Articles | Volume 11, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1059-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1059-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 May 2017
Research article |
| 05 May 2017
Response of seasonal soil freeze depth to climate change across China
Xiaoqing Peng
Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry
of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou
University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
Tingjun Zhang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry
of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou
University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
Oliver W. Frauenfeld
Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
77843-3147, USA
Kang Wang
Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at
Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Bin Cao
Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry
of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou
University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
Xinyue Zhong
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Hang Su
Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry
of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou
University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
Cuicui Mu
Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry
of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou
University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
Related authors
Cuicui Mu, Tingjun Zhang, Xiankai Zhang, Hong Guo, Bin Cao, Lili Li, Hang Su, and Xiaoqing Peng
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-65, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-65, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost stores massive amounts of carbon. Our results showed that deep soil carbon contents were highest over wet grasslands, and lowest over dry grasslands for different depths. The soils have higher proportions fine particles in wet grasslands, while have higher proportions of coarse fractions such as sand and gravels. Our results also demonstrated that organic carbon pools accompanied with fine-fractions soils under wet grasslands are more decomposable than those of coarse soils.
Zehua Chang, Hongkai Gao, Leilei Yong, Kang Wang, Rensheng Chen, Chuntan Han, Otgonbayar Demberel, Batsuren Dorjsuren, Shugui Hou, and Zheng Duan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3043, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3043, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An integrated cryospheric-hydrologic model, FLEX-Cryo, was developed, considered glaciers, snow cover, frozen soil, and their dynamic impacts on hydrology. We utilized the model to simulate the future changes in cryosphere and hydrology in Hulu catchment. Our projections showed that the two glaciers will melt out around 2050; snow cover will reduce; and permafrost will degrade. For hydrology, runoff will decrease after glacier melt out; and permafrost degradation will increase baseflow.
Cuicui Mu, Xiaoqing Peng, Ran Du, Hebin Liu, Haodong Jin, Benben Liang, Mei Mu, Wen Sun, Chenyan Fan, Xiaodong Wu, Oliver W. Frauenfeld, and Tingjun Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-347, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-347, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost warming lead to greenhouse gases release to the atmosphere, resulting in a positive feedback to climate change. But, there are some uncertainties for lacks of observations. Here, we summarized a long-term observations on the meteorological, permafrost, and carbon to publish. This datasets include 5 meteorological stations, 21 boreholes 12 active layer sites, and 10 soil organic carbon contents. These are important to study the response of frozen ground to climate change.
Zhuoxuan Xia, Lingcao Huang, Chengyan Fan, Shichao Jia, Zhanjun Lin, Lin Liu, Jing Luo, Fujun Niu, and Tingjun Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3875–3887, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Retrogressive thaw slumps are slope failures resulting from abrupt permafrost thaw, and are widely distributed along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor. The potential damage to infrastructure and carbon emission of thaw slumps motivated us to obtain an inventory of thaw slumps. We used a semi-automatic method to map 875 thaw slumps, filling the knowledge gap of thaw slump locations and providing key benchmarks for analysing the distribution features and quantifying spatio-temporal changes.
Hongkai Gao, Chuntan Han, Rensheng Chen, Zijing Feng, Kang Wang, Fabrizio Fenicia, and Hubert Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4187–4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Frozen soil hydrology is one of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH). In this study, we developed a novel conceptual frozen soil hydrological model, FLEX-Topo-FS. The model successfully reproduced the soil freeze–thaw process, and its impacts on hydrologic connectivity, runoff generation, and groundwater. We believe this study is a breakthrough for the 23 UPH, giving us new insights on frozen soil hydrology, with broad implications for predicting cold region hydrology in future.
Shichang Kang, Yulan Zhang, Pengfei Chen, Junming Guo, Qianggong Zhang, Zhiyuan Cong, Susan Kaspari, Lekhendra Tripathee, Tanguang Gao, Hewen Niu, Xinyue Zhong, Xintong Chen, Zhaofu Hu, Xiaofei Li, Yang Li, Bigyan Neupane, Fangping Yan, Dipesh Rupakheti, Chaman Gul, Wei Zhang, Guangming Wu, Ling Yang, Zhaoqing Wang, and Chaoliu Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 683–707, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau is important to the Earth’s climate. However, systematically observed data here are scarce. To perform more integrated and in-depth investigations of the origins and distributions of atmospheric pollutants and their impacts on cryospheric change, systematic data of black carbon and organic carbon from the atmosphere, glaciers, snow cover, precipitation, and lake sediment cores over the plateau based on the Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change program are provided.
Jinlei Chen, Shichang Kang, Wentao Du, Junming Guo, Min Xu, Yulan Zhang, Xinyue Zhong, Wei Zhang, and Jizu Chen
The Cryosphere, 15, 5473–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is retreating with rapid warming in the Arctic. It will continue and approach the worst predicted pathway released by the IPCC. The irreversible tipping point might show around 2060 when the oldest ice will have completely disappeared. It has a huge impact on human production. Ordinary merchant ships will be able to pass the Northeast Passage and Northwest Passage by the midcentury, and the opening time will advance to the next 10 years for icebreakers with moderate ice strengthening.
Hongkai Gao, Chuntan Han, Rensheng Chen, Zijing Feng, Kang Wang, Fabrizio Fenicia, and Hubert Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-264, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-264, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost hydrology is one of the 23 major unsolved problems in hydrology. In this study, we used a stepwise modeling and dynamic parameter method to examine the impact of permafrost on streamflow in the Hulu catchment in western China. We found that: topography and landscape are dominant controls on catchment response; baseflow recession is slower than other regions; precipitation-runoff relationship is non-stationary; permafrost impacts on streamflow mostly at the beginning of melting season.
Lei Zheng, Chunxia Zhou, Tingjun Zhang, Qi Liang, and Kang Wang
The Cryosphere, 14, 3811–3827, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3811-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3811-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Snowmelt plays a key role in mass and energy balance in polar regions. In this study, we report on the spatial and temporal variations in the surface snowmelt over the Antarctic sea ice and ice sheet (pan-Antarctic region) based on AMSR-E and AMSR2. Melt detection on sea ice is improved by excluding the effect of open water. The decline in surface snowmelt on the Antarctic ice sheet was very likely linked with the enhanced summer Southern Annular Mode.
Xiongxin Xiao, Tingjun Zhang, Xinyue Zhong, Xiaodong Li, and Yuxing Li
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-300, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-300, 2019
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal snow cover is an important component of the climate system and global water cycle that stores large amounts of freshwater. Our research attempts to develop a long-term Northern Hemisphere daily snow depth and snow water equivalent product data using a new algorithm applying in historical passive microwave dataset from 1992 to 2016. Our further analysis showed that snow cover has a significant declining trend across the Northern Hemisphere, especially beginning in the new century.
