. P. Cavitte, David A. Lilien, Veit Helm, Drew Taylor, Prasad Gogineni, Catherine Ritz, Massimo Frezzotti, Charles O'Neill, Heinrich Miller, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 17, 3461–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3461-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined a numerical model with radar measurements in order to determine the age of ice in the Dome C region of Antarctica. Our results show that at the current ice core drilling sites on Little Dome C, the maximum age of the ice is almost 1.5 Ma. We also highlight a new potential drill site called North Patch with ice up to 2 Ma. Finally, we explore the nature of a stagnant ice layer at the base of the ice sheet which has been independently observed and modelled but is not well understood.
Isobel Rowell, Carlos Martin, Robert Mulvaney, Helena Pryer, Dieter Tetzner, Emily Doyle, Hara Madhav Talasila, Jilu Li, and Eric Wolff
Clim. Past, 19, 1699–1714, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an age scale for a new type of ice core from a vulnerable region in West Antarctic, which is lacking in longer-term (greater than a few centuries) ice core records. The Sherman Island core extends to greater than 1 kyr. We provide modelling evidence for the potential of a 10 kyr long core. We show that this new type of ice core can be robustly dated and that climate records from this core will be a significant addition to existing regional climate records.
Felix S. L. Ng
The Cryosphere, 17, 3063–3082, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3063-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3063-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in ice cores are routinely analysed for the climate signals which they carry. It has long been known that the system of water veins in ice facilitates isotopic diffusion. Here, mathematical modelling shows that water flow in the veins strongly accelerates the diffusion and the decay of climate signals. The process hampers methods using the variations in signal decay with depth to reconstruct past climatic temperature.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien A. Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesidio Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Detlef Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Andrew O. Hoffman, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Annika N. Horlings, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlighem, Jérémie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andrés Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Anotonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed elevation, and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
William Colgan, Christopher Shields, Pavel Talalay, Xiaopeng Fan, Austin P. Lines, Joshua Elliott, Harihar Rajaram, Kenneth Mankoff, Morten Jensen, Mira Backes, Yunchen Liu, Xianzhe Wei, Nanna B. Karlsson, Henrik Spanggård, and Allan Ø. Pedersen
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 12, 121–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-121-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-121-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new drill for glaciers and ice sheets. Instead of drilling down into the ice, via mechanical action, our drill melts into the ice. Our goal is simply to pull a cable of temperature sensors on a one-way trip down to the ice–bed interface. Here, we describe the design and testing of our drill. Under laboratory conditions, our melt-tip drill has an efficiency of ∼ 35 % with a theoretical maximum penetration rate of ∼ 12 m h−1. Under field conditions, our efficiency is just ∼ 15 %.
Emma J. MacKie, Michael Field, Lijing Wang, Zhen Yin, Nathan Schoedl, Matthew Hibbs, and Allan Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3765–3783, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3765-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3765-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth scientists often have to fill in spatial gaps in measurements. This gap-filling or interpolation can be accomplished with geostatistical methods, where the statistical relationships between measurements are used to inform how these gaps should be filled. Despite the broad utility of these methods, there are few freely available geostatistical software applications. We present GStatSim, a Python package for performing different geostatistical interpolation methods.
Tim Hill and Christine F. Dow
The Cryosphere, 17, 2607–2624, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water flow across the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet controls the rate of water flow to the glacier bed. Here, we simulate surface water flow for a small catchment on the southwestern Greenland Ice Sheet. Our simulations predict significant differences in the form of surface water flow in high and low melt years depending on the rate and intensity of surface melt. These model outputs will be important in future work assessing the impact of surface water flow on subglacial water pressure.
Marion A. McKenzie, Lauren E. Miller, Jacob S. Slawson, Emma J. MacKie, and Shujie Wang
The Cryosphere, 17, 2477–2486, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Topographic highs (“bumps”) across glaciated landscapes have the potential to affect glacial ice. Bumps in the deglaciated Puget Lowland are assessed for streamlined glacial features to provide insight on ice–bed interactions. We identify a general threshold in which bumps significantly disrupt ice flow and sedimentary processes in this location. However, not all bumps have the same degree of impact. The system assessed here has relevance to parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet and Thwaites Glacier.
Bjørg Risebrobakken, Mari F. Jensen, Helene R. Langehaug, Tor Eldevik, Anne Britt Sandø, Camille Li, Andreas Born, Erin Louise McClymont, Ulrich Salzmann, and Stijn De Schepper
Clim. Past, 19, 1101–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1101-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1101-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the observational period, spatially coherent sea surface temperatures characterize the northern North Atlantic at multidecadal timescales. We show that spatially non-coherent temperature patterns are seen both in further projections and a past warm climate period with a CO2 level comparable to the future low-emission scenario. Buoyancy forcing is shown to be important for northern North Atlantic temperature patterns.
Kristian Chan, Cyril Grima, Anja Rutishauser, Duncan A. Young, Riley Culberg, and Donald D. Blankenship
The Cryosphere, 17, 1839–1852, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1839-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1839-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate warming has led to more surface meltwater produced on glaciers that can refreeze in firn to form ice layers. Our work evaluates the use of dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar to characterize these ice layers on the Devon Ice Cap. Results indicate that they are meters thick and widespread, and thus capable of supporting lateral meltwater runoff from the top of ice layers. We find that some of this meltwater runoff could be routed through supraglacial rivers in the ablation zone.
Robert Mulvaney, Eric W. Wolff, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Helene H. Hoffmann, Jack D. Humby, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Rachael H. Rhodes, Isobel F. Rowell, Frédéric Parrenin, Loïc Schmidely, Hubertus Fischer, Thomas F. Stocker, Marcus Christl, Raimund Muscheler, Amaelle Landais, and Frédéric Prié
Clim. Past, 19, 851–864, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an age scale for a new ice core drilled at Skytrain Ice Rise, an ice rise facing the Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica. Various measurements in the ice and air phases are used to match the ice core to other Antarctic cores that have already been dated, and a new age scale is constructed. The 651 m ice core includes ice that is confidently dated to 117 000–126 000 years ago, in the last interglacial. Older ice is found deeper down, but there are flow disturbances in the deeper ice.
Julien A. Bodart, Robert G. Bingham, Duncan A. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, David W. Ashmore, Enrica Quartini, Andrew S. Hein, David G. Vaughan, and Donald D. Blankenship
The Cryosphere, 17, 1497–1512, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1497-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1497-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating how West Antarctica will change in response to future climatic change depends on our understanding of past ice processes. Here, we use a reflector widely visible on airborne radar data across West Antarctica to estimate accumulation rates over the past 4700 years. By comparing our estimates with current atmospheric data, we find that accumulation rates were 18 % greater than modern rates. This has implications for our understanding of past ice processes in the region.
James W. Marschalek, Edward Gasson, Tina van de Flierdt, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Martin J. Siegert, and Liam Holder
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-8, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-8, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheet models can help predict how Antarctica’s ice sheets respond to environmental change; such models benefit from comparison to geological data. Here, we use ice sheet model results, plus other data, to predict the erosion of Antarctic debris and trace its transport to where it is deposited on the ocean floor. This allows the results of ice sheet modelling to be directly and quantitively compared to real-world data, helping to reduce uncertainty regarding Antarctic sea level contribution.
Romilly Harris Stuart, Anne-Katrine Faber, Sonja Wahl, Maria Hörhold, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Kristian Vasskog, Melanie Behrens, Alexandra M. Zuhr, and Hans Christian Steen-Larsen
The Cryosphere, 17, 1185–1204, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1185-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1185-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This empirical study uses continuous daily measurements from the Greenland Ice Sheet to document changes in surface snow properties. Consistent changes in snow isotopic composition are observed in the absence of deposition due to surface processes, indicating the isotopic signal of deposited precipitation is not always preserved. Our observations have potential implications for the interpretation of water isotopes in ice cores – historically assumed to reflect isotopic composition at deposition.
Ole Zeising, Tamara Annina Gerber, Olaf Eisen, M. Reza Ershadi, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 17, 1097–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The flow of glaciers and ice streams is influenced by crystal fabric orientation. Besides sparse ice cores, these can be investigated by radar measurements. Here, we present an improved method which allows us to infer the horizontal fabric asymmetry using polarimetric phase-sensitive radar data. A validation of the method on a deep ice core from the Greenland Ice Sheet shows an excellent agreement, which is a large improvement over previously used methods.
Ikumi Oyabu, Kenji Kawamura, Shuji Fujita, Ryo Inoue, Hideaki Motoyama, Kotaro Fukui, Motohiro Hirabayashi, Yu Hoshina, Naoyuki Kurita, Fumio Nakazawa, Hiroshi Ohno, Konosuke Sugiura, Toshitaka Suzuki, Shun Tsutaki, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Masashi Niwano, Frédéric Parrenin, Fuyuki Saito, and Masakazu Yoshimori
Clim. Past, 19, 293–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-293-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-293-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed accumulation rate around Dome Fuji, Antarctica, over the last 5000 years from 15 shallow ice cores and seven snow pits. We found a long-term decreasing trend in the preindustrial period, which may be associated with secular surface cooling and sea ice expansion. Centennial-scale variations were also found, which may partly be related to combinations of volcanic, solar and greenhouse gas forcings. The most rapid and intense increases of accumulation rate occurred since 1850 CE.
Sarah S. Thompson, Bernd Kulessa, Adrian Luckman, Jacqueline A. Halpin, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Tyler Pelle, Feras Habbal, Jingxue Guo, Lenneke M. Jong, Jason L. Roberts, Bo Sun, and Donald D. Blankenship
The Cryosphere, 17, 157–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use satellite imagery and ice penetrating radar to investigate the stability of the Shackleton system in East Antarctica. We find significant changes in surface structures across the system and observe a significant increase in ice flow speed (up to 50 %) on the floating part of Scott Glacier. We conclude that knowledge remains woefully insufficient to explain recent observed changes in the grounded and floating regions of the system.
Tancrède P. M. Leger, Andrew S. Hein, Ángel Rodés, Robert G. Bingham, Irene Schimmelpfennig, Derek Fabel, Pablo Tapia, and ASTER Team
Clim. Past, 19, 35–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-35-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-35-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past 800 thousand years, variations in the Earth’s orbit and tilt have caused antiphased solar insolation intensity in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Paradoxically, glacial records suggest that global ice sheets have responded synchronously to major cold glacial and warm interglacial episodes. To address this puzzle, we present a new detailed glacier chronology that estimates the timing of multiple Patagonian ice-sheet waxing and waning cycles over the past 300 thousand years.
Lena Nicola, Erik Loebel, and Alexandra M. Zuhr
Polarforschung, 90, 81–84, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-81-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-81-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To facilitate the search for funding within Germany and internationally, APECS Germany has started to host a list of grant, fellowship and other funding opportunities at https://apecs-germany.de/funding/. In our article, we present our new website while describing the different stages of the quest to find funding and to highlight best practices for, for example, writing grant proposals.
Steven Franke, Alfons Eckstaller, Tim Heitland, Thomas Schaefer, and Jölund Asseng
Polarforschung, 90, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For over 45 years, teams composed of scientists, technicians, doctors, and cooks have been wintering in Antarctica in the service of German Antarctic research. They thus form a cornerstone of long-term scientific measurements in this remote and unique place with regard to future scientific investigations. In this article, we highlight the research being conducted at the permanently crewed Neumayer Station III and its predecessors and the role of the overwinterers in this research endeavour.
Dominic A. Hodgson, Tom A. Jordan, Neil Ross, Teal R. Riley, and Peter T. Fretwell
The Cryosphere, 16, 4797–4809, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4797-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4797-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the drainage (and refill) of a subglacial lake on the Antarctic Peninsula resulting in the collapse of the overlying ice into the newly formed subglacial cavity. It provides evidence of an active hydrological network under the region's glaciers and close coupling between surface climate processes and the base of the ice.
Vjeran Višnjević, Reinhard Drews, Clemens Schannwell, Inka Koch, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 16, 4763–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simple way to model the internal layers of an ice shelf and apply the method to the Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf in East Antarctica. Modeled results are compared to measurements obtained by radar. We distinguish between ice directly formed on the shelf and ice transported from the ice sheet, and we map the spatial changes in the volume of the locally accumulated ice. In this context, we discuss the sensitivity of the ice shelf to future changes in surface accumulation and basal melt.
Julian Gutt, Stefanie Arndt, David Keith Alan Barnes, Horst Bornemann, Thomas Brey, Olaf Eisen, Hauke Flores, Huw Griffiths, Christian Haas, Stefan Hain, Tore Hattermann, Christoph Held, Mario Hoppema, Enrique Isla, Markus Janout, Céline Le Bohec, Heike Link, Felix Christopher Mark, Sebastien Moreau, Scarlett Trimborn, Ilse van Opzeeland, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Fokje Schaafsma, Katharina Teschke, Sandra Tippenhauer, Anton Van de Putte, Mia Wege, Daniel Zitterbart, and Dieter Piepenburg
Biogeosciences, 19, 5313–5342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term ecological observations are key to assess, understand and predict impacts of environmental change on biotas. We present a multidisciplinary framework for such largely lacking investigations in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean, combined with case studies, experimental and modelling work. As climate change is still minor here but is projected to start soon, the timely implementation of this framework provides the unique opportunity to document its ecological impacts from the very onset.
Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Joerg M. Schaefer, Nicolás E. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, Kristin Poinar, Benjamin A. Keisling, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Mary R. Albert, Tanner Kuhl, and Grant Boeckmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The 7.4 m of sea level equivalent stored as Greenland ice is getting smaller every year. The uncertain trajectory of ice loss could be better understood with knowledge of the ice sheet's response to past climate change. Within the bedrock below the present-day ice sheet is an archive of past ice-sheet history. We analyze all available data from Greenland to create maps showing where on the ice sheet scientists can drill, using currently available drills, to obtain sub-ice materials.
Helen Ockenden, Robert G. Bingham, Andrew Curtis, and Daniel Goldberg
The Cryosphere, 16, 3867–3887, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3867-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3867-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hills and valleys hidden under the ice of Thwaites Glacier have an impact on ice flow and future ice loss, but there are not many three-dimensional observations of their location or size. We apply a mathematical theory to new high-resolution observations of the ice surface to predict the bed topography beneath the ice. There is a good correlation with ice-penetrating radar observations. The method may be useful in areas with few direct observations or as a further constraint for other methods.
A. Clara J. Henry, Reinhard Drews, Clemens Schannwell, and Vjeran Višnjević
The Cryosphere, 16, 3889–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3889-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We used a 3D, idealised model to study features in coastal Antarctica called ice rises and ice rumples. These features regulate the rate of ice flow into the ocean. We show that when sea level is raised or lowered, the size of these features and the ice flow pattern can change. We find that the features depend on the ice history and do not necessarily fully recover after an equal increase and decrease in sea level. This shows that it is important to initialise models with accurate ice geometry.
Alexander O. Hager, Matthew J. Hoffman, Stephen F. Price, and Dustin M. Schroeder
The Cryosphere, 16, 3575–3599, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The presence of water beneath glaciers is a control on glacier speed and ocean-caused melting, yet it has been unclear whether sizable volumes of water can exist beneath Antarctic glaciers or how this water may flow along the glacier bed. We use computer simulations, supported by observations, to show that enough water exists at the base of Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica, to form "rivers" beneath the glacier. These rivers likely moderate glacier speed and may influence its rate of retreat.
Joseph A. MacGregor, Winnie Chu, William T. Colgan, Mark A. Fahnestock, Denis Felikson, Nanna B. Karlsson, Sophie M. J. Nowicki, and Michael Studinger
The Cryosphere, 16, 3033–3049, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3033-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3033-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Where the bottom of the Greenland Ice Sheet is frozen and where it is thawed is not well known, yet knowing this state is increasingly important to interpret modern changes in ice flow there. We produced a second synthesis of knowledge of the basal thermal state of the ice sheet using airborne and satellite observations and numerical models. About one-third of the ice sheet’s bed is likely thawed; two-fifths is likely frozen; and the remainder is too uncertain to specify.
Alice C. Frémand, Julien A. Bodart, Tom A. Jordan, Fausto Ferraccioli, Carl Robinson, Hugh F. J. Corr, Helen J. Peat, Robert G. Bingham, and David G. Vaughan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3379–3410, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3379-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3379-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of large swaths of airborne geophysical data (including gravity, magnetics, and radar) acquired between 1994 and 2020 over Antarctica by the British Antarctic Survey. These include a total of 64 datasets from 24 different surveys, amounting to >30 % of coverage over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. This paper discusses how these data were acquired and processed and presents the methods used to standardize and publish the data in an interactive and reproducible manner.
Jacob D. Morgan, Christo Buizert, Tyler J. Fudge, Kenji Kawamura, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, and Cathy M. Trudinger
The Cryosphere, 16, 2947–2966, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2947-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2947-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The composition of air bubbles in Antarctic ice cores records information about past changes in properties of the snowpack. We find that, near the South Pole, thinner snowpack in the past is often due to steeper surface topography, in which faster winds erode the snow and deposit it in flatter areas. The slope and wind seem to also cause a seasonal bias in the composition of air bubbles in the ice core. These findings will improve interpretation of other ice cores from places with steep slopes.
Alfons Eckstaller, Jölund Asseng, Erich Lippmann, and Steven Franke
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 235–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-235-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a mobile and self-sufficient seismometer station concept for operation in polar regions. The energy supply can be adapted as required using the modular cascading of battery boxes, wind generators, solar cells, or backup batteries, which enables optimum use of limited resources. Our system concept is not limited to the applications using seismological stations. It is a suitable system for managing the power supply of all types of self-sufficient measuring systems in polar regions.
Falk M. Oraschewski and Aslak Grinsted
The Cryosphere, 16, 2683–2700, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Old snow (denoted as firn) accumulates in the interior of ice sheets and gets densified into glacial ice. Typically, this densification is assumed to only depend on temperature and accumulation rate. However, it has been observed that stretching of the firn by horizontal flow also enhances this process. Here, we show how to include this effect in classical firn models. With the model we confirm that softening of the firn controls firn densification in areas with strong horizontal stretching.
