Articles | Volume 16, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-297-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-297-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Jan 2022
Research article |
| 25 Jan 2022
| 25 Jan 2022
Dam type and lake location characterize ice-marginal lake area change in Alaska and NW Canada between 1984 and 2019
Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
Daniel McGrath
Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
William Armstrong
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28607, USA
Scott W. McCoy
Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
Related authors
Jakob Steiner, William Armstrong, Will Kochtitzky, Robert McNabb, Rodrigo Aguayo, Tobias Bolch, Fabien Maussion, Vibhor Agarwal, Iestyn Barr, Nathaniel R. Baurley, Mike Cloutier, Katelyn DeWater, Frank Donachie, Yoann Drocourt, Siddhi Garg, Gunjan Joshi, Byron Guzman, Stanislav Kutuzov, Thomas Loriaux, Caleb Mathias, Biran Menounos, Evan Miles, Aleksandra Osika, Kaleigh Potter, Adina Racoviteanu, Brianna Rick, Miles Sterner, Guy D. Tallentire, Levan Tielidze, Rebecca White, Kunpeng Wu, and Whyjay Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-315, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-315, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Many mountain glaciers around the world flow into lakes – exactly how many however, has never been mapped. Across a large team of experts we have now identified all glaciers that end in lakes. Only about 1% do so, but they are generally larger than those which end on land. This is important to understand, as lakes can influence the behaviour of glacier ice, including how fast it disappears. This new dataset allows us to better model glaciers at a global scale, accounting for the effect of lakes.
Matthew C. Morriss, Benjamin Lehmann, Benjamin Campforts, George Brencher, Brianna Rick, Leif S. Anderson, Alexander L. Handwerger, Irina Overeem, and Jeffrey Moore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1251–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the 28 June 2022 collapse of the Chaos Canyon landslide in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We find that the landslide was moving prior to its collapse and took place at peak spring snowmelt; temperature modeling indicates the potential presence of permafrost. We hypothesize that this landslide could be part of the broader landscape evolution changes to alpine terrain caused by a warming climate, leading to thawing alpine permafrost.
Kajsa Holland-Goon, Randall Bonnell, Daniel McGrath, W. Brad Baxter, Tate Meehan, Ryan Webb, Chris Larsen, Hans-Peter Marshall, Megan Mason, and Carrie Vuyovich
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2435, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2435, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
As part of the NASA SnowEx23 campaign, we conducted detailed snowpack experiments in Alaska’s boreal forests and Arctic tundra. We collected ground-penetrating radar measurements of snow depth along 44 short transects. We then excavated the snowpack from below the transects and measured snow depth, noting any vegetation and void spaces. We used the detailed in situ measurements to evaluate uncertainties in ground-penetrating radar and airborne lidar methods for snow depth retrieval.
Jakob Steiner, William Armstrong, Will Kochtitzky, Robert McNabb, Rodrigo Aguayo, Tobias Bolch, Fabien Maussion, Vibhor Agarwal, Iestyn Barr, Nathaniel R. Baurley, Mike Cloutier, Katelyn DeWater, Frank Donachie, Yoann Drocourt, Siddhi Garg, Gunjan Joshi, Byron Guzman, Stanislav Kutuzov, Thomas Loriaux, Caleb Mathias, Biran Menounos, Evan Miles, Aleksandra Osika, Kaleigh Potter, Adina Racoviteanu, Brianna Rick, Miles Sterner, Guy D. Tallentire, Levan Tielidze, Rebecca White, Kunpeng Wu, and Whyjay Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-315, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-315, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Many mountain glaciers around the world flow into lakes – exactly how many however, has never been mapped. Across a large team of experts we have now identified all glaciers that end in lakes. Only about 1% do so, but they are generally larger than those which end on land. This is important to understand, as lakes can influence the behaviour of glacier ice, including how fast it disappears. This new dataset allows us to better model glaciers at a global scale, accounting for the effect of lakes.
Randall Bonnell, Daniel McGrath, Jack Tarricone, Hans-Peter Marshall, Ella Bump, Caroline Duncan, Stephanie Kampf, Yunling Lou, Alex Olsen-Mikitowicz, Megan Sears, Keith Williams, Lucas Zeller, and Yang Zheng
The Cryosphere, 18, 3765–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow provides water for billions of people, but the amount of snow is difficult to detect remotely. During the 2020 and 2021 winters, a radar was flown over mountains in Colorado, USA, to measure the amount of snow on the ground, while our team collected ground observations to test the radar technique’s capabilities. The technique yielded accurate measurements of the snowpack that had good correlation with ground measurements, making it a promising application for the upcoming NISAR satellite.
Tate G. Meehan, Ahmad Hojatimalekshah, Hans-Peter Marshall, Elias J. Deeb, Shad O'Neel, Daniel McGrath, Ryan W. Webb, Randall Bonnell, Mark S. Raleigh, Christopher Hiemstra, and Kelly Elder
The Cryosphere, 18, 3253–3276, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3253-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3253-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow water equivalent (SWE) is a critical parameter for yearly water supply forecasting and can be calculated by multiplying the snow depth by the snow density. We combined high-spatial-resolution snow depth information with ground-based radar measurements to solve for snow density. Extrapolated density estimates over our study area resolved detailed patterns that agree with the known interactions of snow with wind, terrain, and vegetation and were utilized in the calculation of SWE.
Alton C. Byers, Marcelo Somos-Valenzuela, Dan H. Shugar, Daniel McGrath, Mohan B. Chand, and Ram Avtar
The Cryosphere, 18, 711–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-711-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-711-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In spite of enhanced technologies, many large cryospheric events remain unreported because of their remoteness, inaccessibility, or poor communications. In this Brief communication, we report on a large ice-debris avalanche that occurred sometime between 16 and 21 August 2022 in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA), eastern Nepal.