Xiongxin Xiao, Tingjun Zhang, Xinyue Zhong, Xiaodong Li, and Yuxing Li
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-33, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal snow cover is an important component of the climate system and global water cycle that stores large amounts of freshwater. Our research attempts to develop a long-term Northern Hemisphere daily snow depth and snow water equivalent products using a new algorithm applying in historical passive microwave data sets from 1992 to 2016. Our further analysis showed the snow cover has a significant declining trend across the Northern Hemisphere, especially beginning at the new century.
Bin Cao, Tingjun Zhang, Qingbai Wu, Yu Sheng, Lin Zhao, and Defu Zou
The Cryosphere, 13, 511–519, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-511-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-511-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Many maps have been produced to estimate permafrost distribution over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. However the evaluation and inter-comparisons of them are poorly understood due to limited in situ measurements. We provided an in situ inventory of evidence of permafrost presence or absence, with 1475 sites over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Based on the in situ measurements, our evaluation results showed a wide range of map performance, and the estimated permafrost region and area are extremely large.
Kang Wang, Elchin Jafarov, Irina Overeem, Vladimir Romanovsky, Kevin Schaefer, Gary Clow, Frank Urban, William Cable, Mark Piper, Christopher Schwalm, Tingjun Zhang, Alexander Kholodov, Pamela Sousanes, Michael Loso, and Kenneth Hill
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2311–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2311-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2311-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Ground thermal and moisture data are important indicators of the rapid permafrost changes in the Arctic. To better understand the changes, we need a comprehensive dataset across various sites. We synthesize permafrost-related data in the state of Alaska. It should be a valuable permafrost dataset that is worth maintaining in the future. On a wider level, it also provides a prototype of basic data collection and management for permafrost regions in general.
Bing Gao, Dawen Yang, Yue Qin, Yuhan Wang, Hongyi Li, Yanlin Zhang, and Tingjun Zhang
The Cryosphere, 12, 657–673, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-657-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-657-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a distributed hydrological model coupled with cryospherical processes and applied it in order to simulate the long-term change of frozen ground and its effect on hydrology in the upper Heihe basin. Results showed that the permafrost area shrank by 8.8%, and the frozen depth of seasonally frozen ground decreased. Runoff in cold seasons and annual liquid soil moisture increased due to frozen soils change. Groundwater recharge was enhanced due to the degradation of permafrost.
Yulan Zhang, Shichang Kang, Michael Sprenger, Zhiyuan Cong, Tanguang Gao, Chaoliu Li, Shu Tao, Xiaofei Li, Xinyue Zhong, Min Xu, Wenjun Meng, Bigyan Neupane, Xiang Qin, and Mika Sillanpää
The Cryosphere, 12, 413–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-413-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-413-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing impurities deposited on snow can reduce surface albedo and contribute to the near-worldwide melting of snowpack and ice. This study focused on the black carbon and mineral dust in snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau. We discussed their concentrations, distributions, possible sources, and albedo reduction and radiative forcing. Findings indicated that the impacts of black carbon and mineral dust need to be properly accounted for in future regional climate projections.
Xinyue Zhong, Tingjun Zhang, Shichang Kang, Kang Wang, Lei Zheng, Yuantao Hu, and Huijuan Wang
The Cryosphere, 12, 227–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-227-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-227-2018, 2018
Tanguang Gao, Jie Liu, Tingjun Zhang, Yuantao Hu, Jianguo Shang, Shufa Wang, Xiongxin Xiao, Chuankun Liu, Shichang Kang, Mika Sillanpää, and Yulan Zhang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-176, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-176, 2017
Preprint retracted
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the interactions between groundwater and surface water in permafrost regions is essential to the understanding of flood frequencies and river water quality of high latitude/altitude basins. Thus, we analyzed the interaction between surface water and groundwater in a permafrost region in the northern Tibetan Plateau by using heat tracing methods.
Bin Cao, Stephan Gruber, and Tingjun Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2905–2923, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2905-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2905-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
To derive the air temperature in mountain enviroments, we propose a new downscaling method with a spatially variable magnitude of surface effects. Our findings suggest that the difference between near-surface air temperature and upper-air temerpature is a good proxy of surface effects. It can be used to improve downscaling results, especially in valleys with strong surface effects and cold air pooling during winter.
Bing Gao, Dawen Yang, Yue Qin, Yuhan Wang, Hongyi Li, Yanlin Zhang, and Tingjun Zhang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-289, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-289, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a distributed hydrological model coupled with cryospherical processes and used it to simulate the long-term change of frozen ground and hydrological impacts in the upper Heihe basin. Results showed that the permafrost area shrank by 9.5 %, and frozen depth of seasonally frozen ground decreased at a rate of 4.1 cm/10 yr. Runoff increased in cold season due to the increase in liquid soil moisture. Groundwater recharge was enhanced due to the degradation of permafrost.
Cuicui Mu, Tingjun Zhang, Xiankai Zhang, Hong Guo, Bin Cao, Lili Li, Hang Su, and Xiaoqing Peng
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-65, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-65, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost stores massive amounts of carbon. Our results showed that deep soil carbon contents were highest over wet grasslands, and lowest over dry grasslands for different depths. The soils have higher proportions fine particles in wet grasslands, while have higher proportions of coarse fractions such as sand and gravels. Our results also demonstrated that organic carbon pools accompanied with fine-fractions soils under wet grasslands are more decomposable than those of coarse soils.