Astrid Oetting, Emma C. Smith, Jan Erik Arndt, Boris Dorschel, Reinhard Drews, Todd A. Ehlers, Christoph Gaedicke, Coen Hofstede, Johann P. Klages, Gerhard Kuhn, Astrid Lambrecht, Andreas Läufer, Christoph Mayer, Ralf Tiedemann, Frank Wilhelms, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 16, 2051–2066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines a variety of geophysical measurements in front of and beneath the Ekström Ice Shelf in order to identify and interpret geomorphological evidences of past ice sheet flow, extent and retreat.
The maximal extent of grounded ice in this region was 11 km away from the continental shelf break.
The thickness of palaeo-ice on the calving front around the LGM was estimated to be at least 305 to 320 m.
We provide essential boundary conditions for palaeo-ice-sheet models.
K. Lin, G. Qiao, L. Zhang, and S. Popov
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2022, 765–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2022-765-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2022-765-2022, 2022
L. Wang, G. Qiao, I. V. Florinsky, and S. Popov
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2022, 785–791, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2022-785-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2022-785-2022, 2022
William Colgan, Agnes Wansing, Kenneth Mankoff, Mareen Lösing, John Hopper, Keith Louden, Jörg Ebbing, Flemming G. Christiansen, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Lillemor Claesson Liljedahl, Joseph A. MacGregor, Árni Hjartarson, Stefan Bernstein, Nanna B. Karlsson, Sven Fuchs, Juha Hartikainen, Johan Liakka, Robert S. Fausto, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Anders Bjørk, Jens-Ove Naslund, Finn Mørk, Yasmina Martos, Niels Balling, Thomas Funck, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Dorthe Petersen, Ulrik Gregersen, Gregers Dam, Tove Nielsen, Shfaqat A. Khan, and Anja Løkkegaard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2209–2238, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assemble all available geothermal heat flow measurements collected in and around Greenland into a new database. We use this database of point measurements, in combination with other geophysical datasets, to model geothermal heat flow in and around Greenland. Our geothermal heat flow model is generally cooler than previous models of Greenland, especially in southern Greenland. It does not suggest any high geothermal heat flows resulting from Icelandic plume activity over 50 million years ago.
M. Reza Ershadi, Reinhard Drews, Carlos Martín, Olaf Eisen, Catherine Ritz, Hugh Corr, Julia Christmann, Ole Zeising, Angelika Humbert, and Robert Mulvaney
The Cryosphere, 16, 1719–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Radio waves transmitted through ice split up and inform us about the ice sheet interior and orientation of single ice crystals. This can be used to infer how ice flows and improve projections on how it will evolve in the future. Here we used an inverse approach and developed a new algorithm to infer ice properties from observed radar data. We applied this technique to the radar data obtained at two EPICA drilling sites, where ice cores were used to validate our results.
Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, Tobias Binder, John D. Paden, Nils Dörr, Tamara A. Gerber, Heinrich Miller, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Veit Helm, Daniel Steinhage, Ilka Weikusat, Frank Wilhelms, and Olaf Eisen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 763–779, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) is the largest ice stream in Greenland. In order to better understand the past and future dynamics of the NEGIS, we present a high-resolution airborne radar data set (EGRIP-NOR-2018) for the onset region of the NEGIS. The survey area is centered at the location of the drill site of the East Greenland Ice-Core Project (EastGRIP), and radar profiles cover both shear margins and are aligned parallel to several flow lines.
Zhen Yin, Chen Zuo, Emma J. MacKie, and Jef Caers
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1477–1497, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1477-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1477-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a multiple-point geostatistics approach to probabilistically learn from training images to fill large-scale irregular geophysical data gaps. With a repository of global topographic training images, our approach models high-resolution basal topography and quantifies the geospatial uncertainty. It generated high-resolution topographic realizations to investigate the impact of basal topographic uncertainty on critical subglacial hydrological flow patterns associated with ice velocity.
Anja Rutishauser, Donald D. Blankenship, Duncan A. Young, Natalie S. Wolfenbarger, Lucas H. Beem, Mark L. Skidmore, Ashley Dubnick, and Alison S. Criscitiello
The Cryosphere, 16, 379–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-379-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-379-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, a hypersaline subglacial lake complex was hypothesized to lie beneath Devon Ice Cap, Canadian Arctic. Here, we present results from a follow-on targeted aerogeophysical survey. Our results support the evidence for a hypersaline subglacial lake and reveal an extensive brine network, suggesting more complex subglacial hydrological conditions than previously inferred. This hypersaline system may host microbial habitats, making it a compelling analog for bines on other icy worlds.
Katharina M. Holube, Tobias Zolles, and Andreas Born
The Cryosphere, 16, 315–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We simulated the surface mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the 21st century by forcing a snow model with the output of many Earth system models and four greenhouse gas emission scenarios. We quantify the contribution to uncertainty in surface mass balance of these two factors and the choice of parameters of the snow model. The results show that the differences between Earth system models are the main source of uncertainty. This effect is localised mostly near the equilibrium line.
Julie Z. Miller, Riley Culberg, David G. Long, Christopher A. Shuman, Dustin M. Schroeder, and Mary J. Brodzik
The Cryosphere, 16, 103–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-103-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-103-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use L-band brightness temperature imagery from NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite to map the extent of perennial firn aquifer and ice slab areas within the Greenland Ice Sheet. As Greenland's climate continues to warm and seasonal surface melting increases in extent, intensity, and duration, quantifying the possible rapid expansion of perennial firn aquifers and ice slab areas has significant implications for understanding the stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Lin Li, Aiguo Zhao, Tiantian Feng, Xiangbin Cui, Lu An, Ben Xu, Shinan Lang, Liwen Jing, Tong Hao, Jingxue Guo, Bo Sun, and Rongxing Li
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-332, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-332, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
No subglacial lakes have been reported in Princess Elizabeth Land (PEL), East Antarctica. In this study, thanks to a new suite of airborne geophysical observations in PEL, including RES and gravity data collected during the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition, we detected a large subglacial lake of ~45 km in length, ~11 km in width, and ~250 m in depth. These findings will help us understand ice sheet stability in the PEL region.
Kenneth D. Mankoff, Xavier Fettweis, Peter L. Langen, Martin Stendel, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Nanna B. Karlsson, Brice Noël, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Anne Solgaard, William Colgan, Jason E. Box, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Michalea D. King, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Signe Bech Andersen, and Robert S. Fausto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5001–5025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5001-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5001-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate the daily mass balance and its components (surface, marine, and basal mass balance) for the Greenland ice sheet. Our time series begins in 1840 and has annual resolution through 1985 and then daily from 1986 through next week. Results are operational (updated daily) and provided for the entire ice sheet or by commonly used regions or sectors. This is the first input–output mass balance estimate to include the basal mass balance.
Abigail G. Hughes, Sonja Wahl, Tyler R. Jones, Alexandra Zuhr, Maria Hörhold, James W. C. White, and Hans Christian Steen-Larsen
The Cryosphere, 15, 4949–4974, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4949-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4949-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotope records in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores are a valuable proxy for paleoclimate reconstruction and are traditionally thought to primarily reflect precipitation input. However,
post-depositional processes are hypothesized to contribute to the isotope climate signal. In this study we use laboratory experiments, field experiments, and modeling to show that sublimation and vapor–snow isotope exchange can rapidly influence the isotopic composition of the snowpack.
Marie G. P. Cavitte, Duncan A. Young, Robert Mulvaney, Catherine Ritz, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Gregory Ng, Scott D. Kempf, Enrica Quartini, Gail R. Muldoon, John Paden, Massimo Frezzotti, Jason L. Roberts, Carly R. Tozer, Dustin M. Schroeder, and Donald D. Blankenship
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4759–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a data set consisting of ice-penetrating-radar internal stratigraphy: 26 internal reflecting horizons that cover the greater Dome C area, East Antarctica, the most extensive IRH data set to date in the region. This data set uses radar surveys collected over the span of 10 years, starting with an airborne international collaboration in 2008 to explore the region, up to the detailed ground-based surveys in support of the European Beyond EPICA – Oldest Ice (BE-OI) project.
Alexandra M. Zuhr, Thomas Münch, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Maria Hörhold, and Thomas Laepple
The Cryosphere, 15, 4873–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Firn and ice cores are used to infer past temperatures. However, the imprint of the climatic signal in stable water isotopes is influenced by depositional modifications. We present and use a photogrammetry structure-from-motion approach and find variability in the amount, the timing, and the location of snowfall. Depositional modifications of the surface are observed, leading to mixing of snow from different snowfall events and spatial locations and thus creating noise in the proxy record.
Andreas Born and Alexander Robinson
The Cryosphere, 15, 4539–4556, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice penetrating radar reflections from the Greenland ice sheet are the best available record of past accumulation and how these layers have been deformed over time by the flow of ice. Direct simulations of this archive hold great promise for improving our models and for uncovering details of ice sheet dynamics that neither models nor data could achieve alone. We present the first three-dimensional ice sheet model that explicitly simulates individual layers of accumulation and how they deform.
Tun Jan Young, Carlos Martín, Poul Christoffersen, Dustin M. Schroeder, Slawek M. Tulaczyk, and Eliza J. Dawson
The Cryosphere, 15, 4117–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4117-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4117-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
If the molecules that make up ice are oriented in specific ways, the ice becomes softer and enhances flow. We use radar to measure the orientation of ice molecules in the top 1400 m of the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide. Our results match those from an ice core extracted 10 years ago and conclude that the ice flow has not changed direction for the last 6700 years. Our methods are straightforward and accurate and can be applied in places across ice sheets unsuitable for ice coring.
Johannes Sutter, Hubertus Fischer, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 15, 3839–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3839-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3839-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Projections of global sea-level changes in a warming world require ice-sheet models. We expand the calibration of these models by making use of the internal architecture of the Antarctic ice sheet, which is formed by its evolution over many millennia. We propose that using our novel approach to constrain ice sheet models, we will be able to both sharpen our understanding of past and future sea-level changes and identify weaknesses in the parameterisation of current continental-scale models.
Tamara Annina Gerber, Christine Schøtt Hvidberg, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Steven Franke, Giulia Sinnl, Aslak Grinsted, Daniela Jansen, and Dorthe Dahl-Jensen
The Cryosphere, 15, 3655–3679, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3655-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3655-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the ice flow in the onset region of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream to determine the source area and past accumulation rates of ice found in the EastGRIP ice core. This information is required to correct for bias in ice-core records introduced by the upstream flow effects. Our results reveal that the increasing accumulation rate with increasing upstream distance is predominantly responsible for the constant annual layer thicknesses observed in the upper 900 m of the ice core.
Robert S. Fausto, Dirk van As, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Baptiste Vandecrux, Michele Citterio, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Signe B. Andersen, William Colgan, Nanna B. Karlsson, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Niels J. Korsgaard, Signe H. Larsen, Søren Nielsen, Allan Ø. Pedersen, Christopher L. Shields, Anne M. Solgaard, and Jason E. Box
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3819–3845, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3819-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3819-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) has been measuring climate and ice sheet properties since 2007. Here, we present our data product from weather and ice sheet measurements from a network of automatic weather stations mainly located in the melt area of the ice sheet. Currently the PROMICE automatic weather station network includes 25 instrumented sites in Greenland.
Anne Solgaard, Anders Kusk, John Peter Merryman Boncori, Jørgen Dall, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Signe B. Andersen, Michele Citterio, Nanna B. Karlsson, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Niels J. Korsgaard, Signe H. Larsen, and Robert S. Fausto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3491–3512, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The PROMICE Ice Velocity product is a time series of Greenland Ice Sheet ice velocity mosaics spanning September 2016 to present. It is derived from Sentinel-1 SAR data and has a spatial resolution of 500 m. Each mosaic spans 24 d (two Sentinel-1 cycles), and a new one is posted every 12 d (every Sentinel-1A cycle). The spatial comprehensiveness and temporal consistency make the product ideal for monitoring and studying ice-sheet-wide ice discharge and dynamics of glaciers.
Tobias Zolles and Andreas Born
The Cryosphere, 15, 2917–2938, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the sensitivity of a glacier surface mass and the energy balance model of the Greenland ice sheet for the cold period of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present-day climate. The results show that the model sensitivity changes with climate. While for present-day simulations inclusions of sublimation and hoar formation are of minor importance, they cannot be neglected during the LGM. To simulate the surface mass balance over long timescales, a water vapor scheme is necessary.
X. Cui, S. Lang, L. Li, and B. Sun
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2021, 449–453, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-449-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-449-2021, 2021
Joseph A. MacGregor, Michael Studinger, Emily Arnold, Carlton J. Leuschen, Fernando Rodríguez-Morales, and John D. Paden
The Cryosphere, 15, 2569–2574, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2569-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2569-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine multiple recent global glacier datasets and extend one of them (GlaThiDa) to evaluate past performance of radar-sounding surveys of the thickness of Earth's temperate glaciers. An empirical envelope for radar performance as a function of center frequency is determined, its limitations are discussed and its relevance to future radar-sounder survey and system designs is considered.
Paul D. Bons, Tamara de Riese, Steven Franke, Maria-Gema Llorens, Till Sachau, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, Julien Westhoff, and Yu Zhang
The Cryosphere, 15, 2251–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The modelling of Smith-Johnson et al. (The Cryosphere, 14, 841–854, 2020) suggests that a very large heat flux of more than 10 times the usual geothermal heat flux is required to have initiated or to control the huge Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. Our comparison with known hotspots, such as Iceland and Yellowstone, shows that such an exceptional heat flux would be unique in the world and is incompatible with known geological processes that can raise the heat flux.
Huw J. Horgan, Laurine van Haastrecht, Richard B. Alley, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Lucas H. Beem, Knut Christianson, Atsuhiro Muto, and Matthew R. Siegfried
The Cryosphere, 15, 1863–1880, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1863-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1863-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The grounding zone marks the transition from a grounded ice sheet to a floating ice shelf. Like Earth's coastlines, the grounding zone is home to interactions between the ocean, fresh water, and geology but also has added complexity and importance due to the overriding ice. Here we use seismic surveying – sending sound waves down through the ice – to image the grounding zone of Whillans Ice Stream in West Antarctica and learn more about the nature of this important transition zone.
David A. Lilien, Daniel Steinhage, Drew Taylor, Frédéric Parrenin, Catherine Ritz, Robert Mulvaney, Carlos Martín, Jie-Bang Yan, Charles O'Neill, Massimo Frezzotti, Heinrich Miller, Prasad Gogineni, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 15, 1881–1888, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1881-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1881-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We collected radar data between EDC, an ice core spanning ~800 000 years, and BELDC, the site chosen for a new
oldest icecore at nearby Little Dome C. These data allow us to identify 50 % older internal horizons than previously traced in the area. We fit a model to the ages of those horizons at BELDC to determine the age of deep ice there. We find that there is likely to be 1.5 Myr old ice ~265 m above the bed, with sufficient resolution to preserve desired climatic information.
Felix S. L. Ng
The Cryosphere, 15, 1787–1810, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1787-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1787-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Current theory predicts climate signals in the vein chemistry of ice cores to migrate, hampering their dating. I show that the Gibbs–Thomson effect, which has been overlooked, causes fast diffusion that prevents signals from surviving into deep ice. Hence the deep climatic peaks in Antarctic and Greenlandic ice must be due to impurities in the ice matrix (outside veins) and safe from migration. These findings reset our understanding of postdepositional changes of ice-core climate signals.
Lucas H. Beem, Duncan A. Young, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Donald D. Blankenship, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Jingxue Guo, and Sun Bo
The Cryosphere, 15, 1719–1730, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Radar observation collected above Titan Dome of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is used to describe ice geometry and test a hypothesis that ice beneath the dome is older than 1 million years. An important climate transition occurred between 1.25 million and 700 thousand years ago, and if ice old enough to study this period can be removed as an ice core, new insights into climate dynamics are expected. The new observations suggest the ice is too young – more likely 300 to 800 thousand years old.
Coen Hofstede, Sebastian Beyer, Hugh Corr, Olaf Eisen, Tore Hattermann, Veit Helm, Niklas Neckel, Emma C. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Ole Zeising, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 15, 1517–1535, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1517-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1517-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Support Force Glacier rapidly flows into Filcher Ice Shelf of Antarctica. As we know little about this glacier and its subglacial drainage, we used seismic energy to map the transition area from grounded to floating ice where a drainage channel enters the ocean cavity. Soft sediments close to the grounding line are probably transported by this drainage channel. The constant ice thickness over the steeply dipping seabed of the ocean cavity suggests a stable transition and little basal melting.
Stefan Kowalewski, Veit Helm, Elizabeth Mary Morris, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 15, 1285–1305, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1285-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1285-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents estimates of total mass input for the Pine Island Glacier (PIG) over the period 2005–2014 from airborne radar measurements. Our analysis reveals a total mass input similar to an earlier estimate for the period 1985–2009 and same area. This suggests a stationary total mass input contrary to the accelerated mass loss of PIG over the past decades. However, we also find that its uncertainty is highly sensitive to the geostatistical assumptions required for its calculation.
Hugues Goosse, Quentin Dalaiden, Marie G. P. Cavitte, and Liping Zhang
Clim. Past, 17, 111–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Polynyas are ice-free oceanic areas within the sea ice pack. Small polynyas are regularly observed in the Southern Ocean, but large open-ocean polynyas have been rare over the past decades. Using records from available ice cores in Antarctica, we reconstruct past polynya activity and confirm that those events have also been rare over the past centuries, but the information provided by existing data is not sufficient to precisely characterize the timing of past polynya opening.
Helle Astrid Kjær, Patrick Zens, Ross Edwards, Martin Olesen, Ruth Mottram, Gabriel Lewis, Christian Terkelsen Holme, Samuel Black, Kasper Holst Lund, Mikkel Schmidt, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Bo Vinther, Anders Svensson, Nanna Karlsson, Jason E. Box, Sepp Kipfstuhl, and Paul Vallelonga
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-337, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-337, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We have reconstructed accumulation in 6 firn cores and 8 snow cores in Northern Greenland and compared with a regional Climate model over Greenland. We find the model underestimate precipitation especially in north-eastern part of the ice cap- an important finding if aiming to reconstruct surface mass balance.
Temperatures at 10 meters depth at 6 sites in Greenland were also determined and show a significant warming since the 1990's of 0.9 to 2.5 °C.
