Articles | Volume 15, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3021-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3021-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Jul 2021
Research article |
| 01 Jul 2021
| 01 Jul 2021
Three in one: GPS-IR measurements of ground surface elevation changes, soil moisture, and snow depth at a permafrost site in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Jiahua Zhang
Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of
Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and
Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Key Laboratory of
Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and
Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Kathrin Maier, Zhuoxuan Xia, Lin Liu, Mark J. Lara, Jurjen van der Sluijs, Philipp Bernhard, and Irena Hajnsek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2187, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2187, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores how thawing permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau triggers landslides, mobilising stored carbon. Using satellite data from 2011 to 2020, we measured soil erosion, ice loss, and carbon mobilisation. While current impacts are modest, increasing landslide activity suggests future significance. This research underscores the need to understand permafrost thaw's role in carbon dynamics and climate change.
Xufeng Wang, Tao Che, Jingfeng Xiao, Tonghong Wang, Junlei Tan, Yang Zhang, Zhiguo Ren, Liying Geng, Haibo Wang, Ziwei Xu, Shaomin Liu, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1329–1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1329-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1329-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, carbon flux and auxiliary meteorological data are post-processed to create an analysis-ready dataset for 34 sites across six ecosystems in the Heihe River basin. Overall, 18 sites have multi-year observations, while 16 were observed only during the 2012 growing season, totaling 1513 site months. This dataset can be used to explore carbon exchange, assess ecosystem responses to climate change, support upscaling studies, and evaluate carbon cycle models.
Xia Wang, Tao Che, Xueyin Ruan, Shanna Yue, Jing Wang, Chun Zhao, and Lei Geng
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 651–670, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-651-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-651-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We employed the WRF-Chem model to parameterize atmospheric nitrate deposition in snow and evaluate its performance in simulating snow cover, snow depth, and concentrations of dust and nitrate using new observations from northern China. The results generally exhibit reasonable agreement with field observations in northern China, demonstrating the model's capability to simulate snow properties, including concentrations of reservoir species.
Zhangyu Sun, Yan Hu, Adina Racoviteanu, Lin Liu, Stephan Harrison, Xiaowen Wang, Jiaxin Cai, Xin Guo, Yujun He, and Hailun Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5703–5721, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new dataset, TPRoGI (v1.0), encompassing rock glaciers in the entire Tibetan Plateau. We used a neural network, DeepLabv3+, and images from Planet Basemaps. The inventory identified 44 273 rock glaciers, covering 6 000 km2, mainly at elevations of 4000 to 5500 m a.s.l. The dataset, with details on distribution and characteristics, aids in understanding permafrost distribution, mountain hydrology, and climate impacts in High Mountain Asia, filling a knowledge gap.
Yaoming Ma, Zhipeng Xie, Yingying Chen, Shaomin Liu, Tao Che, Ziwei Xu, Lunyu Shang, Xiaobo He, Xianhong Meng, Weiqiang Ma, Baiqing Xu, Huabiao Zhao, Junbo Wang, Guangjian Wu, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3017–3043, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current models and satellites struggle to accurately represent the land–atmosphere (L–A) interactions over the Tibetan Plateau. We present the most extensive compilation of in situ observations to date, comprising 17 years of data on L–A interactions across 12 sites. This quality-assured benchmark dataset provides independent validation to improve models and remote sensing for the region, and it enables new investigations of fine-scale L–A processes and their mechanistic drivers.
Shaomin Liu, Ziwei Xu, Tao Che, Xin Li, Tongren Xu, Zhiguo Ren, Yang Zhang, Junlei Tan, Lisheng Song, Ji Zhou, Zhongli Zhu, Xiaofan Yang, Rui Liu, and Yanfei Ma
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4959–4981, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4959-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4959-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a suite of observational datasets from artificial and natural oases–desert systems that consist of long-term turbulent flux and auxiliary data, including hydrometeorological, vegetation, and soil parameters, from 2012 to 2021. We confirm that the 10-year, long-term dataset presented in this study is of high quality with few missing data, and we believe that the data will support ecological security and sustainable development in oasis–desert areas.