K. Wang, T. Zhang, and X. Zhong
The Cryosphere, 9, 1321–1331, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1321-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1321-2015, 2015
C. Mu, T. Zhang, Q. Wu, X. Peng, B. Cao, X. Zhang, B. Cao, and G. Cheng
The Cryosphere, 9, 479–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-479-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-479-2015, 2015
L. Liu, K. Schaefer, A. Gusmeroli, G. Grosse, B. M. Jones, T. Zhang, A. D. Parsekian, and H. A. Zebker
The Cryosphere, 8, 815–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-815-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-815-2014, 2014
X. Zhong, T. Zhang, and K. Wang
The Cryosphere, 8, 785–799, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-785-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-785-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Frozen Ground
Effect of surficial geology mapping scale on modelled ground ice in Canadian Shield terrain
InSAR-measured permafrost degradation of palsa peatlands in northern Sweden
The evolution of Arctic permafrost over the last 3 centuries from ensemble simulations with the CryoGridLite permafrost model
Permafrost saline water and Early to mid-Holocene permafrost aggradation in Svalbard
Environmental spaces for palsas and peat plateaus are disappearing at a circumpolar scale
Post-Little Ice Age rock wall permafrost evolution in Norway
Modelling rock glacier ice content based on InSAR-derived velocity, Khumbu and Lhotse valleys, Nepal
The temperature-dependent shear strength of ice-filled joints in rock mass considering the effect of joint roughness, opening and shear rates
Significant underestimation of peatland permafrost along the Labrador Sea coastline in northern Canada
Estimation of stream water components and residence time in a permafrost catchment in the central Tibetan Plateau using long-term water stable isotopic data
Brief communication: Improving ERA5-Land soil temperature in permafrost regions using an optimized multi-layer snow scheme
Towards accurate quantification of ice content in permafrost of the Central Andes – Part 2: An upscaling strategy of geophysical measurements to the catchment scale at two study sites
Long-term analysis of cryoseismic events and associated ground thermal stress in Adventdalen, Svalbard
Seismic physics-based characterization of permafrost sites using surface waves
Three in one: GPS-IR measurements of ground surface elevation changes, soil moisture, and snow depth at a permafrost site in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Surface temperatures and their influence on the permafrost thermal regime in high-Arctic rock walls on Svalbard
Consequences of permafrost degradation for Arctic infrastructure – bridging the model gap between regional and engineering scales
Passive seismic recording of cryoseisms in Adventdalen, Svalbard
Projecting circum-Arctic excess-ground-ice melt with a sub-grid representation in the Community Land Model
Ground ice, organic carbon and soluble cations in tundra permafrost soils and sediments near a Laurentide ice divide in the Slave Geological Province, Northwest Territories, Canada
The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions
Brief Communication: The reliability of gas extraction techniques for analysing CH4 and N2O compositions in gas trapped in permafrost ice wedges
Geochemical signatures of pingo ice and its origin in Grøndalen, west Spitsbergen
Mountain permafrost degradation documented through a network of permanent electrical resistivity tomography sites
Permafrost variability over the Northern Hemisphere based on the MERRA-2 reanalysis
Distinguishing ice-rich and ice-poor permafrost to map ground temperatures and ground ice occurrence in the Swiss Alps
New ground ice maps for Canada using a paleogeographic modelling approach
Origin, burial and preservation of late Pleistocene-age glacier ice in Arctic permafrost (Bylot Island, NU, Canada)
Characteristics and fate of isolated permafrost patches in coastal Labrador, Canada
Rock glaciers in Daxue Shan, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau: an inventory, their distribution, and their environmental controls
Microtopographic control on the ground thermal regime in ice wedge polygons
Change in frozen soils and its effect on regional hydrology, upper Heihe basin, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Climate warming over the past half century has led to thermal degradation of permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Decadal changes of surface elevation over permafrost area estimated using reflected GPS signals
Characterizing permafrost active layer dynamics and sensitivity to landscape spatial heterogeneity in Alaska
Resolution capacity of geophysical monitoring regarding permafrost degradation induced by hydrological processes
A new map of permafrost distribution on the Tibetan Plateau
Distinguishing between old and modern permafrost sources in the northeast Siberian land–shelf system with compound-specific δ2H analysis
Modelling rock wall permafrost degradation in the Mont Blanc massif from the LIA to the end of the 21st century
New observations indicate the possible presence of permafrost in North Africa (Djebel Toubkal, High Atlas, Morocco)
Transient modeling of the ground thermal conditions using satellite data in the Lena River delta, Siberia
Wind-driven snow conditions control the occurrence of contemporary marginal mountain permafrost in the Chic-Choc Mountains, south-eastern Canada: a case study from Mont Jacques-Cartier
Numerical modelling of convective heat transport by air flow in permafrost talus slopes
Cryostratigraphy, sedimentology, and the late Quaternary evolution of the Zackenberg River delta, northeast Greenland
Soil moisture redistribution and its effect on inter-annual active layer temperature and thickness variations in a dry loess terrace in Adventdalen, Svalbard
Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region
Strong degradation of palsas and peat plateaus in northern Norway during the last 60 years
Weichselian permafrost depth in the Netherlands: a comprehensive uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
Semi-automated calibration method for modelling of mountain permafrost evolution in Switzerland
Presence of rapidly degrading permafrost plateaus in south-central Alaska
H. Brendan O'Neill, Stephen A. Wolfe, Caroline Duchesne, and Ryan J. H. Parker
The Cryosphere, 18, 2979–2990, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2979-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2979-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Maps that show ground ice in permafrost at circumpolar or hemispherical scales offer only general depictions of broad patterns in ice content. In this paper, we show that using more detailed surficial geology in a ground ice computer model significantly improves the depiction of ground ice and makes the mapping useful for assessments of the effects of permafrost thaw and for reconnaissance planning of infrastructure routing.
Samuel Valman, Matthias B. Siewert, Doreen Boyd, Martha Ledger, David Gee, Betsabé de la Barreda-Bautista, Andrew Sowter, and Sofie Sjögersten
The Cryosphere, 18, 1773–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate warming is thawing permafrost that makes up palsa (frost mound) peatlands, risking ecosystem collapse and carbon release as methane. We measure this regional degradation using radar satellite technology to examine ground elevation changes and show how terrain roughness measurements can be used to estimate local permafrost damage. We find that over half of Sweden's largest palsa peatlands are degrading, with the worse impacts to the north linked to increased winter precipitation.
Moritz Langer, Jan Nitzbon, Brian Groenke, Lisa-Marie Assmann, Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Simone Maria Stuenzi, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 18, 363–385, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-363-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-363-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using a model that can simulate the evolution of Arctic permafrost over centuries to millennia, we find that post-industrialization permafrost warming has three "hotspots" in NE Canada, N Alaska, and W Siberia. The extent of near-surface permafrost has decreased substantially since 1850, with the largest area losses occurring in the last 50 years. The simulations also show that volcanic eruptions have in some cases counteracted the loss of near-surface permafrost for a few decades.
Dotan Rotem, Vladimir Lyakhovsky, Hanne Hvidtfeldt Christiansen, Yehudit Harlavan, and Yishai Weinstein
The Cryosphere, 17, 3363–3381, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3363-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3363-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Frozen saline pore water, left over from post-glacial marine ingression, was found in shallow permafrost in a Svalbard fjord valley. This suggests that freezing occurred immediately after marine regression due to isostatic rebound. We conducted top-down freezing simulations, which confirmed that with Early to mid-Holocene temperatures (e.g. −4 °C), freezing could progress down to 20–40 m within 200 years. This, in turn, could inhibit flow through the sediment, therefore preserving saline fluids.
Oona Leppiniemi, Olli Karjalainen, Juha Aalto, Miska Luoto, and Jan Hjort
The Cryosphere, 17, 3157–3176, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, suitable environments for palsas and peat plateaus were modeled for the whole Northern Hemisphere. The hotspots of occurrences were in northern Europe, western Siberia, and subarctic Canada. Climate change was predicted to cause almost complete loss of the studied landforms by the late century. Our predictions filled knowledge gaps in the distribution of the landforms, and they can be utilized in estimation of the pace and impacts of the climate change over northern regions.
Justyna Czekirda, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, and Florence Magnin
The Cryosphere, 17, 2725–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess spatio-temporal permafrost variations in selected rock walls in Norway over the last 120 years. Ground temperature is modelled using the two-dimensional ground heat flux model CryoGrid 2D along nine profiles. Permafrost probably occurs at most sites. All simulations show increasing ground temperature from the 1980s. Our simulations show that rock wall permafrost with a temperature of −1 °C at 20 m depth could thaw at this depth within 50 years.