Lucas Zeller, Daniel McGrath, Scott W. McCoy, and Jonathan Jacquet
The Cryosphere, 18, 525–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we developed methods for automatically identifying supraglacial lakes in multiple satellite imagery sources for eight glaciers in Nepal. We identified a substantial seasonal variability in lake area, which was as large as the variability seen across entire decades. These complex patterns are not captured in existing regional-scale datasets. Our findings show that this seasonal variability must be accounted for in order to interpret long-term changes in debris-covered glaciers.
Matthew C. Morriss, Benjamin Lehmann, Benjamin Campforts, George Brencher, Brianna Rick, Leif S. Anderson, Alexander L. Handwerger, Irina Overeem, and Jeffrey Moore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1251–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the 28 June 2022 collapse of the Chaos Canyon landslide in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We find that the landslide was moving prior to its collapse and took place at peak spring snowmelt; temperature modeling indicates the potential presence of permafrost. We hypothesize that this landslide could be part of the broader landscape evolution changes to alpine terrain caused by a warming climate, leading to thawing alpine permafrost.
Baptiste Vandecrux, Jason E. Box, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Signe B. Andersen, Nicolas Bayou, William T. Colgan, Nicolas J. Cullen, Robert S. Fausto, Dominik Haas-Artho, Achim Heilig, Derek A. Houtz, Penelope How, Ionut Iosifescu Enescu, Nanna B. Karlsson, Rebecca Kurup Buchholz, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Daniel McGrath, Noah P. Molotch, Bianca Perren, Maiken K. Revheim, Anja Rutishauser, Kevin Sampson, Martin Schneebeli, Sandy Starkweather, Simon Steffen, Jeff Weber, Patrick J. Wright, Henry Jay Zwally, and Konrad Steffen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5467–5489, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5467-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5467-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) comprises stations that have been monitoring the weather on the Greenland Ice Sheet for over 30 years. These stations are being replaced by newer ones maintained by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). The historical data were reprocessed to improve their quality, and key information about the weather stations has been compiled. This augmented dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/VVXGUT (Steffen et al., 2022).
Luke A. McGuire, Scott W. McCoy, Odin Marc, William Struble, and Katherine R. Barnhart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1117–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1117-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1117-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are mixtures of mud and rocks that can travel at high speeds across steep landscapes. Here, we propose a new model to describe how landscapes are shaped by debris flow erosion over long timescales. Model results demonstrate that the shapes of channel profiles are sensitive to uplift rate, meaning that it may be possible to use topographic data from steep channel networks to infer how erosion rates vary across a landscape.
Hannah R. Field, William H. Armstrong, and Matthias Huss
The Cryosphere, 15, 3255–3278, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The growth of a glacier lake alters the hydrology, ecology, and glaciology of its surrounding region. We investigate modern glacier lake area change across northwestern North America using repeat satellite imagery. Broadly, we find that lakes downstream from glaciers grew, while lakes dammed by glaciers shrunk. Our results suggest that the shape of the landscape surrounding a glacier lake plays a larger role in determining how quickly a lake changes than climatic or glaciologic factors.
Leif S. Anderson, William H. Armstrong, Robert S. Anderson, and Pascal Buri
The Cryosphere, 15, 265–282, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-265-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-265-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Many glaciers are thinning rapidly beneath debris cover (loose rock) that reduces melt, including Kennicott Glacier in Alaska. This contradiction has been explained by melt hotspots, such as ice cliffs, scattered within the debris cover. However, at Kennicott Glacier declining ice flow explains the rapid thinning. Through this study, Kennicott Glacier is now the first glacier in Alaska, and the largest glacier globally, where melt across its debris-covered tongue has been rigorously quantified.
Helen W. Beeson and Scott W. McCoy
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 123–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-123-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We used a computer model to show that, when a landscape is tilted, rivers respond in a distinct way such that river profiles take on unique forms that record tilt timing and magnitude. Using this suite of river forms, we estimated tilt timing and magnitude in the Sierra Nevada, USA, and results were consistent with independent measures. Our work broadens the scope of tectonic histories that can be extracted from landscape form to include tilting, which has been documented in diverse locations.
Leif S. Anderson, William H. Armstrong, Robert S. Anderson, and Pascal Buri
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-178, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-178, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Thick rock cover (or debris) disturbs the melt of many Alaskan glaciers. Yet the effect of debris on glacier thinning in Alaska has been overlooked. In three companion papers we assess the role of debris and ice flow on the thinning of Kennicott Glacier. In Part C we describe feedbacks contributing to rapid thinning under thick debris. Changes in debris thickness downglacier on Kennicott Glacier are manifested in the pattern of glacier thinning, ice dynamics, melt, and glacier surface features.
Leif S. Anderson, Robert S. Anderson, Pascal Buri, and William H. Armstrong
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-174, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-174, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Thick rock cover (or debris) disturbs the melt of many Alaskan glaciers. Yet the effect of debris on glacier thinning in Alaska has been overlooked. In three companion papers we assess the role of debris and ice flow on the thinning of Kennicott Glacier. In Part A, we report measurements from the glacier surface. We measured surface debris thickness, melt under debris, and the rate of ice cliff backwasting. These data allow for further studies linking debris to glacier shrinkage in Alaska.
Daniel McGrath, Louis Sass, Shad O'Neel, Chris McNeil, Salvatore G. Candela, Emily H. Baker, and Hans-Peter Marshall
The Cryosphere, 12, 3617–3633, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3617-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3617-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring the amount and spatial pattern of snow on glaciers is essential for monitoring glacier mass balance and quantifying the water budget of glacierized basins. Using repeat radar surveys for 5 consecutive years, we found that the spatial pattern in snow distribution is stable over the majority of the glacier and scales with the glacier-wide average. Our findings support the use of sparse stake networks for effectively measuring interannual variability in winter balance on glaciers.