William D. Smith, Stuart A. Dunning, Stephen Brough, Neil Ross, and Jon Telling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1053–1065, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1053-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1053-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial landslides are difficult to detect and likely underestimated due to rapid covering or dispersal. Without improved detection rates we cannot constrain their impact on glacial dynamics or their potential climatically driven increases in occurrence. Here we present a new open-access tool (GERALDINE) that helps a user detect 92 % of these events over the past 38 years on a global scale. We demonstrate its ability by identifying two new, large glacial landslides in the Hayes Range, Alaska.
Kate Winter, Emily A. Hill, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, and John Woodward
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3453–3467, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3453-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3453-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite measurements of the English Coast in the Antarctic Peninsula reveal that glaciers are thinning and losing mass, but ice thickness data are required to assess these changes, in terms of ice flux and sea level contribution. Our ice-penetrating radar measurements reveal that low-elevation subglacial channels control fast-flowing ice streams, which release over 39 Gt of ice per year to floating ice shelves. This topography could make ice flows susceptible to future instability.
Mirjam Schaller, Igor Dal Bo, Todd A. Ehlers, Anja Klotzsche, Reinhard Drews, Juan Pablo Fuentes Espoz, and Jan van der Kruk
SOIL, 6, 629–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-629-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-629-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study geophysical observations from ground-penetrating radar with pedolith physical and geochemical properties from pedons excavated in four study areas of the climate and ecological gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera are combined. Findings suggest that profiles with ground-penetrating radar along hillslopes can be used to infer lateral thickness variations in pedolith horizons and to some degree physical and chemical variations with depth.
Felipe Napoleoni, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Neil Ross, Michael J. Bentley, Andrés Rivera, Andrew M. Smith, Martin J. Siegert, Guy J. G. Paxman, Guisella Gacitúa, José A. Uribe, Rodrigo Zamora, Alex M. Brisbourne, and David G. Vaughan
The Cryosphere, 14, 4507–4524, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4507-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4507-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Subglacial water is important for ice sheet dynamics and stability. Despite this, there is a lack of detailed subglacial-water characterisation in West Antarctica (WA). We report 33 new subglacial lakes. Additionally, a new digital elevation model of basal topography was built and used to simulate the subglacial hydrological network in WA. The simulated subglacial hydrological catchments of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers do not match precisely with their ice surface catchments.
Jenna A. Epifanio, Edward J. Brook, Christo Buizert, Jon S. Edwards, Todd A. Sowers, Emma C. Kahle, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Eric J. Steig, Dominic A. Winski, Erich C. Osterberg, Tyler J. Fudge, Murat Aydin, Ekaterina Hood, Michael Kalk, Karl J. Kreutz, David G. Ferris, and Joshua A. Kennedy
Clim. Past, 16, 2431–2444, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2431-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2431-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A new ice core drilled at the South Pole provides a 54 000-year paleo-environmental record including the composition of the past atmosphere. This paper describes the gas chronology for the South Pole ice core, based on a high-resolution methane record. The new gas chronology, in combination with the existing ice age scale from Winski et al. (2019), allows a model-independent reconstruction of the delta age record.
Seyedhamidreza Mojtabavi, Frank Wilhelms, Eliza Cook, Siwan M. Davies, Giulia Sinnl, Mathias Skov Jensen, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Anders Svensson, Bo M. Vinther, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Gwydion Jones, Nanna B. Karlsson, Sergio Henrique Faria, Vasileios Gkinis, Helle Astrid Kjær, Tobias Erhardt, Sarah M. P. Berben, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Iben Koldtoft, and Sune Olander Rasmussen
Clim. Past, 16, 2359–2380, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2359-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2359-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a first chronology for the East Greenland Ice-core Project (EGRIP) over the Holocene and last glacial termination. After field measurements and processing of the ice-core data, the GICC05 timescale is transferred from the NGRIP core to the EGRIP core by means of matching volcanic events and common patterns (381 match points) in the ECM and DEP records. The new timescale is named GICC05-EGRIP-1 and extends back to around 15 kyr b2k.
Marie G. P. Cavitte, Quentin Dalaiden, Hugues Goosse, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, and Elizabeth R. Thomas
The Cryosphere, 14, 4083–4102, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4083-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4083-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Surface mass balance (SMB) and surface air temperature (SAT) are correlated at the regional scale for most of Antarctica, SMB and δ18O. Areas with low/no correlation are where wind processes (foehn, katabatic wind warming, and erosion) are sufficiently active to overwhelm the synoptic-scale snow accumulation. Measured in ice cores, the link between SMB, SAT, and δ18O is much weaker. Random noise can be removed by core record averaging but local processes perturb the correlation systematically.
Jinhwa Shin, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Roberto Grilli, Jai Chowdhry Beeman, Frédéric Parrenin, Grégory Teste, Amaelle Landais, Loïc Schmidely, Lucas Silva, Jochen Schmitt, Bernhard Bereiter, Thomas F. Stocker, Hubertus Fischer, and Jérôme Chappellaz
Clim. Past, 16, 2203–2219, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2203-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2203-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct atmospheric CO2 from the EPICA Dome C ice core during Marine Isotope Stage 6 (185–135 ka) to understand carbon mechanisms under the different boundary conditions of the climate system. The amplitude of CO2 is highly determined by the Northern Hemisphere stadial duration. Carbon dioxide maxima show different lags with respect to the corresponding abrupt CH4 jumps, the latter reflecting rapid warming in the Northern Hemisphere.
Xiangbin Cui, Hafeez Jeofry, Jamin S. Greenbaum, Jingxue Guo, Lin Li, Laura E. Lindzey, Feras A. Habbal, Wei Wei, Duncan A. Young, Neil Ross, Mathieu Morlighem, Lenneke M. Jong, Jason L. Roberts, Donald D. Blankenship, Sun Bo, and Martin J. Siegert
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2765–2774, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2765-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2765-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a topographic digital elevation model (DEM) for Princess Elizabeth Land (PEL), East Antarctica. The DEM covers an area of approximately 900 000 km2 and was built from radio-echo sounding data collected in four campaigns since 2015. Previously, to generate the Bedmap2 topographic product, PEL’s bed was characterised from low-resolution satellite gravity data across an otherwise large (>200 km wide) data-free zone.
Xavier Fettweis, Stefan Hofer, Uta Krebs-Kanzow, Charles Amory, Teruo Aoki, Constantijn J. Berends, Andreas Born, Jason E. Box, Alison Delhasse, Koji Fujita, Paul Gierz, Heiko Goelzer, Edward Hanna, Akihiro Hashimoto, Philippe Huybrechts, Marie-Luise Kapsch, Michalea D. King, Christoph Kittel, Charlotte Lang, Peter L. Langen, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Glen E. Liston, Gerrit Lohmann, Sebastian H. Mernild, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Kameswarrao Modali, Ruth H. Mottram, Masashi Niwano, Brice Noël, Jonathan C. Ryan, Amy Smith, Jan Streffing, Marco Tedesco, Willem Jan van de Berg, Michiel van den Broeke, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Leo van Kampenhout, David Wilton, Bert Wouters, Florian Ziemen, and Tobias Zolles
The Cryosphere, 14, 3935–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated simulated Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance from 5 kinds of models. While the most complex (but expensive to compute) models remain the best, the faster/simpler models also compare reliably with observations and have biases of the same order as the regional models. Discrepancies in the trend over 2000–2012, however, suggest that large uncertainties remain in the modelled future SMB changes as they are highly impacted by the meltwater runoff biases over the current climate.
Clemens Schannwell, Reinhard Drews, Todd A. Ehlers, Olaf Eisen, Christoph Mayer, Mika Malinen, Emma C. Smith, and Hannes Eisermann
The Cryosphere, 14, 3917–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3917-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3917-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To reduce uncertainties associated with sea level rise projections, an accurate representation of ice flow is paramount. Most ice sheet models rely on simplified versions of the underlying ice flow equations. Due to the high computational costs, ice sheet models based on the complete ice flow equations have been restricted to < 1000 years. Here, we present a new model setup that extends the applicability of such models by an order of magnitude, permitting simulations of 40 000 years.
Alexander H. Weinhart, Johannes Freitag, Maria Hörhold, Sepp Kipfstuhl, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 14, 3663–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3663-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3663-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
From 1 m snow profiles along a traverse on the East Antarctic Plateau, we calculated a representative surface snow density of 355 kg m−3 for this region with an error less than 1.5 %.
This density is 10 % higher and density fluctuations seem to happen on smaller scales than climate model outputs suggest. Our study can help improve the parameterization of surface snow density in climate models to reduce the error in future sea level predictions.
Christine S. Hvidberg, Aslak Grinsted, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Anders Kusk, Jonas Kvist Andersen, Niklas Neckel, Anne Solgaard, Nanna B. Karlsson, Helle Astrid Kjær, and Paul Vallelonga
The Cryosphere, 14, 3487–3502, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3487-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3487-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) extends around 600 km from its onset in the interior of Greenland to the coast. Several maps of surface velocity and topography in Greenland exist, but accuracy is limited due to the lack of validation data. Here we present results from a 5-year GPS survey in an interior section of NEGIS. We use the data to assess a list of satellite-derived ice velocity and surface elevation products and discuss the implications for the ice stream flow in the area.
Cited articles
Albrecht, T., Winkelmann, R., and Levermann, A.: Glacial-cycle simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) – Part 2: Parameter ensemble analysis, The Cryosphere, 14, 633–656, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-633-2020, 2020.
Allen, C.: A brief history of radio-echo sounding of ice, Earthzine Monthly Newsletter, https://earthzine.org/a-brief-history-of-radio-echo-sounding-of-ice-2/ (last access: 28 May 2025), 2008.
Arcone, S. A., Jacobel, R., and Hamilton, G.: Unconformable stratigraphy in East Antarctica: Part II. Englacial cosets and recrystallized layers, J. Glaciol., 58, 253–264, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J045, 2012a.
Arcone, S. A., Jacobel, R., and Hamilton, G.: Unconformable stratigraphy in East Antarctica: Part I. Large firn cosets, recrystallized growth, and model evidence for intensified accumulation, J. Glaciol., 58, 240–252, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoJ11J044, 2012b.
Arenas-Pingarrón, Á., Corr, H. F. J., Robinson, C., Jordan, T. A., and Brennan, P. V.: Polarimetric Airborne Scientific Instrument, Mark 2: An ice-sounding airborne synthetic-aperture radar for subglacial 3D imagery, IET Radar, Sonar Navigat., 17, 1391–1404, https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12428, 2023.
Arnold, E., Leuschen, C., Rodriguez-Morales, F., Li, J., Paden, J., Hale, R., and Keshmiri, S.: CReSIS airborne radars and platforms for ice and snow sounding, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 58–67, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.37, 2020.
Ashmore, D. W., Bingham, R. G., Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Jordan, T. A., and Mair, D. W. F.: Englacial architecture and age-depth constraints across the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086663, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl086663, 2020.
Baggenstos, D., Severinghaus, J. P., Mulvaney, R., McConnell, J. R., Sigl, M., Maselli, O. J., Petit, J.-R., Grente, B., and Steig, E. J.: A horizontal ice core from Taylor Glacier, its implications for Antarctic climate history, and an improved Taylor Dome Ice Core time scale, Paleoceanogr. Paleocl., 33, 778–794, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017PA003297, 2018.
Beem, L. H., Young, D. A., Greenbaum, J. S., Blankenship, D. D., Cavitte, M. G. P., Guo, J., and Sun, B.: Aerogeophysical characterization of Titan Dome, East Antarctica, and potential as an ice-core target, The Cryosphere, 15, 1719–1730, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1719-2021, 2021.
Bell, R. E., Blankenship, D. D., Finn, C. A., Morse, D. L., Scambos, T. A., Brozena, J. M., and Hodge, S. M.: Influence of subglacial geology on the onset of a West Antarctic ice stream from aerogeophysical observations, Nature, 394, 58–62, https://doi.org/10.1038/27883, 1998.
Bell, R. E., Ferraccioli, F., Creyts, T. T., Braaten, D., Corr, H., Das, I., Damaske, D., Frearson, N., Jordan, T., Rose, K., Studinger, M., and Wolovick, M.: Widespread persistent thickening of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet by freezing from the base, Science, 331, 1592–1595, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200109, 2011.
Bell, R. E., Tinto, K., Das, I., Wolovick, M., Chu, W., Creyts, T. T., Frearson, N., Abdi, A., and Paden, J. D.: Deformation, warming and softening of Greenland's ice by refreezing meltwater, Nat. Geosci., 7, 497–502, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2179, 2014.
Bender, M. L., Barnett, B., Dreyfus, G., Jouzel, J., and Porcelli, D.: The contemporary degassing rate of 40Ar from the solid Earth, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 8232–8237, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711679105, 2008.
Bentley, M. J., Ó Cofaigh, C., Anderson, J. B., Conway, H., Davies, B., Graham, A. G. C., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Hodgson, D. A., Jamieson, S. S. R., Larter, R. D., Mackintosh, A., Smith, J. A., Verleyen, E., Ackert, R. P., Bart, P. J., Berg, S., Brunstein, D., Canals, M., Colhoun, E. A., Crosta, X., Dickens, W. A., Domack, E., Dowdeswell, J. A., Dunbar, R. B., Ehrmann, W., Evans, J., Favier, V., Fink, D., Fogwill, C. J., Glasser, N. F., Gohl, K., Golledge, N. R., Goodwin, I., Gore, D. B., Greenwood, S. L., Hall, B. L., Hall, K., Hedding, D. W., Hein, A. S., Hocking, E. P., Jakobsson, M., Johnson, J. S., Jomelli, V., Jones, R. S., Klages, J. P., Kristoffersen, Y., Kuhn, G., Leventer, A., Licht, K., Lilly, K., Lindow, J., Livingstone, S. J., Massé, G., McGlone, M. S., McKay, R. M., Melles, M., Miura, H., Mulvaney, R., Nel, W., Nitsche, F. O., O'Brien, P. E., Post, A. L., Roberts, S. J., Saunders, K. M., Selkirk, P. M., Simms, A. R., Spiegel, C., Stolldorf, T. D., Sugden, D. E., van der Putten, N., van Ommen, T., Verfaillie, D., Vyverman, W., Wagner, B., White, D. A., Witus, A. E., and Zwartz, D.: A community-based geological reconstruction of Antarctic Ice Sheet deglaciation since the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 100, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.025, 2014.
Bingham, R. G., Rippin, D. M., Karlsson, N. B., Corr, H. F. J., Ferraccioli, F., Jordan, T. A., Le Brocq, A. M., Rose, K. C., Ross, N., and Siegert, M. J.: Ice-flow structure and ice-dynamic changes in the Weddell Sea sector of West Antarctica from radar-imaged internal layering, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 655–670, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jf003291, 2015.
Bingham, R. G. and Siegert, M. J.: Radio-echo sounding over polar ice masses, J. Environ. Eng. Geophys., 12, 47–62, https://doi.org/10.2113/jeeg12.1.47, 2007.
Bingham, R. G., Siegert, M. J., Young, D. A., and Blankenship, D. D.: Organized flow from the South Pole to the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf: An assessment of balance velocities in interior East Antarctica using radio-echo sounding data, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, F03S26, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000556, 2007.
Blankenship, D. D., Morse, D. L., Finn, C. A., Bell, R. E., Peters, M. E., Kempf, S. D., Hodge, S. M., Studinger, M., Behrendt, J. C., and Brozena, J. M.: Geologic controls on the initiation of rapid basal motion for West Antarctic ice streams: A geophysical perspective including new airborne radar sounding and laser altimetry results, Antar. Res. Ser., 77, 105–121, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR077p0105, 2001.
Blankenship, D. D., Kempf, S. D., Young, D. A., Richter, T. G., Schroeder, D. M., Greenbaum, J. S., van Ommen, T., Warner, R. C., Roberts, J. L., Young, N. W., Le Meur, E., Siegert, M. J., and Holt, J. W.: IceBridge HiCARS 1 L1B Time-Tagged Echo Strength Profiles, Version 1, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/W2KXX0MYNJ9G, 2017.
Bodart, J.: julbod/Calculate englacial layer continuity from BAS airborne radar data, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6858932, 2022.
Bodart, J. A., Bingham, R. G., Ashmore, D. W., Karlsson, N. B., Hein, A. S., and Vaughan, D. G.: Age-depth stratigraphy of Pine Island Glacier inferred from airborne radar and ice-core chronology, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2020JF005927, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jf005927, 2021.
Bodart, J. A., Bingham, R. G., Young, D. A., MacGregor, J. A., Ashmore, D. W., Quartini, E., Hein, A. S., Vaughan, D. G., and Blankenship, D. D.: High mid-Holocene accumulation rates over West Antarctica inferred from a pervasive ice-penetrating radar reflector, The Cryosphere, 17, 1497–1512, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1497-2023, 2023.
Bons, P. D., de Riese, T., Franke, S., Llorens, M. G., Sachau, T., Stoll, N., Weikusat, I., Westhoff, J., and Zhang, Y.: Comment on “Exceptionally high heat flux needed to sustain the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream” by Smith-Johnsen et al. (2020), The Cryosphere, 15, 2251–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021, 2021.
Bons, P. D., Jansen, D., Mundel, F., Bauer, C. C., Binder, T., Eisen, O., Jessell, M. W., Llorens, M. G., Steinbach, F., Steinhage, D., and Weikusat, I.: Converging flow and anisotropy cause large-scale folding in Greenland's ice sheet, Nat. Commun., 7, 11427, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11427, 2016.
Born, A.: Tracer transport in an isochronal ice-sheet model, J. Glaciol., 63, 22–38, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.111, 2017.
Born, A. and Robinson, A.: Modeling the Greenland englacial stratigraphy, The Cryosphere, 15, 4539–4556, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4539-2021, 2021.
Bouchet, M., Landais, A., Grisart, A., Parrenin, F., Prié, F., Jacob, R., Fourré, E., Capron, E., Raynaud, D., Lipenkov, V. Y., Loutre, M. F., Extier, T., Svensson, A., Legrain, E., Martinerie, P., Leuenberger, M., Jiang, W., Ritterbusch, F., Lu, Z. T., and Yang, G. M.: The Antarctic Ice Core Chronology 2023 (AICC2023) chronological framework and associated timescale for the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C ice core, Clim. Past, 19, 2257–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2257-2023, 2023.
