Articles | Volume 11, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2305-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2305-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue editorial
| 
05 Oct 2017
Special issue editorial |
| 05 Oct 2017
Discovery and characterization of submarine groundwater discharge in the Siberian Arctic seas: a case study in the Buor-Khaya Gulf, Laptev Sea
Alexander N. Charkin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI), Far Eastern Branch of
Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences (FEBRAS),
Vladivostok, Russia
Department of Geology and Minerals Prospecting, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic
University, Tomsk,
Russia
Michiel Rutgers van der Loeff
Department of Geochemistry, Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and
Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Natalia E. Shakhova
Department of Geology and Minerals Prospecting, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic
University, Tomsk,
Russia
International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of
Alaska, Fairbanks, USA
Örjan Gustafsson
Dept. of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and
the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University,
Stockholm, Sweden
Oleg V. Dudarev
Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI), Far Eastern Branch of
Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences (FEBRAS),
Vladivostok, Russia
Department of Geology and Minerals Prospecting, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic
University, Tomsk,
Russia
Maxim S. Cherepnev
Department of Geology and Minerals Prospecting, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic
University, Tomsk,
Russia
Anatoly N. Salyuk
Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI), Far Eastern Branch of
Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences (FEBRAS),
Vladivostok, Russia
Andrey V. Koshurnikov
Department of Geocryology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Eduard A. Spivak
Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI), Far Eastern Branch of
Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences (FEBRAS),
Vladivostok, Russia
Alexey Y. Gunar
Department of Geocryology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Alexey S. Ruban
Department of Geology and Minerals Prospecting, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic
University, Tomsk,
Russia
Igor P. Semiletov
Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI), Far Eastern Branch of
Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences (FEBRAS),
Vladivostok, Russia
Department of Geology and Minerals Prospecting, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic
University, Tomsk,
Russia
International Arctic Research Center (IARC), University of
Alaska, Fairbanks, USA
Related authors
Irina I. Pipko, Svetlana P. Pugach, Igor P. Semiletov, Leif G. Anderson, Natalia E. Shakhova, Örjan Gustafsson, Irina A. Repina, Eduard A. Spivak, Alexander N. Charkin, Anatoly N. Salyuk, Kseniia P. Shcherbakova, Elena V. Panova, and Oleg V. Dudarev
Ocean Sci., 13, 997–1016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-997-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-997-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The study of the outer shelf and the continental slope waters of the Eurasian Arctic seas has revealed a general trend in the surface pCO2 distribution, which manifested as an increase in pCO2 values eastward. It has been shown that the influence of terrestrial discharge on the carbonate system of East Siberian Arctic sea surface waters is not limited to the shallow shelf and that contemporary climate change impacts the carbon cycle of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean and influences air–sea CO2 flux.
I. P. Semiletov, N. E. Shakhova, I. I. Pipko, S. P. Pugach, A. N. Charkin, O. V. Dudarev, D. A. Kosmach, and S. Nishino
Biogeosciences, 10, 5977–5996, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5977-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5977-2013, 2013
Leonard Kirago, Örjan Gustafsson, Samuel M. Gaita, Sophie L. Haslett, Michael J. Gatari, Marie E. Popa, Thomas Röckmann, Christoph Zellweger, Martin Steinbacher, Jörg Klausen, Christian Félix, David Njiru, and August Andersson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-728, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-728, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides ground-observational evidence that supports earlier suggestions that savanna fires are the main emitters and modulators of carbon monoxide gas in Africa. Using isotope-based technique, the study has shown that about two thirds of this gas emitted from savanna fires, while for urban areas in this case Nairobi city, primary sources approach 100 %. The latter has implications for air quality policy, suggesting primary emissions such as traffic should be targeted.
Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Karen M. Assmann, Wieslaw Maslowski, Göran Björk, Martin Jakobsson, Sara Jutterström, Younjoo J. Lee, Robert Osinski, Igor Semiletov, Adam Ulfsbo, Irene Wåhlström, and Leif G. Anderson
Ocean Sci., 18, 29–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-29-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use data crossing Herald Canyon in the Chukchi Sea collected in 2008 and 2014 together with numerical modelling to investigate the circulation in the western Chukchi Sea. A large fraction of water from the Chukchi Sea enters the East Siberian Sea south of Wrangel Island and circulates in an anticyclonic direction around the island. To assess the differences between years, we use numerical modelling results, which show that high-frequency variability dominates the flow in Herald Canyon.
Jannik Martens, Evgeny Romankevich, Igor Semiletov, Birgit Wild, Bart van Dongen, Jorien Vonk, Tommaso Tesi, Natalia Shakhova, Oleg V. Dudarev, Denis Kosmach, Alexander Vetrov, Leopold Lobkovsky, Nikolay Belyaev, Robie W. Macdonald, Anna J. Pieńkowski, Timothy I. Eglinton, Negar Haghipour, Salve Dahle, Michael L. Carroll, Emmelie K. L. Åström, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier, Lee W. Cooper, Göran Possnert, and Örjan Gustafsson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2561–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes the establishment, structure and current status of the first Circum-Arctic Sediment CArbon DatabasE (CASCADE), which is a scientific effort to harmonize and curate all published and unpublished data of carbon, nitrogen, carbon isotopes, and terrigenous biomarkers in sediments of the Arctic Ocean in one database. CASCADE will enable a variety of studies of the Arctic carbon cycle and thus contribute to a better understanding of how climate change affects the Arctic.
Alexander Osadchiev, Igor Medvedev, Sergey Shchuka, Mikhail Kulikov, Eduard Spivak, Maria Pisareva, and Igor Semiletov
Ocean Sci., 16, 781–798, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-781-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-781-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Yenisei and Khatanga rivers are among the largest estuarine rivers that inflow to the Arctic Ocean. Discharge of the Yenisei River is 1 order of magnitude larger than that of the Khatanga River. However, spatial scales of buoyant plumes formed by freshwater runoff from the Yenisei and Khatanga gulfs are similar. This feature is caused by intense tidal mixing in the Khatanga Gulf, which causes formation of the diluted and therefore anomalously deep and large Khatanga plume.
Francesco Muschitiello, Matt O'Regan, Jannik Martens, Gabriel West, Örjan Gustafsson, and Martin Jakobsson
Geochronology, 2, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-81-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-81-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present a new marine chronology of the last ~30 000 years for a sediment core retrieved from the central Arctic Ocean. Our new chronology reveals substantially faster sedimentation rates during the end of the last glacial cycle, the Last Glacial Maximum, and deglaciation than previously reported, thus implying a substantial re-interpretation of paleoceanographic reconstructions from this sector of the Arctic Ocean.
Sarah Conrad, Johan Ingri, Johan Gelting, Fredrik Nordblad, Emma Engström, Ilia Rodushkin, Per S. Andersson, Don Porcelli, Örjan Gustafsson, Igor Semiletov, and Björn Öhlander
Biogeosciences, 16, 1305–1319, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1305-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1305-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Iron analysis of the particulate, colloidal, and truly dissolved fractions along the Lena River freshwater plume showed that the particulate iron dominates close to the coast. Over 99 % particulate and about 90 % colloidal iron were lost, while the truly dissolved phase was almost constant. Iron isotopes suggest that the shelf acts as a sink for particles and colloids with negative iron isotope values, while colloids with positive iron isotope values travel further out into the Arctic Ocean.
Birgit Wild, Natalia Shakhova, Oleg Dudarev, Alexey Ruban, Denis Kosmach, Vladimir Tumskoy, Tommaso Tesi, Hanna Joß, Helena Alexanderson, Martin Jakobsson, Alexey Mazurov, Igor Semiletov, and Örjan Gustafsson
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-229, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The thaw and degradation of subsea permafrost on the Arctic Ocean shelves is one of the key uncertainties concerning natural greenhouse gas emissions since difficult access limits the availability of observational data. In this study, we describe sediment properties and age constraints of a unique set of three subsea permafrost cores from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, as well as content, origin and degradation state of organic matter at the current thaw front.
Robert B. Sparkes, Melissa Maher, Jerome Blewett, Ayça Doğrul Selver, Örjan Gustafsson, Igor P. Semiletov, and Bart E. van Dongen
The Cryosphere, 12, 3293–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3293-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3293-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Ongoing climate change in the Siberian Arctic region has the potential to release large amounts of carbon, currently stored in permafrost, to the Arctic Shelf. Degradation can release this to the atmosphere as greenhouse gas. We used Raman spectroscopy to analyse a fraction of this carbon, carbonaceous material, a group that includes coal, lignite and graphite. We were able to trace this carbon from the river mouths and coastal erosion sites across the Arctic shelf for hundreds of kilometres.
Svetlana P. Pugach, Irina I. Pipko, Natalia E. Shakhova, Evgeny A. Shirshin, Irina V. Perminova, Örjan Gustafsson, Valery G. Bondur, Alexey S. Ruban, and Igor P. Semiletov
Ocean Sci., 14, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-87-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-87-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the possibility of using CDOM and its spectral parameters to identify the different biogeochemical regimes on the ESAS. The strong correlation between DOC and CDOM values in the surface shelf waters influenced by terrigenous discharge indicates that it is feasible to estimate DOC content from CDOM fluorescence assessed in situ. The direct estimation of DOM optical parameters in the surface ESAS waters provided by this study will be useful for validating remote sensing data.
Volker Brüchert, Lisa Bröder, Joanna E. Sawicka, Tommaso Tesi, Samantha P. Joye, Xiaole Sun, Igor P. Semiletov, and Vladimir A. Samarkin
Biogeosciences, 15, 471–490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-471-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-471-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We determined the aerobic and anaerobic degradation rates of land- and marine-derived organic material in East Siberian shelf sediment. Marine plankton-derived organic carbon was the main source for the oxic dissolved carbon dioxide production, whereas terrestrial organic material significantly contributed to the production of carbon dioxide under anoxic conditions. Our direct degradation rate measurements provide new constraints for the present-day Arctic marine carbon budget.
Irina I. Pipko, Svetlana P. Pugach, Igor P. Semiletov, Leif G. Anderson, Natalia E. Shakhova, Örjan Gustafsson, Irina A. Repina, Eduard A. Spivak, Alexander N. Charkin, Anatoly N. Salyuk, Kseniia P. Shcherbakova, Elena V. Panova, and Oleg V. Dudarev
Ocean Sci., 13, 997–1016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-997-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-997-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The study of the outer shelf and the continental slope waters of the Eurasian Arctic seas has revealed a general trend in the surface pCO2 distribution, which manifested as an increase in pCO2 values eastward. It has been shown that the influence of terrestrial discharge on the carbonate system of East Siberian Arctic sea surface waters is not limited to the shallow shelf and that contemporary climate change impacts the carbon cycle of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean and influences air–sea CO2 flux.