Yan Hu, Stephan Harrison, Lin Liu, and Joanne Laura Wood
The Cryosphere, 17, 2305–2321, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are considered to be important freshwater reservoirs in the future climate. However, the amount of ice stored in rock glaciers is poorly quantified. Here we developed an empirical model to estimate ice content in rock the glaciers in the Khumbu and Lhotse valleys, Nepal. The modelling results confirmed the hydrological importance of rock glaciers in the study area. The developed approach shows promise in being applied to permafrost regions to assess water storage of rock glaciers.
Shibing Huang, Haowei Cai, Zekun Xin, and Gang Liu
The Cryosphere, 17, 1205–1223, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1205-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1205-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the warming degradation mechanism of ice-filled joints is revealed, and the effect of temperature, normal stress, shear rate and joint opening on the shear strength of rough ice-filled joints is investigated. The shear rupture modes include shear cracking of joint ice and debonding of the ice–rock interface, which is related to the above factors. The bonding strength of the ice–rock interface is larger than the shear strength of joint ice when the temperature is below −1 ℃.
Yifeng Wang, Robert G. Way, Jordan Beer, Anika Forget, Rosamond Tutton, and Meredith C. Purcell
The Cryosphere, 17, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-63-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-63-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Peatland permafrost in northeastern Canada has been misrepresented by models, leading to significant underestimates of peatland permafrost and permafrost distribution along the Labrador Sea coastline. Our multi-stage, multi-mapper, consensus-based inventorying process, supported by field- and imagery-based validation efforts, identifies peatland permafrost complexes all along the coast. The highest density of complexes is found to the south of the current sporadic discontinuous permafrost limit.
Shaoyong Wang, Xiaobo He, Shichang Kang, Hui Fu, and Xiaofeng Hong
The Cryosphere, 16, 5023–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5023-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5023-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study used the sine-wave exponential model and long-term water stable isotopic data to estimate water mean residence time (MRT) and its influencing factors in a high-altitude permafrost catchment (5300 m a.s.l.) in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP). MRT for stream and supra-permafrost water was estimated at 100 and 255 d, respectively. Climate and vegetation factors affected the MRT of stream and supra-permafrost water mainly by changing the thickness of the permafrost active layer.
Bin Cao, Gabriele Arduini, and Ervin Zsoter
The Cryosphere, 16, 2701–2708, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented a new multi-layer snow scheme in the land surface scheme of ERA5-Land with revised snow densification parameterizations. The revised HTESSEL improved the representation of soil temperature in permafrost regions compared to ERA5-Land; in particular, warm bias in winter was significantly reduced, and the resulting modeled near-surface permafrost extent was improved.
Tamara Mathys, Christin Hilbich, Lukas U. Arenson, Pablo A. Wainstein, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 16, 2595–2615, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With ongoing climate change, there is a pressing need to understand how much water is stored as ground ice in permafrost. Still, field-based data on permafrost in the Andes are scarce, resulting in large uncertainties regarding ground ice volumes and their hydrological role. We introduce an upscaling methodology of geophysical-based ground ice quantifications at the catchment scale. Our results indicate that substantial ground ice volumes may also be present in areas without rock glaciers.
Rowan Romeyn, Alfred Hanssen, and Andreas Köhler
The Cryosphere, 16, 2025–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2025-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2025-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have investigated a long-term record of ground vibrations, recorded by a seismic array installed in Adventdalen, Svalbard. This record contains a large number of
frost quakes, a type of ground shaking that can be produced by cracks that form as the ground cools rapidly. We use underground temperatures measured in a nearby borehole to model forces of thermal expansion and contraction that can cause these cracks. We also use the seismic measurements to estimate where these cracks occurred.
Hongwei Liu, Pooneh Maghoul, and Ahmed Shalaby
The Cryosphere, 16, 1157–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The knowledge of physical and mechanical properties of permafrost and its location is critical for the management of permafrost-related geohazards. Here, we developed a hybrid inverse and multiphase poromechanical approach to quantitatively estimate the physical and mechanical properties of a permafrost site. Our study demonstrates the potential of surface wave techniques coupled with our proposed data-processing algorithm to characterize a permafrost site more accurately.
Jiahua Zhang, Lin Liu, Lei Su, and Tao Che
The Cryosphere, 15, 3021–3033, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We improve the commonly used GPS-IR algorithm for estimating surface soil moisture in permafrost areas, which does not consider the bias introduced by seasonal surface vertical movement. We propose a three-in-one framework to integrate the GPS-IR observations of surface elevation changes, soil moisture, and snow depth at one site and illustrate it by using a GPS site in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study is the first to use GPS-IR to measure environmental variables in the Tibetan Plateau.
Juditha Undine Schmidt, Bernd Etzelmüller, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Florence Magnin, Julia Boike, Moritz Langer, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 15, 2491–2509, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents rock surface temperatures (RSTs) of steep high-Arctic rock walls on Svalbard from 2016 to 2020. The field data show that coastal cliffs are characterized by warmer RSTs than inland locations during winter seasons. By running model simulations, we analyze factors leading to that effect, calculate the surface energy balance and simulate different future scenarios. Both field data and model results can contribute to a further understanding of RST in high-Arctic rock walls.
Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Hanna Lee, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Sebastian Westermann, Vladimir Romanovsky, Scott Lamoureux, Donald A. Walker, Sarah Chadburn, Erin Trochim, Lei Cai, Jan Nitzbon, Stephan Jacobi, and Moritz Langer
The Cryosphere, 15, 2451–2471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2451-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2451-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate warming puts infrastructure built on permafrost at risk of failure. There is a growing need for appropriate model-based risk assessments. Here we present a modelling study and show an exemplary case of how a gravel road in a cold permafrost environment in Alaska might suffer from degrading permafrost under a scenario of intense climate warming. We use this case study to discuss the broader-scale applicability of our model for simulating future Arctic infrastructure failure.
Rowan Romeyn, Alfred Hanssen, Bent Ole Ruud, Helene Meling Stemland, and Tor Arne Johansen
The Cryosphere, 15, 283–302, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A series of unusual ground motion signatures were identified in geophone recordings at a frost polygon site in Adventdalen on Svalbard. By analysing where the ground motion originated in time and space, we are able to classify them as cryoseisms, also known as frost quakes, a ground-cracking phenomenon that occurs as a result of freezing processes. The waves travelling through the ground produced by these frost quakes also allow us to measure the structure of the permafrost in the near surface.
Lei Cai, Hanna Lee, Kjetil Schanke Aas, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 14, 4611–4626, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4611-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A sub-grid representation of excess ground ice in the Community Land Model (CLM) is developed as novel progress in modeling permafrost thaw and its impacts under the warming climate. The modeled permafrost degradation with sub-grid excess ice follows the pathway that continuous permafrost transforms into discontinuous permafrost before it disappears, including surface subsidence and talik formation, which are highly permafrost-relevant landscape changes excluded from most land models.