Brook, E. J. and Buizert, C.: Antarctic and global climate history viewed from ice cores, Nature, 558, 200–208, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0172-5, 2018.
Brook, E. J. and Kurz, M. D.: Surface-exposure chronology using in situ cosmogenic 3He in Antarctic quartz sandstone boulders, Quaternary Res., 39, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1001, 1993.
Burton-Johnson, A., Dziadek, R., and Martín, C.: Geothermal heat flow in Antarctica: Current and future directions, The Cryosphere, 14, 3843–3873, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3843-2020, 2020.
Callens, D., Drews, R., Witrant, E., Philippe, M., and Pattyn, F.: Temporally stable surface mass balance asymmetry across an ice rise derived from radar internal-reflection horizons through inverse modeling, J. Glaciol., 62, 525–534, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.41, 2016.
Carter, S. P., Blankenship, D. D., Peters, M. E., Young, D. A., Holt, J. W., and Morse, D. L.: Radar-based subglacial-lake classification in Antarctica, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 8, Q03016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001408, 2007.
Carter, S. P., Blankenship, D. D., Young, D. A., and Holt, J. W.: Using radar-sounding data to identify the distribution and sources of subglacial water: Application to Dome C, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 55, 1025–1040, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309790794931, 2009.
Castelletti, D., Schroeder, D. M., Hensley, S., Grima, C., Ng, G., Young, D., Gim, Y., Bruzzone, L., Moussessian, A., and Blankenship, D. D.: An interferometric approach to cross-track clutter detection in two-channel VHF radar sounders, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 55, 6128–6140, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2017.2721433, 2017.
Castelletti, D., Schroeder, D. M., Jordan, T. M., and Young, D.: Permanent scatterers in repeat-pass airborne VHF radar sounder for layer-velocity estimation, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 18, 1766–1770, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2020.3007514, 2021.
Castelletti, D., Schroeder, D. M., Mantelli, E., and Hilger, A.: Layer-optimized SAR processing and slope estimation in radar-sounder data, J. Glaciol., 65, 983–988, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.72, 2019.
Catania, G., Hulbe, C., and Conway, H.: Grounding-line basal melt rates determined using radar-derived internal stratigraphy, J. Glaciol., 56, 545–554, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310792447842, 2010.
Catania, G. A., Scambos, T. A., Conway, H., and Raymond, C. F.: Sequential stagnation of Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026430, 2006.
Cavitte, M. G. P., Blankenship, D. D., Young, D. A., Schroeder, D. M., Parrenin, F., Le Meur, E., MacGregor, J. A., and Siegert, M. J.: Deep radiostratigraphy of the East Antarctic plateau: Connecting the Dome C and Vostok ice-core sites, J. Glaciol., 62, 323–334, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.11, 2016.
Cavitte, M. G. P., Goosse, H., Matsuoka, K., Wauthy, S., Goel, V., Dey, R., Pratap, B., Van Liefferinge, B., Meloth, T., and Tison, J. L.: Investigating the spatial representativeness of East Antarctic ice cores: A comparison of ice core and radar-derived surface mass balance over coastal ice rises and Dome Fuji, The Cryosphere, 17, 4779–4795, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4779-2023, 2023.
Cavitte, M. G. P., Goosse, H., Wauthy, S., Kausch, T., Tison, J.-L., Van Liefferinge, B., Pattyn, F., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and Claeys, P.: From ice core to ground-penetrating radar: Representativeness of SMB at three ice rises along the Princess Ragnhild Coast, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 68, 1221–1233, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.39, 2022.
Cavitte, M. G. P., Parrenin, F., Ritz, C., Young, D. A., Van Liefferinge, B., Blankenship, D. D., Frezzotti, M., and Roberts, J. L.: Accumulation patterns around Dome C, East Antarctica, in the last 73 kyr, The Cryosphere, 12, 1401–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1401-2018, 2018.
Cavitte, M. G. P., Young, D. A., Mulvaney, R., Ritz, C., Greenbaum, J. S., Ng, G., Kempf, S. D., Quartini, E., Muldoon, G. R., Paden, J., Frezzotti, M., Roberts, J. L., Tozer, C. R., Schroeder, D. M., and Blankenship, D. D.: A detailed radiostratigraphic data set for the central East Antarctic Plateau spanning from the Holocene to the mid-Pleistocene, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4759–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4759-2021, 2021.
Christianson, K., Jacobel, R. W., Horgan, H. J., Anandakrishnan, S., and Alley, R. B.: Subglacial Lake Whillans: Ice-penetrating radar and GPS observations of a shallow active reservoir beneath a West Antarctic ice stream, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 331/332, 237–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.03.013, 2012.
Chu, W., Hilger, A. M., Culberg, R., Schroeder, D. M., Jordan, T. M., Seroussi, H., Young, D. A., Blankenship, D. D., and Vaughan, D. G.: Multisystem synthesis of radar sounding observations of the Amundsen Sea Sector from the 2004–2005 field season, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2021JF006296, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006296, 2021.
Chung, A., Parrenin, F., Mulvaney, R., Vittuari, L., Frezzotti, M., Zanutta, A., Lilien, D. A., Cavitte, M. G. P., and Eisen, O.: Age, thinning and spatial origin of the Beyond EPICA ice from a 2.5D ice flow model, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1650, 2024.
Chung, A., Parrenin, F., Steinhage, D., Mulvaney, R., Martín, C., Cavitte, M. G. P., Lilien, D. A., Helm, V., Taylor, D., Gogineni, P., Ritz, C., Frezzotti, M., O'Neill, C., Miller, H., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Eisen, O.: Stagnant ice and age modelling in the Dome C region, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 17, 3461–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3461-2023, 2023.
Clark, P. U., Archer, D., Pollard, D., Blum, J. D., Rial, J. A., Brovkin, V., Mix, A. C., Pisias, N. G., and Roy, M.: The middle Pleistocene transition: Characteristics, mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric pCO2, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3150–3184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.008, 2006.
Clarke, G. K. C., Lhomme, N., and Marshall, S. J.: Tracer transport in the Greenland Ice Sheet: Three-dimensional isotopic stratigraphy, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 155–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.021, 2005.
Clough, J. W.: Radio-echo sounding: Reflections from internal layers in ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 18, 3–14, https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300002147X, 1977.
Cole-Dai, J., Ferris, D. G., Kennedy, J. A., Sigl, M., McConnell, J. R., Fudge, T. J., Geng, L., Maselli, O. J., Taylor, K. C., and Souney, J. M.: Comprehensive record of volcanic eruptions in the Holocene (11,000 years) from the WAIS Divide, Antarctica, ice core, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD032855, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032855, 2021.
Conway, H., Catania, G., Raymond, C. F., Gades, A. M., Scambos, T. A., and Engelhardt, H.: Switch of flow direction in an Antarctic ice stream, Nature, 419, 465–467, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01081, 2002.
Conway, H., Hall, B. L., Denton, G. H., Gades, A. M., and Waddington, E. D.: Past and future grounding-line retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Science, 286, 280–283, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5438.280, 1999.
Cook, C. P., van de Flierdt, T., Williams, T., Hemming, S. R., Iwai, M., Kobayashi, M., Jimenez-Espejo, F. J., Escutia, C., González, J. J., Khim, B.-K., McKay, R. M., Passchier, S., Bohaty, S. M., Riesselman, C. R., Tauxe, L., Sugisaki, S., Galindo, A. L., Patterson, M. O., Sangiorgi, F., Pierce, E. L., Brinkhuis, H., Klaus, A., Fehr, A., Bendle, J. A. P., Bijl, P. K., Carr, S. A., Dunbar, R. B., Flores, J. A., Hayden, T. G., Katsuki, K., Kong, G. S., Nakai, M., Olney, M. P., Pekar, S. F., Pross, J., Röhl, U., Sakai, T., Shrivastava, P. K., Stickley, C. E., Tuo, S., Welsh, K., and Yamane, M.: Dynamic behaviour of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during Pliocene warmth, Nat. Geosci., 6, 765–769, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1889, 2013.
Cornford, S. L., Martin, D. F., Payne, A. J., Ng, E. G., Le Brocq, A. M., Gladstone, R. M., Edwards, T. L., Shannon, S. R., Agosta, C., van den Broeke, M. R., Hellmer, H. H., Krinner, G., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Timmermann, R., and Vaughan, D. G.: Century-scale simulations of the response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a warming climate, The Cryosphere, 9, 1579–1600, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1579-2015, 2015.
Corr, H., Ferraccioli, F., Frearson, N., Jordan, T., Robinson, C., Armadillo, E., Caneva, G., Bozzo, E., and Tabacco, I.: Airborne radio-echo sounding of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, the Transantarctic Mountains, and the Dome C region, Terra Ant. Reports, 13, 55-63, 2007.
Corr, H. F. J. and Vaughan, D. G.: A recent volcanic eruption beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Nat. Geosci., 1, 122–125, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo106, 2008.
Creyts, T. T., Ferraccioli, F., Bell, R. E., Wolovick, M., Corr, H., Rose, K. C., Frearson, N., Damaske, D., Jordan, T., Braaten, D., and Finn, C.: Freezing of ridges and water networks preserves the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains for millions of years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8114–8122, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061491, 2014.
Cui, X., Greenbaum, J. S., Lang, S., Zhao, X., Li, L., Guo, J., and Sun, B.: The scientific operations of Snow Eagle 601 in Antarctica in the past five austral seasons, Remote Sens., 12, 2994, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12182994, 2020a.
Cui, X., Jeofry, H., Greenbaum, J. S., Guo, J., Li, L., Lindzey, L. E., Habbal, F. A., Wei, W., Young, D. A., Ross, N., Morlighem, M., Jong, L. M., Roberts, J. L., Blankenship, D. D., Sun, B., and Siegert, M. J.: Bed topography of Princess Elizabeth Land in East Antarctica, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2765–2774, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2765-2020, 2020b.
Cui, X. B., Du, W. J., Xie, H., and Sun, B.: The ice flux to the Lambert Glacier and Amery Ice Shelf along the Chinese inland traverse and implications for mass balance of the drainage basins, East Antarctica, Polar Res., 39, 3582, https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v39.3582, 2020c.
Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N. S., Keller, K., Johnsen, S. J., Gogineni, S. P., Allen, C. T., Chuah, T. S., Miller, H., Kipfstuhl, S., and Waddington, E. D.: A search in north Greenland for a new ice-core drill site, J. Glaciol., 43, 300–306, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000003245, 1997.
Damaske, D. and McLean, M.: An aerogeophysical survey south of the Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica, Terra Ant., 12, 87–98, 2005.
Dansgaard, W. and Johnsen, S. J.: A flow model and a time scale for the ice core from Camp Century, Greenland, J. Glaciol., 8, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000031208, 1969.
Das, I., Bell, R. E., Scambos, T. A., Wolovick, M., Creyts, T. T., Studinger, M., Frearson, N., Nicolas, J. P., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Influence of persistent wind scour on the surface mass balance of Antarctica, Nat. Geosci., 6, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1766, 2013.
Das, I., Padman, L., Bell, R. E., Fricker, H. A., Tinto, K. J., Hulbe, C., Siddoway, C. S., Dhakal, T., Frearson, N. P., Mosbeux, C., Cordero, S. I., and Siegfried, M. R.: Multidecadal basal-melt rates and structure of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, using airborne ice-penetrating radar, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 125, e2019JF005241, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005241, 2020.
Dawson, E. J., Schroeder, D. M., Chu, W., Mantelli, E., and Seroussi, H.: Ice mass-loss sensitivity to the Antarctic Ice Sheet basal thermal state, Nat. Commun., 13, 4957, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32632-2, 2022.
DeConto, R. M. and Pollard, D.: Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise, Nature, 531, 591–597, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17145, 2016.
DeConto, R. M., Pollard, D., Alley, R. B., Velicogna, I., Gasson, E., Gomez, N., Sadai, S., Condron, A., Gilford, D. M., Ashe, E. L., Kopp, R. E., Li, D., and Dutton, A.: The Paris Climate Agreement and future sea-level rise from Antarctica, Nature, 593, 83–89, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03427-0, 2021.
Delf, R., Schroeder, D. M., Curtis, A., Giannopoulos, A., and Bingham, R. G.: A comparison of automated approaches to extracting englacial-layer geometry from radar data across ice sheets, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 234–241, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.42, 2020.
Dome Fuji Ice Core Project Members: State dependence of climatic instability over the past 720,000 years from Antarctic ice cores and climate modeling, Sci. Adv., 3, e1600446, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600446, 2017.
Dong, S., Tang, X., Guo, J., Fu, L., Chen, X., and Sun, B.: EisNet: Extracting bedrock and internal layers from radiostratigraphy of ice sheets with machine learning, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 60, 4303212, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3136648, 2021.
Dowdeswell, J. A. and Evans, S.: Investigations of the form and flow of ice sheets and glaciers using radio-echo sounding, Rep. Prog. Phys., 67, 1821–1861, https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/67/10/r03, 2004.
Drewry, D. J.: Terrain units in eastern Antarctica, Nature, 256, 194–195, https://doi.org/10.1038/256194a0, 1975.
Drewry, D. J. (Ed.) Antarctica: Glaciological and Geophysical Folio, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0901021040, 1983.
Drewry, D. J.: The Land Beneath the Ice: The Pioneering Years of Radar Exploration in Antarctica, Princeton University Press, Princeton, ISBN 9780691237916, 2023.
Drewry, D. J. and Meldrum, D. T.: Antarctic airborne radio-echo sounding, 1977–78, Polar Rec., 19, 267–273, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247400018271, 1978.
Drews, R., Eisen, O., Steinhage, D., Weikusat, I., Kipfstuhl, S., and Wilhelms, F.: Potential mechanisms for anisotropy in ice-penetrating radar data, J. Glaciol., 58, 613–624, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J114, 2012.
Drews, R., Eisen, O., Weikusat, I., Kipfstuhl, S., Lambrecht, A., Steinhage, D., Wilhelms, F., and Miller, H.: Layer disturbances and the radio-echo free zone in ice sheets, The Cryosphere, 3, 195–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-3-195-2009, 2009.
Drews, R., Martín, C., Steinhage, D., and Eisen, O.: Characterizing the glaciological conditions at Halvfarryggen Ice Dome, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 59, 9–20, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J134, 2013.
Drews, R., Matsuoka, K., Martín, C., Callens, D., Bergeot, N., and Pattyn, F.: Evolution of Derwael Ice Rise in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the last millennia, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 564–579, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003246, 2015.
Dutton, A., Carlson, A. E., Long, A. J., Milne, G. A., Clark, P. U., DeConto, R., Horton, B. P., Rahmstorf, S., and Raymo, M. E.: Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods, Science, 349, aaa4019, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4019, 2015.
Eisen, O.: Inference of velocity pattern from isochronous layers in firn, using an inverse method, J. Glaciol., 54, 613–630, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570818, 2008.
Eisen, O., Hamann, I., Kipfstuhl, S., Steinhage, D., and Wilhelms, F.: Direct evidence for continuous radar reflector originating from changes in crystal-orientation fabric, The Cryosphere, 1, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-1-1-2007, 2007.
Eisen, O., Nixdorf, U., Wilhelms, F., and Miller, H.: Electromagnetic wave speed in polar ice: Validation of the common-midpoint technique with high-resolution dielectric-profiling and γ-density measurements, Ann. Glaciol., 34, 150–156, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817509, 2002.
Eisen, O., Rack, W., Nixdorf, U., and Wilhelms, F.: Characteristics of accumulation around the EPICA deep-drilling site in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 41, 41–46, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813276, 2005.
Eisen, O., Wilhelms, F., Nixdorf, U., and Miller, H.: Revealing the nature of radar reflections in ice: DEP-based FDTD forward modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1218, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016403, 2003.
Eisen, O., Wilhelms, F., Steinhage, D., and Schwander, J.: Improved method to determine radio-echo sounding reflector depths from ice-core profiles of permittivity and conductivity, J. Glaciol., 52, 299–310, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828674, 2006.
EPICA Community Members: Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, 429, 623–628, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02599, 2004.
Ershadi, M. R., Drews, R., Martín, C., Eisen, O., Ritz, C., Corr, H., Christmann, J., Zeising, O., Humbert, A., and Mulvaney, R.: Polarimetric radar reveals the spatial distribution of ice fabric at domes and divides in East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 16, 1719–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022, 2022.
Escutia, C., Bárcena, M. A., Lucchi, R. G., Romero, O., Ballegeer, A. M., Gonzalez, J. J., and Harwood, D. M.: Circum-Antarctic warming events between 4 and 3.5 Ma recorded in marine sediments from the Prydz Bay (ODP Leg 188) and the Antarctic Peninsula (ODP Leg 178) margins, Glob. Planet. Change, 69, 170–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.09.003, 2009.
Evans, S. and Smith, B. M. E.: Radio-echo exploration of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, 1969–70, Polar Rec., 15, 336–338, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247400061143, 1970.
Fahnestock, M. A., Abdalati, W., Joughin, I. R., Brozena, J. M., and Gogineni, P.: High geothermal heat flow, basal melt, and the origin of rapid ice flow in central Greenland, Science, 294, 2338–2342, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065370, 2001a.
Fahnestock, M., Abdalati, W., Luo, S., and Gogineni, S.: Internal-layer tracing and age-depth-accumulation relationships for the northern Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 33789–33797, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd900200, 2001b.
Fischer, H., Severinghaus, J., Brook, E., Wolff, E., Albert, M., Alemany, O., Arthern, R., Bentley, C., Blankenship, D., Chappellaz, J., Creyts, T., Dahl-Jensen, D., Dinn, M., Frezzotti, M., Fujita, S., Gallee, H., Hindmarsh, R., Hudspeth, D., Jugie, G., Kawamura, K., Lipenkov, V., Miller, H., Mulvaney, R., Parrenin, F., Pattyn, F., Ritz, C., Schwander, J., Steinhage, D., van Ommen, T., and Wilhelms, F.: Where to find 1.5 million yr old ice for the IPICS “Oldest-Ice” ice core, Clim. Past, 9, 2489–2505, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2489-2013, 2013.