Laura Gemery, Thomas M. Cronin, Robert K. Poirier, Christof Pearce, Natalia Barrientos, Matt O'Regan, Carina Johansson, Andrey Koshurnikov, and Martin Jakobsson
Clim. Past, 13, 1473–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1473-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1473-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous, highly abundant and well-preserved fossil ostracodes were studied from radiocarbon-dated sediment cores collected on the Lomonosov Ridge (Arctic Ocean) that indicate varying oceanographic conditions during the last ~50 kyr. Ostracode assemblages from cores taken during the SWERUS-C3 2014 Expedition, Leg 2, reflect paleoenvironmental changes during glacial, deglacial, and interglacial transitions, including changes in sea-ice cover and Atlantic Water inflow into the Eurasian Basin.
Matt O'Regan, Jan Backman, Natalia Barrientos, Thomas M. Cronin, Laura Gemery, Nina Kirchner, Larry A. Mayer, Johan Nilsson, Riko Noormets, Christof Pearce, Igor Semiletov, Christian Stranne, and Martin Jakobsson
Clim. Past, 13, 1269–1284, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1269-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1269-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Past glacial activity on the East Siberian continental margin is poorly known, partly due to the lack of geomorphological evidence. Here we present geophysical mapping and sediment coring data from the East Siberian shelf and slope revealing the presence of a glacially excavated cross-shelf trough reaching to the continental shelf edge north of the De Long Islands. The data provide direct evidence for extensive glacial activity on the Siberian shelf that predates the Last Glacial Maximum.
Kirsi Keskitalo, Tommaso Tesi, Lisa Bröder, August Andersson, Christof Pearce, Martin Sköld, Igor P. Semiletov, Oleg V. Dudarev, and Örjan Gustafsson
Clim. Past, 13, 1213–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1213-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1213-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigate land-to-ocean transfer and the fate of permafrost carbon in the East Siberian Sea from the early Holocene until the present day. Our results suggest that there was a high input of terrestrial organic carbon to the East Siberian Sea during the last glacial–interglacial period caused by permafrost destabilisation. This material was mainly characterised as relict Pleistocene permafrost deposited via coastal erosion as a result of the sea level rise.
Tommaso Tesi, Marc C. Geibel, Christof Pearce, Elena Panova, Jorien E. Vonk, Emma Karlsson, Joan A. Salvado, Martin Kruså, Lisa Bröder, Christoph Humborg, Igor Semiletov, and Örjan Gustafsson
Ocean Sci., 13, 735–748, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-735-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-735-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Recent Arctic studies suggest that sea-ice decline and permafrost thawing will affect the phytoplankton in the Arctic Ocean. However, in what way the plankton composition will change as the warming proceeds remains elusive. Here we show that the carbon composition of plankton might change as a function of the enhanced terrestrial organic carbon supply and progressive sea-ice thawing.
Thomas M. Cronin, Matt O'Regan, Christof Pearce, Laura Gemery, Michael Toomey, Igor Semiletov, and Martin Jakobsson
Clim. Past, 13, 1097–1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1097-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1097-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Global sea level rise during the last deglacial flooded the Siberian continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean. Sediment cores, radiocarbon dating, and microfossils show that the regional sea level in the Arctic rose rapidly from about 12 500 to 10 700 years ago. Regional sea level history on the Siberian shelf differs from the global deglacial sea level rise perhaps due to regional vertical adjustment resulting from the growth and decay of ice sheets.
Jorien E. Vonk, Tommaso Tesi, Lisa Bröder, Henry Holmstrand, Gustaf Hugelius, August Andersson, Oleg Dudarev, Igor Semiletov, and Örjan Gustafsson
The Cryosphere, 11, 1879–1895, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1879-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1879-2017, 2017
Martin Jakobsson, Christof Pearce, Thomas M. Cronin, Jan Backman, Leif G. Anderson, Natalia Barrientos, Göran Björk, Helen Coxall, Agatha de Boer, Larry A. Mayer, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Johan Nilsson, Jayne E. Rattray, Christian Stranne, Igor Semiletov, and Matt O'Regan
Clim. Past, 13, 991–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-991-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-991-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic and Pacific oceans are connected by the presently ~53 m deep Bering Strait. During the last glacial period when the sea level was lower than today, the Bering Strait was exposed. Humans and animals could then migrate between Asia and North America across the formed land bridge. From analyses of sediment cores and geophysical mapping data from Herald Canyon north of the Bering Strait, we show that the land bridge was flooded about 11 000 years ago.
Clint M. Miller, Gerald R. Dickens, Martin Jakobsson, Carina Johansson, Andrey Koshurnikov, Matt O'Regan, Francesco Muschitiello, Christian Stranne, and Carl-Magnus Mörth
Biogeosciences, 14, 2929–2953, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2929-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2929-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Continental slopes north of the East Siberian Sea are assumed to hold large amounts of methane. We present pore water chemistry from the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition. These are among the first results generated from this vast climatically sensitive region, and they imply that abundant methane, including gas hydrates, do not characterize the East Siberian Sea slope or rise. This contradicts previous modeling and discussions, which due to the lack of data are almost entirely based assumption.
Ira Leifer, Denis Chernykh, Natalia Shakhova, and Igor Semiletov
The Cryosphere, 11, 1333–1350, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1333-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1333-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Vast Arctic methane deposits may alter global climate and require remote sensing (RS) to map. Sonar has great promise, but quantitative inversion based on theory is challenged by multiple bubble acoustical scattering in plumes. We demonstrate use of a real-world in situ bubble plume calibration using a bubble model to correct for differences in the calibration and seep plumes. Spatial seep sonar maps were then used to improve understanding of subsurface geologic controls.
Célia J. Sapart, Natalia Shakhova, Igor Semiletov, Joachim Jansen, Sönke Szidat, Denis Kosmach, Oleg Dudarev, Carina van der Veen, Matthias Egger, Valentine Sergienko, Anatoly Salyuk, Vladimir Tumskoy, Jean-Louis Tison, and Thomas Röckmann
Biogeosciences, 14, 2283–2292, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2283-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2283-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean, especially the Siberian shelves, overlays large areas of subsea permafrost that is degrading. We show that methane with a biogenic origin is emitted from this permafrost. At locations where bubble plumes have been observed, methane can escape oxidation in the surface sediment and rapidly migrate through the very shallow water column of this region to escape to the atmosphere, generating a positive radiative feedback.
Leif G. Anderson, Göran Björk, Ola Holby, Sara Jutterström, Carl Magnus Mörth, Matt O'Regan, Christof Pearce, Igor Semiletov, Christian Stranne, Tim Stöven, Toste Tanhua, Adam Ulfsbo, and Martin Jakobsson
Ocean Sci., 13, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-349-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-349-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We use data collected in 2014 to show that the outflow of nutrient-rich water occurs much further to the west than has been reported in the past. We suggest that this is due to much less summer sea-ice coverage in the northwestern East Siberian Sea than in the past decades. Further, our data support a more complicated flow pattern in the region where the Mendeleev Ridge reaches the shelf compared to the general cyclonic circulation within the individual basins as suggested historically.
Christof Pearce, Aron Varhelyi, Stefan Wastegård, Francesco Muschitiello, Natalia Barrientos, Matt O'Regan, Thomas M. Cronin, Laura Gemery, Igor Semiletov, Jan Backman, and Martin Jakobsson
Clim. Past, 13, 303–316, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-303-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-303-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The eruption of the Alaskan Aniakchak volcano of 3.6 thousand years ago was one of the largest Holocene eruptions worldwide. The resulting ash is found in several Alaskan sites and as far as Newfoundland and Greenland. In this study, we found ash from the Aniakchak eruption in a marine sediment core from the western Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean. Combined with radiocarbon dates on mollusks, the volcanic age marker is used to calculate the marine radiocarbon reservoir age at that time.
Leif G. Anderson, Jörgen Ek, Ylva Ericson, Christoph Humborg, Igor Semiletov, Marcus Sundbom, and Adam Ulfsbo
Biogeosciences, 14, 1811–1823, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1811-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1811-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Waters with very high pCO2, nutrients and low oxygen concentrations were observed along the continental margin of the East Siberian Sea and well out into the deep Makarov and Canada basins during the SWERUS-C3 expedition in 2014. This water had a low saturation state with respect to calcium carbonate, down to less than 0.8 for calcite and 0.5 for aragonite, and is traced in historic data to the Canada Basin and in the waters flowing out of the Arctic Ocean in the western Fram Strait.
Erik Gustafsson, Christoph Humborg, Göran Björk, Christian Stranne, Leif G. Anderson, Marc C. Geibel, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Marcus Sundbom, Igor P. Semiletov, Brett F. Thornton, and Bo G. Gustafsson
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-115, 2017
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we quantify key carbon cycling processes on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. A specific aim is to determine the pathways of terrestrial organic carbon (OC) supplied by rivers and coastline erosion – and particularly to what extent degradation of terrestrial OC contributes to air-sea CO2 exchange. We estimate that the shelf is a weak CO2 sink, although this sink is considerably reduced mainly by degradation of eroded OC and to a lesser extent by degradation of riverine OC.
Joan A. Salvadó, Tommaso Tesi, Marcus Sundbom, Emma Karlsson, Martin Kruså, Igor P. Semiletov, Elena Panova, and Örjan Gustafsson
Biogeosciences, 13, 6121–6138, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6121-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6121-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial discharge and coastal erosion of the permafrost-dominated East Siberian Arctic delivers large quantities of terrigenous organic carbon (Terr-OC) to marine waters. We assessed its fate and composition in different marine pools with a suite of biomarkers. The dissolved organic carbon is transporting off-shelf “young” and fresh vascular plant material, while sedimentary and near-bottom particulate organic carbon preferentially carries old organic carbon released from thawing permafrost.