Yan Hu, Stephan Harrison, Lin Liu, and Joanne Laura Wood
The Cryosphere, 17, 2305–2321, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are considered to be important freshwater reservoirs in the future climate. However, the amount of ice stored in rock glaciers is poorly quantified. Here we developed an empirical model to estimate ice content in rock the glaciers in the Khumbu and Lhotse valleys, Nepal. The modelling results confirmed the hydrological importance of rock glaciers in the study area. The developed approach shows promise in being applied to permafrost regions to assess water storage of rock glaciers.
Huadong Wang, Xueliang Zhang, Pengfeng Xiao, Tao Che, Zhaojun Zheng, Liyun Dai, and Wenbo Luan
The Cryosphere, 17, 33–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-33-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-33-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The geographically and temporally weighted neural network (GTWNN) model is constructed for estimating large-scale daily snow density by integrating satellite, ground, and reanalysis data, which addresses the importance of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and a nonlinear relationship between snow density and impact variables, as well as allows us to understand the spatiotemporal pattern and heterogeneity of snow density in different snow periods and snow cover regions in China from 2013 to 2020.
Hui Guo, Xiaoyan Wang, Zecheng Guo, Gaofeng Zhu, Tao Che, Jian Wang, Xiaodong Huang, Chao Han, and Zhiqi Ouyang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-229, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Snow phenology is a seasonal pattern in snow cover and snowfall. In this review, we found that during the past 50 years in the Northern Hemisphere, the snow cover end date has shown a significantly advanced change trend. Eurasia contributes more to the snow phenology in the Northern Hemisphere than does North America. Snow phenology is related to climate and atmospheric circulation, and the response to vegetation phenology depends on geographical regions, temperature and precipitation gradients.
Zhuoxuan Xia, Lingcao Huang, Chengyan Fan, Shichao Jia, Zhanjun Lin, Lin Liu, Jing Luo, Fujun Niu, and Tingjun Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3875–3887, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Retrogressive thaw slumps are slope failures resulting from abrupt permafrost thaw, and are widely distributed along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor. The potential damage to infrastructure and carbon emission of thaw slumps motivated us to obtain an inventory of thaw slumps. We used a semi-automatic method to map 875 thaw slumps, filling the knowledge gap of thaw slump locations and providing key benchmarks for analysing the distribution features and quantifying spatio-temporal changes.
Liyun Dai, Tao Che, Yang Zhang, Zhiguo Ren, Junlei Tan, Meerzhan Akynbekkyzy, Lin Xiao, Shengnan Zhou, Yuna Yan, Yan Liu, Hongyi Li, and Lifu Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3509–3530, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3509-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3509-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An Integrated Microwave Radiometry Campaign for Snow (IMCS) was conducted to collect ground-based passive microwave and optical remote-sensing data, snow pit and underlying soil data, and meteorological parameters. The dataset is unique in continuously providing electromagnetic and physical features of snowpack and environment. The dataset is expected to serve the evaluation and development of microwave radiative transfer models and snow process models, along with land surface process models.
Yanxing Hu, Tao Che, Liyun Dai, Yu Zhu, Lin Xiao, Jie Deng, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-63, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-63, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a data fusion framework based on the random forest regression algorithm to derive a comprehensive snow depth product for the Northern Hemisphere from 1980 to 2019. This new fused snow depth dataset not only provides information about snow depth and its variation over the Northern Hemisphere but also presents potential value for hydrological and water cycle studies related to seasonal snowpacks.
Donghang Shao, Hongyi Li, Jian Wang, Xiaohua Hao, Tao Che, and Wenzheng Ji
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 795–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-795-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-795-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The temporal series and spatial distribution discontinuity of the existing snow water equivalent (SWE) products in the pan-Arctic region severely restricts the use of SWE data in cryosphere change and climate change studies. Using a ridge regression machine learning algorithm, this study developed a set of spatiotemporally seamless and high-precision SWE products. This product could contribute to the study of cryosphere change and climate change at large spatial scales.
Xiaohua Hao, Guanghui Huang, Tao Che, Wenzheng Ji, Xingliang Sun, Qin Zhao, Hongyu Zhao, Jian Wang, Hongyi Li, and Qian Yang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4711–4726, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4711-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4711-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term snow cover data are not only of importance for climate research. Currently China still lacks a high-quality snow cover extent (SCE) product for climate research. This study develops a multi-level decision tree algorithm for cloud and snow discrimination and gap-filled technique based on AVHRR surface reflectance data. We generate a daily 5 km SCE product across China from 1981 to 2019. It has high accuracy and will serve as baseline data for climate and other applications.
Xiaowen Wang, Lin Liu, Yan Hu, Tonghua Wu, Lin Zhao, Qiao Liu, Rui Zhang, Bo Zhang, and Guoxiang Liu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2791–2810, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2791-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2791-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the multi-decadal geomorphic changes of a low-angle valley glacier in the East Kunlun Mountains and assessed the detachment hazard influence. The observations reveal a slow surge-like dynamic pattern of the glacier tongue. The maximum runout distances of two endmember avalanche scenarios were presented. This study provides a reference to evaluate the runout hazards of low-angle mountain glaciers prone to detachment.
Cited articles
Bennett, G. G.: The Calculation of Astronomical Refraction in Marine Navigation, J. Navig., 35, 255–259, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463300022037, 1982.
Che, T., Li, X., Jin, R., Armstrong, R., and Zhang, T.: Snow depth derived
from passive microwave remote-sensing data in China, Ann. Glaciol., 49,
145–154, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756408787814690, 2008.
Che, T., Li, X., Liu, S., Li, H., Xu, Z., Tan, J., Zhang, Y., Ren, Z., Xiao, L., Deng, J., Jin, R., Ma, M., Wang, J., and Yang, X.: Integrated hydrometeorological, snow and frozen-ground observations in the alpine region of the Heihe River Basin, China, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1483–1499, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1483-2019, 2019.
Chen, J., Liu, L., Zhang, T., Cao, B., and Lin, H.: Using Persistent
Scatterer Interferometry to Map and Quantify Permafrost Thaw Subsidence: A
Case Study of Eboling Mountain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 123, 2663–2676, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004618, 2018.
Cheng, G. and Wu, T.: Responses of permafrost to climate change and their
environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, F02S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000631, 2007.
Chew, C., Small, E. E., and Larson, K. M.: An algorithm for soil moisture
estimation using GPS-interferometric reflectometry for bare and vegetated
soil, GPS Solut., 20, 525–537, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0462-4, 2016.
Chew, C. C., Small, E. E., Larson, K. M., and Zavorotny, V. U.: Effects of
Near-Surface Soil Moisture on GPS SNR Data: Development of a Retrieval
Algorithm for Soil Moisture, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 52,
537–543, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2013.2242332, 2014.
Daout, S., Dini, B., Haeberli, W., Doin, M.-P., and Parsons, B.: Ice loss in
the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau permafrost as seen by 16 yr of ESA SAR
missions, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 545, 116404,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116404, 2020.
Deng, H., Pepin, N. C., and Chen, Y.: Changes of snowfall under warming in
the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 7323–7341,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026524, 2017.
Dobinski, W.: Permafrost, Earth-Sci. Rev., 108, 158–169,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.06.007, 2011.
Entekhabi, D., Njoku, E. G., O'Neill, P. E., Kellogg, K. H., Crow, W. T.,
Edelstein, W. N., Entin, J. K., Goodman, S. D., Jackson, T. J., Johnson, J.,
Kimball, J., Piepmeier, J. R., Koster, R. D., Martin, N., McDonald, K. C.,
Moghaddam, M., Moran, S., Reichle, R., Shi, J. C., Spencer, M. W., Thurman,
S. W., Tsang, L., and Van Zyl, J.: The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)
Mission, Proc. IEEE, 98, 704–716, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2010.2043918, 2010.
Flanner, M. G. and Zender, C. S.: Snowpack radiative heating: Influence on
Tibetan Plateau climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06501,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022076, 2005.
Gao, J., Williams, M. W., Fu, X., Wang, G., and Gong, T.: Spatiotemporal
distribution of snow in eastern Tibet and the response to climate change,
Remote Sens. Environ., 121, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.01.006, 2012.