Fogwill, C. J., Turney, C. S. M., Golledge, N. R., Etheridge, D. M., Rubino, M., Thornton, D. P., Baker, A., Woodward, J., Winter, K., van Ommen, T. D., Moy, A. D., Curran, M. A. J., Davies, S. M., Weber, M. E., Bird, M. I., Munksgaard, N. C., Menviel, L., Rootes, C. M., Ellis, B., Millman, H., Vohra, J., Rivera, A., and Cooper, A.: Antarctic ice-sheet discharge driven by atmosphere-ocean feedbacks at the Last Glacial Termination, Sci. Rep., 7, 39979, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39979, 2017.
Fox-Kemper, B., Hewitt, H. T., Xiao, C., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Drijfhout, S. S., Edwards, T. L., Golledge, N. R., Hemer, M., Kopp, R. E., Krinner, G., Mix, A., Notz, D., Nowicki, S., Nurhati, I. S., Ruiz, L., Sallée, J.-B., Slangen, A. B. A., and Yu, Y.: Ocean, cryosphere and sea-level change, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1211–1362, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.011, 2021.
Franke, S., Bons, P. D., Streng, K., Mundel, F., Binder, T., Weikusat, I., Bauer, C. C., Paden, J. D., Dörr, N., Helm, V., Steinhage, D., Eisen, O., and Jansen, D.: Three-dimensional topology dataset of folded radar stratigraphy in northern Greenland, Sci. Data, 10, 525, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02339-0, 2023a.
Franke, S., Bons, P. D., Westhoff, J., Weikusat, I., Binder, T., Streng, K., Steinhage, D., Helm, V., Eisen, O., Paden, J. D., Eagles, G., and Jansen, D.: Holocene ice-stream shutdown and drainage basin reconfiguration in northeast Greenland, Nat. Geosci., 15, 995–1001, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01082-2, 2022.
Franke, S., Eisermann, H., Jokat, W., Eagles, G., Asseng, J., Miller, H., Steinhage, D., Helm, V., Eisen, O., and Jansen, D.: Preserved landscapes underneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet reveal the geomorphological history of Jutulstraumen Basin, Earth Surf. Process. Land., 46, 2728–2745, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5203, 2021.
Franke, S., Gerber, T., Warren, C., Jansen, D., Eisen, O., and Dahl-Jensen, D.: Investigating the radar response of englacial-debris-entrained basal-ice units in East Antarctica using electromagnetic forward modeling, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 61, 4301516, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2023.3277874, 2023b.
Franke, S., Steinhage, D., Helm, V., Zuhr, A. M., Bodart, J. A., Eisen, O., and Bons, P.: Age–depth distribution in western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, and Antarctic-wide comparisons of internal reflection horizons, The Cryosphere, 19, 1153–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1153-2025, 2025.
Franke, S., Wolovick, M., Drews, R., Jansen, D., Matsuoka, K., and Bons, P. D.: Sediment freeze-on and transport near the onset of a fast-flowing glacier in East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL107164, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107164, 2024.
Frémand, A. C., Bodart, J. A., Jordan, T. A., Ferraccioli, F., Robinson, C., Corr, H. F. J., Peat, H. J., Bingham, R. G., and Vaughan, D. G.: British Antarctic Survey's aerogeophysical data: Releasing 25 years of airborne gravity, magnetic, and radar datasets over Antarctica, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3379–3410, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3379-2022, 2022.
Frémand, A. C., Fretwell, P., Bodart, J. A., Pritchard, H. D., Aitken, A., Bamber, J. L., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Corr, H. F. J., Cui, X., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Drews, R., Eagles, G., Eisen, O., Eisermann, H., Ferraccioli, F., Field, E., Forsberg, R., Franke, S., Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Goel, V., Gogineni, S. P., Greenbaum, J., Hills, B., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Hoffman, A. O., Holmlund, P., Holschuh, N., Holt, J. W., Horlings, A. N., Humbert, A., Jacobel, R. W., Jansen, D., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jordan, T., King, E., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Kusk Gillespie, M., Langley, K., Lee, J., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B., MacGregor, J., MacKie, E., Matsuoka, K., Morlighem, M., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Paden, J., Pattyn, F., Popov, S. V., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J., Ross, N., Ruppel, A., Schroeder, D. M., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tabacco, I., Tinto, K., Urbini, S., Vaughan, D., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D. S., Young, D. A., and Zirizzotti, A.: Antarctic Bedmap data: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) sharing of 60 years of ice bed, surface, and thickness data, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023.
Frezzotti, M., Bitelli, G., De Michelis, P., Deponti, A., Forieri, A., Gandolfi, S., Maggi, V., Mancini, F., Remy, F., Tabacco, I., Urbini, S., Vittuari, L., and Zirizzotti, A.: Geophysical survey at Talos Dome, East Antarctica: The search for a new deep-drilling site, Ann. Glaciol., 39, 423–432, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814591, 2004.
Fudge, T. J., Hills, B. H., Horlings, A. N., Holschuh, N., Christian, J. E., Davidge, L., Hoffman, A., O'Connor, G. K., Christianson, K., and Steig, E. J.: A site for deep ice coring at West Hercules Dome: Results from ground-based geophysics and modeling, J. Glaciol., 69, 538–550, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.80, 2023.
Fujita, S., Holmlund, P., Andersson, I., Brown, I., Enomoto, H., Fujii, Y., Fujita, K., Fukui, K., Furukawa, T., Hansson, M., Hara, K., Hoshina, Y., Igarashi, M., Iizuka, Y., Imura, S., Ingvander, S., Karlin, T., Motoyama, H., Nakazawa, F., Oerter, H., Sjöberg, L. E., Sugiyama, S., Surdyk, S., Ström, J., Uemura, R., and Wilhelms, F.: Spatial and temporal variability of snow accumulation rate on the East Antarctic ice divide between Dome Fuji and EPICA DML, The Cryosphere, 5, 1057–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-1057-2011, 2011.
Fujita, S., Maeno, H., Uratsuka, S., Furukawa, T., Mae, S., Fujii, Y., and Watanabe, O.: Nature of radio-echo layering in the Antarctic Ice Sheet detected by a two-frequency experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 104, 13013–13024, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900034, 1999.
Fujita, S., Matsuoka, T., Ishida, T., Matsuoka, K., and Mae, S.: A summary of the complex dielectric permittivity of ice in the megahertz range and its applications for radar sounding of polar ice sheets, International Symposium on Physics of Ice Core Records, Shikotsukohan, Hokkaido, Japan, 14–17 September, 185–212, ISBN 4832902822, 1998.
Gagliardini, O., Zwinger, T., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Durand, G., Favier, L., de Fleurian, B., Greve, R., Malinen, M., Martín, C., Råback, P., Ruokolainen, J., Sacchettini, M., Schäfer, M., Seddik, H., and Thies, J.: Capabilities and performance of Elmer/Ice, a new-generation ice-sheet model, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1299–1318, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1299-2013, 2013.
Gasson, E., DeConto, R., Pollard, D., and Levy, R. H.: Dynamic Antarctic ice sheet during the early to mid-Miocene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 3459–3464, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516130113, 2016.
Gerber, T. A., Lilien, D. A., Rathmann, N. M., Franke, S., Young, T. J., Valero-Delgado, F., Ershadi, M. R., Drews, R., Zeising, O., Humbert, A., Stoll, N., Weikusat, I., Grinsted, A., Hvidberg, C. S., Jansen, D., Miller, H., Helm, V., Steinhage, D., O'Neill, C., Paden, J., Gogineni, S. P., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Eisen, O.: Crystal-orientation-fabric anisotropy causes directional hardening of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, Nat. Commun., 14, 2653, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38139-8, 2023.
Geyer, A., Di Roberto, A., Smellie, J. L., Van Wyk de Vries, M., Panter, K. S., Martin, A. P., Cooper, J. R., Young, D., Pompilio, M., Kyle, P. R., and Blankenship, D.: Volcanism in Antarctica: An assessment of the present state of research and future directions, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 444, 107941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107941, 2023.
Goel, V., Martín, C., and Matsuoka, K.: Ice-rise stratigraphy reveals changes in surface mass balance over the last millennia in Dronning Maud Land, J. Glaciol., 64, 932–942, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.81, 2018.
Goel, V., Martín, C., and Matsuoka, K.: Evolution of ice rises in the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Dronning Maud Land, over the last millennium, Antar. Sci., 36, 110–124, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102023000330, 2024.
Goelles, T., Grosfeld, K., and Lohmann, G.: Semi-Lagrangian transport of oxygen isotopes in polythermal ice sheets: implementation and first results, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1395–1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1395-2014, 2014.
Goelzer, H., Nowicki, S., Payne, A., Larour, E., Seroussi, H., Lipscomb, W. H., Gregory, J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Agosta, C., Alexander, P., Aschwanden, A., Barthel, A., Calov, R., Chambers, C., Choi, Y., Cuzzone, J., Dumas, C., Edwards, T., Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Golledge, N. R., Greve, R., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Le clec'h, S., Lee, V., Leguy, G., Little, C., Lowry, D. P., Morlighem, M., Nias, I., Quiquet, A., Rückamp, M., Schlegel, N. J., Slater, D. A., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Tarasov, L., van de Wal, R., and van den Broeke, M.: The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet: A multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6, The Cryosphere, 14, 3071–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020, 2020.
Gogineni, P., Chuah, T., Allen, C., Jezek, K., and Moore, R. K.: An improved coherent radar depth sounder, J. Glaciol., 44, 659–669, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000002161, 1998.
Golledge, N. R., Keller, E. D., Gomez, N., Naughten, K. A., Bernales, J., Trusel, L. D., and Edwards, T. L.: Global environmental consequences of twenty-first-century ice-sheet melt, Nature, 566, 65–72, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0889-9, 2019.
Golledge, N. R., Kowalewski, D. E., Naish, T. R., Levy, R. H., Fogwill, C. J., and Gasson, E. G. W.: The multi-millennial Antarctic commitment to future sea-level rise, Nature, 526, 421–425, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15706, 2015.
Goodge, J. W. and Severinghaus, J. P. Rapid Access Ice Drill: A new tool for exploration of the deep Antarctic ice sheets and subglacial geology, J. Glaciol., 62, 1049-1064, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.97, 2016.
Goodge, J. W., Severinghaus, J. P., Johnson, J., Tosi, D., and Bay, R.: Deep ice drilling, bedrock coring and dust logging with the Rapid Access Ice Drill (RAID) at Minna Bluff, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 62, 324–339, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2021.13, 2021.
Gow, A. J. and Williamson, T.: Rheological implications of the internal structure and crystal fabrics of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet as revealed by deep core drilling at Byrd Station, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 87, 1665–1677, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1665:Riotis>2.0.Co;2, 1976.
Gudmandsen, P., Nilsson, E., Pallisgaard, M., Skou, N., and Søndergaard, F.: New equipment for radio-echo sounding, Antarct. J. US, 10, 234–236, 1975.
Gulick, S. P. S., Shevenell, A. E., Montelli, A., Fernandez, R., Smith, C., Warny, S., Bohaty, S. M., Sjunneskog, C., Leventer, A., Frederick, B., and Blankenship, D. D.: Initiation and long-term instability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, Nature, 552, 225–229, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25026, 2017.
Hammer, C. U.: Acidity of polar ice cores in relation to absolute dating, past volcanism, and radio–echoes, J. Glaciol., 25, 359–372, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000015227, 1980.
Hammer, C. U., Clausen, H. B., and Langway, C. C.: 50,000 years of recorded global volcanism, Climatic Change, 35, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005344225434, 1997.
Harrison, C. H.: Radio-echo sounding of horizontal layers in ice, J. Glaciol., 12, 383–397, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000031804, 1973.
Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J.: Variations in the Earth's orbit: Pacemaker of the ice ages, Science, 194, 1121–1132, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4270.1121, 1976.
Hein, A. S., Marrero, S. M., Woodward, J., Dunning, S. A., Winter, K., Westoby, M. J., Freeman, S. P. H. T., Shanks, R. P., and Sugden, D. E.: Mid-Holocene pulse of thinning in the Weddell Sea sector of the West Antarctic ice sheet, Nat. Commun., 7, 12511, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12511, 2016.
Heister, A. and Scheiber, R.: Coherent large-beamwidth processing of radio-echo sounding data, The Cryosphere, 12, 2969–2979, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2969-2018, 2018.
Hélière, F., Lin, C.-C., Corr, H. F. J., and Vaughan, D. G.: Radio-echo sounding of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica: Aperture-synthesis processing and analysis of feasibility from space, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 45, 2573–2582, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.897433, 2007.
Hempel, L., Thyssen, F., Gundestrup, N., Clausen, H. B., and Miller, H.: A comparison of radio-echo sounding data and electrical conductivity of the GRIP Ice Core, J. Glaciol., 46, 369–374, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833070, 2000.
Henry, A. C. J., Schannwell, C., Višnjević, V., Millstein, J., Bons, P. D., Eisen, O., and Drews, R.: Predicting the three-dimensional stratigraphy of an ice rise, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 130, e2024JF007924, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007924, 2025.
Higgins, J. A., Kurbatov, A. V., Spaulding, N. E., Brook, E., Introne, D. S., Chimiak, L. M., Yan, Y., Mayewski, P. A., and Bender, M. L.: Atmospheric composition 1 million years ago from blue ice in the Allan Hills, Antarctica, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 6887–6891, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420232112, 2015.
Hillebrand, T. R., Stone, J. O., Koutnik, M., King, C., Conway, H., Hall, B., Nichols, K., Goehring, B., and Gillespie, M. K.: Holocene thinning of Darwin and Hatherton glaciers, Antarctica, and implications for grounding-line retreat in the Ross Sea, The Cryosphere, 15, 3329–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3329-2021, 2021.
Hillenbrand, C.-D., Smith, J. A., Hodell, D. A., Greaves, M., Poole, C. R., Kender, S., Williams, M., Andersen, T. J., Jernas, P. E., Elderfield, H., Klages, J. P., Roberts, S. J., Gohl, K., Larter, R. D., and Kuhn, G.: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by Holocene warm water incursions, Nature, 547, 43–48, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22995, 2017.
Hills, B. H., Christianson, K., Hoffman, A. O., Fudge, T. J., Holschuh, N., Kahle, E. C., Conway, H., Christian, J. E., Horlings, A. N., O'Connor, G. K., and Steig, E. J.: Geophysics and thermodynamics at South Pole Lake indicate stability and a regionally thawed bed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096218, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096218, 2022.
Hindmarsh, R. C. A., King, E. C., Mulvaney, R., Corr, H. F. J., Hiess, G., and Gillet-Chaulet, F.: Flow at ice-divide triple junctions: 2. Three-dimensional views of isochrone architecture from ice-penetrating radar surveys, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, F02024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001622, 2011.
Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Leysinger Vieli, G. J.-M. C., and Parrenin, F.: A large-scale numerical model for computing isochrone geometry, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 130–140, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409789097450, 2009.
Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Leysinger Vieli, G. J.-M. C., Raymond, M. J., and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Draping or overriding: The effect of horizontal stress gradients on internal layer architecture in ice sheets, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 111, F02018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000309, 2006.
Hodgkins, R., Siegert, M. J., and Dowdeswell, J. A.: Geophysical investigations of ice-sheet internal layering and deformation in the Dome C region of central East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 46, 161–166, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833223, 2000.
Holland, P. R., Corr, H. F. J., Vaughan, D. G., Jenkins, A., and Skvarca, P.: Marine ice in Larsen Ice Shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L11604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038162, 2009.
Holschuh, N., Christianson, K., and Anandakrishnan, S.: Power loss in dipping internal reflectors, imaged using ice-penetrating radar, Ann. Glaciol., 55, 49–56, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG67A005, 2014.
Holschuh, N., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Jacobel, R., and Welch, B.: Persistent tracers of historic ice flow in glacial stratigraphy near Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 12, 2821–2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2821-2018, 2018.
Holschuh, N., Lilien, D. A., and Christianson, K.: Thermal weakening, convergent flow, and vertical heat transport in the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream shear margins, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 8184–8193, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl083436, 2019.
Holschuh, N., Parizek, B. R., Alley, R. B., and Anandakrishnan, S.: Decoding ice-sheet behavior using englacial layer slopes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5561–5570, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073417, 2017.
Humbert, A., Steinhage, D., Helm, V., Beyer, S., and Kleiner, T.: Missing evidence of widespread subglacial lakes at Recovery Glacier, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 2802–2826, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004591, 2018.
IceCube Collaboration: South Pole glacial climate reconstruction from multi-borehole laser particulate stratigraphy, J. Glaciol., 59, 1117–1128, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG13J068, 2013.
Jacobel, R. W., Gades, A. M., Gottschling, D. L., Hodge, S. M., and Wright, D. L.: Interpretation of radar-detected internal layer folding in West Antarctic ice streams, J. Glaciol., 39, 528–537, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000016427, 1993.
Jacobel, R. W., Scambos, T. A., Nereson, N. A., and Raymond, C. F.: Changes in the margin of Ice Stream C, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 46, 102–110, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833485, 2000.
Jacobel, R. W. and Welch, B. C.: A time marker at 17.5 kyr BP detected throughout West Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 41, 47–51, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813348, 2005.
Jansen, D., Franke, S., Bauer, C. C., Binder, T., Dahl-Jensen, D., Eichler, J., Eisen, O., Hu, Y., Kerch, J., Llorens, M.-G., Miller, H., Neckel, N., Paden, J., de Riese, T., Sachau, T., Stoll, N., Weikusat, I., Wilhelms, F., Zhang, Y., and Bons, P. D.: Shear margins in upper half of Northeast Greenland Ice Stream were established two millennia ago, Nat. Commun., 15, 1193, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45021-8, 2024.
Jennings, S. J. A. and Hambrey, M. J.: Structures and deformation in glaciers and ice sheets, Rev. Geophys., 59, e2021RG000743, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000743, 2021.
Johnson, J. S., Bentley, M. J., and Gohl, K.: First exposure ages from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica: The Late Quaternary context for recent thinning of Pine Island, Smith, and Pope Glaciers, Geology, 36, 223–226, https://doi.org/10.1130/g24207a.1, 2008.
Jordan, T. A., Martín, C., Ferraccioli, F., Matsuoka, K., Corr, H., Forsberg, R., Olesen, A., and Siegert, M.: Anomalously high geothermal flux near the South Pole, Sci. Rep., 8, 16785, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35182-0, 2018.