Robert B. Sparkes, Ayça Doğrul Selver, Örjan Gustafsson, Igor P. Semiletov, Negar Haghipour, Lukas Wacker, Timothy I. Eglinton, Helen M. Talbot, and Bart E. van Dongen
The Cryosphere, 10, 2485–2500, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2485-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2485-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The permafrost in eastern Siberia contains large amounts of carbon frozen in soils and sediments. Continuing global warming is thawing the permafrost and releasing carbon to the Arctic Ocean. We used pyrolysis-GCMS, a chemical fingerprinting technique, to study the types of carbon being deposited on the continental shelf. We found large amounts of permafrost-sourced carbon being deposited up to 200 km offshore.
Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Joan A. Salvadó, Igor P. Semiletov, Oleg V. Dudarev, and Örjan Gustafsson
Biogeosciences, 13, 5003–5019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5003-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5003-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing permafrost may release large amounts of terrestrial organic carbon (TerrOC) to the Arctic Ocean. We assessed its fate in the marine environment with a suite of biomarkers. Across the Laptev Sea their concentrations in surface sediments decreased significantly and showed a trend to qualitatively more degraded TerrOC with increasing water depth. We infer that the degree of degradation of TerrOC is a function of the time spent under oxic conditions during protracted cross-shelf transport.
Juliane Bischoff, Robert B. Sparkes, Ayça Doğrul Selver, Robert G. M. Spencer, Örjan Gustafsson, Igor P. Semiletov, Oleg V. Dudarev, Dirk Wagner, Elizaveta Rivkina, Bart E. van Dongen, and Helen M. Talbot
Biogeosciences, 13, 4899–4914, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4899-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4899-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic contains a large pool of carbon that is vulnerable to warming and can be released by rivers and coastal erosion. We study microbial lipids (BHPs) in permafrost and shelf sediments to trace the source, transport and fate of this carbon. BHPs in permafrost deposits are released to the shelf by rivers and coastal erosion, in contrast to other microbial lipids (GDGTs) that are transported by rivers. Several further analyses are needed to understand the complex East Siberian Shelf system.
X. Feng, Ö. Gustafsson, R. M. Holmes, J. E. Vonk, B. E. van Dongen, I. P. Semiletov, O. V. Dudarev, M. B. Yunker, R. W. Macdonald, D. B. Montluçon, and T. I. Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 12, 4841–4860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4841-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4841-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Currently very few studies have examined the distribution and fate of hydrolyzable organic carbon (OC) in Arctic sediments, whose fate remains unclear in the context of climate change. Our study focuses on the source, distribution and fate of hydrolyzable OC as compared with plant wax lipids and lignin phenols in the sedimentary particles of nine Arctic and sub-Arctic rivers. This multi-molecular approach allows for a comprehensive investigation of terrestrial OC transfer via Arctic rivers.
R. B. Sparkes, A. Doğrul Selver, J. Bischoff, H. M. Talbot, Ö. Gustafsson, I. P. Semiletov, O. V. Dudarev, and B. E. van Dongen
Biogeosciences, 12, 3753–3768, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Siberian permafrost contains large amounts of organic carbon that may be released by climate warming. We collected and analysed samples from the East Siberian Sea, using GDGT biomarkers to trace the sourcing and deposition of organic carbon across the shelf. We show that branched GDGTs may be used to trace river erosion. Results from modelling show that organic carbon on the shelf is a complex process involving river-derived and coastal-derived material as well as marine carbon production.
E. N. Kirillova, A. Andersson, J. Han, M. Lee, and Ö. Gustafsson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1413–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1413-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1413-2014, 2014
I. P. Semiletov, N. E. Shakhova, I. I. Pipko, S. P. Pugach, A. N. Charkin, O. V. Dudarev, D. A. Kosmach, and S. Nishino
Biogeosciences, 10, 5977–5996, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5977-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5977-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Arctic (e.g. Greenland)
Summer sea ice floe perimeter density in the Arctic: high-resolution optical satellite imagery and model evaluation
Patterns of wintertime Arctic sea-ice leads and their relation to winds and ocean currents
A long-term proxy for sea ice thickness in the Canadian Arctic: 1996–2020
Arctic sea ice radar freeboard retrieval from the European Remote-Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) using altimetry: toward sea ice thickness observation from 1995 to 2021
Improving modelled albedo over the Greenland ice sheet through parameter optimisation and MODIS snow albedo retrievals
Hydraulic suppression of basal glacier melt in sill fjords
Direct measurement of warm Atlantic Intermediate Water close to the grounding line of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden (79° N) Glacier, northeast Greenland
Rapid sea ice changes in the future Barents Sea
Assessment of Arctic seasonal snow cover rates of change
Comparing elevation and backscatter retrievals from CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2 over Arctic summer sea ice
Causes and evolution of winter polynyas north of Greenland
Winter Arctic sea ice thickness from ICESat-2: upgrades to freeboard and snow loading estimates and an assessment of the first three winters of data collection
Observed and predicted trends in Icelandic snow conditions for the period 1930–2100
Sea ice breakup and freeze-up indicators for users of the Arctic coastal environment
Snow properties at the forest–tundra ecotone: predominance of water vapor fluxes even in deep, moderately cold snowpacks
Spatial patterns of snow distribution in the sub-Arctic
Improving model-satellite comparisons of sea ice melt onset with a satellite simulator
Accelerated mobilization of organic carbon from retrogressive thaw slumps on the northern Taymyr Peninsula
Snowfall and snow accumulation during the MOSAiC winter and spring seasons
Modelling the mass budget and future evolution of Tunabreen, central Spitsbergen
Kara and Barents sea ice thickness estimation based on CryoSat-2 radar altimeter and Sentinel-1 dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar
Brief communication: Preliminary ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2) measurements of outlet glaciers reveal heterogeneous patterns of seasonal dynamic thickness change
Contribution of warm and moist atmospheric flow to a record minimum July sea ice extent of the Arctic in 2020
The importance of freeze–thaw cycles for lateral tracer transport in ice-wedge polygons
Uncertainties in projected surface mass balance over the polar ice sheets from dynamically downscaled EC-Earth models
Perspectives on future sea ice and navigability in the Arctic
Lasting impact of winds on Arctic sea ice through the ocean's memory
Holocene sea-ice dynamics in Petermann Fjord in relation to ice tongue stability and Nares Strait ice arch formation
Presentation and evaluation of the Arctic sea ice forecasting system neXtSIM-F
Comment on “Exceptionally high heat flux needed to sustain the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream” by Smith-Johnsen et al. (2020)
Early spring subglacial discharge plumes fuel under-ice primary production at a Svalbard tidewater glacier
Combined influence of oceanic and atmospheric circulations on Greenland sea ice concentration
Seasonal changes in sea ice kinematics and deformation in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean in 2018/19
Trends and spatial variation in rain-on-snow events over the Arctic Ocean during the early melt season
Thinning leads to calving-style changes at Bowdoin Glacier, Greenland
Inter-comparison of snow depth over Arctic sea ice from reanalysis reconstructions and satellite retrieval
Year-round impact of winter sea ice thickness observations on seasonal forecasts
Ensemble-based estimation of sea-ice volume variations in the Baffin Bay
The cryostratigraphy of the Yedoma cliff of Sobo-Sise Island (Lena delta) reveals permafrost dynamics in the central Laptev Sea coastal region during the last 52 kyr
Possible impacts of a 1000 km long hypothetical subglacial river valley towards Petermann Glacier in northern Greenland
Sea ice drift and arch evolution in the Robeson Channel using the daily coverage of Sentinel-1 SAR data for the 2016–2017 freezing season
Brief communication: Arctic sea ice thickness internal variability and its changes under historical and anthropogenic forcing
Seasonal transition dates can reveal biases in Arctic sea ice simulations
Thermokarst lake inception and development in syngenetic ice-wedge polygon terrain during a cooling climatic trend, Bylot Island (Nunavut), eastern Canadian Arctic
The Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL) high-priority candidate mission
The MOSAiC ice floe: sediment-laden survivor from the Siberian shelf
Spectral attenuation of ocean waves in pack ice and its application in calibrating viscoelastic wave-in-ice models
The current state and 125 kyr history of permafrost on the Kara Sea shelf: modeling constraints
New observations of the distribution, morphology and dissolution dynamics of cryogenic gypsum in the Arctic Ocean
Evaluation of Arctic sea ice drift and its dependency on near-surface wind and sea ice conditions in the coupled regional climate model HIRHAM–NAOSIM
Yanan Wang, Byongjun Hwang, Adam William Bateson, Yevgeny Aksenov, and Christopher Horvat
The Cryosphere, 17, 3575–3591, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3575-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3575-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is composed of small, discrete pieces of ice called floes, whose size distribution plays a critical role in the interactions between the sea ice, ocean and atmosphere. This study provides an assessment of sea ice models using new high-resolution floe size distribution observations, revealing considerable differences between them. These findings point not only to the limitations in models but also to the need for more high-resolution observations to validate and calibrate models.
Sascha Willmes, Günther Heinemann, and Frank Schnaase
The Cryosphere, 17, 3291–3308, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3291-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3291-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is an important constituent of the global climate system. We here use satellite data to identify regions in the Arctic where the sea ice breaks up in so-called leads (i.e., linear cracks) regularly during winter. This information is important because leads determine, e.g., how much heat is exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere. We here provide first insights into the reasons for the observed patterns in sea-ice leads and their relation to ocean currents and winds.
Isolde A. Glissenaar, Jack C. Landy, David G. Babb, Geoffrey J. Dawson, and Stephen E. L. Howell
The Cryosphere, 17, 3269–3289, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3269-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3269-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of large-scale ice thickness have unfortunately only been available since 2003, a short record for researching trends and variability. We generated a proxy for sea ice thickness in the Canadian Arctic for 1996–2020. This is the longest available record for large-scale sea ice thickness available to date and the first record reliably covering the channels between the islands in northern Canada. The product shows that sea ice has thinned by 21 cm over the 25-year record in April.
Marion Bocquet, Sara Fleury, Fanny Piras, Eero Rinne, Heidi Sallila, Florent Garnier, and Frédérique Rémy
The Cryosphere, 17, 3013–3039, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice has a large interannual variability, and studying its evolution requires long time series of observations. In this paper, we propose the first method to extend Arctic sea ice thickness time series to the ERS-2 altimeter. The developed method is based on a neural network to calibrate past missions on the current one by taking advantage of their differences during the mission-overlap periods. Data are available as monthly maps for each year during the winter period between 1995 and 2021.