Rupesh Subedi, Steven V. Kokelj, and Stephan Gruber
The Cryosphere, 14, 4341–4364, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4341-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4341-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost beneath tundra near Lac de Gras (Northwest Territories, Canada) contains more ice and less organic carbon than shown in global compilations. Excess-ice content of 20–60 %, likely remnant Laurentide basal ice, is found in upland till. This study is based on 24 boreholes up to 10 m deep. Findings highlight geology and glacial legacy as determinants of a mosaic of permafrost characteristics with potential for thaw subsidence up to several metres in some locations.
Bin Cao, Stephan Gruber, Donghai Zheng, and Xin Li
The Cryosphere, 14, 2581–2595, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports that ERA5-Land (ERA5L) soil temperature bias in permafrost regions correlates with the bias in air temperature and with maximum snow height. While global reanalyses are important drivers for permafrost study, ERA5L soil data are not well suited for directly informing permafrost research decision making due to their warm bias in winter. To address this, future soil temperature products in reanalyses will require permafrost-specific alterations to their land surface models.
Ji-Woong Yang, Jinho Ahn, Go Iwahana, Sangyoung Han, Kyungmin Kim, and Alexander Fedorov
The Cryosphere, 14, 1311–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1311-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1311-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing permafrost may lead to decomposition of soil carbon and nitrogen and emission of greenhouse gases. Thus, methane and nitrous oxide compositions in ground ice may provide information on their production mechanisms in permafrost. We test conventional wet and dry extraction methods. We find that both methods extract gas from the easily extractable parts of the ice and yield similar results for mixing ratios. However, both techniques are unable to fully extract gas from the ice.
Nikita Demidov, Sebastian Wetterich, Sergey Verkulich, Aleksey Ekaykin, Hanno Meyer, Mikhail Anisimov, Lutz Schirrmeister, Vasily Demidov, and Andrew J. Hodson
The Cryosphere, 13, 3155–3169, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3155-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3155-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
As Norwegian geologist Liestøl (1996) recognised,
in connection with formation of pingos there are a great many unsolved questions. Drillings and temperature measurements through the pingo mound and also through the surrounding permafrost are needed before the problems can be better understood. To shed light on pingo formation here we present the results of first drilling of pingo on Spitsbergen together with results of detailed hydrochemical and stable-isotope studies of massive-ice samples.
Coline Mollaret, Christin Hilbich, Cécile Pellet, Adrian Flores-Orozco, Reynald Delaloye, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 13, 2557–2578, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2557-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2557-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a long-term multisite electrical resistivity tomography monitoring network (more than 1000 datasets recorded from six mountain permafrost sites). Despite harsh and remote measurement conditions, the datasets are of good quality and show consistent spatio-temporal variations yielding significant added value to point-scale borehole information. Observed long-term trends are similar for all permafrost sites, showing ongoing permafrost thaw and ground ice loss due to climatic conditions.
Jing Tao, Randal D. Koster, Rolf H. Reichle, Barton A. Forman, Yuan Xue, Richard H. Chen, and Mahta Moghaddam
The Cryosphere, 13, 2087–2110, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2087-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2087-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The active layer thickness (ALT) in middle-to-high northern latitudes from 1980 to 2017 was produced at 81 km2 resolution by a global land surface model (NASA's CLSM) with forcing fields from a reanalysis data set, MERRA-2. The simulated permafrost distribution and ALTs agree reasonably well with an observation-based map and in situ measurements, respectively. The accumulated above-freezing air temperature and maximum snow water equivalent explain most of the year-to-year variability of ALT.
Robert Kenner, Jeannette Noetzli, Martin Hoelzle, Hugo Raetzo, and Marcia Phillips
The Cryosphere, 13, 1925–1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new permafrost mapping method distinguishes between ice-poor and ice-rich permafrost. The approach was tested for the entire Swiss Alps and highlights the dominating influence of the factors elevation and solar radiation on the distribution of ice-poor permafrost. Our method enabled the indication of mean annual ground temperatures and the cartographic representation of permafrost-free belts, which are bounded above by ice-poor permafrost and below by permafrost-containing excess ice.
H. Brendan O'Neill, Stephen A. Wolfe, and Caroline Duchesne
The Cryosphere, 13, 753–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-753-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-753-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we present new models to depict ground ice in permafrost in Canada, incorporating knowledge from recent studies. The model outputs we present reproduce observed regional ground ice conditions and are generally comparable with previous mapping. However, our results are more detailed and more accurately reflect ground ice conditions in many regions. The new mapping is an important step toward understanding terrain response to permafrost degradation in Canada.
Stephanie Coulombe, Daniel Fortier, Denis Lacelle, Mikhail Kanevskiy, and Yuri Shur
The Cryosphere, 13, 97–111, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-97-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-97-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a detailed description of relict glacier ice preserved in the permafrost of Bylot Island (Nunavut). We demonstrate that the 18O composition (-34.0 0.4 ‰) of the ice is consistent with the late Pleistocene age ice in the Barnes Ice Cap. As most of the glaciated Arctic landscapes are still strongly determined by their glacial legacy, the melting of these large ice bodies could have significant impacts on permafrost geosystem landscape dynamics and ecosystems.
Robert G. Way, Antoni G. Lewkowicz, and Yu Zhang
The Cryosphere, 12, 2667–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2667-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2667-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Isolated patches of permafrost in southeast Labrador are among the southernmost lowland permafrost features in Canada. Local characteristics at six sites were investigated from Cartwright, NL (~ 54° N) to Blanc-Sablon, QC (~ 51° N). Annual ground temperatures varied from −0.7 °C to −2.3 °C with permafrost thicknesses of 1.7–12 m. Ground temperatures modelled for two sites showed permafrost disappearing at the southern site by 2060 and persistence beyond 2100 at the northern site only for RCP2.6.
Zeze Ran and Gengnian Liu
The Cryosphere, 12, 2327–2340, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2327-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2327-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This article provides the first rock glacier inventory of Daxue Shan, south- eastern Tibetan Plateau. This study provides important data for exploring the relation between maritime periglacial environments and the development of rock glaciers on the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). It may also highlight the characteristics typical of rock glaciers found in a maritime setting.
Charles J. Abolt, Michael H. Young, Adam L. Atchley, and Dylan R. Harp
The Cryosphere, 12, 1957–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1957-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1957-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the relationship between ice wedge polygon topography and near-surface ground temperature using a combination of field work and numerical modeling. We analyze a year-long record of ground temperature across a low-centered polygon, then demonstrate that lower rims and deeper troughs promote warmer conditions in the ice wedge in winter. This finding implies that ice wedge cracking and growth, which are driven by cold conditions, can be impeded by rim erosion or trough subsidence.