Jordan, T. M., Martín, C., Brisbourne, A. M., Schroeder, D. M., and Smith, A. M.: Radar characterization of ice-crystal-orientation fabric and anisotropic viscosity within an Antarctic ice stream, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 127, e2022JF006673, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JF006673, 2022.
Jordan, T. M., Schroeder, D. M., Elsworth, C. W., and Siegfried, M. R.: Estimation of ice fabric within Whillans Ice Stream using polarimetric phase-sensitive radar sounding, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 74–83, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.6, 2020.
Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gallet, J. C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, E., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J. L., Werner, M., and Wolff, E. W.: Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years, Science, 317, 793–796, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141038, 2007.
Karlsson, N. B., Binder, T., Eagles, G., Helm, V., Pattyn, F., Van Liefferinge, B., and Eisen, O.: Glaciological characteristics in the Dome Fuji region and new assessment for “Oldest Ice”, The Cryosphere, 12, 2413–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2413-2018, 2018.
Karlsson, N. B., Bingham, R. G., Rippin, D. M., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Corr, H. F. J., and Vaughan, D. G.: Constraining past accumulation in the central Pine Island Glacier basin, West Antarctica, using radio-echo sounding, J. Glaciol., 60, 553–562, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J180, 2014.
Karlsson, N. B., Rippin, D. M., Bingham, R. G., and Vaughan, D. G.: A `continuity-index' for assessing ice-sheet dynamics from radar-sounded internal layers, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 335/336, 88–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.034, 2012.
Karlsson, N. B., Rippin, D. M., Vaughan, D. G., and Corr, H. F. J.: The internal layering of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, from airborne radar-sounding data, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 141–146, https://doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500250660, 2009.
King, E. C.: Ice stream or not? Radio-echo sounding of Carlson Inlet, West Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 5, 907–916, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-907-2011, 2011.
Kingslake, J., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Conway, H., Corr, H. F. J., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Martín, C., King, E. C., Mulvaney, R., and Pritchard, H. D.: Full-depth englacial vertical ice-sheet velocities measured using phase-sensitive radar, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 2604–2618, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003275, 2014.
Kingslake, J., Martín, C., Arthern, R. J., Corr, H. F. J., and King, E. C.: Ice-flow reorganization in West Antarctica 2.5 kyr ago dated using radar-derived englacial flow velocities, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 9103–9112, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070278, 2016.
Kingslake, J., Scherer, R. P., Albrecht, T., Coenen, J., Powell, R. D., Reese, R., Stansell, N. D., Tulaczyk, S., Wearing, M. G., and Whitehouse, P. L.: Extensive retreat and re-advance of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Holocene, Nature, 558, 430–434, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0208-x, 2018.
Koch, I., Drews, R., Eisen, O., Franke, S., Jansen, D., Matsuoka, K., Muhle, L. S., Oraschewski, F. M., Pattyn, F., and Višnjević, V.: Radar internal reflection horizons from multisystem data reflect ice dynamic and surface accumulation history along the Princess Ragnhild Coast, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 70, e18, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.1093 10.1017/jog.2023.93, 2024.
Konrad, H., Hogg, A. E., Mulvaney, R., Arthern, R., Tuckwell, R. J., Medley, B., and Shepherd, A.: Observations of surface mass balance on Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, and the effect of strain history in fast-flowing sections, J. Glaciol., 65, 595–604, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.36, 2019.
Koutnik, M. R., Fudge, T. J., Conway, H., Waddington, E. D., Neumann, T. A., Cuffey, K. M., Buizert, C., and Taylor, K. C.: Holocene accumulation and ice flow near the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice-core site, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 907–924, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003668, 2016.
Kovacs, A., Gow, A. J., and Morey, R. M.: The in-situ dielectric constant of polar firn revisited, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 23, 245–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(94)00016-Q, 1995.
Kowalewski, S., Helm, V., Morris, E. M., and Eisen, O.: Picked reflection layer data, ASIRAS Flight Profile: 20156114, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.926987, 2021.
Laird, C. M., Blake, W. A., Matsuoka, K., Conway, H., Allen, C. T., Leuschen, C. J., and Gogineni, S.: Deep ice stratigraphy and basal conditions in central West Antarctica revealed by coherent radar, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 7, 246–250, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2009.2032304, 2010.
Le Meur, E., Magand, O., Arnaud, L., Fily, M., Frezzotti, M., Cavitte, M., Mulvaney, R., and Urbini, S.: Spatial and temporal distributions of surface mass balance between Concordia and Vostok stations, Antarctica, from combined radar and ice-core data: First results and detailed error analysis, The Cryosphere, 12, 1831–1850, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1831-2018, 2018.
Lecavalier, B. S., Tarasov, L., Balco, G., Spector, P., Hillenbrand, C. D., Buizert, C., Ritz, C., Leduc-Leballeur, M., Mulvaney, R., Whitehouse, P. L., Bentley, M. J., and Bamber, J.: Antarctic Ice Sheet paleo-constraint database, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3573–3596, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3573-2023, 2023.
Lee, H., Seo, H., Han, H., Ju, H., and Lee, J.: Velocity anomaly of Campbell Glacier, East Antarctica, observed by double-differential interferometric SAR and ice-penetrating radar, Remote Sens., 13, 2691, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142691, 2021.
Legrain, E., Parrenin, F., and Capron, E.: A gradual change is more likely to have caused the Mid-Pleistocene Transition than an abrupt event, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 90, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00754-0, 2023.
Lenaerts, J. T. M., Medley, B., van den Broeke, M. R., and Wouters, B.: Observing and modeling ice-sheet surface mass balance, Rev. Geophys., 57, 376–420, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000622, 2019.
Leysinger Vieli, G. J.-M. C., Siegert, M. J., and Payne, A. J.: Reconstructing ice-sheet accumulation rates at Ridge B, East Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 39, 326–330, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814519, 2004.
Leysinger Vieli, G. J.-M. C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Siegert, M. J.: Three-dimensional flow influences on radar layer stratigraphy, Ann. Glaciol., 46, 22–28, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871729, 2007.
Leysinger Vieli, G. J.-M. C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Siegert, M. J., and Sun, B.: Time-dependence of the spatial pattern of accumulation rate in East Antarctica deduced from isochronic radar layers using a 3-D numerical ice flow model, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, F02018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jf001785, 2011.
Leysinger Vieli, G. J.-M. C., Martín, C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Lüthi, M. P.: Basal freeze-on generates complex ice-sheet stratigraphy, Nat. Commun., 9, 4669, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07083-3, 2018.
Lilien, D. A., Steinhage, D., Taylor, D., Parrenin, F., Ritz, C., Mulvaney, R., Martín, C., Yan, J. B., O'Neill, C., Frezzotti, M., Miller, H., Gogineni, P., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Eisen, O.: New radar constraints support presence of ice older than 1.5 Myr at Little Dome C, The Cryosphere, 15, 1881–1888, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1881-2021, 2021.
Lindzey, L. E., Beem, L. H., Young, D. A., Quartini, E., Blankenship, D. D., Lee, C. K., Lee, W. S., Lee, J. I., and Lee, J.: Aerogeophysical characterization of an active subglacial lake system in the David Glacier catchment, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 14, 2217–2233, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2217-2020, 2020.
Luo, K., Liu, S., Guo, J., Wang, T., Li, L., Cui, X., Sun, B., and Tang, X.: Radar-derived internal structure and basal roughness characterization along a traverse from Zhongshan Station to Dome A, East Antarctica, Remote Sens., 12, 1079, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071079, 2020.
Luo, K., Tang, X., Liu, S., Guo, J., Greenbaum, J. S., Li, L., and Sun, B.: Deep radiostratigraphy constraints support the presence of persistent wind scouring behavior for more than 100 ka in the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 60, 4306213, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3209543, 2022.
MacGregor, J. A., Boisvert, L. N., Medley, B., Petty, A. A., Harbeck, J. P., Bell, R. E., Blair, J. B., Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E., Buckley, E. M., Christoffersen, M. S., Cochran, J. R., Csatho, B. M., De Marco, E. L., Dominguez, R. T., Fahnestock, M. A., Farrell, S. L., Gogineni, S. P., Greenbaum, J. S., Hansen, C. M., Hofton, M. A., Holt, J. W., Jezek, K. C., Koenig, L. S., Kurtz, N. T., Kwok, R., Larsen, C. F., Leuschen, C. J., Locke, C. D., Manizade, S. S., Martin, S., Neumann, T. A., Nowicki, S. M. J., Paden, J. D., Richter-Menge, J. A., Rignot, E. J., Rodriguez-Morales, F., Siegfried, M. R., Smith, B. E., Sonntag, J. G., Studinger, M., Tinto, K. J., Truffer, M., Wagner, T. P., Woods, J. E., Young, D. A., and Yungel, J. K.: The scientific legacy of NASA's Operation IceBridge, Rev. Geophys., 59, e2020RG000712, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020rg000712, 2021.
MacGregor, J. A., Colgan, W. T., Fahnestock, M. A., Morlighem, M., Catania, G. A., Paden, J. D., and Gogineni, S. P.: Holocene deceleration of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Science, 351, 590–593, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1702, 2016.
MacGregor, J. A., Fahnestock, M. A., Catania, G. A., Paden, J. D., Gogineni, S. P., Young, S. K., Rybarski, S. C., Mabrey, A. N., Wagman, B. M., and Morlighem, M.: Radiostratigraphy and age structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 212–241, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jf003215, 2015a.
MacGregor, J. A., Fahnestock, M. A., Paden, J. D., Li, J., Harbeck, J. P., and Aschwanden, A.: A revised and expanded deep radiostratigraphy of the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne radar sounding surveys between 1993 and 2019, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2911–2931, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2911-2025, 2025.
MacGregor, J. A., Li, J. L., Paden, J. D., Catania, G. A., Clow, G. D., Fahnestock, M. A., Gogineni, S. P., Grimm, R. E., Morlighem, M., Nandi, S., Seroussi, H., and Stillman, D. E.: Radar attenuation and temperature within the Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 983–1008, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jf003418, 2015b.
MacGregor, J. A., Matsuoka, K., Koutnik, M. R., Waddington, E. D., Studinger, M., and Winebrenner, D. P.: Millennially averaged accumulation rates for the Vostok Subglacial Lake region inferred from deep internal layers, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 25–34, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409789097441, 2009.
MacGregor, J. A., Winebrenner, D. P., Conway, H., Matsuoka, K., Mayewski, P. A., and Clow, G. D.: Modeling englacial radar attenuation at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, using ice chemistry and temperature data, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, F03008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000717, 2007.
Mackintosh, A. N., Verleyen, E., O'Brien, P. E., White, D. A., Jones, R. S., McKay, R., Dunbar, R. B., Gore, D. B., Fink, D., Post, A. L., Miura, H., Leventer, A., Goodwin, I., Hodgson, D. A., Lilly, K., Crosta, X., Golledge, N. R., Wagner, B., Berg, S., van Ommen, T., Zwartz, D., Roberts, S. J., Vyverman, W., and Masse, G.: Retreat history of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 100, 10–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.024, 2014.
Martín, C. and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Effects of nonlinear rheology, temperature and anisotropy on the relationship between age and depth at ice divides, The Cryosphere, 6, 1221–1229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1221-2012, 2012.
Martín, C., Gudmundsson, G. H., and King, E. C.: Modelling of Kealey Ice Rise, Antarctica, reveals stable ice-flow conditions in East Ellsworth Land over millennia, J. Glaciol., 60, 139–146, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J089, 2014.
Martín, C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Navarro, F. J.: Dating ice flow change near the flow divide at Roosevelt Island, Antarctica, by using a thermomechanical model to predict radar stratigraphy, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 111, F01011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000326, 2006.
Martín, C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Navarro, F. J.: On the effects of divide migration, along-ridge flow, and basal sliding on isochrones near an ice divide, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, F02006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001025, 2009.
Matsuoka, K., Furukawa, T., Fujita, S., Maeno, H., Uratsuka, S., Naruse, R., and Watanabe, O.: Crystal-orientation fabrics within the Antarctic Ice Sheet revealed by a multipolarization plane and dual-frequency radar survey, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 108, 2499, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002425, 2003.
Matsuoka, K., Gades, A., Conway, H., Catania, G., and Raymond, C. F.: Radar signatures beneath a surface topographic lineation near the outlet of Kamb Ice Stream and Engelhardt Ice Ridge, West Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 98–104, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409789097595, 2009.
Matsuoka, K., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Moholdt, G., Bentley, M. J., Pritchard, H. D., Brown, J., Conway, H., Drews, R., Durand, G., Goldberg, D., Hattermann, T., Kingslake, J., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Martín, C., Mulvaney, R., Nicholls, K. W., Pattyn, F., Ross, N., Scambos, T., and Whitehouse, P. L.: Antarctic ice rises and rumples: Their properties and significance for ice-sheet dynamics and evolution, Earth-Sci. Rev., 150, 724–745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.09.004, 2015.
Matsuoka, K., MacGregor, J. A., and Pattyn, F.: Predicting radar attenuation within the Antarctic Ice Sheet, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 359/360, 173–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.018, 2012.
Mayewski, P. A., Frezzotti, M., Bertler, N., van Ommen, T., Hamilton, G., Jacka, T. H., Welch, B., Frey, M., Dahe, Q., Jiawen, R., Simões, J., Fily, M., Oerter, H., Nishio, F., Isaksson, E., Mulvaney, R., Holmund, P., Lipenkov, V., and Goodwin, I.: The International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE): an overview, Ann. Glaciol., 41, 180–185, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813159, 2005.
McConnell, J. R., Burke, A., Dunbar, N. W., Köhler, P., Thomas, J. L., Arienzo, M. M., Chellman, N. J., Maselli, O. J., Sigl, M., Adkins, J. F., Baggenstos, D., Burkhart, J. F., Brook, E. J., Buizert, C., Cole-Dai, J., Fudge, T. J., Knorr, G., Graf, H.-F., Grieman, M. M., Iverson, N., McGwire, K. C., Mulvaney, R., Paris, G., Rhodes, R. H., Saltzman, E. S., Severinghaus, J. P., Steffensen, J. P., Taylor, K. C., and Winckler, G.: Synchronous volcanic eruptions and abrupt climate change ∼ 17.7 ka plausibly linked by stratospheric ozone depletion, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 10035–10040, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705595114, 2017.
Medley, B., Joughin, I., Das, S. B., Steig, E. J., Conway, H., Gogineni, S., Criscitiello, A. S., McConnell, J. R., Smith, B. E., van den Broeke, M. R., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Bromwich, D. H., and Nicolas, J. P.: Airborne-radar and ice-core observations of annual snow accumulation over Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, confirm the spatiotemporal variability of global and regional atmospheric models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3649–3654, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50706, 2013.
Medley, B., Joughin, I., Smith, B. E., Das, S. B., Steig, E. J., Conway, H., Gogineni, S., Lewis, C., Criscitiello, A. S., McConnell, J. R., van den Broeke, M. R., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Bromwich, D. H., Nicolas, J. P., and Leuschen, C.: Constraining the recent mass balance of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, West Antarctica, with airborne observations of snow accumulation, The Cryosphere, 8, 1375–1392, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1375-2014, 2014.
Millar, D. H. M.: Radio-echo layering in polar ice sheets and past volcanic activity, Nature, 292, 441–443, https://doi.org/10.1038/292441a0, 1981.
Millar, D. H. M.: Acidity levels in ice sheets from radio echo-sounding, Ann. Glaciol., 3, 199–203, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500002779, 1982.
Miners, W. D., Hildebrand, A., Gerland, S., Blindow, N., Steinhage, D., and Wolff, E. W.: Forward modeling of the internal layers in radio-echo sounding using electrical and density measurements from ice cores, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 6201–6204, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp963218+, 1997.
Mojtabavi, S., Eisen, O., Franke, S., Jansen, D., Steinhage, D., Paden, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Weikusat, I., Eichler, J., and Wilhelms, F.: Origin of englacial stratigraphy at three deep ice core sites of the Greenland Ice Sheet by synthetic radar modelling, J. Glaciol., 68, 799–811, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.137, 2022.
Moqadam, H. and Eisen, O.: Review article: Feature tracing in radio-echo sounding products of terrestrial ice sheets and planetary bodies, The Cryosphere, 19, 2159–2196, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2159-2025, 2025.
Moqadam, H., Steinhage, D., Wilhelm, A., and Eisen, O.: Going deeper with deep learning: Automatically tracing internal reflection horizons in ice sheets – methodology and benchmark dataset, Mach. Learn. Comput., 2, e2024JH000493, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JH000493, 2025.
Morgan, V., Jacka, T., Akerman, G., and Clarke, A.: Outlet glacier and mass-budget studies in Enderby, Kemp, and Mac. Robertson Lands, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 3, 204–210, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500002780, 1982.
Morlighem, M.: MEaSUREs BedMachine Antarctica, Version 2 [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/E1QL9HFQ7A8M, 2020.
Moss, G., Višnjević, V., Eisen, O., Oraschewski, F. M., Schröder, C., Macke, J. H., and Drews, R.: Simulation-based inference of surface accumulation and basal-melt rates of an Antarctic ice shelf from isochronal layers, J. Glaciol., 71, e44, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.13, 2025.
Moussessian, A., Jordan, R. L., Rodriguez, E., Safaeinili, A., Akins, T. L., Edelstein, W. N., Kim, Y., and Gogineni, S. P.: A new coherent radar for ice sounding in Greenland, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARRS) Proceedings, 24–28 July 2000, Vol. 482, 484–486, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2000.861604, 2000.
Muldoon, G. R., Jackson, C. S., Young, D. A., and Blankenship, D. D.: Bayesian estimation of englacial radar chronology in Central West Antarctica, Dynam. Stat. Clim. Syst., 3, dzy004, https://doi.org/10.1093/climatesystem/dzy004, 2018.