Nina Raoult, Sylvie Charbit, Christophe Dumas, Fabienne Maignan, Catherine Ottlé, and Vladislav Bastrikov
The Cryosphere, 17, 2705–2724, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Greenland ice sheet melting due to global warming could significantly impact global sea-level rise. The ice sheet's albedo, i.e. how reflective the surface is, affects the melting speed. The ORCHIDEE computer model is used to simulate albedo and snowmelt to make predictions. However, the albedo in ORCHIDEE is lower than that observed using satellites. To correct this, we change model parameters (e.g. the rate of snow decay) to reduce the difference between simulated and observed values.
Johan Nilsson, Eef van Dongen, Martin Jakobsson, Matt O'Regan, and Christian Stranne
The Cryosphere, 17, 2455–2476, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how topographical sills suppress basal glacier melt in Greenlandic fjords. The basal melt drives an exchange flow over the sill, but there is an upper flow limit set by the Atlantic Water features outside the fjord. If this limit is reached, the flow enters a new regime where the melt is suppressed and its sensitivity to the Atlantic Water temperature is reduced.
Michael J. Bentley, James A. Smith, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Margaret R. Lindeman, Brice R. Rea, Angelika Humbert, Timothy P. Lane, Christopher M. Darvill, Jeremy M. Lloyd, Fiamma Straneo, Veit Helm, and David H. Roberts
The Cryosphere, 17, 1821–1837, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1821-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1821-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream is a major outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Some of its outlet glaciers and ice shelves have been breaking up and retreating, with inflows of warm ocean water identified as the likely reason. Here we report direct measurements of warm ocean water in an unusual lake that is connected to the ocean beneath the ice shelf in front of the 79° N Glacier. This glacier has not yet shown much retreat, but the presence of warm water makes future retreat more likely.
Ole Rieke, Marius Årthun, and Jakob Simon Dörr
The Cryosphere, 17, 1445–1456, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1445-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1445-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Sea is the region of most intense winter sea ice loss, and future projections show a continued decline towards ice-free conditions by the end of this century but with large fluctuations. Here we use climate model simulations to look at the occurrence and drivers of rapid ice change events in the Barents Sea that are much stronger than the average ice loss. A better understanding of these events will contribute to improved sea ice predictions in the Barents Sea.
Chris Derksen and Lawrence Mudryk
The Cryosphere, 17, 1431–1443, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1431-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1431-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine Arctic snow cover trends through the lens of climate assessments. We determine the sensitivity of change in snow cover extent to year-over-year increases in time series length, reference period, the use of a statistical methodology to improve inter-dataset agreement, version changes in snow products, and snow product ensemble size. By identifying the sensitivity to the range of choices available to investigators, we increase confidence in reported Arctic snow extent changes.
Geoffrey Dawson and Jack Landy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-31, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-31, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we compared measurements from CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2 over Arctic summer sea ice, to understand any possible biases between the two satellites. We found that there is a difference when we measure elevation over summer sea ice using CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2 and this is likely due to surface melt ponds. The differences we found were in good agreement with theoretical predictions, and this work will be valuable for summer sea ice thickness measurements from both altimeters.
Younjoo J. Lee, Wieslaw Maslowski, John J. Cassano, Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Anthony P. Craig, Samy Kamal, Robert Osinski, Mark W. Seefeldt, Julienne Stroeve, and Hailong Wang
The Cryosphere, 17, 233–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-233-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-233-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During 1979–2020, four winter polynyas occurred in December 1986 and February 2011, 2017, and 2018 north of Greenland. Instead of ice melting due to the anomalous warm air intrusion, the extreme wind forcing resulted in greater ice transport offshore. Based on the two ensemble runs, representing a 1980s thicker ice vs. a 2010s thinner ice, a dominant cause of these winter polynyas stems from internal variability of atmospheric forcing rather than from the forced response to a warming climate.
Alek A. Petty, Nicole Keeney, Alex Cabaj, Paul Kushner, and Marco Bagnardi
The Cryosphere, 17, 127–156, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present upgrades to winter Arctic sea ice thickness estimates from NASA's ICESat-2. Our new thickness results show better agreement with independent data from ESA's CryoSat-2 compared to our first data release, as well as new, very strong comparisons with data collected by moorings in the Beaufort Sea. We analyse three winters of thickness data across the Arctic, including 50 cm thinning of the multiyear ice over this 3-year period.
Darri Eythorsson, Sigurdur M. Gardarsson, Andri Gunnarsson, and Oli Gretar Blondal Sveinsson
The Cryosphere, 17, 51–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-51-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-51-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we researched past and predicted snow conditions in Iceland based on manual snow observations recorded in Iceland and compared these with satellite observations. Future snow conditions were predicted through numerical computer modeling based on climate models. The results showed that average snow depth and snow cover frequency have increased over the historical period but are projected to significantly decrease when projected into the future.
John E. Walsh, Hajo Eicken, Kyle Redilla, and Mark Johnson
The Cryosphere, 16, 4617–4635, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Indicators for the start and end of annual breakup and freeze-up of sea ice at various coastal locations around the Arctic are developed. Relative to broader offshore areas, some of the coastal indicators show an earlier freeze-up and later breakup, especially at locations where landfast ice is prominent. However, the trends towards earlier breakup and later freeze-up are unmistakable over the post-1979 period in synthesized metrics of the coastal breakup/freeze-up indicators.
Georg Lackner, Florent Domine, Daniel F. Nadeau, Matthieu Lafaysse, and Marie Dumont
The Cryosphere, 16, 3357–3373, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3357-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3357-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We compared the snowpack at two sites separated by less than 1 km, one in shrub tundra and the other one within the boreal forest. Even though the snowpack was twice as thick at the forested site, we found evidence that the vertical transport of water vapor from the bottom of the snowpack to its surface was important at both sites. The snow model Crocus simulates no water vapor fluxes and consequently failed to correctly simulate the observed density profiles.
Katrina E. Bennett, Greta Miller, Robert Busey, Min Chen, Emma R. Lathrop, Julian B. Dann, Mara Nutt, Ryan Crumley, Shannon L. Dillard, Baptiste Dafflon, Jitendra Kumar, W. Robert Bolton, Cathy J. Wilson, Colleen M. Iversen, and Stan D. Wullschleger
The Cryosphere, 16, 3269–3293, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the Arctic and sub-Arctic, climate shifts are changing ecosystems, resulting in alterations in snow, shrubs, and permafrost. Thicker snow under shrubs can lead to warmer permafrost because deeper snow will insulate the ground from the cold winter. In this paper, we use modeling to characterize snow to better understand the drivers of snow distribution. Eventually, this work will be used to improve models used to study future changes in Arctic and sub-Arctic snow patterns.
Abigail Smith, Alexandra Jahn, Clara Burgard, and Dirk Notz
The Cryosphere, 16, 3235–3248, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3235-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The timing of Arctic sea ice melt each year is an important metric for assessing how sea ice in climate models compares to satellite observations. Here, we utilize a new tool for creating more direct comparisons between climate model projections and satellite observations of Arctic sea ice, such that the melt onset dates are defined the same way. This tool allows us to identify climate model biases more clearly and gain more information about what the satellites are observing.
Philipp Bernhard, Simon Zwieback, and Irena Hajnsek
The Cryosphere, 16, 2819–2835, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2819-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2819-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With climate change, Arctic hillslopes above ice-rich permafrost are vulnerable to enhanced carbon mobilization. In this work elevation change estimates generated from satellite observations reveal a substantial acceleration of carbon mobilization on the Taymyr Peninsula in Siberia between 2010 and 2021. The strong increase occurring in 2020 coincided with a severe Siberian heatwave and highlights that carbon mobilization can respond sharply and non-linearly to increasing temperatures.
David N. Wagner, Matthew D. Shupe, Christopher Cox, Ola G. Persson, Taneil Uttal, Markus M. Frey, Amélie Kirchgaessner, Martin Schneebeli, Matthias Jaggi, Amy R. Macfarlane, Polona Itkin, Stefanie Arndt, Stefan Hendricks, Daniela Krampe, Marcel Nicolaus, Robert Ricker, Julia Regnery, Nikolai Kolabutin, Egor Shimanshuck, Marc Oggier, Ian Raphael, Julienne Stroeve, and Michael Lehning
The Cryosphere, 16, 2373–2402, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on measurements of the snow cover over sea ice and atmospheric measurements, we estimate snowfall and snow accumulation for the MOSAiC ice floe, between November 2019 and May 2020. For this period, we estimate 98–114 mm of precipitation. We suggest that about 34 mm of snow water equivalent accumulated until the end of April 2020 and that at least about 50 % of the precipitated snow was eroded or sublimated. Further, we suggest explanations for potential snowfall overestimation.
Johannes Oerlemans, Jack Kohler, and Adrian Luckman
The Cryosphere, 16, 2115–2126, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2115-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2115-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tunabreen is a 26 km long tidewater glacier. It is the most frequently surging glacier in Svalbard, with four documented surges in the past 100 years. We have modelled this glacier to find out how it reacts to future climate change. Careful calibration was done against the observed length record for the past 100 years. For a 50 m increase in the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) the length of the glacier will be shortened by 10 km after about 100 years.
Juha Karvonen, Eero Rinne, Heidi Sallila, Petteri Uotila, and Marko Mäkynen
The Cryosphere, 16, 1821–1844, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1821-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1821-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a method to provide sea ice thickness (SIT) estimates over a test area in the Arctic utilizing radar altimeter (RA) measurement lines and C-band SAR imagery. The RA data are from CryoSat-2, and SAR imagery is from Sentinel-1. By combining them we get a SIT grid covering the whole test area instead of only narrow measurement lines from RA. This kind of SIT estimation can be extended to cover the whole Arctic (and Antarctic) for operational SIT monitoring.
Christian J. Taubenberger, Denis Felikson, and Thomas Neumann
The Cryosphere, 16, 1341–1348, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1341-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1341-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Outlet glaciers are projected to account for half of the total ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet over the 21st century. We classify patterns of seasonal dynamic thickness changes of outlet glaciers using new observations from the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2). Our results reveal seven distinct patterns that differ across glaciers even within the same region. Future work can use our results to improve our understanding of processes that drive seasonal ice sheet changes.
Yu Liang, Haibo Bi, Haijun Huang, Ruibo Lei, Xi Liang, Bin Cheng, and Yunhe Wang
The Cryosphere, 16, 1107–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A record minimum July sea ice extent, since 1979, was observed in 2020. Our results reveal that an anomalously high advection of energy and water vapor prevailed during spring (April to June) 2020 over regions with noticeable sea ice retreat. The large-scale atmospheric circulation and cyclones act in concert to trigger the exceptionally warm and moist flow. The convergence of the transport changed the atmospheric characteristics and the surface energy budget, thus causing a severe sea ice melt.