Bing Gao, Dawen Yang, Yue Qin, Yuhan Wang, Hongyi Li, Yanlin Zhang, and Tingjun Zhang
The Cryosphere, 12, 657–673, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-657-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-657-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a distributed hydrological model coupled with cryospherical processes and applied it in order to simulate the long-term change of frozen ground and its effect on hydrology in the upper Heihe basin. Results showed that the permafrost area shrank by 8.8%, and the frozen depth of seasonally frozen ground decreased. Runoff in cold seasons and annual liquid soil moisture increased due to frozen soils change. Groundwater recharge was enhanced due to the degradation of permafrost.
Youhua Ran, Xin Li, and Guodong Cheng
The Cryosphere, 12, 595–608, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-595-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-595-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Approximately 88 % of the permafrost area in the 1960s has been thermally degraded in the past half century over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. The mean elevations of the very cold, cold, cool, warm, very warm, and likely thawing permafrost areas increased by 88 m, 97 m, 155 m, 185 m, 161 m, and 250 m, respectively. This degradation may lead to increases in risks to infrastructure, flood, reductions in ecosystem resilience, and positive climate feedback.
Lin Liu and Kristine M. Larson
The Cryosphere, 12, 477–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-477-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-477-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate the use of reflected GPS signals to measure elevation changes over a permafrost area in northern Alaska. For the first time, we construct a daily-sampled time series of elevation changes over 12 summers. Our results show regular thaw subsidence within each summer and a secular subsidence trend of 0.3 cm per year. This method promises a new way to utilize GPS data in cold regions for studying frozen ground consistently and sustainably over a long time.
Yonghong Yi, John S. Kimball, Richard H. Chen, Mahta Moghaddam, Rolf H. Reichle, Umakant Mishra, Donatella Zona, and Walter C. Oechel
The Cryosphere, 12, 145–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-145-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-145-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
An important feature of the Arctic is large spatial heterogeneity in active layer conditions. We developed a modeling framework integrating airborne longwave radar and satellite data to investigate active layer thickness (ALT) sensitivity to landscape heterogeneity in Alaska. We find uncertainty in spatial and vertical distribution of soil organic carbon is the largest factor affecting ALT accuracy. Advances in remote sensing of soil conditions will enable more accurate ALT predictions.
Benjamin Mewes, Christin Hilbich, Reynald Delaloye, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 11, 2957–2974, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2957-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2957-2017, 2017
Defu Zou, Lin Zhao, Yu Sheng, Ji Chen, Guojie Hu, Tonghua Wu, Jichun Wu, Changwei Xie, Xiaodong Wu, Qiangqiang Pang, Wu Wang, Erji Du, Wangping Li, Guangyue Liu, Jing Li, Yanhui Qin, Yongping Qiao, Zhiwei Wang, Jianzong Shi, and Guodong Cheng
The Cryosphere, 11, 2527–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2527-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2527-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The area and distribution of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau are unclear and controversial. This paper generated a benchmark map based on the modified remote sensing products and validated it using ground-based data sets. Compared with two existing maps, the new map performed better and showed that permafrost covered areas of 1.06 × 106 km2. The results provide more detailed information on the permafrost distribution and basic data for use in future research on the Tibetan Plateau permafrost.
Jorien E. Vonk, Tommaso Tesi, Lisa Bröder, Henry Holmstrand, Gustaf Hugelius, August Andersson, Oleg Dudarev, Igor Semiletov, and Örjan Gustafsson
The Cryosphere, 11, 1879–1895, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1879-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1879-2017, 2017
Florence Magnin, Jean-Yves Josnin, Ludovic Ravanel, Julien Pergaud, Benjamin Pohl, and Philip Deline
The Cryosphere, 11, 1813–1834, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1813-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1813-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost degradation in high mountain rock walls provokes destabilisation, constituting a threat for human activities. In the Mont Blanc massif, more than 700 rockfalls have been inventoried in recent years (2003, 2007–2015). Understanding permafrost evolution is thus crucial to sustain this densely populated area. This study investigates the changes in rock wall permafrost from 1850 to the recent period and possible optimistic or pessimistic evolutions during the 21st century.
Gonçalo Vieira, Carla Mora, and Ali Faleh
The Cryosphere, 11, 1691–1705, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1691-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1691-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Toubkal is the highest massif in North Africa (4167 m). Landforms and deposits above 3000 m show the effects of frost action in the present-day geomorphological dynamics, but data on ground temperatures were lacking. In this study ground surface temperature data measured across an altitudinal transect are presented and analysed for the first time. The highlight is the possible occurrence of permafrost at an elevation of 3800 m, which may be of high ecological and hydrological significance.
Sebastian Westermann, Maria Peter, Moritz Langer, Georg Schwamborn, Lutz Schirrmeister, Bernd Etzelmüller, and Julia Boike
The Cryosphere, 11, 1441–1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1441-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1441-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate a remote-sensing-based scheme estimating the evolution of ground temperature and active layer thickness by means of a ground thermal model. A comparison to in situ observations from the Lena River delta in Siberia indicates that the model is generally capable of reproducing the annual temperature regime and seasonal thawing of the ground. The approach could hence be a first step towards remote detection of ground thermal conditions in permafrost areas.
Gautier Davesne, Daniel Fortier, Florent Domine, and James T. Gray
The Cryosphere, 11, 1351–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1351-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1351-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents data from Mont Jacques-Cartier, the highest summit in the Appalachians of south-eastern Canada, to demonstrate that the occurrence of contemporary permafrost body is associated with a very thin and wind-packed winter snow cover which brings local azonal topo-climatic conditions on the dome-shaped summit. This study is an important preliminary step in modelling the regional spatial distribution of permafrost on the highest summits in eastern North America.
Jonas Wicky and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 11, 1311–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Talus slopes are a widespread geomorphic feature, which may show permafrost conditions even at low elevation due to cold microclimates induced by a gravity-driven internal air circulation. We show for the first time a numerical simulation of this internal air circulation of a field-scale talus slope. Results indicate that convective heat transfer leads to a pronounced ground cooling in the lower part of the talus slope favoring the persistence of permafrost.
Graham L. Gilbert, Stefanie Cable, Christine Thiel, Hanne H. Christiansen, and Bo Elberling
The Cryosphere, 11, 1265–1282, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1265-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1265-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the Holocene development of the Zackenberg River delta (northeast Greenland) using a combination of sedimentology, cryostratigraphy, and geochronology. We distinguish four major depositional environments and identify three cryofacies. We apply the principles of cryostratigraphy to infer the aggradational history of permafrost. This paper contains an archive of ground ice in epigenetic permafrost in northeast Greenland.
Carina Schuh, Andrew Frampton, and Hanne Hvidtfeldt Christiansen
The Cryosphere, 11, 635–651, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-635-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-635-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how soil moisture retention characteristics impact ice and moisture redistribution, heat transport and active layer thickness under permafrost conditions. This is relevant for understanding how climate change interacts with permafrost, which is important because there is much stored carbon in permafrost, which may be released to the atmosphere as permafrost degrades and may then act to further enhance climate warming.