Naish, T., Powell, R., Levy, R., Wilson, G., Scherer, R., Talarico, F., Krissek, L., Niessen, F., Pompilio, M., Wilson, T., Carter, L., DeConto, R., Huybers, P., McKay, R., Pollard, D., Ross, J., Winter, D., Barrett, P., Browne, G., Cody, R., Cowan, E., Crampton, J., Dunbar, G., Dunbar, N., Florindo, F., Gebhardt, C., Graham, I., Hannah, M., Hansaraj, D., Harwood, D., Helling, D., Henrys, S., Hinnov, L., Kuhn, G., Kyle, P., Läufer, A., Maffioli, P., Magens, D., Mandernack, K., McIntosh, W., Millan, C., Morin, R., Ohneiser, C., Paulsen, T., Persico, D., Raine, I., Reed, J., Riesselman, C., Sagnotti, L., Schmitt, D., Sjunneskog, C., Strong, P., Taviani, M., Vogel, S., Wilch, T., and Williams, T.: Obliquity-paced Pliocene West Antarctic ice sheet oscillations, Nature, 458, 322–328, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07867, 2009.
Narcisi, B. and Petit, J. R.: Englacial tephras of East Antarctica, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 55, 649–664, https://doi.org/10.1144/M55-2018-86, 2021.
NEEM Community Members: Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core, Nature, 493, 489–494, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11789, 2013.
Nereson, N. A., Raymond, C. F., Jacobel, R. W., and Waddington, E. D.: The accumulation pattern across Siple Dome, West Antarctica, inferred from radar-detected internal layers, J. Glaciol., 46, 75–87, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833449, 2000.
Nereson, N. A., Raymond, C. F., Waddington, E. D., and Jacobel, R. W.: Migration of the Siple Dome ice divide, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 44, 643–652, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000002148, 1998.
Neumann, T. A., Conway, H., Price, S. F., Waddington, E. D., Catania, G. A., and Morse, D. L.: Holocene accumulation and ice-sheet dynamics in central West Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 113, F02018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000764, 2008.
Ng, F. and Conway, H.: Fast-flow signature in the stagnated Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, Geology, 32, 481–484, https://doi.org/10.1130/g20317.1, 2004.
Ng, F. and King, E. C.: Kinematic waves in polar firn stratigraphy, J. Glaciol., 57, 1119–1134, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311798843340, 2011.
Nicholls, K. W., Corr, H. F. J., Stewart, C. L., Lok, L. B., Brennan, P. V., and Vaughan, D. G.: A ground-based radar for measuring vertical strain rates and time-varying basal melt rates in ice sheets and shelves, J. Glaciol., 61, 1079–1087, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG15J073, 2015.
Nye, J.: The distribution of stress and velocity in glaciers and ice sheets, P. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy., 239, 113–133, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1957.0026, 1957.
Obase, T., Abe-Ouchi, A., Saito, F., Tsutaki, S., Fujita, S., Kawamura, K., and Motoyama, H.: A one-dimensional temperature and age modeling study for selecting the drill site of the oldest ice core near Dome Fuji, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 17, 2543–2562, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2543-2023, 2023.
Oppenheimer, M., Glavovic, B. C., Hinkel, J., van de Wal, R., Magnan, A. K., Abd-Elgawad, A., Cai, R., Cifuentes-Jara, M., DeConto, R. M., Ghosh, T., Hay, J., Isla, F., Marzeion, B., Meyssignac, B., and Sebesvari, Z.: Sea-level rise and implications for low-lying islands, coasts and communities, in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 321–445, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006, 2019.
Oraschewski, F. M., Koch, I., Ershadi, M. R., Hawkins, J., Eisen, O., and Drews, R.: Layer-optimized synthetic aperture radar processing with a mobile phase-sensitive radar: A proof of concept for detecting the deep englacial stratigraphy of Colle Gnifetti, Switzerland and Italy, The Cryosphere, 18, 3875–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3875-2024, 2024.
Otosaka, I. N., Shepherd, A., Ivins, E. R., Schlegel, N. J., Amory, C., van den Broeke, M. R., Horwath, M., Joughin, I., King, M. D., Krinner, G., Nowicki, S., Payne, A. J., Rignot, E., Scambos, T., Simon, K. M., Smith, B. E., Sørensen, L. S., Velicogna, I., Whitehouse, P. L., A, G., Agosta, C., Ahlstrøm, A. P., Blazquez, A., Colgan, W., Engdahl, M. E., Fettweis, X., Forsberg, R., Gallée, H., Gardner, A., Gilbert, L., Gourmelen, N., Groh, A., Gunter, B. C., Harig, C., Helm, V., Khan, S. A., Kittel, C., Konrad, H., Langen, P. L., Lecavalier, B. S., Liang, C. C., Loomis, B. D., McMillan, M., Melini, D., Mernild, S. H., Mottram, R., Mouginot, J., Nilsson, J., Noël, B., Pattle, M. E., Peltier, W. R., Pie, N., Roca, M., Sasgen, I., Save, H. V., Seo, K. W., Scheuchl, B., Schrama, E. J. O., Schröder, L., Simonsen, S. B., Slater, T., Spada, G., Sutterley, T. C., Vishwakarma, B. D., van Wessem, J. M., Wiese, D., van der Wal, W., and Wouters, B.: Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1597–1616, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, 2023.
Paden, J., Tinto, K., Young, D., Christianson, K., Schroeder, D., Rahnemoonfar, M., Li, J., Talasila, H. M., Eisen, O., and Jordan, T.: Open Polar Radar software and services to standardize radar echograms and integrate into a geospatial database, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2021AGUFM.C2051A.2008P, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AGUFM.C51A..08P/abstract (last access: 25 September 2025), 2021.
Panton, C.: Automated mapping of local layer slope and tracing of internal layers in radio echograms, Ann. Glaciol., 55, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG67A048, 2014.
Panton, C. and Karlsson, N. B.: Automated mapping of near-bed radio-echo layer disruptions in the Greenland Ice Sheet, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 432, 323–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.024, 2015.
Parrenin, F., Cavitte, M. G. P., Blankenship, D. D., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gagliardini, O., Masson-Delmotte, V., Passalacqua, O., Ritz, C., Roberts, J., Siegert, M. J., and Young, D. A.: Is there 1.5-million-year-old ice near Dome C, Antarctica?, The Cryosphere, 11, 2427–2437, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2427-2017, 2017.
Parrenin, F. and Hindmarsh, R.: Influence of a non-uniform velocity field on isochrone geometry along a steady flowline of an ice sheet, J. Glaciol., 53, 612–622, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409298, 2007.
Passalacqua, O., Ritz, C., Parrenin, F., Urbini, S., and Frezzotti, M.: Geothermal flux and basal melt rate in the Dome C region inferred from radar reflectivity and heat modelling, The Cryosphere, 11, 2231–2246, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2231-2017, 2017.
Pattyn, F.: Antarctic subglacial conditions inferred from a hybrid ice-sheet/ice-stream model, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 295, 451–461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.025, 2010.
Pauling, A. G., Bitz, C. M., and Steig, E. J.: Linearity of the climate-system response to raising and lowering West Antarctic and coastal Antarctic topography, J. Clim., 36, 6195–6212, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0416.1, 2023.
Peters, M. E., Blankenship, D. D., Carter, S. P., Kempf, S. D., Young, D. A., and Holt, J. W.: Along-track focusing of airborne radar sounding data from West Antarctica for improving basal reflection analysis and layer detection, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 45, 2725–2736, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2007.897416, 2007.
Peters, M. E., Blankenship, D. D., and Morse, D. L.: Analysis techniques for coherent airborne radar sounding: Application to West Antarctic ice streams, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 110, B06303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003222, 2005.
Pettit, E. C., Thorsteinsson, T., Jacobson, H. P., and Waddington, E. D.: The role of crystal fabric in flow near an ice divide, J. Glaciol., 53, 277–288, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507782202766, 2007.
Pettit, E. C. and Waddington, E. D.: Ice flow at low deviatoric stress, J. Glaciol., 49, 359–369, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830584, 2003.
Pettit, E. C., Waddington, E. D., Harrison, W. D., Thorsteinsson, T., Elsberg, D., Morack, J., and Zumberge, M. A.: The crossover stress, anisotropy and the ice flow law at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 57, 39–52, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311795306619, 2011.
Pittard, M. L., Whitehouse, P. L., Bentley, M. J., and Small, D.: An ensemble of Antarctic deglacial simulations constrained by geological observations, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 298, 107800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107800, 2022.
Pollard, D. and DeConto, R. M.: Modelling West Antarctic Ice Sheet growth and collapse through the past five million years, Nature, 458, 329–332, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07809, 2009.
Popov, S.: Fifty-five years of Russian radio-echo sounding investigations in Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.4, 2020.
Popov, S.: Ice cover, subglacial landscape, and estimation of bottom melting of Mac. Robertson, Princess Elizabeth, Wilhelm II, and western Queen Mary Lands, East Antarctica, Remote Sens., 14, 241, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010241, 2022.
Pratap, B., Dey, R., Matsuoka, K., Moholdt, G., Lindbäck, K., Goel, V., Laluraj, C. M., and Thamban, M.: Three-decade spatial patterns in surface mass balance of the Nivlisen Ice Shelf, central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 68, 174–186, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.93, 2022.
Pritchard, H. D., Fretwell, P. T., Frémand, A. C., Bodart, J. A., Kirkham, J. D., Aitken, A., Bamber, J., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Corr, H. F. J., Cui, X., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Dorschel, B., Drews, R., Eagles, G., Eisen, O., Eisermann, H., Ferraccioli, F., Field, E., Forsberg, R., Franke, S., Goel, V., Gogineni, S. P., Greenbaum, J., Hills, B., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Hoffman, A. O., Holschuh, N., Holt, J. W., Humbert, A., Jacobel, R. W., Jansen, D., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jong, L., Jordan, T. A., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Maton, J., Kusk Gillespie, M., Langley, K., Lee, J., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B., MacGregor, J. A., MacKie, E., Moholdt, G., Matsuoka, K., Morlighem, M., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nost, O. A., Paden, J., Pattyn, F., Popov, S., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J. L., Ross, N., Ruppel, A., Schroeder, D. M., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tabacco, I., Tinto, K. J., Urbini, S., Vaughan, D. G., Wilson, D. S., Young, D. A., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap3 updated ice bed, surface and thickness gridded datasets for Antarctica, Sci. Data, 12, 414, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04672-y, 2025.
Rahnemoonfar, M., Yari, M., Paden, J., Koenig, L., and Ibikunle, O.: Deep multi-scale learning for automatic tracking of internal layers of ice in radar data, J. Glaciol., 67, 39–48, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.80, 2021.
Raymond, C. F.: Deformation in the vicinity of ice divides, J. Glaciol., 29, 357–373, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000030288, 1983.
Reeh, N., Oerter, H., and Thomsen, H. H.: Comparison between Greenland ice-margin and ice-core oxygen-18 records, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 136–144, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817365, 2002.
Retzlaff, R., Lord, N., and Bentley, C. R.: Airborne-radar studies: Ice Streams A, B and C, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 39, 495–506, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000016397, 1993.
Rieckh, T., Born, A., Robinson, A., Law, R., and Gülle, G.: Design and performance of ELSA v2.0: an isochronal model for ice-sheet layer tracing, Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6987–7000, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, 2024.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: MEaSUREs InSAR-Based Antarctica Ice Velocity Map, Version 2 [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/D7GK8F5J8M8R., 2017.
Rignot, E., Thomas, R. H., Kanagaratnam, P., Casassa, G., Frederick, E., Gogineni, S., Krabill, W., Rivera, A., Russell, R., Sonntag, J., Swift, R., and Yungel, J.: Improved estimation of the mass balance of glaciers draining into the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica from the CECS/NASA 2002 campaign, Ann. Glaciol., 39, 231–237, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756404781813916, 2004.
Rippin, D. M., Siegert, M. J., and Bamber, J. L.: The englacial stratigraphy of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, as revealed by internal radio-echo sounding layering, and its relationship with balance velocities, Ann. Glaciol., 36, 189–196, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756403781816356, 2003.
Rippin, D. M., Siegert, M. J., Bamber, J. L., Vaughan, D. G., and Corr, H. F. J.: Switch-off of a major enhanced ice-flow unit in East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026648, 2006.
Rix, J., Mulvaney, R., Hong, J., and Ashurst, D. A. N.: Development of the British Antarctic Survey Rapid-Access Isotope Drill, J. Glaciol., 65, 288–298, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.9, 2019.
Robin, G. de Q., Evans, S., and Bailey, J. T.: Interpretation of radio echo sounding in polar ice sheets, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Sci., 265, 437–505, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1969.0063, 1969.
Robin, G. de Q. and Millar, D. H. M.: Flow of ice sheets in the vicinity of subglacial peaks, Ann. Glaciol., 3, 290–294, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500002949, 1982.
Rodriguez-Morales, F., Gogineni, S., Leuschen, C. J., Paden, J. D., Li, J., Lewis, C. C., Panzer, B., Gomez-Garcia Alvestegui, D., Patel, A., Byers, K., Crowe, R., Player, K., Hale, R. D., Arnold, E. J., Smith, L., Gifford, C. M., Braaten, D., and Panton, C.: Advanced multifrequency radar instrumentation for polar research, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 52, 2824–2842, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2013.2266415, 2013.
Ross, N., Corr, H., and Siegert, M.: Large-scale englacial folding and deep-ice stratigraphy within the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 14, 2103–2114, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2103-2020, 2020.
Ross, N. and Siegert, M.: Basal melting over Subglacial Lake Ellsworth and its catchment: Insights from englacial layering, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 198–205, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.50, 2020.
Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Woodward, J., Smith, A. M., Corr, H. F. J., Bentley, M. J., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., King, E. C., and Rivera, A.: Holocene stability of the Amundsen-Weddell ice divide, West Antarctica, Geology, 39, 935–938, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31920.1, 2011.
Rowell, I. F., Mulvaney, R., Rix, J., Tetzner, D. R., and Wolff, E. W.: Viability of chemical and water isotope ratio measurements of RAID ice chippings from Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 69, 623–638, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.94, 2023.
Sanderson, R. J., Ross, N., Winter, K., Bingham, R. G., Callard, S. L., Jordan, T. A., and Young, D. A.: Dated radar-stratigraphy between Dome A and South Pole, East Antarctica: Old-ice potential and ice-sheet history, J. Glaciol., 70, e74, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.60, 2024.
Sanderson, R. J., Winter, K., Callard, S. L., Napoleoni, F., Ross, N., Jordan, T. A., and Bingham, R. G.: Englacial architecture of Lambert Glacier, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 17, 4853–4871, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4853-2023, 2023.
Scambos, T. A., Bell, R. E., Alley, R. B., Anandakrishnan, S., Bromwich, D. H., Brunt, K., Christianson, K., Creyts, T., Das, S. B., DeConto, R., Dutrieux, P., Fricker, H. A., Holland, D., MacGregor, J., Medley, B., Nicolas, J. P., Pollard, D., Siegfried, M. R., Smith, A. M., Steig, E. J., Trusel, L. D., Vaughan, D. G., and Yager, P. L.: How much, how fast?: A science review and outlook for research on the instability of Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier in the 21st century, Glob. Planet. Change, 153, 16–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.04.008, 2017.
Scanlan, K. M., Rutishauser, A., Young, D. A., and Blankenship, D. D.: Interferometric discrimination of cross-track bed clutter in ice-penetrating radar sounding data, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 68–73, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.20, 2020.
Schannwell, C., Drews, R., Ehlers, T. A., Eisen, O., Mayer, C., and Gillet-Chaulet, F.: Kinematic response of ice-rise divides to changes in ocean and atmosphere forcing, The Cryosphere, 13, 2673–2691, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2673-2019, 2019.
Schroeder, D. M., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Christianson, K., Eisen, O., Flowers, G. E., Karlsson, N. B., Koutnik, M. R., Paden, J. D., and Siegert, M. J.: Five decades of radioglaciology, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.11, 2020.
Schroeder, D. M., Broome, A. L., Conger, A., Lynch, A., Mackie, E. J., and Tarzona, A.: Radiometric analysis of digitized Z-scope records in archival radar sounding film, J. Glaciol., 68, 733–740, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.130, 2022.
Schroeder, D. M., Dowdeswell, J. A., Siegert, M. J., Bingham, R. G., Chu, W. N., MacKie, E. J., Siegfried, M. R., Vega, K. I., Emmons, J. R., and Winstein, K.: Multidecadal observations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from restored analog radar records, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 18867–18873, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821646116, 2019.
Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., Walther, R., and Marending, S.: Progress of the RADIX (Rapid Access Drilling and Ice eXtraction) fast-access drilling system, The Cryosphere, 17, 1151–1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1151-2023, 2023.
Seroussi, H., Nowicki, S., Payne, A. J., Goelzer, H., Lipscomb, W. H., Abe-Ouchi, A., Agosta, C., Albrecht, T., Asay-Davis, X., Barthel, A., Calov, R., Cullather, R., Dumas, C., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Gladstone, R., Golledge, N. R., Gregory, J. M., Greve, R., Hattermann, T., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Jourdain, N. C., Kleiner, T., Larour, E., Leguy, G. R., Lowry, D. P., Little, C. M., Morlighem, M., Pattyn, F., Pelle, T., Price, S. F., Quiquet, A., Reese, R., Schlegel, N. J., Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Sun, S., Trusel, L. D., Van Breedam, J., van de Wal, R. S. W., Winkelmann, R., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., and Zwinger, T.: ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution over the 21st century, The Cryosphere, 14, 3033–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, 2020.
Seroussi, H., Pelle, T., Lipscomb, W. H., Abe-Ouchi, A., Albrecht, T., Alvarez-Solas, J., Asay-Davis, X., Barre, J.-B., Berends, C. J., Bernales, J., Blasco, J., Caillet, J., Chandler, D. M., Coulon, V., Cullather, R., Dumas, C., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Garbe, J., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Gladstone, R., Goelzer, H., Golledge, N., Greve, R., Gudmundsson, G. H., Han, H. K., Hillebrand, T. R., Hoffman, M. J., Huybrechts, P., Jourdain, N. C., Klose, A. K., Langebroek, P. M., Leguy, G. R., Lowry, D. P., Mathiot, P., Montoya, M., Morlighem, M., Nowicki, S., Pattyn, F., Payne, A. J., Quiquet, A., Reese, R., Robinson, A., Saraste, L., Simon, E. G., Sun, S., Twarog, J. P., Trusel, L. D., Urruty, B., Van Breedam, J., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wang, Y., Zhao, C., and Zwinger, T.: Evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet Over the Next Three Centuries From an ISMIP6 Model Ensemble, Earth's Future, 12, e2024EF004561, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004561, 2024.