Gregory E. Tucker, Scott W. McCoy, and Daniel E. J. Hobley
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 563–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-563-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-563-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a new technique for computer simulation of slope forms. The method provides a way to study how events that disturb soil or turn rock into soil add up over time to produce landforms. The model represents a cross section of a hypothetical landform as a lattice of cells, each of which may represent air, soil, or rock. Despite its simplicity, the model does a good job of simulating a range of common of natural slope forms.
Suzanne L. Bevan, Adrian Luckman, Bryn Hubbard, Bernd Kulessa, David Ashmore, Peter Kuipers Munneke, Martin O'Leary, Adam Booth, Heidi Sevestre, and Daniel McGrath
The Cryosphere, 11, 2743–2753, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2743-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2743-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Five 90 m boreholes drilled into an Antarctic Peninsula ice shelf show units of ice that are denser than expected and must have formed from refrozen surface melt which has been buried and transported downstream. We used surface flow speeds and snow accumulation rates to work out where and when these units formed. Results show that, as well as recent surface melt, a period of strong melt occurred during the 18th century. Surface melt is thought to be a factor in causing recent ice-shelf break-up.
Peter Kuipers Munneke, Daniel McGrath, Brooke Medley, Adrian Luckman, Suzanne Bevan, Bernd Kulessa, Daniela Jansen, Adam Booth, Paul Smeets, Bryn Hubbard, David Ashmore, Michiel Van den Broeke, Heidi Sevestre, Konrad Steffen, Andrew Shepherd, and Noel Gourmelen
The Cryosphere, 11, 2411–2426, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2411-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2411-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
How much snow falls on the Larsen C ice shelf? This is a relevant question, because this ice shelf might collapse sometime this century. To know if and when this could happen, we found out how much snow falls on its surface. This was difficult, because there are only very few measurements. Here, we used data from automatic weather stations, sled-pulled radars, and a climate model to find that melting the annual snowfall produces about 20 cm of water in the NE and over 70 cm in the SW.
Related subject area
Discipline: Other | Subject: Freshwater Ice
Brief communication: Improving lake ice modeling in ORCHIDEE-FLake model using MODIS albedo data
Interannual variability in air temperature and snow drive differences in ice formation and growth
Reconstructing ice phenology of a lake with complex surface cover: a case study of Lake Ulansu during 1941–2023
Measurements of frazil ice flocs in rivers
Assessment of the impact of dam reservoirs on river ice cover – an example from the Carpathians (central Europe)
Forward modelling of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) backscatter during lake ice melt conditions using the Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer (SMRT) model
A comparison of constant false alarm rate object detection algorithms for iceberg identification in L- and C-band SAR imagery of the Labrador Sea
Fusion of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Geostationary Ocean Color Imager for hourly monitoring surface morphology of lake ice with high resolution in Chagan Lake of Northeast China
Mechanisms and effects of under-ice warming water in Ngoring Lake of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Tricentennial trends in spring ice break-ups on three rivers in northern Europe
Climate warming shortens ice durations and alters freeze and break-up patterns in Swedish water bodies
Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate
River ice phenology and thickness from satellite altimetry: potential for ice bridge road operation and climate studies
Giant ice rings in southern Baikal: multi-satellite data help to study ice cover dynamics and eddies under ice
Ice roughness estimation via remotely piloted aircraft and photogrammetry
Analyses of Peace River Shallow Water Ice Profiling Sonar data and their implications for the roles played by frazil ice and in situ anchor ice growth in a freezing river
Creep and fracture of warm columnar freshwater ice
Climate change and Northern Hemisphere lake and river ice phenology from 1931–2005
Methane pathways in winter ice of a thermokarst lake–lagoon–coastal water transect in north Siberia
Continuous in situ measurements of anchor ice formation, growth, and release
Proglacial icings as records of winter hydrological processes
Investigation of spatial and temporal variability of river ice phenology and thickness across Songhua River Basin, northeast China
Observation-derived ice growth curves show patterns and trends in maximum ice thickness and safe travel duration of Alaskan lakes and rivers
Zacharie Titus, Amélie Cuynet, Elodie Salmon, and Catherine Ottlé
The Cryosphere, 19, 2105–2114, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2105-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2105-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The representation of lake ice dynamics is key to model water–atmosphere energy and mass transfers in cold environments. The use of albedo satellite products to constrain the modeling of ice coverage appears to be very suitable and valuable. In this work, we show how the modeling of lake albedo and ice phenology in the land surface model ORCHIDEE was improved by accounting for fractional ice cover calibrated against lake surface albedo data.
Arash Rafat and Homa Kheyrollah Pour
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-975, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-975, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change in Canada’s Northwest Territories (NWT) is making lake ice less predictable, thereby affecting ice road safety for northern communities. In this study, observations of significant changes in ice formation and growth between Oct.–Dec. 2021–2023 in a small NWT lake are related to changes in local snowfall and air temperatures. Collected data was used to develop simple models that can be applied for ice road planning, construction, and design under future and current climate change.
Puzhen Huo, Peng Lu, Bin Cheng, Miao Yu, Qingkai Wang, Xuewei Li, and Zhijun Li
The Cryosphere, 19, 849–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-849-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-849-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new method for retrieving lake ice phenology for a lake with complex surface cover. The method is particularly useful for mixed-pixel satellite data. We implement this method on Lake Ulansu, a lake characterized by complex shorelines and aquatic plants in northwestern China. In connection with a random forest model, we reconstructed the longest lake ice phenology in China.
Chuankang Pei, Jiaqi Yang, Yuntong She, and Mark Loewen
The Cryosphere, 18, 4177–4196, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Frazil flocs are aggregates of frazil ice particles that form in supercooled water. As they grow, they rise to the river surface, contributing to ice cover formation. We measured the properties of frazil flocs in rivers for the first time using underwater imaging. We found that the floc size distributions follow a lognormal distribution and mean floc size decreases linearly as the local Reynolds number increases. Floc volume concentration has a power law correlation with the relative depth.