Elchin E. Jafarov, Daniil Svyatsky, Brent Newman, Dylan Harp, David Moulton, and Cathy Wilson
The Cryosphere, 16, 851–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-851-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-851-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recent research indicates the importance of lateral transport of dissolved carbon in the polygonal tundra, suggesting that the freeze-up period could further promote lateral carbon transport. We conducted subsurface tracer simulations on high-, flat-, and low-centered polygons to test the importance of the freeze–thaw cycle and freeze-up time for tracer mobility. Our findings illustrate the impact of hydraulic and thermal gradients on tracer mobility, as well as of the freeze-up time.
Fredrik Boberg, Ruth Mottram, Nicolaj Hansen, Shuting Yang, and Peter L. Langen
The Cryosphere, 16, 17–33, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-17-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-17-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using the regional climate model HIRHAM5, we compare two versions (v2 and v3) of the global climate model EC-Earth for the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets. We are interested in the surface mass balance of the ice sheets due to its importance when making estimates of future sea level rise. We find that the end-of-century change in the surface mass balance for Antarctica is 420 Gt yr−1 (v2) and 80 Gt yr−1 (v3), and for Greenland it is −290 Gt yr−1 (v2) and −1640 Gt yr−1 (v3).
Jinlei Chen, Shichang Kang, Wentao Du, Junming Guo, Min Xu, Yulan Zhang, Xinyue Zhong, Wei Zhang, and Jizu Chen
The Cryosphere, 15, 5473–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is retreating with rapid warming in the Arctic. It will continue and approach the worst predicted pathway released by the IPCC. The irreversible tipping point might show around 2060 when the oldest ice will have completely disappeared. It has a huge impact on human production. Ordinary merchant ships will be able to pass the Northeast Passage and Northwest Passage by the midcentury, and the opening time will advance to the next 10 years for icebreakers with moderate ice strengthening.
Qiang Wang, Sergey Danilov, Longjiang Mu, Dmitry Sidorenko, and Claudia Wekerle
The Cryosphere, 15, 4703–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using simulations, we found that changes in ocean freshwater content induced by wind perturbations can significantly affect the Arctic sea ice drift, thickness, concentration and deformation rates years after the wind perturbations. The impact is through changes in sea surface height and surface geostrophic currents and the most pronounced in warm seasons. Such a lasting impact might become stronger in a warming climate and implies the importance of ocean initialization in sea ice prediction.
Henrieka Detlef, Brendan Reilly, Anne Jennings, Mads Mørk Jensen, Matt O'Regan, Marianne Glasius, Jesper Olsen, Martin Jakobsson, and Christof Pearce
The Cryosphere, 15, 4357–4380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we examine the Nares Strait sea ice dynamics over the last 7000 years and their implications for the late Holocene readvance of the floating part of Petermann Glacier. We propose that the historically observed sea ice dynamics are a relatively recent feature, while most of the mid-Holocene was marked by variable sea ice conditions in Nares Strait. Nonetheless, major advances of the Petermann ice tongue were preceded by a shift towards harsher sea ice conditions in Nares Strait.
Timothy Williams, Anton Korosov, Pierre Rampal, and Einar Ólason
The Cryosphere, 15, 3207–3227, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3207-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3207-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
neXtSIM (neXt-generation Sea Ice Model) includes a novel and extremely realistic way of modelling sea ice dynamics – i.e. how the sea ice moves and deforms in response to the drag from winds and ocean currents. It has been developed over the last few years for a variety of applications, but this paper represents its first demonstration in a forecast context. We present results for the time period from November 2018 to June 2020 and show that it agrees well with satellite observations.
Paul D. Bons, Tamara de Riese, Steven Franke, Maria-Gema Llorens, Till Sachau, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, Julien Westhoff, and Yu Zhang
The Cryosphere, 15, 2251–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The modelling of Smith-Johnson et al. (The Cryosphere, 14, 841–854, 2020) suggests that a very large heat flux of more than 10 times the usual geothermal heat flux is required to have initiated or to control the huge Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. Our comparison with known hotspots, such as Iceland and Yellowstone, shows that such an exceptional heat flux would be unique in the world and is incompatible with known geological processes that can raise the heat flux.
Tobias Reiner Vonnahme, Emma Persson, Ulrike Dietrich, Eva Hejdukova, Christine Dybwad, Josef Elster, Melissa Chierici, and Rolf Gradinger
The Cryosphere, 15, 2083–2107, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2083-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2083-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the impact of subglacial discharge in early spring on a sea-ice-covered fjord on Svalbard by comparing a site influenced by a shallow tidewater glacier with two reference sites. We found a moderate under-ice phytoplankton bloom at the glacier front, which we attribute to subglacial upwelling of nutrients; a strongly stratified surface layer; and higher light penetration. In contrast, sea ice algae biomass was limited by low salinities and brine volumes.
Sourav Chatterjee, Roshin P. Raj, Laurent Bertino, Sebastian H. Mernild, Meethale Puthukkottu Subeesh, Nuncio Murukesh, and Muthalagu Ravichandran
The Cryosphere, 15, 1307–1319, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1307-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1307-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice in the Greenland Sea (GS) is important for its climatic (fresh water), economical (shipping), and ecological contribution (light availability). The study proposes a mechanism through which sea ice concentration in GS is partly governed by the atmospheric and ocean circulation in the region. The mechanism proposed in this study can be useful for assessing the sea ice variability and its future projection in the GS.
Ruibo Lei, Mario Hoppmann, Bin Cheng, Guangyu Zuo, Dawei Gui, Qiongqiong Cai, H. Jakob Belter, and Wangxiao Yang
The Cryosphere, 15, 1321–1341, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Quantification of ice deformation is useful for understanding of the role of ice dynamics in climate change. Using data of 32 buoys, we characterized spatiotemporal variations in ice kinematics and deformation in the Pacific sector of Arctic Ocean for autumn–winter 2018/19. Sea ice in the south and west has stronger mobility than in the east and north, which weakens from autumn to winter. An enhanced Arctic dipole and weakened Beaufort Gyre in winter lead to an obvious turning of ice drifting.
Tingfeng Dou, Cunde Xiao, Jiping Liu, Qiang Wang, Shifeng Pan, Jie Su, Xiaojun Yuan, Minghu Ding, Feng Zhang, Kai Xue, Peter A. Bieniek, and Hajo Eicken
The Cryosphere, 15, 883–895, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-883-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-883-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rain-on-snow (ROS) events can accelerate the surface ablation of sea ice, greatly influencing the ice–albedo feedback. We found that spring ROS events have shifted to earlier dates over the Arctic Ocean in recent decades, which is correlated with sea ice melt onset in the Pacific sector and most Eurasian marginal seas. There has been a clear transition from solid to liquid precipitation, leading to a reduction in spring snow depth on sea ice by more than −0.5 cm per decade since the 1980s.
Eef C. H. van Dongen, Guillaume Jouvet, Shin Sugiyama, Evgeny A. Podolskiy, Martin Funk, Douglas I. Benn, Fabian Lindner, Andreas Bauder, Julien Seguinot, Silvan Leinss, and Fabian Walter
The Cryosphere, 15, 485–500, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-485-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-485-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The dynamic mass loss of tidewater glaciers is strongly linked to glacier calving. We study calving mechanisms under a thinning regime, based on 5 years of field and remote-sensing data of Bowdoin Glacier. Our data suggest that Bowdoin Glacier ungrounded recently, and its calving behaviour changed from calving due to surface crevasses to buoyancy-induced calving resulting from basal crevasses. This change may be a precursor to glacier retreat.
Lu Zhou, Julienne Stroeve, Shiming Xu, Alek Petty, Rachel Tilling, Mai Winstrup, Philip Rostosky, Isobel R. Lawrence, Glen E. Liston, Andy Ridout, Michel Tsamados, and Vishnu Nandan
The Cryosphere, 15, 345–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Snow on sea ice plays an important role in the Arctic climate system. Large spatial and temporal discrepancies among the eight snow depth products are analyzed together with their seasonal variability and long-term trends. These snow products are further compared against various ground-truth observations. More analyses on representation error of sea ice parameters are needed for systematic comparison and fusion of airborne, in situ and remote sensing observations.
Beena Balan-Sarojini, Steffen Tietsche, Michael Mayer, Magdalena Balmaseda, Hao Zuo, Patricia de Rosnay, Tim Stockdale, and Frederic Vitart
The Cryosphere, 15, 325–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-325-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-325-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study for the first time shows the impact of measured sea ice thickness (SIT) on seasonal forecasts of all the seasons. We prove that the long-term memory present in the Arctic winter SIT is helpful to improve summer sea ice forecasts. Our findings show that realistic SIT initial conditions to start a forecast are useful in (1) improving seasonal forecasts, (2) understanding errors in the forecast model, and (3) recognizing the need for continuous monitoring of world's ice-covered oceans.
Chao Min, Qinghua Yang, Longjiang Mu, Frank Kauker, and Robert Ricker
The Cryosphere, 15, 169–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An ensemble of four estimates of the sea-ice volume (SIV) variations in Baffin Bay from 2011 to 2016 is generated from the locally merged satellite observations, three modeled sea ice thickness sources (CMST, NAOSIM, and PIOMAS) and NSIDC ice drift data (V4). Results show that the net increase of the ensemble mean SIV occurs from October to April with the largest SIV increase in December, and the reduction occurs from May to September with the largest SIV decline in July.
Sebastian Wetterich, Alexander Kizyakov, Michael Fritz, Juliane Wolter, Gesine Mollenhauer, Hanno Meyer, Matthias Fuchs, Aleksei Aksenov, Heidrun Matthes, Lutz Schirrmeister, and Thomas Opel
The Cryosphere, 14, 4525–4551, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4525-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4525-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the present study, we analysed geochemical and sedimentological properties of relict permafrost and ground ice exposed at the Sobo-Sise Yedoma cliff in the eastern Lena delta in NE Siberia. We obtained insight into permafrost aggradation and degradation over the last approximately 52 000 years and the climatic and morphodynamic controls on regional-scale permafrost dynamics of the central Laptev Sea coastal region.