Siegert, M. J.: Glacial–interglacial variations in central East Antarctic ice accumulation rates, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 741–750, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00191-9, 2003.
Siegert, M. J., Ellis-Evans, J. C., Tranter, M., Mayer, C., Petit, J.-R., Salamatin, A., and Priscu, J. C.: Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes, Nature, 414, 603–609, https://doi.org/10.1038/414603a, 2001.
Siegert, M. J., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Hamilton, G. S.: Evidence for a large surface ablation zone in central East Antarctica during the last Ice Age, Quaternary Res., 59, 114–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-5894(02)00014-5, 2003a.
Siegert, M. J. and Hodgkins, R.: A stratigraphic link across 1100 km of the Antarctic Ice Sheet between the Vostok ice-core site and Titan Dome (near South Pole), Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2133–2136, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl008479, 2000.
Siegert, M. J., Hodgkins, R., and Dowdeswell, J. A.: A chronology for the Dome C deep ice-core site through radio-echo layer correlation with the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1019–1022, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00718, 1998.
Siegert, M. J., Kwok, R., Mayer, C., and Hubbard, B.: Water exchange between the subglacial Lake Vostok and the overlying ice sheet, Nature, 403, 643–646, https://doi.org/10.1038/35001049, 2000.
Siegert, M. J. and Payne, A. J.: Past rates of accumulation in central West Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020290, 2004.
Siegert, M. J., Payne, A. J., and Joughin, I.: Spatial stability of Ice Stream D and its tributaries, West Antarctica, revealed by radio-echo sounding and interferometry, Ann. Glaciol., 37, 377–382, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756403781816022, 2003b.
Siegert, M., Ross, N., Corr, H., Kingslake, J., and Hindmarsh, R.: Late Holocene ice-flow reconfiguration in the Weddell Sea sector of West Antarctica, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 78, 98–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.003, 2013.
Siegert, M. J., Welch, B., Morse, D., Vieli, A., Blankenship, D. D., Joughin, I., King, E. C., Leysinger Vieli, G. J.-M. C., Payne, A. J., and Jacobel, R.: Ice-flow direction change in interior West Antarctica, Science, 305, 1948–1951, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1101072, 2004.
Sigl, M., Toohey, M., McConnell, J. R., Cole-Dai, J., and Severi, M.: Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3167–3196, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022, 2022.
Sime, L. C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Corr, H.: Automated processing to derive dip angles of englacial radar reflectors in ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 57, 260–266, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311796405870, 2011.
Sime, L. C., Karlsson, N. B., Paden, J. D., and Gogineni, S. P.: Isochronous information in a Greenland ice sheet radio echo sounding data set, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1593–1599, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057928, 2014.
Smith, B. E., Lord, N. E., and Bentley, C. R.: Crevasse ages on the northern margin of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 34, 209–216, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817932, 2002.
Spaulding, N. E., Higgins, J. A., Kurbatov, A. V., Bender, M. L., Arcone, S. A., Campbell, S., Dunbar, N. W., Chimiak, L. M., Introne, D. S., and Mayewski, P. A.: Climate archives from 90 to 250 ka in horizontal and vertical ice cores from the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area, Antarctica, Quaternary Res., 80, 562–574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.07.004, 2013.
Steinhage, D., Kipfstuhl, S., Nixdorf, U., and Miller, H.: Internal structure of the ice sheet between Kohnen station and Dome Fuji, Antarctica, revealed by airborne radio-echo sounding, Ann. Glaciol., 54, 163–167, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG64A113, 2013.
Steinhage, D., Nixdorf, U., Meyer, U., and Miller, H.: Subglacial topography and internal structure of central and western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, determined from airborne radio-echo sounding, J. Appl. Geophys., 47, 183–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9851(01)00063-5, 2001.
Stone, J. O., Balco, G. A., Sugden, D. E., Caffee, M. W., Sass, L. C., Cowdery, S. G., and Siddoway, C.: Holocene deglaciation of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, Science, 299, 99–102, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077998, 2003.
Sutter, J., Fischer, H., and Eisen, O.: Investigating the internal structure of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: The utility of isochrones for spatiotemporal ice-sheet model calibration, The Cryosphere, 15, 3839–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3839-2021, 2021.
Sutter, J., Fischer, H., Grosfeld, K., Karlsson, N. B., Kleiner, T., Van Liefferinge, B., and Eisen, O.: Modelling the Antarctic Ice Sheet across the mid-Pleistocene transition: Implications for Oldest Ice, The Cryosphere, 13, 2023–2041, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2023-2019, 2019.
Svensson, A., Bigler, M., Blunier, T., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Fujita, S., Goto-Azuma, K., Johnsen, S. J., Kawamura, K., Kipfstuhl, S., Kohno, M., Parrenin, F., Popp, T., Rasmussen, S. O., Schwander, J., Seierstad, I., Severi, M., Steffensen, J. P., Udisti, R., Uemura, R., Vallelonga, P., Vinther, B. M., Wegner, A., Wilhelms, F., and Winstrup, M.: Direct linking of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores at the Toba eruption (74 ka BP), Clim. Past, 9, 749–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-749-2013, 2013.
Swithinbank, C.: Airborne radio-echo sounding by the British Antarctic Survey, Geogr. J., 135, 551–553, https://doi.org/10.2307/1795100, 1969.
Tabacco, I., Bianchi, C., Baskaradas, J., Cafarella, L., Umberto, S., Zirizzotti, A., and Zuccheretti, E.: Italian RES investigation in Antarctica: The new radar system, Terra Ant. Reports, 14, 213–216, 2008.
Tang, X., Luo, K., Dong, S., Zhang, Z., and Sun, B.: Quantifying basal roughness and internal-layer continuity index of ice sheets by an integrated means with radar data and deep learning, Remote Sens., 14, 4507, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184507, 2022.
Tarasov, L. and Peltier, W. R.: Greenland glacial history, borehole constraints, and Eemian extent, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 108, 2143, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001731, 2003.
Teisberg, T. O. and Schroeder, D. M.: Digital tools for analog data: Reconstructing the first ice-penetrating radar surveys of Antarctica and Greenland, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARRS) Proceedings, 16–21 July 2023, 44–47, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS52108.2023.10281876, 2023.
Teisberg, T. O., Schroeder, D. M., Broome, A. L., Lurie, F., and D., W.: Development of a UAV-borne pulsed ice-penetrating radar system, IGARSS 2022 – 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 17–22 July 2022, 7405–7408, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS46834.2022.9883583, 2022.
Thyssen, F. and Grosfeld, K.: Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 11, 180–183, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500006510, 1988.
Traversa, G., Fugazza, D., and Frezzotti, M.: Megadunes in Antarctica: Migration and characterization from remote and in situ observations, The Cryosphere, 17, 427–444, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-427-2023, 2023.
Tsutaki, S., Fujita, S., Kawamura, K., Abe-Ouchi, A., Fukui, K., Motoyama, H., Yu, H., Nakazawa, F., Obase, T., Ohno, H., Oyabu, I., Saito, F., Sugiura, K., and Suzuki, T.: High-resolution subglacial topography around Dome Fuji, Antarctica, based on ground-based radar surveys over 30 years, The Cryosphere, 16, 2967–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2967-2022, 2022.
Ulaby, F. and Lang, D. B. (Eds.): A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Radio Spectrum, The National Academies Press, Washington DC, https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI.2015.7303547, 2015.
Van Liefferinge, B. and Pattyn, F.: Using ice-flow models to evaluate potential sites of million year-old ice in Antarctica, Clim. Past, 9, 2335–2345, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2335-2013, 2013.
Van Liefferinge, B., Taylor, D., Tsutaki, S., Fujita, S., Gogineni, P., Kawamura, K., Matsuoka, K., Moholdt, G., Oyabu, I., Abe-Ouchi, A., Awasthi, A., Buizert, C., Gallet, J.-C., Isaksson, E., Motoyama, H., Nakazawa, F., Ohno, H., O'Neill, C., Pattyn, F., and Sugiura, K.: Surface mass balance controlled by local surface slope in inland Antarctica: Implications for ice-sheet mass balance and Oldest Ice delineation in Dome Fuji, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094966, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094966, 2021.
Vaughan, D. G., Corr, H. F. J., Doake, C. S. M., and Waddington, E. D.: Distortion of isochronous layers in ice revealed by ground-penetrating radar, Nature, 398, 323–326, https://doi.org/10.1038/18653, 1999.
Višnjević, V., Drews, R., Schannwell, C., Koch, I., Franke, S., Jansen, D., and Eisen, O.: Predicting the steady-state isochronal stratigraphy of ice shelves using observations and modeling, The Cryosphere, 16, 4763–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, 2022.
Waddington, E. D., Neumann, T. A., Koutnik, M. R., Marshall, H.-P., and Morse, D. L.: Inference of accumulation-rate patterns from deep layers in glaciers and ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 53, 694–712, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409351, 2007.
WAIS Divide Project Members: Precise interpolar phasing of abrupt climate change during the last ice age, Nature, 520, 661–665, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14401, 2015.
Wang, T. T., Sun, B., Tang, X. Y., Pang, X. P., Cui, X. B., Guo, J. X., and Wang, H.: Spatio-temporal variability of past accumulation rates inferred from isochronous layers at Dome A, East Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 57, 87–93, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2016.28, 2016.
Wang, Z., Chung, A., Steinhage, D., Parrenin, F., Freitag, J., and Eisen, O.: Mapping age and basal conditions of ice in the Dome Fuji region, Antarctica, by combining radar internal-layer stratigraphy and flow modeling, The Cryosphere, 17, 4297–4314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4297-2023, 2023.
Wearing, M. G. and Kingslake, J.: Holocene formation of Henry Ice Rise, West Antarctica, inferred from ice-penetrating radar, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 2224–2240, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004988, 2019.
Weertman, J.: Sliding-no sliding zone effect and age determination of ice cores, Quaternary Res., 6, 203–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(76)90050-8, 1976.
Welch, B. C. and Jacobel, R. W.: Analysis of deep-penetrating radar surveys of West Antarctica, US-ITASE 2001, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1444, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017210, 2003.
Welch, B. C. and Jacobel, R. W.: Bedrock topography and wind erosion sites in East Antarctica: observations from the 2002 US-ITASE traverse, Ann. Glaciol., 41, 92–96, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813258, 2005.
Welch, B. C., Jacobel, R. W., and Arcone, S. A.: First results from radar profiles collected along the US-ITASE traverse from Taylor Dome to South Pole (2006–2008), Ann. Glaciol., 50, 35–41, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409789097496, 2009.
Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva Santos, L. B., Bourne, P. E., Bouwman, J., Brookes, A. J., Clark, T., Crosas, M., Dillo, I., Dumon, O., Edmunds, S., Evelo, C. T., Finkers, R., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Gray, A. J. G., Groth, P., Goble, C., Grethe, J. S., Heringa, J., 't Hoen, P. A. C., Hooft, R., Kuhn, T., Kok, R., Kok, J., Lusher, S. J., Martone, M. E., Mons, A., Packer, A. L., Persson, B., Rocca-Serra, P., Roos, M., van Schaik, R., Sansone, S.-A., Schultes, E., Sengstag, T., Slater, T., Strawn, G., Swertz, M. A., Thompson, M., van der Lei, J., van Mulligen, E., Velterop, J., Waagmeester, A., Wittenburg, P., Wolstencroft, K., Zhao, J., and Mons, B.: The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship, Sci. Data, 3, 160018, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18, 2016.
Winski, D. A., Fudge, T. J., Ferris, D. G., Osterberg, E. C., Fegyveresi, J. M., Cole-Dai, J., Thundercloud, Z., Cox, T. S., Kreutz, K. J., Ortman, N., Buizert, C., Epifanio, J., Brook, E. J., Beaudette, R., Severinghaus, J., Sowers, T., Steig, E. J., Kahle, E. C., Jones, T. R., Morris, V., Aydin, M., Nicewonger, M. R., Casey, K. A., Alley, R. B., Waddington, E. D., Iverson, N. A., Dunbar, N. W., Bay, R. C., Souney, J. M., Sigl, M., and McConnell, J. R.: The SP19 chronology for the South Pole Ice Core – Part 1: volcanic matching and annual layer counting, Clim. Past, 15, 1793–1808, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1793-2019, 2019.
Winter, A., Steinhage, D., Arnold, E. J., Blankenship, D. D., Cavitte, M. G. P., Corr, H. F. J., Paden, J. D., Urbini, S., Young, D. A., and Eisen, O.: Comparison of measurements from different radio-echo sounding systems and synchronization with the ice core at Dome C, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 11, 653–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-653-2017, 2017.
Winter, A., Steinhage, D., Creyts, T. T., Kleiner, T., and Eisen, O.: Age stratigraphy in the East Antarctic Ice Sheet inferred from radio-echo sounding horizons, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1069–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1069-2019, 2019a.
Winter, K., Woodward, J., Dunning, S. A., Turney, C. S. M., Fogwill, C. J., Hein, A. S., Golledge, N. R., Bingham, R. G., Marrero, S. M., Sugden, D. E., and Ross, N.: Assessing the continuity of the blue-ice climate record at Patriot Hills, Horseshoe Valley, West Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2019–2026, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066476, 2016.
Winter, K., Woodward, J., Ross, N., Dunning, S. A., Bingham, R. G., Corr, H. F. J., and Siegert, M. J.: Airborne-radar evidence for tributary flow switching in Institute Ice Stream, West Antarctica: Implications for ice-sheet configuration and dynamics, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 1611–1625, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003518, 2015.
Winter, K., Woodward, J., Ross, N., Dunning, S. A., Hein, A. S., Westoby, M. J., Culberg, R., Marrero, S. M., Schroeder, D. M., Sugden, D. E., and Siegert, M. J.: Radar-detected englacial debris in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 10454–10462, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl084012, 2019b.
Wolovick, M. J. and Creyts, T. T.: Overturned folds in ice sheets: Insights from a kinematic model of traveling sticky patches and comparisons with observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 1065–1083, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003698, 2016.
Wolovick, M. J., Creyts, T. T., Buck, W. R., and Bell, R. E.: Traveling slippery patches produce thickness-scale folds in ice sheets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8895–8901, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062248, 2014.
Wolovick, M. J., Moore, J. C., and Zhao, L.: Joint inversion for surface accumulation rate and geothermal heat flow from ice-penetrating radar observations at Dome A, East Antarctica, Part II: Ice-sheet state and geophysical analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2020JF005936, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005936, 2021a.
Wolovick, M. J., Moore, J. C., and Zhao, L.: Joint inversion for surface accumulation rate and geothermal heat flow from ice-penetrating radar observations at Dome A, East Antarctica. Part I: Model description, data constraints, and inversion results, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2020JF005937, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005937, 2021b.
Woodward, J. and King, E. C.: Radar surveys of the Rutford Ice Stream onset zone, West Antarctica: Indications of flow (in)stability?, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 57–62, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409789097469, 2009.
Wrona, T., Wolovick, M. J., Ferraccioli, F., Corr, H., Jordan, T., and Siegert, M. J.: Position and variability of complex structures in the central East Antarctic Ice Sheet, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 461, 113–129, https://doi.org/10.1144/sp461.12, 2018.
Xiong, S., Muller, J.-P., and Carretero, R. C.: A new method for automatically tracing englacial layers from MCoRDS data in NW Greenland, Remote Sens., 10, 43, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010043, 2018.
Xu, B., Lang, S., Cui, X., Li, L., Liu, X., Guo, J., and Sun, B.: Focused synthetic-aperture-radar processing of ice-sounding data collected over East Antarctic Ice Sheet via spatial-correlation-based algorithm using fast back projection, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 60, 5233009, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3198432, 2022.
Yan, S., Koutnik, M. R., Blankenship, D. D., Greenbaum, J. S., Young, D. A., Roberts, J. L., van Ommen, T., Sun, B., and Siegert, M. J.: Holocene hydrological evolution of subglacial Lake Snow Eagle, East Antarctica implied by englacial radiostratigraphy, J. Glaciol., 71, e29, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.15, 2025.
Yan, Y., Brook, E. J., Kurbatov, A. V., Severinghaus, J. P., and Higgins, J. A.: Ice-core evidence for atmospheric oxygen decline since the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, Sci. Adv., 7, eabj9341, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj9341, 2021.
Yari, M., Ibikunle, O., Varshney, D., Chowdhury, T., Sarkar, A., Paden, J., Li, J., and Rahnemoonfar, M.: Airborne snow-radar data simulation with deep learning and physics-driven methods, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 14, 12035–12047, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3126547, 2021.
Yilmaz, Ö.: Seismic Data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of Seismic Data, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, The Leading Edge, 20, 1305–1306, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560801580, 2001.
Young, D. A., Schroeder, D. M., Blankenship, D. D., Kempf, S. D., and Quartini, E.: The distribution of basal water between Antarctic subglacial lakes from radar sounding, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 374, 20140297, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0297, 2016.
Zeising, O., Gerber, T. A., Eisen, O., Ershadi, M. R., Stoll, N., Weikusat, I., and Humbert, A.: Improved estimation of the bulk ice-crystal-fabric asymmetry from polarimetric phase co-registration, The Cryosphere, 17, 1097–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, 2023.
Zhao, L. Y., Moore, J. C., Sun, B., Tang, X. Y., and Guo, X. R.: Where is the 1-million-year-old ice at Dome A?, The Cryosphere, 12, 1651–1663, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1651-2018, 2018.
Zirizzotti, A., Baskaradas, J. A., Bianchi, C., Sciacca, U., Tabacco, I. E., and Zuccheretti, E.: Glacio RADAR system and results, 2008 IEEE Radar Conference, 26–30 May 2008, 1–3, https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2008.4720993, 2008.
Short summary
The ice sheets covering Antarctica have built up over millenia through successive snowfall events which become buried and preserved as internal surfaces of equal age detectable with ice-penetrating radar. This paper describes an international initiative working together on these archival data to build a comprehensive 3-D picture of how old the ice is everywhere across Antarctica and how this is being used to reconstruct past and to predict future ice and climate behaviour.
The ice sheets covering Antarctica have built up over millenia through successive snowfall...