Maksymilian Fukś
The Cryosphere, 18, 2509–2529, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a method for determining the impact of dam reservoirs on the occurrence of ice cover on rivers downstream of their location. It was found that the operation of dam reservoirs reduces the duration of ice cover and significantly affects the ice regime of rivers. Based on the results presented, it can be assumed that dam reservoirs play an important role in transforming ice conditions on rivers.
Justin Murfitt, Claude Duguay, Ghislain Picard, and Juha Lemmetyinen
The Cryosphere, 18, 869–888, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research focuses on the interaction between microwave signals and lake ice under wet conditions. Field data collected for Lake Oulujärvi in Finland were used to model backscatter under different conditions. The results of the modelling likely indicate that a combination of increased water content and roughness of different interfaces caused backscatter to increase. These results could help to identify areas where lake ice is unsafe for winter transportation.
Laust Færch, Wolfgang Dierking, Nick Hughes, and Anthony P. Doulgeris
The Cryosphere, 17, 5335–5355, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Icebergs in open water are a risk to maritime traffic. We have compared six different constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors on overlapping C- and L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images for the detection of icebergs in open water, with a Sentinel-2 image used for validation. The results revealed that L-band gives a slight advantage over C-band, depending on which detector is used. Additionally, the accuracy of all detectors decreased rapidly as the iceberg size decreased.
Qian Yang, Xiaoguang Shi, Weibang Li, Kaishan Song, Zhijun Li, Xiaohua Hao, Fei Xie, Nan Lin, Zhidan Wen, Chong Fang, and Ge Liu
The Cryosphere, 17, 959–975, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-959-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-959-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A large-scale linear structure has repeatedly appeared on satellite images of Chagan Lake in winter, which was further verified as being ice ridges in the field investigation. We extracted the length and the angle of the ice ridges from multi-source remote sensing images. The average length was 21 141.57 ± 68.36 m. The average azimuth angle was 335.48° 141.57 ± 0.23°. The evolution of surface morphology is closely associated with air temperature, wind, and shoreline geometry.
Mengxiao Wang, Lijuan Wen, Zhaoguo Li, Matti Leppäranta, Victor Stepanenko, Yixin Zhao, Ruijia Niu, Liuyiyi Yang, and Georgiy Kirillin
The Cryosphere, 16, 3635–3648, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The under-ice water temperature of Ngoring Lake has been rising based on in situ observations. We obtained results showing that strong downward shortwave radiation is the main meteorological factor, and precipitation, wind speed, downward longwave radiation, air temperature, ice albedo, and ice extinction coefficient have an impact on the range and rate of lake temperature rise. Once the ice breaks, the lake body releases more energy than other lakes, whose water temperature remains horizontal.
Stefan Norrgård and Samuli Helama
The Cryosphere, 16, 2881–2898, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2881-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2881-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We examined changes in the dates of ice break-ups in three Finnish rivers since the 1700s. The analyses show that ice break-ups nowadays occur earlier in spring than in previous centuries. The changes are pronounced in the south, and both rivers had their first recorded years without a complete ice cover in the 21st century. These events occurred during exceptionally warm winters and show that climate extremes affect the river-ice regime in southwest Finland differently than in the north.
Sofia Hallerbäck, Laurie S. Huning, Charlotte Love, Magnus Persson, Katarina Stensen, David Gustafsson, and Amir AghaKouchak
The Cryosphere, 16, 2493–2503, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2493-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2493-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using unique data, some dating back to the 18th century, we show a significant trend in shorter ice duration, later freeze, and earlier break-up dates across Sweden. In recent observations, the mean ice durations have decreased by 11–28 d and the chance of years with an extremely short ice cover duration (less than 50 d) have increased by 800 %. Results show that even a 1 °C increase in air temperatures can result in a decrease in ice duration in Sweden of around 8–23 d.
Wenfeng Huang, Wen Zhao, Cheng Zhang, Matti Leppäranta, Zhijun Li, Rui Li, and Zhanjun Lin
The Cryosphere, 16, 1793–1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thermal regimes of seasonally ice-covered lakes in an arid region like Central Asia are not well constrained despite the unique climate. We observed annual and seasonal dynamics of thermal stratification and energetics in a shallow arid-region lake. Strong penetrated solar radiation and high water-to-ice heat flux are the predominant components in water heat balance. The under-ice stratification and convection are jointly governed by the radiative penetration and salt rejection during freezing.
Elena Zakharova, Svetlana Agafonova, Claude Duguay, Natalia Frolova, and Alexei Kouraev
The Cryosphere, 15, 5387–5407, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5387-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5387-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper investigates the performance of altimetric satellite instruments to detect river ice onset and melting dates and to retrieve ice thickness of the Ob River. This is a first attempt to use satellite altimetry for monitoring ice in the challenging conditions restrained by the object size. A novel approach permitted elaboration of the spatiotemporal ice thickness product for the 400 km river reach. The potential of the product for prediction of ice road operation was demonstrated.
Alexei V. Kouraev, Elena A. Zakharova, Andrey G. Kostianoy, Mikhail N. Shimaraev, Lev V. Desinov, Evgeny A. Petrov, Nicholas M. J. Hall, Frédérique Rémy, and Andrey Ya. Suknev
The Cryosphere, 15, 4501–4516, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Giant ice rings are a beautiful and puzzling natural phenomenon. Our data show that ice rings are generated by lens-like warm eddies below the ice. We use multi-satellite data to analyse lake ice cover in the presence of eddies in April 2020 in southern Baikal. Unusual changes in ice colour may be explained by the competing influences of atmosphere above and the warm eddy below the ice. Tracking ice floes also helps to estimate eddy currents and their influence on the upper water layer.