Stephan Gruber, Renate Fleiner, Emilie Guegan, Prajjwal Panday, Marc-Olivier Schmid, Dorothea Stumm, Philippus Wester, Yinsheng Zhang, and Lin Zhao
The Cryosphere, 11, 81–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We review what can be inferred about permafrost in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region. This is important because the area of permafrost exceeds that of glaciers in this region. Climate change will produce diverse permafrost-related impacts on vegetation, water quality, geohazards, and livelihoods. To mitigate this, a better understanding of high-elevation permafrost in subtropical latitudes as well as the pathways connecting environmental change and human livelihoods, is needed.
Amund F. Borge, Sebastian Westermann, Ingvild Solheim, and Bernd Etzelmüller
The Cryosphere, 11, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Palsas and peat plateaus are permafrost landforms in subarctic mires which constitute sensitive ecosystems with strong significance for vegetation, wildlife, hydrology and carbon cycle. We have systematically mapped the occurrence of palsas and peat plateaus in northern Norway by interpretation of aerial images from the 1950s until today. The results show that about half of the area of palsas and peat plateaus has disappeared due to lateral erosion and melting of ground ice in the last 50 years.
Joan Govaerts, Koen Beerten, and Johan ten Veen
The Cryosphere, 10, 2907–2922, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2907-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2907-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Rupelian Clay in the Netherlands is currently the subject of a feasibility study with respect to the storage of radioactive waste in the Netherlands (OPERA-project). Many features need to be considered in the assessment of the long-term evolution of the natural environment surrounding a geological waste disposal facility. One of these is permafrost development since it may have an impact on various components of the disposal system.
Antoine Marmy, Jan Rajczak, Reynald Delaloye, Christin Hilbich, Martin Hoelzle, Sven Kotlarski, Christophe Lambiel, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Nadine Salzmann, Benno Staub, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 10, 2693–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new semi-automated method to calibrate the 1-D soil model COUP. It is the first time (as far as we know) that this approach is developed for mountain permafrost. It is applied at six test sites in the Swiss Alps. In a second step, the calibrated model is used for RCM-based simulations with specific downscaling of RCM data to the borehole scale. We show projections of the permafrost evolution at the six sites until the end of the century and according to the A1B scenario.
Benjamin M. Jones, Carson A. Baughman, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, Andrew D. Parsekian, Esther L. Babcock, Eva Stephani, Miriam C. Jones, Guido Grosse, and Edward E. Berg
The Cryosphere, 10, 2673–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2673-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2673-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We combined field data collection with remote sensing data to document the presence and rapid degradation of permafrost in south-central Alaska during 1950–present. Ground temperature measurements confirmed permafrost presence in the region, but remotely sensed images showed that permafrost plateau extent decreased by 60 % since 1950. Better understanding these vulnerable permafrost deposits is important for predicting future permafrost extent across all permafrost regions that are warming.
Cited articles
Abbott, B. W., Jones, J. B., Schuur, E. A., Chapin III, F. S., Bowden, W. B., Bret-Harte, M. S., Epstein, H. E., Flannigan, M. D., Harms, T. K., and Hollingsworth, T. N.: Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils, streams, and wildfire: an expert assessment, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 034014, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034014, 2016.
Bao, G., Bao, Y., Sanjjava, A., Qin, Z., Zhou, Y., and Xu, G.: NDVI-indicated long-term vegetation dynamics in Mongolia and their response to climate change at biome scale, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 4293–4306, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4286, 2015.
Brown, J., Hinkel, K., and Nelson, F.: The circumpolar active layer monitoring (calm) program: Research designs and initial results, Polar Geography, 24, 166–258, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370009377698, 2000.
Callaghan, T. V., Tweedie, C. E., and Webber, P. J.: Multi-decadal changes in tundra environments and ecosystems: the International Polar Year-Back to the Future Project (IPY-BTF), Ambio, 40, 555-557, 2011.
Chang, X. L., Jin, H. J., Wang, Y. P., Zhang, Y. L., Zhou, G. Y., Che, F. Q., and Zhao, Y. M.: Influences of vegetation on permafrost: A review, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32, 7981–7990, https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201202120181, 2012.
Che, T., Xin, L., Jin, R., Armstrong, R., and Zhang, T.: Snow depth derived from passive microwave remote-sensing data in China, Ann. Glaciol., 49, 145–154, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756408787814690, 2008.
Christiansen, H. H., Etzelmüller, B., Isaksen, K., Juliussen, H., Farbrot, H., Humlum, O., Johansson, M., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Kristensen, L., and Hjort, J.: The thermal state of permafrost in the Nordic area during the International Polar Year 2007–2009, Permafrost Periglac., 21, 156–181, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.687, 2010.
Ford, T. W. and Frauenfeld, O. W.: Surface–Atmosphere Moisture Interactions in the Frozen Ground Regions of Eurasia, Scientific reports, 6, 19163, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19163, 2016.
Frauenfeld, O. W. and Zhang, T.: An observational 71-year history of seasonally frozen ground changes in the Eurasian high latitudes, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 044024, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044024, 2011.
Frauenfeld, O. W., Zhang, T., Barry, R. G., and Gilichinsky, D.: Interdecadal changes in seasonal freeze and thaw depths in Russia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D05101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004245, 2004.
Frauenfeld, O. W., Zhang, T., and McCreight, J. L.: Northern Hemisphere freezing/thawing index variations over the twentieth century, International J. Climatol., 27, 47–63, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1372, 2007.
Fyodorov-Davydov, D., Kholodov, A., Ostroumov, V., Kraev, G., Sorokovikov, V., Davudov, S., and Merekalova, A.: Seasonal thaw of soils in the North Yakutian ecosystems, in: 9th international conference on permafrost, 481–486, https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1928.1286, 2008.
Gruber, S.: Derivation and analysis of a high-resolution estimate of global permafrost zonation, The Cryosphere, 6, 221–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-221-2012, 2012.
Guglielmin, M. and Cannone, N.: A permafrost warming in a cooling Antarctica?, Climatic Change, 111, 177–195, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0137-2, 2012.
Harlan, R. and Nixon, J.: Ground thermal regime, Geotechnical engineering for cold regions, in: Geotechnical Engineering for Cold Regions, edited by: Andersland, O. B. and Anderson, D. M., McGraw-Hill, New York, 103–163, 1978.
Henry, H. A.: Climate change and soil freezing dynamics: historical trends and projected changes, Climatic Change, 87, 421–434, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-007-9322-8, 2008.
Hinzman, L., Kane, D., Gieck, R., and Everett, K.: Hydrologic and thermal properties of the active layer in the Alaskan Arctic, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 19, 95-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x(91)90001-w, 1991.