Gao, B., Yang, D., Qin, Y., Wang, Y., Li, H., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, T.: Change in frozen soils and its effect on regional hydrology, upper Heihe basin, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, The Cryosphere, 12, 657–673, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-657-2018, 2018.
Göckede, M., Kwon, M. J., Kittler, F., Heimann, M., Zimov, N., and Zimov,
S.: Negative feedback processes following drainage slow down permafrost
degradation, Glob. Change Biol., 25, 3254–3266, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14744,
2019.
Larson, K. M.: GPS interferometric reflectometry: applications to surface soil moisture, snow depth, and vegetation water content in the western United States, Wires Rev. Water, 3, 775–787, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1167, 2016.
Larson, K. M.: Unanticipated Uses of the Global Positioning System, Annu.
Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 47, 19–40,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060203, 2019.
Larson, K. M. and Small, E. E.: Estimation of Snow Depth Using L1 GPS
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Data, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl.,
9, 4802–4808, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2508673, 2016.
Larson, K. M., Small, E. E., Gutmann, E. D., Bilich, A. L., Braun, J. J., and
Zavorotny, V. U.: Use of GPS receivers as a soil moisture network for water
cycle studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L24405,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036013, 2008.
Larson, K. M., Gutmann, E. D., Zavorotny, V. U., Braun, J. J., Williams, M.
W., and Nievinski, F. G.: Can we measure snow depth with GPS receivers?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039430, 2009.
Larson, K. M., Braun, J. J., Small, E. E., Zavorotny, V. U., Gutmann, E. D.,
and Bilich, A. L.: GPS Multipath and Its Relation to Near-Surface Soil
Moisture Content, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 3,
91–99, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2033612, 2010.
Liu, L. and Larson, K. M.: Decadal changes of surface elevation over permafrost area estimated using reflected GPS signals, The Cryosphere, 12, 477–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-477-2018, 2018.
Liu, L., Zhang, T., and Wahr, J.: InSAR measurements of surface deformation over permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F03023, https://doi.org/ :10.1029/2009JF001547, 2010.
Liu, L., Schaefer, K., Zhang, T., and Wahr, J.: Estimating 1992–2000 average
active layer thickness on the Alaskan North Slope from remotely sensed
surface subsidence, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, F01005,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002041, 2012.
McCreight, J. L., Small, E. E., and Larson, K. M.: Snow depth, density, and
SWE estimates derived from GPS reflection data: Validation in the western U.
S., Water Resour. Res., 50, 6892–6909, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015561, 2014.
Nievinski, F. G.: Forward and inverse modeling of GPS multipath for snow
monitoring, PhD thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA, 2013.
Nievinski, F. G. and Larson, K. M.: Forward modeling of GPS multipath for
near-surface reflectometry and positioning applications, GPS Solut., 18,
309–322, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-013-0331-y, 2014.
Qi, J., Wang, L., Zhou, J., Song, L., Li, X., and Zeng, T.: Coupled Snow and
Frozen Ground Physics Improves Cold Region Hydrological Simulations: An
Evaluation at the upper Yangtze River Basin (Tibetan Plateau), J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 124, 12985–13004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031622, 2019.
Ran, Y., Li, X., and Cheng, G.: Climate warming over the past half century has led to thermal degradation of permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, The Cryosphere, 12, 595–608, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-595-2018, 2018.
Reinosch, E., Buckel, J., Dong, J., Gerke, M., Baade, J., and Riedel, B.: InSAR time series analysis of seasonal surface displacement dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau, The Cryosphere, 14, 1633–1650, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1633-2020, 2020.
Schwarz, G. E. and Alexander, R. B.: State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) Data
Base for the Conterminous United States, Edition 1.1., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95449,
1995.
Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B.,
Lehner, I., Orlowsky, B., and Teuling, A. J.: Investigating soil
moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 99, 125–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004, 2010.
Shiklomanov, N. I., Streletskiy, D. A., Nelson, F. E., Hollister, R. D.,
Romanovsky, V. E., Tweedie, C. E., Bockheim, J. G., and Brown, J.: Decadal
variations of active-layer thickness in moisture-controlled landscapes,
Barrow, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G00I04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001248,
2010.
Small, E. E., Larson, K. M., Chew, C. C., Dong, J., and Ochsner, T. E.:
Validation of GPS-IR Soil Moisture Retrievals: Comparison of Different
Algorithms to Remove Vegetation Effects, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 9, 4759–4770, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2504527, 2016.
Walker, A. E. and Silis, A.: Snow-cover variations over the Mackenzie River
basin, Canada, derived from SSM/I passive-microwave satellite data, Ann.
Glaciol., 34, 8–14, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817680, 2002.
Wang, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, B., Tang, Y., and Wu, Q.: Active Layer
Thickness Retrieval of Qinghai–Tibet Permafrost Using the TerraSAR-X InSAR
Technique, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 11,
4403–4413, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2873219, 2018.
Wu, Q., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., and Tong, C.: A review of recent frozen soil
engineering in permafrost regions along Qinghai-Tibet Highway, China,
Permafrost Periglac., 13, 199–205, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.420, 2002.
Xu, W., Ma, L., Ma, M., Zhang, H., and Yuan, W.: Spatial–Temporal
Variability of Snow Cover and Depth in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, J.
Climate, 30, 1521–1533, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0732.1, 2017.
Yang, M., Nelson, F. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Guo, D., and Wan, G.: Permafrost
degradation and its environmental effects on the Tibetan Plateau: A review
of recent research, Earth-Sci. Rev., 103, 31–44,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.002, 2010.
Zavorotny, V. U., Larson, K. M., Braun, J. J., Small, E. E., Gutmann, E. D.,
and Bilich, A. L.: A Physical Model for GPS Multipath Caused by Land
Reflections: Toward Bare Soil Moisture Retrievals, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 3, 100–110, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2033608,
2010.
Zhang, J., Liu, L., and Hu, Y.: Global Positioning System interferometric reflectometry (GPS-IR) measurements of ground surface elevation changes in permafrost areas in northern Canada, The Cryosphere, 14, 1875–1888, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1875-2020, 2020.
Zhang, J., Liu, L., Su, L., and Che, T.: GPS-IR measurements of ground surface elevation changes, surface soil moisture, and snow depth at a permafrost site in northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4895864, 2021.
Zhang, L., Zhao, L., Li, R., Gao, L., Xiao, Y., Qiao, Y., and Shi, J.: Investigating the influence of soil moisture on albedo and soil thermodynamic parameters during the warm season in Tanggula Range, J. Glaciol. Geocryol., 38, 351–358, https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2016.0038, 2016.
Zhang, T.: Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal
regime: An overview, Rev. Geophys., 43, RG4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RG000157,
2005.
Zhao, L., Wu, Q., Marchenko, S. S., and Sharkhuu, N.: Thermal state of
permafrost and active layer in Central Asia during the international polar
year, Permafrost Periglac., 21, 198–207, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.688,
2010.
Zhao, L., Zou, D., Hu, G., Du, E., Pang, Q., Xiao, Y., Li, R., Sheng, Y.,
Wu, X., Sun, Z., Wang, L., Wang, C., Ma, L., Zhou, H., and Liu, S.: Changing
climate and the permafrost environment on the Qinghai–Tibet (Xizang)
plateau, Permafrost Periglac., 31, 396–405, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2056,
2020.
Zou, D., Zhao, L., Sheng, Y., Chen, J., Hu, G., Wu, T., Wu, J., Xie, C., Wu, X., Pang, Q., Wang, W., Du, E., Li, W., Liu, G., Li, J., Qin, Y., Qiao, Y., Wang, Z., Shi, J., and Cheng, G.: A new map of permafrost distribution on the Tibetan Plateau, The Cryosphere, 11, 2527–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2527-2017, 2017.
Short summary
We improve the commonly used GPS-IR algorithm for estimating surface soil moisture in permafrost areas, which does not consider the bias introduced by seasonal surface vertical movement. We propose a three-in-one framework to integrate the GPS-IR observations of surface elevation changes, soil moisture, and snow depth at one site and illustrate it by using a GPS site in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study is the first to use GPS-IR to measure environmental variables in the Tibetan Plateau.
We improve the commonly used GPS-IR algorithm for estimating surface soil moisture in permafrost...