James Ehrman, Shawn Clark, and Alexander Wall
The Cryosphere, 15, 4031–4046, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This research proposes and tests new methods for the estimation of the surface roughness of newly formed river ice covers. The hypothesis sought to determine if surface ice roughness was indicative of the subsurface. Ice roughness has consequences for winter flow characteristics of rivers and can greatly impact river ice jams. Remotely piloted aircraft and photogrammetry were used, and good correlation was found between the observed surface ice roughness and estimated subsurface ice roughness.
John R. Marko and David R. Topham
The Cryosphere, 15, 2473–2489, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Acoustic backscattering data from Peace River frazil events are interpreted to develop a quantitative model of interactions between ice particles in the water column and riverbed ice layers. Two generic behaviours, evident in observed time variability, are linked to differences in the relative stability of in situ anchor ice layers which develop at the beginning of each frazil interval and are determined by cooling rates. Changes in these layers are shown to control water column frazil content.
Iman E. Gharamti, John P. Dempsey, Arttu Polojärvi, and Jukka Tuhkuri
The Cryosphere, 15, 2401–2413, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2401-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2401-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study the creep and fracture behavior of 3 m × 6 m floating edge-cracked rectangular plates of warm columnar freshwater S2 ice under creep/cyclic-recovery loading and monotonic loading to fracture. Under the testing conditions, the ice response was elastic–viscoplastic; no significant viscoelasticity or major recovery was detected. There was no clear effect of the creep/cyclic loading on the fracture properties: failure load and crack opening displacements at crack growth initiation.
Andrew M. W. Newton and Donal J. Mullan
The Cryosphere, 15, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates changes in the dates of ice freeze-up and breakup for 678 Northern Hemisphere lakes and rivers from 1931–2005. From 3510 time series, the results show that breakup dates have gradually occurred earlier through time, whilst freeze-up trends have tended to be significantly more variable. These data combined show that the number of annual open-water days has increased through time for most sites, with the magnitude of change at its largest in more recent years.
Ines Spangenberg, Pier Paul Overduin, Ellen Damm, Ingeborg Bussmann, Hanno Meyer, Susanne Liebner, Michael Angelopoulos, Boris K. Biskaborn, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, and Guido Grosse
The Cryosphere, 15, 1607–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Thermokarst lakes are common on ice-rich permafrost. Many studies have shown that they are sources of methane to the atmosphere. Although they are usually covered by ice, little is known about what happens to methane in winter. We studied how much methane is contained in the ice of a thermokarst lake, a thermokarst lagoon and offshore. Methane concentrations differed strongly, depending on water body type. Microbes can also oxidize methane in ice and lower the concentrations during winter.
Tadros R. Ghobrial and Mark R. Loewen
The Cryosphere, 15, 49–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-49-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-49-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Anchor ice typically forms on riverbeds during freeze-up and can alter the river ice regime. Most of the knowledge on anchor ice mechanisms has been attributed to lab experiments. This study presents for the first time insights into anchor ice initiation, growth, and release in rivers using an underwater camera system. Three stages of growth and modes of release have been identified. These results will improve modelling capabilities in predicting the effect of anchor ice on river ice regimes.
Anna Chesnokova, Michel Baraër, and Émilie Bouchard
The Cryosphere, 14, 4145–4164, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4145-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4145-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the context of a ubiquitous increase in winter discharge in cold regions, our results show that icing formations can help overcome the lack of direct observations in these remote environments and provide new insights into winter runoff generation. The multi-technique approach used in this study provided important information about the water sources active during the winter season in the headwaters of glacierized catchments.
Qian Yang, Kaishan Song, Xiaohua Hao, Zhidan Wen, Yue Tan, and Weibang Li
The Cryosphere, 14, 3581–3593, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using daily ice records of 156 hydrological stations across Songhua River Basin, we examined the spatial variability in the river ice phenology and river ice thickness from 2010 to 2015 and explored the role of snow depth and air temperature on the ice thickness. Snow cover correlated with ice thickness significantly and positively when the freshwater was completely frozen. Cumulative air temperature of freezing provides a better predictor than the air temperature for ice thickness modeling.
Christopher D. Arp, Jessica E. Cherry, Dana R. N. Brown, Allen C. Bondurant, and Karen L. Endres
The Cryosphere, 14, 3595–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3595-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3595-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
River and lake ice thickens at varying rates geographically and from year to year. We took a closer look at ice growth across a large geographic region experiencing rapid climate change, the State of Alaska, USA. Slower ice growth was most pronounced in northern Alaskan lakes over the last 60 years. Western and interior Alaska ice showed more variability in thickness and safe travel duration. This analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of changing freshwater ice in Alaska.
Cited articles
Anderson, L. S. and Anderson, R. S.: Modeling debris-covered glaciers:
Response to steady debris deposition, The Cryosphere, 10, 1105–1124,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1105-2016, 2016. a
Anderson, S. P., Walder, J. S., Anderson, R. S., Kraal, E. R., Cunico, M.,
Fountain, A. G., and Trabant, D. C.: Integrated hydrologic and hydrochemical
observations of Hidden Creek Lake jokulhlaup, Kennicott Glacier, Alaska,
J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JF000004, 2003. a, b, c
Benn, D. I., Wiseman, S., and Hands, K. A.: Growth and drainage of
supraglacial lakes on debrismantled Ngozumpa Glacier, Khumbu Himal, Nepal, J. Glaciol., 47, 626–638, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756501781831729, 2001. a
Brun, F., Wagnon, P., Berthier, E., Jomelli, V., Maharjan, S. B., Shrestha, F., and Kraaijenbrink, P. D.: Heterogeneous Influence of Glacier Morphology on the Mass Balance Variability in High Mountain Asia, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 1331–1345, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004838, 2019. a, b
Buckel, J., Otto, J. C., Prasicek, G., and Keuschnig, M.: Glacial lakes in
Austria – Distribution and formation since the Little Ice Age, Global Planet. Change, 164, 39–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.03.003, 2018. a
Capps, D. M., Wiles, G. C., Clague, J. J., and Luckman, B. H.: Tree-ring
dating of the nineteenth-century advance of Brady Glacier and the evolution
of two ice-marginal lakes, Alaska, Holocene, 21, 641–649,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610391315, 2011. a
Carrivick, J. L. and Quincey, D. J.: Progressive increase in number and volume of ice-marginal lakes on the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Global Planet. Change, 116, 156–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.02.009, 2014. a, b, c
Carrivick, J. L. and Tweed, F. S.: Proglacial lakes: character, behaviour and
geological importance, Quart. Sci. Rev., 78, 34–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.028, 2013. a, b
Clague, J. J. and Evans, S. G.: A review of catastrophic drainage of
moraine-dammed lakes in British Columbia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 1763–1783, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00090-1, 2000. a
Colonia, D., Torres, J., Haeberli, W., Schauwecker, S., Braendle, E., Giraldez, C., and Cochachin, A.: Compiling an Inventory of Glacier-Bed Overdeepenings and Potential New Lakes in De-Glaciating Areas of the Peruvian Andes: Approach, First Results, and Perspectives for Adaptation to Climate
Change, Water, 9, 336, https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050336, 2017. a
Cook, S. J. and Quincey, D. J.: Estimating the volume of Alpine glacial lakes, Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 559–575, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-559-2015, 2015. a, b
Cook, S. J., Kougkoulos, I., Edwards, L. A., Dortch, J., and Hoffmann, D.:
Glacier change and glacial lake outburst flood risk in the Bolivian Andes,
The Cryosphere, 10, 2399–2413, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2399-2016, 2016. a
Dorava, J. M. and Milner, A. M.: Role of lake regulation on glacier fed rivers in enhancing salmon productivity: The Cook Inlet watershed south central Alaska, USA, Hydrol. Process., 14, 3149–3159,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3149::AID-HYP139>3.0.CO;2-Y, 2000. a
Emmer, A.: Glacier Retreat and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), in:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science, 1–37,
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.275, 2017. a, b
Emmer, A., Merkl, S., and Mergili, M.: Spatiotemporal patterns of high-mountain lakes and related hazards in western Austria, Geomorphology,
246, 602–616, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.06.032, 2015. a
Emmer, A., Harrison, S., Mergili, M., Allen, S., Frey, H., and Huggel, C.:
70 years of lake evolution and glacial lake outburst floods in the Cordillera Blanca (Peru) and implications for the future, Geomorphology, 365, 107178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107178, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
Fujita, K., Sakai, A., Nuimura, T., Yamaguchi, S., and Sharma, R. R.: Recent
changes in Imja Glacial Lake and its damming moraine in the Nepal Himalaya
revealed by in situ surveys and multi-temporal ASTER imagery, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 045205, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045205, 2009. a
Furian, W., Loibl, D., and Schneider, C.: Future glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia: An inventory and assessment of hazard potential from surrounding slopes, J. Glaciol., 67, 653–670, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.18, 2021. a
Gardelle, J., Arnaud, Y., and Berthier, E.: Contrasted evolution of glacial
lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalaya mountain range between 1990 and 2009,
Global Planet. Change, 75, 47–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.10.003, 2011. a
Glasser, N. F., Holt, T. O., Evans, Z. D., Davies, B. J., Pelto, M., and
Harrison, S.: Recent spatial and temporal variations in debris cover on
Patagonian glaciers, Geomorphology, 273, 202–216,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.036, 2016. a
Herreid, S. and Pellicciotti, F.: The state of rock debris covering Earth's
glaciers, Nat. Geosci., 13, 621–627, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0615-0, 2020. a, b, c, d
How, P., Messerli, A., Mätzler, E., Santoro, M., Wiesmann, A., Caduff,
R., Langley, K., Bojesen, M. H., Paul, F., Kääb, A., and Carrivick, J. L.: Greenland-wide inventory of ice marginal lakes using a multi-method approach, Scient. Rep., 11, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83509-1, 2021. a
Huggel, C., Kääb, A., Haeberli, W., and Teysseire, P.: Remote sensing based assessment of hazards from glacier lake outbursts: A case study in the Swiss Alps, Can. Geotech. J., 39, 3160330, https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-099, 2002. a
Immerzeel, W. W., Lutz, A. F., Andrade, M., Bahl, A., Biemans, H., Bolch, T.,
Hyde, S., Brumby, S., Davies, B. J., Elmore, A. C., Emmer, A., Feng, M.,
Fernández, A., Haritashya, U., Kargel, J. S., Koppes, M., Kraaijenbrink, P. D., Kulkarni, A. V., Mayewski, P. A., Nepal, S., Pacheco, P., Painter, T. H., Pellicciotti, F., Rajaram, H., Rupper, S., Sinisalo, A., Shrestha, A. B., Viviroli, D., Wada, Y., Xiao, C., Yao, T., and Baillie, J. E.: Importance and vulnerability of the world’s water towers, Nature, 577, 364–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y, 2020. a
Jacquet, J., McCoy, S., McGrath, D., Nimick, D. A., Fahey, M., O'Kuinghttons,
J., Friesen, B. A., and Leidich, J.: Hydrologic and geomorphic changes
resulting from episodic glacial lake outburst floods: Rio Colonia, Patagonia,
Chile, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 854–864, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071374, 2017. a, b, c, d
Jakob, L., Gourmelen, N., Ewart, M., and Plummer, S.: Spatially and temporally resolved ice loss in High Mountain Asia and the Gulf of Alaska observed by CryoSat-2 swath altimetry between 2010 and 2019, The Cryosphere, 15, 1845–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1845-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d
Jones, K. W. and Wolken, G. J.: Valdez glacier ice-dammed lake: June 2018
glaical lake outburst flood, Report 2019-4, State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, p. 6, https://doi.org/10.14509/30175, 2019. a
Kaufman, D. S. and Manley, W. F.: Pleistocene Maximum and Late Wisconsinan
glacier extents across Alaska, U.S.A., Dev. Quatern. Sci., 2, 9–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80182-9, 2004. a
Kienholz, C., Herreid, S., Rich, J. L., Arendt, A. A., Hock, R., and Burgess,
E. W.: Derivation and analysis of a complete modern-date glacier inventory
for Alaska and northwest Canada, J. Glaciol., 61, 403–420,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J230, 2015. a, b
Kienholz, C., Pierce, J., Hood, E., Amundson, J. M., Wolken, G. J., Jacobs, A., Hart, S., Wikstrom Jones, K., Abdel-Fattah, D., Johnson, C., and Conaway,
J. S.: Deglacierization of a Marginal Basin and Implications for Outburst
Floods, Mendenhall Glacier, Alaska, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 1–21,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00137, 2020. a, b, c, d, e
King, O., Bhattacharya, A., Bhambri, R., and Bolch, T.: Glacial lakes
exacerbate Himalayan glacier mass loss, Scient. Rep., 9, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53733-x, 2019. a
Linsbauer, A., Frey, H., Haeberli, W., Machguth, H., Azam, M. F., and Allen,
S.: Modelling glacier-bed overdeepenings and possible future lakes for the
glaciers in the Himalaya–Karakoram region, Ann. Glaciol., 57, 119–130, https://doi.org/10.3189/2016AoG71A627, 2016. a
Maurer, J. M., Schaefer, J. M., Rupper, S., and Corley, A.: Acceleration of
ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years, Sci. Adv., 5, eaav7266, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7266, 2019. a
McGrath, D., Sass, L., Neel, S. O., Arendt, A., and Kienholz, C.: Hypsometric control on glacier mass balance sensitivity in Alaska and northwest Canada, Earth's Future, 5, 324–336, https://doi.org/10.1002/eft2.193, 2017. a
Meerhoff, E., Castro, L. R., Tapia, F. J., and Pérez-Santos, I.:
Hydrographic and Biological Impacts of a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)
in a Patagonian Fjord, Estuar. Coast., 42, 132–143,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-018-0449-9, 2018. a
Melkonian, A. K., Willis, M. J., and Pritchard, M. E.: Satellite-derived
volume loss rates and glacier speeds for the Juneau Icefield, Alaska, J. Glaciol., 60, 743–760, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J181, 2014. a
Melkonian, A. K., Willis, M. J., and Pritchard, M. E.: Stikine icefield mass
loss between 2000 and 2013/2014, Front. Earth Sci., 4, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00089, 2016. a
Miller, J. A., Whitehead, R. L., Gingerich, S. B., Oki, D. S., and Olcott, P. G.: Ground Water Atlas of the United States – Segment 13 – Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, USGS Hydrologic Atlas 730-N, USGS,
https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730N, 1999. a
Milner, A. M., Robertson, A. L., Monaghan, K. A., Veal, A. J., and Flory, E. A.: Colonization and development of an Alaskan stream community over 28 years, Front. Ecol. Environ., 6, 413–419, https://doi.org/10.1890/060149, 2008. a
Neal, E. G.: Hydrology and glacier-lake outburst floods (1987–2004) and water quality (1998–2003) of the Taku River near Juneau, Alaska, US Geological Scientific Investigations Report, 1–38, available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5027/pdf/sir20075027.pdf (last access: 18 October 2021), 2007. a, b
Östrem, G.: Ice Melting under a Thin Layer of Moraine, and the Existence
of Ice Cores in Moraine Ridges, Geograf. Ann., 41, 228–230,
https://doi.org/10.1080/20014422.1959.11907953, 1959. a
Otto, J.-C.: Proglacial Lakes in High Mountain Environments: Landform and
Sediment Dynamics in Recently Deglaciated Alpine Landscapes, in: Geography
of the Physical Environment, edited by: Heckmann, T. and Morche, D.,
Springer Nature, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94184-4, 2019. a, b
Pelto, M., Capps, D., Clague, J. J., and Pelto, B.: Rising ELA and expanding
proglacial lakes indicate impending rapid retreat of Brady Glacier, Alaska,
Hydrol. Process., 27, 3075–3082, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9913, 2013. a, b
Pronk, J. B., Bolch, T., King, O., Wouters, B., and Benn, D. I.: Contrasting surface velocities between lake- and land-terminating glaciers in the Himalayan region, The Cryosphere, 15, 5577–5599, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021, 2021. a
RGI Consortium: Randolph Glacier Inventory – A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines: Version 6.0: Technical Report, Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Digital Media, Colorado, USA, https://doi.org/10.7265/N5-RGI-60, 2017. a, b
Rick, B. and McGrath, D.: Multi-decadal Glacial Lake Inventory in the Alaska Region between 1984 and 2019, Arctic Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.18739/A2MK6591G, 2021. a
Salerno, F., Thakuri, S., D'Agata, C., Smiraglia, C., Manfredi, E. C., Viviano, G., and Tartari, G.: Glacial lake distribution in the Mount Everest region: Uncertainty of measurement and conditions of formation, Global Planet. Change, 92-93, 30–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.04.001, 2012. a
Santos, J. and Córdova, C.: Little Ice Age glacial geomorphology and
sedimentology of Portage Glacier, South-Central Alaska, Finisterra, 44,
95–108, https://doi.org/10.18055/finis1380, 2009. a
Shugar, D. H., Burr, A., Haritashya, U. K., Kargel, J. S., Watson, C. S.,
Kennedy, M. C., Bevington, A. R., Betts, R. A., Harrison, S., and Strattman,
K.: Rapid worldwide growth of glacial lakes since 1990, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 939–945, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0855-4, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Solomina, O. N., Bradley, R. S., Hodgson, D. A., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jomelli, V.,
Mackintosh, A. N., Nesje, A., Owen, L. A., Wanner, H., Wiles, G. C., and
Young, N. E.: Holocene glacier fluctuations, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 111, 9–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.018, 2015. a
Solomina, O. N., Bradley, R. S., Jomelli, V., Geirsdottir, A., Kaufman, D. S., Koch, J., McKay, N. P., Masiokas, M., Miller, G., Nesje, A., Nicolussi, K., Owen, L. A., Putnam, A. E., Wanner, H., Wiles, G., and Yang, B.: Glacier
fluctuations during the past 2000 years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 149,
61–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.008, 2016. a
Song, C., Sheng, Y., Wang, J., Ke, L., Madson, A., and Nie, Y.: Heterogeneous
glacial lake changes and links of lake expansions to the rapid thinning of
adjacent glacier termini in the Himalayas, Geomorphology, 280, 30–38,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.12.002, 2017. a, b
Sturm, M., and Benson, C.: A History of Jökulhlaups from Strandline Lake, Alaska, U.S.A., J. Glaciol., 31, 272–280, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000006602, 1985. a
Tweed, F. S. and Carrivick, J. L.: Deglaciation and proglacial lakes, Geol.
Today, 31, 96–102, 2015. a
Veh, G., Korup, O., and Walz, A.: Hazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst
floods, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 907–912, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914898117, 2020. a, b
Walder, J. S. and Costa, J. E.: Outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes: The effect of mode of lake drainage on flood magnitude, Earth Surf. Proc.
Land., 21, 701–723,
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199608)21:8<701::AID-ESP615>3.0.CO;2-2, 1996. a
Wang, S. J. and Zhou, L. Y.: Integrated impacts of climate change on glacier
tourism, Adv. Clim. Change Res., 10, 71–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2019.06.006, 2019. a
Wang, X., Liu, S., Ding, Y., Guo, W., Jiang, Z., Lin, J., and Han, Y.: An
approach for estimating the breach probabilities of moraine-dammed lakes in
the Chinese Himalayas using remote-sensing data, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 3109–3122, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3109-2012, 2012. a
Wang, X., Ding, Y., Liu, S., and Jiang, L.: Changes of glacial lakes and
implications in Tian Shan, central Asia, based on remote sensing data from 1990 to 2010, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 044052, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044052, 2013. a, b
Wang, X., Guo, X., Yang, C., Liu, Q., Wei, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Z., and Tang, Z.: Glacial lake inventory of high-mountain Asia in 1990 and 2018 derived from Landsat images, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2169–2182, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2169-2020, 2020.
a, b
Welling, J., Árnason, T., and Ólafsdóttir, R.: Implications of climate change on nature-based tourism demand: A segmentation analysis of
glacier site visitors in southeast Iceland, Sustainability, 12, 5338, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135338, 2020. a
Wilcox, A. C., Wade, A. A., and Evans, E. G.: Drainage events from a glacier-dammed lake, Bear Glacier, Alaska: Remote sensing and field
observations, Geomorphology, 220, 41–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.05.025, 2014. a
Wiles, G. C., Barclay, D. J., and Calkin, P. E.: Tree-ring-dated `Little Ice
Age' histories of maritime glaciers from western Prince William Sound, Alaska, Holocene, 9, 163–173, https://doi.org/10.1191/095968399671927145, 1999. a
Wilson, F., Hults, C., Mull, C., and Karl, S.: Geologic map of Alaska, Tech.
rep., Reston, VA, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3340, 2015. a
Wolfe, D. F. G., Kargel, J. S., and Leonard, G. J.: Glacier-dammed ice-marginal lakes of Alaska, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79818-7, 2014. a, b, c
Worni, R., Huggel, C., and Stoffel, M.: Glacial lakes in the Indian Himalayas – From an area-wide glacial lake inventory to on-site and modeling based
risk assessment of critical glacial lakes, Sci. Total Environ., 468–469, S71–S84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.043, 2013. a
Zemp, M., Huss, M., Thibert, E., Eckert, N., Mcnabb, R., Huber, J., Barandun,
M., Machguth, H., Nussbaumer, S. U., Thomson, L., Paul, F., Maussion, F.,
Kutuzov, S., Cogley, J. G., Asia, C., Zealand, N., Canada, W., and Zealand,
N.: Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise
from 1961 to 2016, Nature, 568, 382–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1071-0, 2019. a, b, c
Zhang, G., Yao, T., Xie, H., Wang, W., and Yang, W.: An inventory of glacial
lakes in the Third Pole region and their changes in response to global warming, Global Planet. Change, 131, 148–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.05.013, 2015. a
Zhang, M.-M., Chen, F., and Tian, B.-S.: An automated method for glacial lake
mapping in High Mountain Asia using Landsat 8 imagery, J. Mount. Sci., 15, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4518-5, 2018. a, b, c
Short summary
Glacial lakes impact societies as both resources and hazards. Lakes form, grow, and drain as glaciers thin and retreat, and understanding lake evolution is a critical first step in assessing their hazard potential. We map glacial lakes in Alaska between 1984 and 2019. Overall, lakes grew in number and area, though lakes with different damming material (ice, moraine, bedrock) behaved differently. Namely, ice-dammed lakes decreased in number and area, a trend lost if dam type is not considered.
Glacial lakes impact societies as both resources and hazards. Lakes form, grow, and drain as...