Christopher Chambers, Ralf Greve, Bas Altena, and Pierre-Marie Lefeuvre
The Cryosphere, 14, 3747–3759, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3747-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3747-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The topography of the rock below the Greenland ice sheet is not well known. One long valley appears as a line of dips because of incomplete data. So we use ice model simulations that unblock this valley, and these create a watercourse that may represent a form of river over 1000 km long under the ice. When we melt ice at the bottom of the ice sheet only in the deep interior, water can flow down the valley only when the valley is unblocked. It may have developed while an ice sheet was present.
Mohammed E. Shokr, Zihan Wang, and Tingting Liu
The Cryosphere, 14, 3611–3627, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3611-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses sequential daily SAR images covering the Robeson Channel to quantitatively study kinematics of individual ice floes with exploration of wind influence and the evolution of the ice arch at the entry of the channel. Results show that drift of ice floes within the Robeson Channel and the arch are both significantly influenced by wind. The study highlights the advantage of using the high-resolution daily SAR coverage in monitoring sea ice cover in narrow water passages.
Guillian Van Achter, Leandro Ponsoni, François Massonnet, Thierry Fichefet, and Vincent Legat
The Cryosphere, 14, 3479–3486, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3479-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3479-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We document the spatio-temporal internal variability of Arctic sea ice thickness and its changes under anthropogenic forcing, which is key to understanding, and eventually predicting, the evolution of sea ice in response to climate change.
The patterns of sea ice thickness variability remain more or less stable during pre-industrial, historical and future periods, despite non-stationarity on short timescales. These patterns start to change once Arctic summer ice-free events occur, after 2050.
Abigail Smith, Alexandra Jahn, and Muyin Wang
The Cryosphere, 14, 2977–2997, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2977-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2977-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The annual cycle of Arctic sea ice can be used to gain more information about how climate model simulations of sea ice compare to observations. In some models, the September sea ice area agrees with observations for the wrong reasons because biases in the timing of seasonal transitions compensate for other unrealistic sea ice characteristics. This research was done to provide new process-based metrics of Arctic sea ice using satellite observations, the CESM Large Ensemble, and CMIP6 models.
Frédéric Bouchard, Daniel Fortier, Michel Paquette, Vincent Boucher, Reinhard Pienitz, and Isabelle Laurion
The Cryosphere, 14, 2607–2627, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2607-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2607-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We combine lake mapping, landscape observations and sediment core analyses to document the evolution of a thermokarst (thaw) lake in the Canadian Arctic over the last millennia. We conclude that temperature is not the only driver of thermokarst development, as the lake likely started to form during a cooler period around 2000 years ago. The lake is now located in frozen layers with an organic carbon content that is an order of magnitude higher than the usually reported values across the Arctic.
Michael Kern, Robert Cullen, Bruno Berruti, Jerome Bouffard, Tania Casal, Mark R. Drinkwater, Antonio Gabriele, Arnaud Lecuyot, Michael Ludwig, Rolv Midthassel, Ignacio Navas Traver, Tommaso Parrinello, Gerhard Ressler, Erik Andersson, Cristina Martin-Puig, Ole Andersen, Annett Bartsch, Sinead Farrell, Sara Fleury, Simon Gascoin, Amandine Guillot, Angelika Humbert, Eero Rinne, Andrew Shepherd, Michiel R. van den Broeke, and John Yackel
The Cryosphere, 14, 2235–2251, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2235-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2235-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter will provide high-resolution sea ice thickness and land ice elevation measurements and the capability to determine the properties of snow cover on ice to serve operational products and services of direct relevance to the polar regions. This paper describes the mission objectives, identifies the key contributions the CRISTAL mission will make, and presents a concept – as far as it is already defined – for the mission payload.
Thomas Krumpen, Florent Birrien, Frank Kauker, Thomas Rackow, Luisa von Albedyll, Michael Angelopoulos, H. Jakob Belter, Vladimir Bessonov, Ellen Damm, Klaus Dethloff, Jari Haapala, Christian Haas, Carolynn Harris, Stefan Hendricks, Jens Hoelemann, Mario Hoppmann, Lars Kaleschke, Michael Karcher, Nikolai Kolabutin, Ruibo Lei, Josefine Lenz, Anne Morgenstern, Marcel Nicolaus, Uwe Nixdorf, Tomash Petrovsky, Benjamin Rabe, Lasse Rabenstein, Markus Rex, Robert Ricker, Jan Rohde, Egor Shimanchuk, Suman Singha, Vasily Smolyanitsky, Vladimir Sokolov, Tim Stanton, Anna Timofeeva, Michel Tsamados, and Daniel Watkins
The Cryosphere, 14, 2173–2187, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2173-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2173-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In October 2019 the research vessel Polarstern was moored to an ice floe in order to travel with it on the 1-year-long MOSAiC journey through the Arctic. Here we provide historical context of the floe's evolution and initial state for upcoming studies. We show that the ice encountered on site was exceptionally thin and was formed on the shallow Siberian shelf. The analyses presented provide the initial state for the analysis and interpretation of upcoming biogeochemical and ecological studies.
Sukun Cheng, Justin Stopa, Fabrice Ardhuin, and Hayley H. Shen
The Cryosphere, 14, 2053–2069, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2053-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2053-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wave states in ice in polar oceans are mostly studied near the ice edge. However, observations in the internal ice field, where ice morphology is very different from the ice edge, are rare. Recently derived wave data from satellite imagery are easier and cheaper than field studies and provide large coverage. This work presents a way of using these data to have a close view of some key features in the wave propagation over hundreds of kilometers and calibrate models for predicting wave decay.
Anatoliy Gavrilov, Vladimir Pavlov, Alexandr Fridenberg, Mikhail Boldyrev, Vanda Khilimonyuk, Elena Pizhankova, Sergey Buldovich, Natalia Kosevich, Ali Alyautdinov, Mariia Ogienko, Alexander Roslyakov, Maria Cherbunina, and Evgeniy Ospennikov
The Cryosphere, 14, 1857–1873, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1857-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1857-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The geocryological study of the Arctic shelf remains insufficient for economic activity. The article presents a study of its evolution by methods of math modeling of heat transfer in rocks. As a result, a model of the evolution and current state of the cryolithozone of the Kara shelf was created based on ideas about the history of its geocryological development over the past 125 kyr. The modeling results are correlated to the available field data and are presented as a geocryological map.
Jutta E. Wollenburg, Morten Iversen, Christian Katlein, Thomas Krumpen, Marcel Nicolaus, Giulia Castellani, Ilka Peeken, and Hauke Flores
The Cryosphere, 14, 1795–1808, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1795-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1795-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on an observed omnipresence of gypsum crystals, we concluded that their release from melting sea ice is a general feature in the Arctic Ocean. Individual gypsum crystals sank at more than 7000 m d−1, suggesting that they are an important ballast mineral. Previous observations found gypsum inside phytoplankton aggregates at 2000 m depth, supporting gypsum as an important driver for pelagic-benthic coupling in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean.
Xiaoyong Yu, Annette Rinke, Wolfgang Dorn, Gunnar Spreen, Christof Lüpkes, Hiroshi Sumata, and Vladimir M. Gryanik
The Cryosphere, 14, 1727–1746, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1727-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1727-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents an evaluation of Arctic sea ice drift speed for the period 2003–2014 in a state-of-the-art coupled regional model for the Arctic, called HIRHAM–NAOSIM. In particular, the dependency of the drift speed on the near-surface wind speed and sea ice conditions is presented. Effects of sea ice form drag included by an improved parameterization of the transfer coefficients for momentum and heat over sea ice are discussed.
Cited articles
Anderson, B., Bryant, I., Lülig, M., Spies, B., and and Helbig, K.: Oilfield anisotropy: its origins and electrical characteristics, Oilfield Rev., 6, 48–56, 1994.
Antonov, V. S.: Mouth area of the Lena river (hydrological sketch), Hydrometizdat, Leningrad, 1–107, 1987.
Baker, G. C. and Osterkamp., T. E.: Salt distribution during freezing of saline sand columns at constant rates, Water Resour. Res., 25, 1825–1831, 1989.
Barry, R. G. and Serreze., M. C.: Atmospheric components of the arctic ocean freshwater balance and their interannual variability, in: The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Lewis, E. L., Jones, E. P., Lemke, P., Prowse, T. D., and Wadhams, P., Springer, New York, 45–56, 2000.
Bisson, R. A.: Space-age integrated exploration and treatment of renewable regional sources of pristine ground water in fractured rock megawatersheds, Desalination, 99, 257–273, 1994.
Bolshiyanov, Yu., D., Makarov, A. S., Schneider, V., and Stoof, G.: Origin and development of the Lena River Delta, AARI, St. Petersburg, 1–267, 2013.
Burnett, W. C., Peterson, C. R., Moore, W. S., and De Olivera, J.: Radon and radium isotopes as tracers of submarine groundwater discharge – results from the Ubatuba Brazil SGD assessment intercomparison, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 76, 501–511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.07.027, 2008.
Burt, W. J., Thomas, H., Pätsch, J., Omar, A., Schrum, C., Daewel, U., Brenner, H., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Radium isotopes as a tracer of sediment-water column exchange in the North Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 786–804, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004825, 2014.
Carmack, E. C.: The Arctic Ocean's freshwater budget: sources, storage and export, in: The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Lewis, E. L., Jones, E. P., Lemke, P., Prowse, T. D., and Wadhams, P., Springer, New York, 91–126, 2000.
Cochran, J. K., Hirschberg, D. J., Livingston, H. D., Buesseler, K. O., and Key, R. M.: Natural and anthropogenic radionuclide distributions in the Nansen Basin, Arctic Ocean: scavenging rates and circulation timescales, Deep-Sea Res., 42, 1495–1517, 1995.
Charette, M. A., Splivallo, R., Herbold, C., Bollinger, M. S., and Moore, W. S.: Salt marsh submarine groundwater discharge as traced by radium isotopes, Mar. Chem., 84, 113–121, 2003.
Charette, M. A., Gonneea, M. E., Morris, P., Statham, P., Fones, G., Planquette, H. I., and Salter, A.: Radium isotopes as tracers of iron sources fueling a Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 1989–1998, 2007.
Charette, M. A., Moore, W. S., and Burnett, W. C.: Uranium- and thorium-series nuclides as tracers of submarine groundwater discharge, in: Radioactivity in the Environment. U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems, 13, edited by: Krishnaswami, S. and Cochran, J. K., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 155–191, 2008.