Hu, H., Wang, G., Wang, Y., Liu, G., Li, T., and Ren, D.: Response of soil heat-water processes to vegetation cover on the typical permafrost and seasonally frozen soil in the headwaters of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, Chinese Science Bulletin, 54, 1225–1233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0532-x, 2009.
Huang, F., Mo, X., Lin, Z., and Shi, H.: Dynamics and responses of vegetation to climatic variations in Ziya-Daqing basins, China, Chinese Geogr. Sci., 26, 478–494, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-016-0807-0, 2016.
Jafarov, E. and Schaefer, K.: The importance of a surface organic layer in simulating permafrost thermal and carbon dynamics, The Cryosphere, 10, 465–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-465-2016, 2016.
Jin, R., Zhang, T., Li, X., Yang, X., and Ran, Y.: Mapping surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in China based on SMMR and SSM/I brightness temperatures from 1978 to 2008, Arct. Antarct. Al. Res., 47, 213–229, https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR00C-13-304, 2015.
Jorgenson, M. T., Shur, Y. L., and Pullman, E. R.: Abrupt increase in permafrost degradation in Arctic Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024960, 2006.
Kane, D. L., Hinzman, L. D., and Zarling, J. P.: Thermal response of the active layer to climatic warming in a permafrost environment, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 19, 111–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x(91)90002-x, 1991.
Kelley, A. M., Epstein, H. E., and Walker, D. A.: Role of vegetation and climate in permafrost active layer depth in arctic tundra of northern Alaska and Canada, Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 26, 269–274, 2004.
Lachenbruch, A. H. and Marshall, B. V.: Changing climate: geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic, Science, 234, 689–696, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4777.689, 1986.
Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J.: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation, Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111–127, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370100202, 1990.
Li, R., Zhao, L., Ding, Y., Wu, T., Xiao, Y., Du, E., Liu, G., and Qiao, Y.: Temporal and spatial variations of the active layer along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in a permafrost region, Chinese Science Bulletin, 57, 4609–4616, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5323-8, 2012.
Li, X., Cheng, G., Jin, H., Kang, E., Che, T., Jin, R., Wu, L., Nan, Z., Wang, J., and Shen, Y.: Cryospheric change in China, Global and Planetary Change, 62, 210–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.02.001, 2008.
Ling, F. and Zhang, T.: Numerical simulation of permafrost thermal regime and talik development under shallow thaw lakes on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, D16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd003014, 2003.
Liu, L., Jafarov, E. E., Schaefer, K. M., Jones, B. M., Zebker, H. A., Williams, C. A., Rogan, J., and Zhang, T.: InSAR detects increase in surface subsidence caused by an Arctic tundra fire, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3906–3913, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060533, 2014a.
Liu, L., Schaefer, K., Gusmeroli, A., Grosse, G., Jones, B. M., Zhang, T., Parsekian, A. D., and Zebker, H. A.: Seasonal thaw settlement at drained thermokarst lake basins, Arctic Alaska, The Cryosphere, 8, 815–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-815-2014, 2014b.
Luo, D., Jin, H., Jin, R., Yang, X., and Lü, L.: Spatiotemporal variations of climate warming in northern Northeast China as indicated by freezing and thawing indices, Quaternary Int., 349, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.064, 2014.
Ma, L. J. and Qin, D. H.: Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Observed Key Parameters for Snow Cover in China during 1957–2009, Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 34, 1–11, 2012.
Michaelson, G. J., Ping, C., and Kimble, J.: Carbon storage and distribution in tundra soils of Arctic Alaska, USA, Arct. Alp. Res., 28, 414–424, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009731808445, 1996.
Morison, J., Aagaard, K., and Steele, M.: Recent environmental changes in the Arctic: a review, Arctic, 53, 359–371, 2000.
Mu, C., Zhang, T., Wu, Q., Cao, B., Zhang, X., Peng, X., Wan, X., Zheng, L., Wang, Q., and Cheng, G.: Carbon and nitrogen properties of permafrost over the Eboling Mountain in the upper reach of Heihe River basin, Northwestern China, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 47, 203–211, https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR00C-13-095, 2015.
Nelson, F. E.: (Un) frozen in time, Science, 299, p. 1673, 2003.
Nelson, F. E. and Outcalt, S. I.: A computational method for prediction and regionalization of permafrost, Arct. Alp. Res., 19, 279–288, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551363, 1987.
Osterkamp, T., Viereck, L., Shur, Y., Jorgenson, M., Racine, C., Doyle, A., and Boone, R.: Observations of thermokarst and its impact on boreal forests in Alaska, USA, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 32, 303–315, https://doi.org/10.2307/1552529, 2000.
Park, H., Walsh, J., Fedorov, A. N., Sherstiukov, A. B., Iijima, Y., and Ohata, T.: The influence of climate and hydrological variables on opposite anomaly in active-layer thickness between Eurasian and North American watersheds, The Cryosphere, 7, 631–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-631-2013, 2013.
Park, H., Fedorov, A. N., Zheleznyak, M. N., Konstantinov, P. Y., and Walsh, J. E.: Effect of snow cover on pan-Arctic permafrost thermal regimes, Clim. Dynam., 44, 2873–2895, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2356-5, 2015.
Park, H., Kim, Y., and Kimball, J. S.: Widespread permafrost vulnerability and soil active layer increases over the high northern latitudes inferred from satellite remote sensing and process model assessments, Remote Sens. Environ., 175, 349–358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.046, 2016.
Peng, S., Chen, A., Xu, L., Cao, C., Fang, J., Myneni, R. B., Pinzon, J. E., Tucker, C. J., and Piao, S.: Recent change of vegetation growth trend in China, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 044027, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044027, 2011.
Peng, X., Zhang, T., Zhong, X., Wang, Q., and Wang, K.: Spatial and temporal variations of NDVI and its response to meteological factors over Heihe River Basin of Qilian Mountains, Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 49, 192–202, 2013.
Peng, X., Zhang, T., Cao, B., Wang, Q., Wang, K., Shao, W., and Guo, H.: Changes in freezing-thawing index and soil freeze depth over the Heihe River Basin, western China, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 48, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR00C-13-127, 2016a.
Peng, X., Frauenfeld, O. W., Cao, B., Wang, K., Wang, H., Su, H., Huang, Z., Yue, D., and Zhang, T.: Response of changes in seasonal soil freeze/thaw state to climate change from 1950 to 2010 across china, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 1984–2000, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003876, 2016b.
Peterson, T. C. and Vose, R. S.: An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network temperature database, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2837–2849, 1997.
Peterson, T. C., Vose, R., Schmoyer, R., and Razuvaëv, V.: Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) quality control of monthly temperature data, Int. J. Climatol., 18, 1169–1179, https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(199809)18:11<1169::aid-joc309>3.0.co;2-u, 1998.
Piao, S., Wang, X., Ciais, P., Zhu, B., Wang, T., and Liu, J.: Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 3228–3239, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x, 2011.
Ravanel, L., Allignol, F., Deline, P., