Articles | Volume 15, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-303-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-303-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Jan 2021
Research article |
| 22 Jan 2021
| 22 Jan 2021
Full crystallographic orientation (c and a axes) of warm, coarse-grained ice in a shear-dominated setting: a case study, Storglaciären, Sweden
Morgan E. Monz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Peter J. Hudleston
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
David J. Prior
Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Zachary Michels
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Sheng Fan
Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Marianne Negrini
Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Pat J. Langhorne
Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Qinyu Wang, Sheng Fan, Daniel H. Richards, Rachel Worthington, David J. Prior, and Chao Qi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-331, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-331, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To examine if the single cluster fabric in natural ice is formed due to high strains, we deformed synthetic ice to large strains using a unique technique. A shear strain of 6.2 was achieved in laboratory. We explored how the two mechanisms, which control microstructure and fabric evolution, evolve with strain, and established a fabric development model. These results will help understanding the fabrics in natural ice and further comprehending glacier and ice sheet flow dynamics.
Qinyu Wang, Sheng Fan, and Chao Qi
The Cryosphere, 18, 1053–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1053-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explored how the grain size of polycrystalline ice is affected by soluble impurities by conducting experiments on ice-containing salts. Results showed that above/below the eutectic point, impurities enhance/hinder grain growth, due to production of melts/precipitation of salt hydrates. Our findings offer insights into the dynamics of natural ice masses.
Gemma Marie Brett, Gregory Howard Leonard, Wolfgang Rack, Christian Haas, Patricia Jean Langhorne, Natalie Robinson, and Anne Irvin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2724, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2724, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial meltwater with ice crystals flows from beneath ice shelves, causing thicker sea ice with sub-ice platelet layers (SIPL) beneath. Thicker sea ice and SIPL reveal where and how much meltwater is outflowing. We collected continuous measurements of sea ice and SIPL. In winter, we observed rapid SIPL growth with strong winds. In spring, SIPL grew when tides caused offshore circulation. Wind-driven and tidal circulation influence glacial meltwater outflow from ice shelf cavities.
Sheng Fan, David J. Prior, Brent Pooley, Hamish Bowman, Lucy Davidson, David Wallis, Sandra Piazolo, Chao Qi, David L. Goldsby, and Travis F. Hager
The Cryosphere, 17, 3443–3459, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The microstructure of ice controls the behaviour of polar ice flow. Grain growth can modify the microstructure of ice; however, its processes and kinetics are poorly understood. We conduct grain-growth experiments on synthetic and natural ice samples at 0 °C. Microstructural data show synthetic ice grows continuously with time. In contrast, natural ice does not grow within a month. The inhibition of grain growth in natural ice is largely contributed by bubble pinning at ice grain boundaries.
Franz Lutz, David J. Prior, Holly Still, M. Hamish Bowman, Bia Boucinhas, Lisa Craw, Sheng Fan, Daeyeong Kim, Robert Mulvaney, Rilee E. Thomas, and Christina L. Hulbe
The Cryosphere, 16, 3313–3329, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice crystal alignment in the sheared margins of fast-flowing polar ice is important as it may control the ice sheet flow rate, from land to the ocean. Sampling shear margins is difficult because of logistical and safety considerations. We show that crystal alignments in a glacier shear margin in Antarctica can be measured using sound waves. Results from a seismic experiment on the 50 m scale and from ultrasonic experiments on the decimetre scale match ice crystal measurements from an ice core.
Maria-Gema Llorens, Albert Griera, Paul D. Bons, Ilka Weikusat, David J. Prior, Enrique Gomez-Rivas, Tamara de Riese, Ivone Jimenez-Munt, Daniel García-Castellanos, and Ricardo A. Lebensohn
The Cryosphere, 16, 2009–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Polar ice is formed by ice crystals, which form fabrics that are utilised to interpret how ice sheets flow. It is unclear whether fabrics result from the current flow regime or if they are inherited. To understand the extent to which ice crystals can be reoriented when ice flow conditions change, we simulate and evaluate multi-stage ice flow scenarios according to natural cases. We find that second deformation regimes normally overprint inherited fabrics, with a range of transitional fabrics.
Matthew S. Tarling, Matteo Demurtas, Steven A. F. Smith, Jeremy S. Rooney, Marianne Negrini, Cecilia Viti, Jasmine R. Petriglieri, and Keith C. Gordon
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 285–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-285-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-285-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rocks containing the serpentine mineral lizardite occur in many tectonic settings. Knowing the crystal orientation of lizardite in these rocks tells us how they deform and gives insights into their physical properties. The crystal orientation of lizardite is challenging to obtain using standard techniques. To overcome this challenge, we developed a method using Raman spectroscopy to map the crystal orientation of lizardite with minimal preparation on standard thin sections.
Gemma M. Brett, Daniel Price, Wolfgang Rack, and Patricia J. Langhorne
The Cryosphere, 15, 4099–4115, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4099-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4099-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelf meltwater in the surface ocean affects sea ice formation, causing it to be thicker and, in particular conditions, to have a loose mass of platelet ice crystals called a sub‐ice platelet layer beneath. This causes the sea ice freeboard to stand higher above sea level. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that the signature of ice shelf meltwater in the surface ocean manifesting as higher sea ice freeboard in McMurdo Sound is detectable from space using satellite technology.
Gemma M. Brett, Gregory H. Leonard, Wolfgang Rack, Christian Haas, Patricia J. Langhorne, and Anne Irvin
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-61, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-61, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Using a geophysical technique, we observe temporal variability in the influence of ice shelf meltwater on coastal sea ice which forms platelet ice crystals which contribute to the thickness of the sea ice and accumulate into a thick mass called a sub-ice platelet layer (SIPL). The variability observed in the SIPL indicated that circulation of ice shelf meltwater out from the cavity in McMurdo Sound is influenced by tides and strong offshore winds which affect surface ocean circulation.
Lisa Craw, Adam Treverrow, Sheng Fan, Mark Peternell, Sue Cook, Felicity McCormack, and Jason Roberts
The Cryosphere, 15, 2235–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2235-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheet and ice shelf models rely on data from experiments to accurately represent the way ice moves. Performing experiments at the temperatures and stresses that are generally present in nature takes a long time, and so there are few of these datasets. Here, we test the method of speeding up an experiment by running it initially at a higher temperature, before dropping to a lower target temperature to generate the relevant data. We show that this method can reduce experiment time by 55 %.
Christian Haas, Patricia J. Langhorne, Wolfgang Rack, Greg H. Leonard, Gemma M. Brett, Daniel Price, Justin F. Beckers, and Alex J. Gough
The Cryosphere, 15, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method to remotely detect proxy signals of Antarctic ice shelf melt under adjacent sea ice. It is based on aircraft surveys with electromagnetic induction sounding. We found year-to-year variability of the ice shelf melt proxy in McMurdo Sound and spatial fine structure that support assumptions about the melt of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. With this method it will be possible to map and detect locations of intense ice shelf melt along the coast of Antarctica.
Sheng Fan, Travis F. Hager, David J. Prior, Andrew J. Cross, David L. Goldsby, Chao Qi, Marianne Negrini, and John Wheeler
The Cryosphere, 14, 3875–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3875-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3875-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We performed uniaxial compression experiments on synthetic ice samples. We report ice microstructural evolution at –20 and –30 °C that has never been reported before. Microstructural data show the opening angle of c-axis cones decreases with increasing strain or with decreasing temperature, suggesting a more active grain rotation. CPO intensity weakens with temperature because CPO of small grains is weaker, and it can be explained by grain boundary sliding or nucleation with random orientations.
Chao Qi, David J. Prior, Lisa Craw, Sheng Fan, Maria-Gema Llorens, Albert Griera, Marianne Negrini, Paul D. Bons, and David L. Goldsby
The Cryosphere, 13, 351–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice deformed in nature develops crystallographic preferred orientations, CPOs, which induce an anisotropy in ice viscosity. Shear experiments of ice revealed a transition in CPO with changing temperature/strain, which is due to the change of dominant CPO-formation mechanism: strain-induced grain boundary migration dominates at higher temperatures and lower strains, while lattice rotation dominates at other conditions. Understanding these mechanisms aids the interpretation of CPOs in natural ice.
Steven B. Kidder, Virginia G. Toy, David J. Prior, Timothy A. Little, Ashfaq Khan, and Colin MacRae
Solid Earth, 9, 1123–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1123-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1123-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
By quantifying trace concentrations of titanium in quartz (a known geologic “thermometer”), we constrain the temperature profile for the deep crust along the Alpine Fault. We show there is a sharp change from fairly uniform temperatures at deep levels to a very steep gradient in temperature in the upper kilometers of the crust.
Matthew J. Vaughan, Kasper van Wijk, David J. Prior, and M. Hamish Bowman
The Cryosphere, 10, 2821–2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2821-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2821-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The physical properties of ice are of interest in the study of the dynamics of sea ice, glaciers, and ice sheets. We used resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to estimate the effects of temperature on the elastic and anelastic characteristics of polycrystalline ice, which control the propagation of sound waves. This information helps calibrate seismic data, in order to determine regional-scale ice properties, improving our ability to predict ice sheet behaviour in response to climate change.
D. Price, W. Rack, P. J. Langhorne, C. Haas, G. Leonard, and K. Barnsdale
The Cryosphere, 8, 1031–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1031-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1031-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Discipline: Glaciers | Subject: Glaciers
Modelling the historical and future evolution of six ice masses in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, using a 3D ice-flow model
Thinning and surface mass balance patterns of two neighbouring debris-covered glaciers in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Everest South Col Glacier did not thin during the period 1984–2017
Meltwater runoff and glacier mass balance in the high Arctic: 1991–2022 simulations for Svalbard
Impact of tides on calving patterns at Kronebreen, Svalbard – insights from three-dimensional ice dynamical modelling
Brief communication: Glacier mapping and change estimation using very high-resolution declassified Hexagon KH-9 panoramic stereo imagery (1971–1984)
Brief communication: Estimating the ice thickness of the Müller Ice Cap to support selection of a drill site
Glacier geometry and flow speed determine how Arctic marine-terminating glaciers respond to lubricated beds
A regionally resolved inventory of High Mountain Asia surge-type glaciers, derived from a multi-factor remote sensing approach
Towards ice-thickness inversion: an evaluation of global digital elevation models (DEMs) in the glacierized Tibetan Plateau
Record summer rains in 2019 led to massive loss of surface and cave ice in SE Europe
Evolution of the firn pack of Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon: meltwater effects, densification, and the development of a perennial firn aquifer
Contribution of calving to frontal ablation quantified from seismic and hydroacoustic observations calibrated with lidar volume measurements
Brief communication: Updated GAMDAM glacier inventory over high-mountain Asia
Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya
Lander Van Tricht and Philippe Huybrechts
The Cryosphere, 17, 4463–4485, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4463-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4463-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled the historical and future evolution of six ice masses in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, with a 3D ice-flow model under the newest climate scenarios. We show that in all scenarios the ice masses retreat significantly but with large differences. It is highlighted that, because the main precipitation occurs in spring and summer, the ice masses respond to climate change with an accelerating retreat. In all scenarios, the total runoff peaks before 2050, with a (drastic) decrease afterwards.
Chuanxi Zhao, Wei Yang, Evan Miles, Matthew Westoby, Marin Kneib, Yongjie Wang, Zhen He, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 17, 3895–3913, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3895-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3895-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper quantifies the thinning and surface mass balance of two neighbouring debris-covered glaciers in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during different seasons, based on high spatio-temporal resolution UAV-derived (unpiloted aerial
vehicle) data and in situ observations. Through a comparison approach and high-precision results, we identify that the glacier dynamic and debris thickness are strongly related to the future fate of the debris-covered glaciers in this region.
Fanny Brun, Owen King, Marion Réveillet, Charles Amory, Anton Planchot, Etienne Berthier, Amaury Dehecq, Tobias Bolch, Kévin Fourteau, Julien Brondex, Marie Dumont, Christoph Mayer, Silvan Leinss, Romain Hugonnet, and Patrick Wagnon
The Cryosphere, 17, 3251–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The South Col Glacier is a small body of ice and snow located on the southern ridge of Mt. Everest. A recent study proposed that South Col Glacier is rapidly losing mass. In this study, we examined the glacier thickness change for the period 1984–2017 and found no thickness change. To reconcile these results, we investigate wind erosion and surface energy and mass balance and find that melt is unlikely a dominant process, contrary to previous findings.
Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Erin Emily Thomas, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 17, 2941–2963, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we present high-resolution simulations of glacier mass balance (the gain and loss of ice over a year) and runoff on Svalbard from 1991–2022, one of the fastest warming regions in the Arctic. The simulations are created using the CryoGrid community model. We find a small overall loss of mass over the simulation period of −0.08 m yr−1 but with no statistically significant trend. The average runoff was found to be 41 Gt yr−1, with a significant increasing trend of 6.3 Gt per decade.
Felicity A. Holmes, Eef van Dongen, Riko Noormets, Michał Pętlicki, and Nina Kirchner
The Cryosphere, 17, 1853–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1853-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1853-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers which end in bodies of water can lose mass through melting below the waterline, as well as by the breaking off of icebergs. We use a numerical model to simulate the breaking off of icebergs at Kronebreen, a glacier in Svalbard, and find that both melting below the waterline and tides are important for iceberg production. In addition, we compare the modelled glacier front to observations and show that melting below the waterline can lead to undercuts of up to around 25 m.
Sajid Ghuffar, Owen King, Grégoire Guillet, Ewelina Rupnik, and Tobias Bolch
The Cryosphere, 17, 1299–1306, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1299-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1299-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The panoramic cameras (PCs) on board Hexagon KH-9 satellite missions from 1971–1984 captured very high-resolution stereo imagery with up to 60 cm spatial resolution. This study explores the potential of this imagery for glacier mapping and change estimation. The high resolution of KH-9PC leads to higher-quality DEMs which better resolve the accumulation region of glaciers in comparison to the KH-9 mapping camera, and KH-9PC imagery can be useful in several Earth observation applications.
Ann-Sofie Priergaard Zinck and Aslak Grinsted
The Cryosphere, 16, 1399–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1399-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1399-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Müller Ice Cap will soon set the scene for a new drilling project. To obtain an ice core with stratified layers and a good time resolution, thickness estimates are necessary for the planning. Here we present a new and fast method of estimating ice thicknesses from sparse data and compare it to an existing ice flow model. We find that the new semi-empirical method is insensitive to mass balance, is computationally fast, and provides good fits when compared to radar measurements.
Whyjay Zheng
The Cryosphere, 16, 1431–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A glacier can speed up when surface water reaches the glacier's bottom via crevasses and reduces sliding friction. This paper builds up a physical model and finds that thick and fast-flowing glaciers are sensitive to this friction disruption. The data from Greenland and Austfonna (Svalbard) glaciers over 20 years support the model prediction. To estimate the projected sea-level rise better, these sensitive glaciers should be frequently monitored for potential future instabilities.
Gregoire Guillet, Owen King, Mingyang Lv, Sajid Ghuffar, Douglas Benn, Duncan Quincey, and Tobias Bolch
The Cryosphere, 16, 603–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surging glaciers show cyclical changes in flow behavior – between slow and fast flow – and can have drastic impacts on settlements in their vicinity.
One of the clusters of surging glaciers worldwide is High Mountain Asia (HMA).
We present an inventory of surging glaciers in HMA, identified from satellite imagery. We show that the number of surging glaciers was underestimated and that they represent 20 % of the area covered by glaciers in HMA, before discussing new physics for glacier surges.
Wenfeng Chen, Tandong Yao, Guoqing Zhang, Fei Li, Guoxiong Zheng, Yushan Zhou, and Fenglin Xu
The Cryosphere, 16, 197–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-197-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-197-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A digital elevation model (DEM) is a prerequisite for estimating regional glacier thickness. Our study first compared six widely used global DEMs over the glacierized Tibetan Plateau by using ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite) laser altimetry data. Our results show that NASADEM had the best accuracy. We conclude that NASADEM would be the best choice for ice-thickness estimation over the Tibetan Plateau through an intercomparison of four ice-thickness inversion models.
Aurel Perşoiu, Nenad Buzjak, Alexandru Onaca, Christos Pennos, Yorgos Sotiriadis, Monica Ionita, Stavros Zachariadis, Michael Styllas, Jure Kosutnik, Alexandru Hegyi, and Valerija Butorac
The Cryosphere, 15, 2383–2399, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2383-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2383-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme precipitation events in summer 2019 led to catastrophic loss of cave and surface ice in SE Europe at levels unprecedented during the last century. The projected continuous warming and increase in precipitation extremes could pose an additional threat to glaciers in southern Europe, resulting in a potentially ice-free SE Europe by the middle of the next decade (2035 CE).
Naomi E. Ochwat, Shawn J. Marshall, Brian J. Moorman, Alison S. Criscitiello, and Luke Copland
The Cryosphere, 15, 2021–2040, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In May 2018 we drilled into Kaskawulsh Glacier to study how it is being affected by climate warming and used models to investigate the evolution of the firn since the 1960s. We found that the accumulation zone has experienced increased melting that has refrozen as ice layers and has formed a perennial firn aquifer. These results better inform climate-induced changes on northern glaciers and variables to take into account when estimating glacier mass change using remote-sensing methods.
Andreas Köhler, Michał Pętlicki, Pierre-Marie Lefeuvre, Giuseppa Buscaino, Christopher Nuth, and Christian Weidle
The Cryosphere, 13, 3117–3137, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3117-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3117-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice loss at the front of glaciers can be observed with high temporal resolution using seismometers. We combine seismic and underwater sound measurements of iceberg calving at Kronebreen, a glacier in Svalbard, with laser scanning of the glacier front. We develop a method to determine calving ice loss directly from seismic and underwater calving signals. This allowed us to quantify the contribution of calving to the total ice loss at the glacier front, which also includes underwater melting.
Akiko Sakai
The Cryosphere, 13, 2043–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2043-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2043-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Glacier Area Mapping for Discharge from the Asian Mountains (GAMDAM) glacier inventory was updated to revise the underestimated glacier area in the first version. The total number and area of glaciers are 134 770 and 100 693 ± 11 790 km2 from 453 Landsat images, which were carefully selected for the period from 1990 to 2010, to avoid mountain shadow, cloud cover, and seasonal snow cover.