Charette, M. A., Breier, C. F., Henderson, P. B., Pike, S. M., Rypina, I. I., Jayne, S. R., and Buesseler, K. O.: Radium-based estimates of cesium isotope transport and total direct ocean discharges from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident, Biogeosciences, 10, 2159–2167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2159-2013, 2013.
Charkin, A. N., Dudarev, O. V., Semiletov, I. P., Kruhmalev, A. V., Vonk, J. E., Sánchez-García, L., Karlsson, E., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Seasonal and interannual variability of sedimentation and organic matter distribution in the Buor-Khaya Gulf: the primary recipient of input of Lena River and coastal erosion in the Southeast Laptev Sea, Biogeosciences, 8, 2581–2594, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2581-2011, 2011.
Charkin, A. N., Dudarev, O. V., Shakhova, N. E., Semiletov, I. P., Pipko, I. I., Pugach, S. P., and Sergienko, V. I.: Peculiarities of the formation of suspended particulate matter fields in the Eastern Arctic seas, Dokl. Earth Sci., 462, 626–630, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X15060100, 2015.
Deming, D., Sass, J. H., Lachenbruch, A. H., and De Rito, R. F.: Heat flow and subsurface temperature as evidence for basin-scale ground-water flow, North Slope of Alaska, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104, 528–542, 1992.
Dimova, N. T., Paytan, A., Kessler, J. D., Sparrow, K. J., Garcia-Tigreros Kodovska, F., Lecher, A. L., Murray, J., and Tulaczyk, S. M.: Current magnitude and mechanisms of groundwater discharge in the Arctic: case study from Alaska, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 12036–12043, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02215, 2015.
Drachev, S. S., Savostin, L. A., Groshev, V. G., and Bruni, I. E.: Structure and geology of the continental shelf of the Laptev Sea, Eastern Russian Arctic, Tectonophysics, 298, 357–393, 1998.
Drachev, S. S., Johnson, G. L., Laxon, S. W., McAdoo, D. C., and Kassens, H.: Main structural elements of Eastern Russian Arctic continental margin derived from satellite gravity and multichannel seismic reflection data, in: Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History, edited by: Kassens, H., Bauch, H. A., Dmitrenko, I. A., Eicken, H., Hubberten, H.-W., Melles, M., Thiede, J., and Timokhov, L. A., Springer, Berlin, 667–692, 1999.
Dulaiova, H., Burnett, W. C., Chanton, J. P., Moore, W. S., Bokuniewicz, H. J., Charette, M. A., and Sholkovitz, E.: Assessment of groundwater discharge into West Neck Bay, New York, via natural tracers, Cont. Shelf. Res., 26, 16, 1971–1983, 2006.
Fedorova, I., Chetverova, A., Bolshiyanov, D., Makarov, A., Boike, J., Heim, B., Morgenstern, A., Overduin, P. P., Wegner, C., Kashina, V., Eulenburg, A., Dobrotina, E., and Sidorina, I.: Lena Delta hydrology and geochemistry: long-term hydrological data and recent field observations, Biogeosciences, 12, 345–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-345-2015, 2015.
Franke, D., Hinz, K., and Oncken, O.: The Laptev Sea Rift, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 18, 1083–1127, 2001.
Frederick, J. M. and Buffett, B. A.: Effects of submarine groundwater discharge on the present-day extent of relict submarine permafrost and gas hydrate stability on the Beaufort Sea continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 417–432, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003349, 2015.
Gonçalves-Araujo, R., Stedmon, C. A., Heim, B., Dubinenkov, I., Kraberg, A., Moiseev, D., and Bracher, A.: From fresh to marine waters: characterization and fate of dissolved organic matter in the Lena River Delta region, Siberia. Front. Mar. Sci., 2, 108, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00108, 2015.
Gordeev, V. V., Martin, J. M., Sidorov, I. S., and Sidorova, M. V.: A reassessment of the Eurasian river input of water sediment, major elements, and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean, Am. J. Sci., 296, 664–691, 1996.
Gu, H., Moore, W. S., Zhang, L., Du, J., and Zhang, J.: Using radium isotopes to estimate the residence time and the contribution of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the Changjiang effluent plume, East China Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 35, 95–107, 2012.
Hancock, G. J., Webster, I. T., and Stieglitz, T. C.: Horizontal mixing of Great Barrier Reef waters: offshore diffusivity determined from radium isotope distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C12019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003608, 2006.
Hathaway, J. C., Poag, C. W., Valentine, P. C., Miller, R. E., Schultz, D. M., Manheim, F. T., Kohout, F. A., Bothner, M. H., and Sangrey, D. A.: US geological survey core drilling on the Atlantic shelf, Science, 206, 515–527, 1979.
Hougham, A. L. and Moran, S. B.: Water mass ages of coastal ponds estimated using 223Ra and 224Ra as tracers, Mar. Chem., 105, 194–207, 2007.
Imaev, V. S., Imaeva, L. P., and Kozmin, B. M.: The Oceanic and continental Rifts of the North-Eastern Asia (seismotectonic analysis), Lithosphere, 4, 44–61, 2004.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: [tocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324, 2013.
Kadko, D. and Aagaard, K.: Glimpses of Arctic Ocean shelf-basin interaction from submarine-borne radium sampling, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 32–40, 2009.
Kadko, D. and Muench, R.: Evaluation of shelf-basin interaction in the Western Arctic by use of short-lived radium isotopes: the importance of mesoscale processes, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 52, 3227–3244, 2005.
Kadko, D., Pickart, R. S., and Mathis, J.: Age characteristics of a shelf-break eddy in the Western Arctic and implications for shelf-basin exchange, J. Geophys, Res., 113, C02018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004429, 2008.
Kane, D. L., Yoshikawa, K., and McNamara, J. P.: Regional groundwater flow in an area mapped as continuous permafrost, NE Alaska (USA), Hydrogeol. J., 21, 41–52, 2013.
Kohout, F. A., Meisler, H., Meyer, F. W., Johnston, R. H., Leve, G. W., and Wait, R. L.: Hydrogeology of the Atlantic continental margin, in: The Geology of North America, I-2, edited by: Sheridan, R. E. and Grow, J. A., The Atlantic Continental Margin, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, 463–480, 1988.
Koshurnikov, A. V., Tumskoy, V. E., Shakhova, N. E., Sergienko, V. I., Dudarev, O. V., and Gunar, A. Y.: The first application of electromagnetic sounding for mapping the submarine permafrost table on the Laptev Sea shelf, Dokl. Earth Sci., 469, 860–863, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X16080110, 2016.
Krest, J. M., Moore, W. S., Gardner, L. R., and Morris, J. T.: Marsh nutrient export supplied by groundwater discharge: evidence from Ra measurements, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 167–176, 2000.
Lecher, A. L., Kessler, J., Sparrow, K., Garcia-Tigreros Kodovska, F., Dimova, N., Murray, J., Tulaczyk, S., and Paytan, A.: Methane transport through submarine groundwater discharge to the north Pacific and Arctic Ocean at two Alaskan sites, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, S344–S355, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10118, 2015.
Macdonald, R. W., Anderson, L. G., Christensen, J. P., Miller, L. A., Semiletov, I. P., and Stein, R.: The Arctic Ocean: budgets and fluxes, in: Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins: A Global Synthesis, edited by: Liu, K.-K., Atkinson, L., Quinones, R., and Talaue-McManus, L., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 291–303, 2008.
McClelland, J. W., De'ry, S. J., Peterson, B. J., Holmes, R. M., and Wood, E. F.: A panarctic evaluation of changes in river discharge during the latter half of the 20th century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06715, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025753, 2006.
Moore, W. S.: Sampling 228Ra in the deep ocean, Deep-Sea. Res., 23, 647–651, 1976.
Moore, W. S.: Radium isotope measurements using germanium detectors, Nucl. Instrum. Methods., 223, 407–411, 1984.
Moore, W. S.: Large groundwater inputs to coastal waters revealed by 226Ra enrichments, Nature, 380, 612–614, 1996.
Moore, W. S.: The subterranean estuary: a reaction zone of ground water and sea water, Marine Chem., 65, 111–126, 1999.
Moore, W. S.: Determining coastal mixing rates using radium isotopes, Cont. Shelf Res., 20, 1993–2007, 2000a.
Moore, W. S.: Ages of continental shelf waters determined from 223Ra and 224Ra, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 105, 117–222, 2000b.
Moore, W. S. and Arnold, R.: Measurement of 223Ra and 224Ra in coastal waters using delayed coincidence counter, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1321–1329, 1996.
Moore, W. S. and Cai, P.: Calibration of RaDeCC systems for 223Ra measurements, Mar. Chem., 156, 130–137, 2013.
Moore, W. S. and de Oliveira, J.: Determination of residence time and mixing processes of the Ubatuba, Brazil, inner shelf waters using natural Ra isotopes, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 76, 512–521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.07.042, 2008.
Moore, W. S. and Krest, J.: Distribution of 223Ra and 224Ra in the plumes of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers and the Gulf of Mexico, Mar. Chem., 86, 105–119, 2004.
Moore, W. S, Blanton, J. O, and Joye, S. B.: Estimates of flushing times, submarine groundwater discharge, and nutrient fluxes to Okatee Estuary, South Carolina, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 111, C09006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jc003041, 2006.
Nicolsky, D. and Shakhova, N.: Modeling sub-sea permafrost in the East-Siberian Arctic Shelf: the Dmitry Laptev Strait, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 015006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/015006, 2010.
Nicolsky, D. J., Romanovsky, V. E., Romanovskii, N., Kholodov, A. L., Shakhova, N. E., and Semiletov, I.: Modeling sub-sea permafrost in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf: the Laptev Sea Region, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F03028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002358, 2012.
Null, K. A., Dimova, N. T., Knee, K. L., Esser, B. K., Swarzenski, P. W., Singleton, M. J., Stacey, M., and Paytan, A.: Submarine groundwater discharge-derived nutrient loads to San Francisco Bay: implications to future ecosystem changes, Estuar. Coast., 35, 1299–1315, 2012.
Palacky, G. J.: Resistivity characteristics of geologic targets, in: Investigations in Geophysics, 3, Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics-Theory, 1, edited by: Nabighian, M. N., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 53–129, 1988.
Peterson, B. J., Holmes, R. M., McClelland, J. W., Vörösmarty, C. J., Lammers, R. B., Shiklomanov, I. A., and Rahmstorf, S.: Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean, Science, 298, 2171–2173, 2002.
Pinneker, E. V. (Ed.): General Hydrogeology, translated from russian by: Howard, D. E. and Harvey, J. C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1–141, 1983.
Rama, and Moore, W. S.: Using the radium quartet for evaluating groundwater input and water exchange in salt marshes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 60, 4645–4652, 1996.
Rapaglia, J., Ferrarin, C., Zaggia, L., Moore, W. S., Umgiesser, G., Garcia-Solsona, E., Garcia-Orellana, J., and Masqué, P.: Investigation of residence time and groundwater flux in Venice Lagoon: comparing radium isotope and hydrodynamical models, J. Environ. Radioactiv., 101, 571–581, 2010.
Rodellas, V., Garcia-Orellana, J., Trezzi, G., Masqué, P., Stieglitz, T. C., Bokuniewicz, H., Kirk Cochran, J., and Berdalet, E.: Using the radium quartet to quantify submarine groundwater discharge and porewater exchange, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 196, 58–73, 2017.
Romanovskii, N. N.: Groundwater in the Permafrost Zone, Lomonosov Moscow State University Press, Moscow, Russia, 1–231, 1983.
Romanovskii, N. N., Hubberten, H. W., Gavrilov, A. V., Eliseeva, A. A., and Tipenko, G. S.: Offshore permafrost and gas hydrate stability zone on the shelf of East Siberian Seas, Geo-Mar. Lett., 25, 167–182, 2005.
Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M., Key, R. M., Scholten, J. C., Bauch, D., and Michel, A.: 228Ra as a tracer for shelf water in the Arctic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 42, 1533–1553, 1995.
Rutgers van der Loeff, M., Kuhne, S., Wahsner, M., Holtzen, H., Frank, M., Ekwurzel, B., Mensch, M., and Rachold, V.: 228Ra and 226Ra in the Kara and Laptev seas, Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 113–124, 2003.
Rutgers van der Loeff, M., Cai, P., Stimac, I., Bauch, D., Hanfland, C., Roeske, T., and Moran, S. B.: Shelf-basin exchange times of Arctic surface waters estimated from 228Th∕228Ra disequilibrium, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C03024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007478, 2012.
Savelieva, N. I., Semiletov, I. P., Vasilevskaya, L. N., and Pugach. S. P.: A climate shift in seasonal values of meteorological and hydrological parameters for northeastern Asia, Prog. Oceanogr., 47, 279–297, 2000.
Schlitzer, R.: Ocean Data View, available at: http://odv.awi.de, last access: 7 February 2017.
Selmer-Olsen, R.: Geology and engineering geology, Tapir, Trondheim, Norway, 1–409, 1964.
Semiletov, I., Pipko, I. I., Repina, I. A., and Shakhova, N.: Carbonate dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere-ice-water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean Pacific sector of the Arctic, J. Marine Syst., 66, 204–226, 2007.
Semiletov, I., Pipko, I., Gustafsson, O., Anderson, L., Sergienko, V., Pugach, S., Dudarev, O., Charkin, A., Broder, L., Andersson, A., Spivak, E., and Shakhova, N.: Acidification of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon, Nat. Geosci., 9, 361–365, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2695, 2016.
Semiletov, I. P.: On aquatic sources and sinks of CO2 and CH4 in the Polar Regions, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 286–306, 1999.
Semiletov, I. P. and Gustafsson, Ö.: East Siberian Shelf Study alleviates scarcity of observations, EOS T. Am, Geophys. Un., 90, 145, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009EO170001, 2009.
Semiletov, I. P., Pivovarov, N. Y., Pipko, I. I., Gukov, A. Y., Volkova, T. I., Sharp, J. P., Shcherbakov, Y. S., and Fedorov, K. P.: Dynamics of dissolved CH4 and CO2 in the Lena River Delta and Laptev Sea, Transactions (Doklady) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 350, 401–404, 1996a.
Semiletov, I. P., Pipko, I. I., Pivovarov, N.Ya., Popov, V. V., Zimov, S. A., Voropaev, Yu. V., and Daviodov, S. P.: Atmospheric carbon emissions from northern lakes: a factor of global significance, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1657–1671, 1996b.
Semiletov, I. P., Savelieva, N. I., Weller, G. E., Pipko, I. I., Pugach, S. P., Gukov, A. Y., and Vasilevskaya, L. N.: The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: Meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical Aspects, in: The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Lewis, E. L., Jones, E. P., Lemke, P., Prowse, T. D., and Wadhams, P., 323–366, Springer, the Netherlands, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4132-1_15, 2000.
Semiletov, I. P., Shakhova, N. E., Sergienko, V. I., Pipko, I. I., and Dudarev, O.: On carbon transport and fate in the East Siberian Arctic land-shelf-atmosphere system, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 015201, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015201, 2012.
Semiletov, I. P., Shakhova, N. E., Pipko, I. I., Pugach, S. P., Charkin, A. N., Dudarev, O. V., Kosmach, D. A., and Nishino, S.: Space–time dynamics of carbon stocks and environmental parameters related to carbon dioxide emissions in the Buor-Khaya Bay of the Laptev Sea, Biogeosciences, 10, 5977–5996, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5977-2013, 2013.
Serreze, M. C., Barrett, A. P., Slater, A. G., Woodgate, R. A., Aagaard, K., Lammers, R. B., Steele, M., Moritz, R., Meredith, M., and Lee, C. M: The large-scale freshwater cycle of the Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C11010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003424, 2006.
Shakhova, N. and Semiletov, I.: Methane release and coastal environment in the East Siberian Arctic shelf, J. Marine Syst., 66, 227–243, 2007.
Shakhova, N. E., Nicolsky, D., and Semiletov, I. P.: On the current state of sub-sea permafrost in the East-Siberian Shelf testing of modeling results by observational data, Dokl. Earth Sci., 429, 1518–1521, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X09090220, 2009.
Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Leifer, I., Rekant, P., Salyuk, A., and Kosmach, D.: Geochemical and geophysical evidence of methane release from the inner East Siberian Shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C08007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005602, 2010.
Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Leifer, I., Sergienko, V., Salyuk, A., Kosmach, D., Chernikh, D., Stubbs, Ch., Nicolsky, D., Tumskoy, V., and Gustafsson, O.: Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, Nat. Geosci., 7, 64–70, 2014.
Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Sergienko, V., Lobkovsky, L., Yusupov, V., Salyuk, A., Salomatin, A., Chernykh, D., Kosmach, D., Panteleev, G., Nicolsky, D., Samarkin, V., Joye, S., Charkin, A., Dudarev, O., Meluzov, A., and Gustafsson, O.: The East Siberian Arctic Shelf: towards further assessment of permafrost-related methane fluxes and role of sea ice, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 373, 20140451, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0451, 2015.
Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Gustafsson, O., Sergienko, V., Lobkovsky, L., Dudarev, O., Tumskoy, T., Grigoriev, M., Mazurov, A., Salyuk, A., Ananiev, R., Koshurnikov, A., Kosmach, D., Charkin, A., Dmitrevsky, N., Karnaukh, V., Gunar, A., Meluzov, A., and Chernykh, D.: Current rates and mechanisms of subsea permafrost degradation in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, Nat. Commun., 8, 15872, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15872, 2017.
Shepelev, V. V. and Sannikova, A. V.: The regime of suprapermafrost water in the Active Layer, Yakutsk Area, Proc. of the 7th Intern. Symp. of Thermal Eng., and Sci. for Cold Regions, Seoul, Korea, 139–143, 2001.
Sherard, J. L., Cluff, L. S., and Allen, C. R.: Potentially active faults in dam foundations, Geotechnique, 24, 367–428, 1974.
Shiklomanov, I. A., Shiklomanov, A. I., Lammers, R. B., Vörösmarty, C. J., Peterson, B. J., and Fekete, B.: The dynamics of river water inflow to the Arctic Ocean, in: The freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Tallinn, Estonia, 27 April–1 May 1998, edited by: Lewis, E. L., Jones, E. P., Lemke, P., Prowse, T. D., and Wadhams, P., Kluwer Press, Dordrecht, 281–296, 2000.
Smith, J. N., Moran, S. B., and Macdonald, R. W.: Shelf-basin interactions in the Arctic Ocean based on 210Pb and Ra isotope tracer distributions, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 50, 397–416, 2003.
Trimble, S. M., Baskaran, M., and Porcelli, D.: Scavenging of thorium isotopes in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 222, 915–932, 2004.
Tyutyunov, V. A.: Phase transformations of water in soils and the nature of migration and heaving, First ICOP Proceedings, Lafayette, Indiana, 234–238, 1966.
Velicogna, I., Tong, J., Zhang, T., and Kimball, J. S.: Increasing subsurface water storage in discontinuous permafrost areas of the Lena River basin, Eurasia, detected from GRACE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051623, 2012.
Vinogradov, V. A. and Drachev, S. S.: A Contribution to the Tectonic Nature of the Basement of the Southwestern Part of the Laptev Sea Shelf, Dokl. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 372, 72–74, 2000.
Vonk, J., Sánchez-García, L., van Dongen, B., Alling, V., Kosmach, D., Charkin, A. N., Semiletov, I., Dudarev, O. Shakhova, N., Roos, P., Eglinton, T., Andersson, A., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Activation of old carbon by erosion of coastal and subsea permafrost in Arctic Siberia, Nature, 489, 137–140, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11392, 2012.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Hinzman, L. D., Peterson, B. J., Bromwich, D. H., Hamilton, L. C., Morison, J., Romanovsky, V. E., Sturm, M., and Webb, R. S.: The Hydrologic Cycle and its Role in Arctic and Global Environmental Change: A Rationale and Strategy for Synthesis Study, Fairbanks, Alaska: Arctic Research Consortium of the US, 1–84, 2001.
Walvoord, M. A. and Striegl, R. G.: Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030216, 2007.
Zhang, T.: Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: an overview, Rev. Geophys., 43, RG4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RG000157, 2005.
Short summary
This study tests the hypothesis that SGD exists in the Siberian Arctic shelf seas, but its dynamics may be largely controlled by complicated geocryological conditions such as permafrost. The permafrost cements rocks, forms a confining bed, and as a result makes it difficult for the groundwater escape to the shelf surface. However, the discovery of subterranean outcrops of groundwater springs in the Buor-Khaya Gulf are clear evidence that a groundwater flow system exists in the environment.
This study tests the hypothesis that SGD exists in the Siberian Arctic shelf seas, but its...
Special issue