Fanny Brun, Patrick Wagnon, Etienne Berthier, Joseph M. Shea, Walter W. Immerzeel, Philip D. A. Kraaijenbrink, Christian Vincent, Camille Reverchon, Dibas Shrestha, and Yves Arnaud
The Cryosphere, 12, 3439–3457, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
On debris-covered glaciers, steep ice cliffs experience dramatically enhanced melt compared with the surrounding debris-covered ice. Using field measurements, UAV data and submetre satellite imagery, we estimate the cliff contribution to 2 years of ablation on a debris-covered tongue in Nepal, carefully taking into account ice dynamics. While they occupy only 7 to 8 % of the tongue surface, ice cliffs contributed to 23 to 24 % of the total tongue ablation.
Cited articles
Allen, C. R., Kamb, W. B., Meier, M. F., and Sharp, R. P.: Structure of the lower Blue Glacier, Washington, J. Geol., 68, 601–625, https://doi.org/10.1086/626700, 1960.
Alley, R. B.: Fabrics in polar ice sheets; development and prediction, Science, 240, 493–495, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.240.4851.493, 1988.
Alley, R. B.: Flow-law hypothesis for ice-sheet modeling, J. Glaciol., 38, 245–256, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000003658, 1992.
Azuma, N.: A flow low for anisotropic polycrystalline ice under uniaxial compressive deformation, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 23, 137–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x(94)00011-l, 1995.
Azuma, N. and Azuma, K. G.: An anisotropic flow law for ice-sheet ice and its implications, Ann. Glaciol., 23, 202–208, 1996.
Azuma, N. and Higashi, A.: Formation processes of ice fabric pattern in ice sheets, Ann. Glaciol., 6, 130–134, 1985.
Azuma, N., Wang, Y., Mori, K., Narita, H., Hondoh, T., Shoji, H., and Watanabe, O.: Textures and fabrics in the Dome F (Antarctica) ice core, Ann. Glaciol., 29, 163–168, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821148, 1999.
Azuma, N., Wang, Y., Yoshida, Y., Narita, H., Hondoh, T., Shoji, H., and Watanabe, O.: Crystallographic analysis of the Dome Fuji ice core, in: Physics of Ice Core Records, edited by: Hondoh, T., Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, 45–61, 2000.
Bachmann, F., Hielscher, R., and Schaeben, H.: Texture Analysis with MTEX–Free and Open Source Software Toolbox, Solid State Phenom., 160, 63–68, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.160.63, 2010.
Bader, H.: Introduction to ice petrofabrics, J. Geol., 59, 519–536, 1951.
Bamber, J. L., Oppenheimer, M., Kopp, R. E., Aspinall, W. P., and Cooke, R. M.: Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 11195–11200, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817205116, 2019.
Bindschadler, R. A., Nowicki, S., Abe-Ouchi, A., Aschwanden, A., Choi, H., Fastook, J., Granzow, G., Greve, R., Gutowski, G., Herzfeld, U., Jackson, C., Johnson, J., Khroulev, C., Levermann, A., Lipscomb, W. H., Martin, M. A., Morlighem, M., Parizek, B. R., Pollard, D., Price, S. F., Ren, D. D., Saito, F., Sato, T., Seddik, H., Seroussi, H., Takahashi, K., Walker, R., and Wang, W. L.: Ice-sheet model sensitivities to environmental forcing and their use in projecting future sea level (the SeaRISE project), J. Glaciol., 59, 195–224, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J125, 2013.
Bons, P. D., Kleiner, T., Llorens, M.-G., Prior, D. J., Sachau, T., Weikusat, I., and Jansen, D.: Greenland Ice Sheet: higher nonlinearity of ice flow significantly reduces estimated basal motion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 6542–6548, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078356, 2018.
Bouchez, J. L. and Duval, P.: The fabric of polycrystalline ice deformed in simple shear: experiments in torsion, natural deformation and geometrical interpretation, Textures Microstruct., 5, 171–190, https://doi.org/10.1155/TSM.5.171, 1982.
Budd, W. F.: The development of crystal orientation fabrics in moving ice, Z. Gletscherkd. Glazialgeol. 8, 65–105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002425, 1972.
Budd, W. F., and Jacka, T. H.: A review of ice rheology for ice sheet modeling, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 16, 107–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(89)90014-1, 1989.
Budd, W. F., Warner, R. C., Jacka, T. H., Li, J., and Treverrow, A.: Ice flow relations for stress and strain-rate components from combined shear and compression laboratory experiments, J. Glaciol., 59, 374–392, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J106, 2013.
Craw, L., Qi, C., Prior, D. J., Goldsby, D. L., and Kim, D.: Mechanics and microstructure of deformed natural anisotropic ice, J. Struct. Geol., 115, 152–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.07.014, 2018.
Cross, A. J., and Skemer, P.: Rates of dynamic recrystallization in geologic materials, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 1324–1342, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016201, 2019.
Cuffey, K. M. and Paterson, W. S. B.: The Physics of Glaciers, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands (NLD), 2010.
Dempsey, D. E. and Langhorne, P. J.: Geometric properties of platelet ice crystals, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 78, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.03.002, 2012.
Dingley, D. J.: Diffraction from Sub-Micron Areas Using Electron Backscattering in a Scanning Electron-Microscope, Scan Electron Microsc., Part 2, 2, 569–575, 1984.
Durand, G., Svensson, A., Persson, A., Gagliardini, O., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Sjolte, J., Montagnat, M., and Dahl-Jensen, D.: Evolution of the texture along the EPICA Dome C Ice Core, Low Temp. Sci., 68, 91–105, 2009.
Diprinzio, C. L., Wilen, L. A., Alley, R. B., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Spencer, M. K., and Gow, A. J.: Fabric and texture at Siple Dome, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 51, 281–290, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829359, 2005.
Dutton, A., Carlson, A. E., Long, A. J., Milne, G. A., Clark, P. U., DeConto, R., Horton, B. P., Rahmstorf, S., and Raymo, M. E.: Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods, Science, 349, 6244, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4019, 2015.
Duval, P.: Creep and fabrics of polycrystalline ice under shear and compression, J. Glaciol., 27, 129–140, https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300001128X, 1981.
Duval, P., Ashby, M. F., and Anderman, I.: Rate-controlling processes in the creep of polycrystalline ice, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4066–4074, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100244a014, 1983.
Duval, P. and Castelnau, O.: Dynamic recrystallization of ice in polar ice sheets, J Phys. IV, 5, 197–205, https://doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1995317, 1995.
EPICA Community Members: Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, 429, 623–628, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02599, 2004.
Evans, B., Renner, J., and Hirth, G.: A few remarks on the kinetics of static grain growth in rocks, Int. J. Earth Sci., 90, 88–103, https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000150, 2001.
Fabre, B.: Pétrographie structurale de la glace profonde, Vallée Blanche Supérieure, Massif du Mont Blanc, Thesis (unpublished), Université de Grenoble, 1973.
Faria, S. H., Weikusat, I., and Azuma, N.: The microstructure of polar ice. Part I: Highlights from ice core research, J. Struct. Geol., 61, 2–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.09.010, 2014.
Faria, S. H., Weikusat, I., and Azuma, N.: The microstructure of polar ice. Part II: State of the art, J. Struct. Geol., 61, 21–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.11.003, 2014.
Fitzpatrick, J. J., Voigt, D. E., Fegyveresi, J. M., Stevens, N. T., Spencer, M. K., Cole-Dai, J., Alley, R. B., Jardine, G. E., Cravens, E. D., Wilen, L. A., Fudge, T. J., and McConnell, J. R.: Physical properties of the WAIS Divide ice core, J. Glaciol., 60, 1181–1198, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG14J100, 2014.
Flowers, G. E.: Glacier hydromechanics: early insights and the lasting legacy of three works by Iken and Colleagues, J. Glaciol., 56, 1069–1078, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311796406103, 2010.
Gagliardini, O., Durand, G., and Wang, Y.: Grain area as a statistical weight for polycrystal constituents, J. Glaciol., 50, 87–95, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756504781830349, 2004.
Gagliardini, O., Gillet-Chaulet, F., and Montagnat, M.: A review of anisotropic polar ice models: from crystal to ice-sheet flow models, Phys. Ice Core Rec., 2, 149–166, 2009.
Glen, J. W.: The creep of polycrystalline ice, Proc. R. Soc. Lond.-A, 228, 519–538, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1955.0066, 1955.
Golledge, N. R., Kowalewski, D. E., Naish, T. R., Levy, R. H., Fogwill, C. J., and Gasson, E. G. W.: The multi-millennial Antarctic commitment to future sea-level rise, Nature, 526, 421–425, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15706, 2015.
Goossens, T., Sapart, C. J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Popp, T., El Amri, S., and Tison, J.-L.: A comprehensive interpretation of the NEEM basal ice build-up using a multi-parametric approach, The Cryosphere, 10, 553–567, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-553-2016, 2016.
Gow, A. J. and Meese, D. A.: Physical properties, crystalline textures and c-axis fabrics of the Siple Dome (Antarctica) ice core, J. Glaciol., 53, 573–584, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409252, 2007.
Gow, A. J., Meese, D. A., Alley, R. B., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Anandakrishnan, S., Woods, G. A., and Elder, B. C.: Physical and structural properties of the Greenland ice sheet project 2 ice core: a review, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26559–26575, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00165, 1997.
Gow, A. J. and Williamson, T.: Rheological implications of the internal structure and crystal fabrics of the West Antarctic ice sheet as revealed by deep core drilling at Byrd Station, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 87, 1665–1677, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1665:RIOTIS>2.0.CO;2, 1976.
Hambrey, M. J.: The origin of foliation in glaciers; evidence from some Norwegian examples, J. Glaciol., 14, 181–185, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000013496, 1975.
Hambrey, M. J. and Milnes, A. G.: Structural geology of an alpine glacier (Griesgletscher, Valais, Switzerland), Eclogae Geol. Helv., 70, 667–684, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000010455, 1977.
Hambrey, M. J., Milnes, A. G., and Siegenthaler, H.: Dynamics and structure of Griesgletscher, Switzerland, J. Glaciol., 25, 215–228, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000010455, 1980.
Hanson, B.: A fully three-dimensional finite-element model applied to velocities on Storglaciären, Sweden, J. Glaciol., 41, 91–102, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000017792, 1995.
Hellmann, S., Kerch, J., Weikusat, I., Bauder, A., Grab, M., Jouvet, G., Schwikowski, M., and Maurer, H.: Crystallographic analysis of temperate ice on Rhonegletscher, Swiss Alps, The Cryosphere Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-133, in review, 2020.
Herron, S. L. and Langway Jr., C. C.: A comparison of ice fabrics and textures at Camp Century, Greenland and Byrd Station, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 3, 118–124, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500002639, 1982.
Herron, S. L., Langway Jr., C. C., and Brugger, K. A.: Ultrasonic velocities and crystalline anisotropy in the ice core from Dye 3, Greenland, in: Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry, and the Environment, edited by: Langway Jr., C. C., Oeschger, H., and Dansgaard, W., Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 33, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 23–31, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM033p0023, 1985.
Higashi, A.: Ice crystal growth in a temperate glacier in Alaska, in: Physics of snow and Ice, Vol. 1, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 409–430, 1967.
Hirth, G. and Tullis, J.: Dislocation Creep Regimes in Quartz Aggregates, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 145–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(92)90053-Y, 1992.
Holmlund, P. and Eriksson, M.: The cold surface layer on Storglaciären, Geogr. Ann., 71A, 241–244, https://doi.org/10.2307/521394, 1989.
Holmlund, P., Näslund, J. O., and Richardson, C.: Radar surveys on Scandinavian glaciers, in search of useful climate archives, Geogr. Ann., 78A, 147–154, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1996.11880460, 1996.
Hooke, R. L., Brzozowski, J., and Bronge, C.: Seasonal variations in surface velocity, Storglaciären, Sweden, Geogr. Ann., 65A, 263–277, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1983.11880091, 1983b.
Hooke, R. L., Calla, P., Holmlund, P., Nilsson, M., and Stroeven, A.: A 3 year record of seasonal variations in surface velocity, Storglaciären, Sweden, J. Glaciol., 35, 235–247, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000004561, 1989.
Hooke, R. LeB., Gould, J. E., and Brzozowski, J.: Near-surface temperatures near and below the equilibrium line on polar and subpolar glaciers, Z. Gletscherkd. Glazialgeol, 19, 1–25, 1983a.
Hooke, R. LeB., and Hudleston, P. J:. Origin of foliation in glaciers, J. Glaciol., 20, 285–299, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000013848, 1978.
Hooke, R. LeB. and Hudleston, P. J.: Ice fabrics from a borehole at the top of south dome, Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 92, 274–281, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<274:IFFABA>2.0.CO;2, 1981.
Hudleston P. J.: Progressive Deformation and Development of Fabric Across Zones of Shear in Glacial Ice, in: Energetics of Geological Processes, edited by: Saxena, S. K., Bhattacharji, S., Annersten, H., and Stephansson, O., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86574-9_7, 1977a.
Hudleston, P. J.: Structures and fabrics in glacial ice: A review, J. Struct. Geol., 81, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.09.003, 2015.
Iliescu, D., Baker, I., and Chang, H.: Determining the orientations of ice crystals using electron backscatter patterns, Microsc. Res. Tech., 63, 183–187, https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20029, 2004.
Jacka, T. and Maccagnan, M.: Ice crystallographic and strain rate changes with strain in compression and extension, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 8, 269–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(84)90058-2, 1984.
Jacka, T. H. and Jun, L.: Flow rates and crystal orientation fabrics in compression of polycrystalline ice at low temperatures and stresses, Physics Ice Core Records, edited by: Hondoh, T., 83–102, Hokkaido Univ. Press, Sopporo, 2000.
Jackson, M. and Kamb, B.: The marginal shear stress of Ice Stream B, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 43, 415–426, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000035000, 1997.
Jennings, S. J. A., Hambrey, M. J., and Glasser, N. F.: Ice flow-unit influence on glacier structure, debris entrainment and transport, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 39, 1279–1292, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3521, 2014.
Jonsson, S.: Structural studies of subpolar glacier ice, Geogr. Ann. Ser. A, Phys. Geogr., 52,, 129–145, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1970.11879818, 1970.
Journaux, B., Chauve, T., Montagnat, M., Tommasi, A., Barou, F., Mainprice, D., and Gest, L.: Recrystallization processes, microstructure and crystallographic preferred orientation evolution in polycrystalline ice during high-temperature simple shear, The Cryosphere, 13, 1495–1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1495-2019, 2019.
Kamb, W. B.: Ice petrofabric observations from Blue Glacier, Washington, in relation to theory and experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 1891–1909, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ064i011p01891,1959.
Kamb, B. W.: The glide direction in ice, J. Glaciol., 3, 1097–1106, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000017500, 1961.
Kamb, W. B.: Experimental recrystallization of ice under stress, in: Flow and Fracture of Rocks, edited by: Heard, H. C., Borg, I. Y., Carter, N. L., and Rayleigh, C. B., Am. Geophys. U., 211–242, 1972.
Kim, D., Prior, D. J., Han, Y., Qi, C., Han, H., and Tae Ju, H.: Microstructure and fabric transitions of natural ice from the Styx Glacier, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, Minerals, 10, 892, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100892, 2020.
Kizaki, K.: Ice fabric study of the Mawson region, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 8, 253–1276, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000031245, 1969a.
Kizaki, K.: Fabric analysis of surface ice near Casey Range, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 8, 375–383, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000026964, 1969b.
Langway Jr., C. C.: Ice fabric and the universal stage, Technical Report 62, U.S. Army Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Wilmette, Illinois, 1958.
Li, Y., Kipfstuhl, S., and Huang, M.: Ice microstructure and fabric of Guliya Ice Cap in Tibetan Plateau, and comparisons with Vostok3G-1, EPICA DML, and North GRIP, Crystals, 7, https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst7040097, 2017.
Langway Jr., C.C., Shoji, H., and Azuma, N.: Crystal size and orientation patterns in the Wisconsin-age ice from Dye 3, Greenland, Ann. Glaciol., 10, 109–115, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500004262, 1988.
Li, J., Jacka, T. H., and Budd, W. F.: Strong single-maximum crystal fabrics developed in ice undergoing shear with unconstrained normal deformation, Ann. Glaciol., 30, 88–92, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820615, 2000.
Lile, R. C.: The effect of anisotropy on the creep of polycrystalline ice, J. Glaciol., 21, 475–483, 1978.
Lile, R. C.: The flow law for isotropic and anisotropic ice at low strain rates, ANARE Reports, 132, 93, 1984.
Lipenkov, V. Y., Barkov, N. I., Duval, P., and Pimienta, P.: Crystalline texture of the 2083 m ice core at Vostok Station, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 35, 392–398, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000009321, 1989.
Llorens, M.-G., Griera, A., Bons, P. D., Lebensohn, R. A., Evans, L. A., Jansen, D., and Weikusat, I.: Full-field predictions of ice dynamic recrystallization under simple shear conditions, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 450, 233–242, 2016a.
Llorens, M.-G., Griera, A., Steinbach, F., Bons, P. D., Gomez-Rivas, E., Jansen, D., Roessiger, J., Lebensohn, R. A., and Weikusat, I.: Dynamic recrystallization during deformation of polycrystalline ice: insights from numerical simulations, Philos. T. Roy. Soc.-A, 375, 20150346, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0346, 2017.
MacGregor, J. A., Fahnestock, M. A., Catania, G. A., Aschwanden, A., Clow, G. D., Colgan, W. T., Gogineni, P. S., Morlighem, M., Nowicki, S. M. J., Paden, J. D., Price, S. F., and Seroussi, H.: A synthesis of the basal thermal state of the Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Ea. Surf., 121, 1328–1350. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003803, 2016.
Mainprice, D., Bachmann, F., Hielscher, R., and Schaeben, A.: Descriptive tools for the analysis of texture projects with large datasets using MTEX: strength, symmetry and components, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 409, 251–271, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP409.8, 2015.
Matsuda, K.: Determination of a-axis orientations of pollycrystalline ice, J. Glaciol., 22, 165–169, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000014143, 1979.
Matsuda, M. and Wakahama, G.: Crystallographic structure of polycrystalline ice, J. Glaciol., 21, 607–620, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000033724, 1978.
Meier, M. F., Rigsby, G. P., and Sharp, R. P.: Preliminary data from Saskatchewan Glacier, Alberta, Canada, Arctic, 7, 3–26, 1954.
Miyamoto, A., Weikusat, I., and Hondoh, T.: Complete determination of ice crystal orientation using Laue X-ray diffraction method, J. Glaciol., 57, 103–110, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311795306754, 2011.
Montagnat, M., Castelnau, O., Bons, P. D., Faria, S. H., Gagliar- dini, O., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Grennerat, F., Griera, A., Lebensohn, R. A., Moulinec, H., Roessiger, J., and Suquet, P.: Multiscale modeling of ice deformation behavior, J. Struct. Geol., 61, 78–108, 2014.
Montagnat, M., Chauve, T., Barou, F., Tommasi, A., Beausir, B., and Fressengeas, C.: Analysis of dynamic recrystallization of ice from EBSD orientation mapping, Front. Earth Sci., 3, 81, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00081, 2015.
Montagnat, M., Azuma, N., Dahl-Jensen, D., Eichler, J., Fujita, S., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Kipfstuhl, S., Samyn, D., Svensson, A., and Weikusat, I.: Fabric along the NEEM ice core, Greenland, and its comparison with GRIP and NGRIP ice cores, The Cryosphere, 8, 1129–1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1129-2014, 2014.
Monz, M. E., Hudleston, P. J., Prior, D. J., Michels, Z. D., Fan, S., Negrini, M., Langhorne, P., and Qi, C.: EBSD data for “Full crystallographic orientation (c- and a-axes) of warm, coarse-grained ice in a shear dominated setting: a case study, Storglaciären, Sweden”, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13330799.v1, 2020.
Obbard, R., Baker, I., and Sieg, K.: Using electron backscatter diffraction patterns to examine recrystallization in polar ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 52, 546–557, 2006.
Obbard, R. and Baker, I.: The microstructure of meteoric ice from Vostok, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 53, 41–62, 2007.
Paterson, W. S. B.: Why ice-age ice is sometimes “soft”, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 20, 75–98, 1991.
Pauling, L.: The structure and entropy of ice and other crystals with some randomness of atomic arrangement, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 57, 2680–2684, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01315a102, 1935.
Pearce, M. A.: EBSDinterp 1.0: a MATLAB® program to perform microstructurally constrained interpolation of EBSD data, Microsc. Microanal., 21, 985–993, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615000781, 2015.
Pettersson, R., Jansson, P., and Holmlund, P.: Cold surface layer thinning on Storglaciären, Sweden, observed by repeated ground penetrating radar surveys, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 6004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000024, 2003.
Pettersson, R., Jansson, P., Huwald, H., and Blatter, H.: Spatial pattern and stability of the cold surface layer of Storglaciären, Sweden, J. Glaciol., 53, 99–109, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507781833974, 2007.
Piazolo, S., Wilson, C. J., Luzin, V., Brouzet, C., and Peternell, M.: Dynamics of ice mass deformation: Linking processes to rheology, texture, and microstructure, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 4185–4194, https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20246, 2013.
Pimienta, P. and Duval, P.: Mechanical behaviour of anisotropic polar ice, The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modeling, IUGG General Assembly of Vancouver, IAHS Publ., 170, 57–66, 1987.
Prior, D. J., Boyle, A. P., Brenker, F., Cheadle, M. C., Day, A., Lopez, G., Peruzzo, L., Potts, G. J., Reddy, S., Spiess, R., Timms, N. E., Trimby, P., Wheeler, J., and Zetterstrom, L.: The application of electron backscatter diffraction and orientation contrast imaging in the SEM to textural problems in rocks, American Mineralogist, 84, 1741–1759, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1999-11-1204, 1999.
Prior, D. J., Lilly, K., Seidemann, M., Vaughan, M., Becroft, L., Easingwood, R., Diebold, S., Obbard, R., Daghlian, C., Baker, I., Caswell, T., Golding, N., Goldsby, D., Durham, W. B., Piazolo, S., and Wilson, C. J. L.: Making EBSD on water ice routine, J. Microsc., 259, 237–256, https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12258, 2015.
Qi, C., Goldsby, D. L., and Prior, D. J.: The down-stress transition from cluster to cone fabrics in experimentally deformed ice, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 471, 136–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.008, 2017.
Qi, C., Prior, D. J., Craw, L., Fan, S., Llorens, M.-G., Griera, A., Negrini, M., Bons, P. D., and Goldsby, D. L.: Crystallographic preferred orientations of ice deformed in direct-shear experiments at low temperatures, The Cryosphere, 13, 351–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, 2019.
Ragan, D. M.: Structures at the base of an ice fall, J. Geol., 77, 647–667, https://doi.org/10.1086/627463, 1969.
Ramsay, J. G.: Folding and fracturing of rocks, McGraw Hill, New York, 1967.
Rignot, E. and Mouginot, J.: Ice flow in Greenland for the International Polar Year 2008–2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L11501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051634, 2012.
Rigsby, G. P.: Crystal fabric studies on Emmons Glacier, Mount Rainer, Washington, J. Geol., 61, 482–509, https://doi.org/10.1086/625914, 1951.
Rigsby, G. P.: Study of ice fabrics, Thule area, Greenland. U.S. Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment Report, 26, 1955.
Rigsby, G. P.: Crystal orientation in a glacier and in experimentally deformed ice, J. Glaciol., 27, 589–606, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000023716, 1960.
Rigsby, G. P.: The complexities of the three-dimensional shape of individual crystals in glacier ice, J. Glaciol., 7, 233–251, 1968.
Roberson, S.: Structural composition and sediment transfer in a composite cirque glacier: Glacier de St. Sorlin, France, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 33, 1931–1947, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1635, 2008.
Russell-Head, D. and Budd, W.: Ice-sheet flow properties derived from bore-hole shear measurements combined with ice-core studies, J. Glaciol., 24, 117–130, 1979.
Russell-Head, D. S. and Wilson, C. J. L.: Automated fabric analyser system for quartz and ice, J. Glaciol., 24, 117–130, 2001.
Seddik, H., Greve, R., Placidi, L., Hamann, I., and Gagliardini, O.: Application of a continuum-mechanical model for the flow of anisotropic polar ice to the EDML core, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 54, 631–642, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570755, 2008.
Schytt, V.: Snow and ice studies in Antarctica, Ph.D. Thesis, University of 1512 Stockholm, In: Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1949–1952, 1513 Scientific Results 4, Glaciology II, Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo, 1958.
Steinemann, S.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Plastizitat von Eis, Beitr. Geol. Schweiz, Hydrologie, 10, 46–50, https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000096707, 1958b.
Stipp, M., Tullis, J., Scherwath, M., and Behrmann, J. H.: A new perspective on paleopiezometry: Dynamically recrystallized grain size distributions indicate mechanism changes, Geology, 38, 759–762, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31162.1, 2010.
Svensson, A., Schmidt, K. G., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Wang, Y., Kipfstuhl, J., and Thorsteinsson, T.: Properties of ice crystals in NorthGRIP late- to middle-Holocene ice, Ann. Glaciol., 37, 113–118, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756403781815636, 2003b.
Takahashi, M.: Fractal analysis of experimentally, dynamically recrystallized quartz grains and its possible application as a strain rate meter, J. Struct. Geol., 20, 269–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00072-2, 1998.
Thorsteinsson, T., Kipfstuhl, J., and Miller, H.: Textures and fabrics in the GRIP ice core, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26583–26599, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00161, 1997.
Thwaites, R. J., Wilson, C. J. L., and McCray, A. P.: Relationship between bore-hole closure and crystal fabrics in Antarctic ice core from Cape Folger. J. Glaciol., 30, 71–179, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000005906, 1984.
Tison, J.-L. and Hubbard, B.: Ice crystallographic evolution at a temperate glacier: Glacier de Tsanfleuron, Switzerland, Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ., 176, 23–38, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.176.01.03, 2000.
Tison, J.-L., Thorsteinsson, T., Lorrain, R. D., and Kipfstuhl, J.: Origin and development of textures and fabrics in basal ice at Summit, Central Greenland, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 125, 421–437, 1994.
Treverrow, A., Budd, W. F., Jacka, T. H., and Warner, R. C.: The tertiary creep of polycrystalline ice: Experimental evidence for stress-dependent levels of strain-rate enhancement, J. Glaciol., 58, 301–314, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J149, 2012.
Urai, J. L., Means, W. D., and Lister, G. S.: Dynamic recrystallization of minerals, in: Mineral and Rock Deformation, edited by: Hobbs, B. and Heard, H., Laboratory Studies, 36, 161–199, 1986.
Vallon, M., Petit, J.-R., and Fabre, B.: Study of an ice core to the bedrock in the accumulation zone of an alpine glacier, J. Glaciol. 17, 13–28, 1976.
Van der Veen, C. J. and Whillans, I. M.: Development of fabric in ice, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 22, 171–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(94)90027-2, 1994.
Vaughan, M. J., Prior, D. J., Jefferd, M., Brantut, N., Mitchell, T. M., and Seidemann, M.: Insights into anisotropy development and weakening of ice from in situ P wave velocity monitoring during laboratory creep, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 7076–7089, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB013964, 2017.
Wang, Y., Thorsteinsson, T., Kipfstuhl, J., Miller, H., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Shoji, H.: A vertical girdle fabric in the NorthGRIP deep ice core, North Greenland, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 515–520, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817301, 2002.
Weertman, J.: Creep deformation of ice, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 11, 215–240, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.11.050183.001243, 1983.
Weikusat, I., Jansen, D., Binder, T., Eichler, J., Faria, S. H., Wilhelms, F., Kipfstuhl, S., Sheldon, S., Miller, H., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Kleiner, T.: Physical analysis of an Antarctic ice core-towards an integration of micro- and macrodynamics of polar ice, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 375, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0347, 2017.
Weikusat, I., Kipfstuhl, S., Faria, S. H., Azuma, N., and Miyamoto, A.: Subgrain boundaries and related microstructural features in EDML (Antarctica) deep ice core, J. Glaciol., 55, 461–472, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309788816614, 2009b.
Wenk, H. R. and Christie, J.: Comments on the interpretation of deformation textures in rocks, J. Struct. Geol., 13, 1091–1110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90071-P, 1991.
Wilen, L. A., Diprinzio, C. L., Alley, R. B., and Azuma, N.: Development, principles, and applications of automated ice fabric analyzers, Microsc. Res. Tech., 62, 2–18, https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10380, 2003.
Wilson, C. J. L.: Experimental folding and fabric development in multilayered ice, Tectonophysics, 78, 139–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90011-1, 1981.
Wilson, C. J. L., Peternell, M., Hunter, N. J. R., and Luzin, V.: Deformation of polycrystalline D2O ice: Its sensitivity to temperature and strain-rate as an analogue for terrestrial ice, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 532, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494587384, 2020.
Wilson, C. J. L., Peternell, M., Piazolo, S., and Luzin, V.: Microstructure and fabric development in ice: Lessons learned from in situ experiments and implications for understanding rock evolution, J. Struct. Geol., 61, 50–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.05.006, 2014.
Wongpan, P., Prior, D. J., Langhorne, P. J., and Lilly, K.: Using electron backscatter diffraction to measure full crystallographic orientation in Antarctic land-fast sea ice, J. Glaciol., 64, 771–780, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.67, 2018.
Short summary
We present full crystallographic orientations of warm, coarse-grained ice deformed in a shear setting, enabling better characterization of how crystals in glacial ice preferentially align as ice flows. A commonly noted c-axis pattern, with several favored orientations, may result from bias due to overcounting large crystals with complex 3D shapes. A new sample preparation method effectively increases the sample size and reduces bias, resulting in a simpler pattern consistent with the ice flow.
We present full crystallographic orientations of warm, coarse-grained ice deformed in a shear...
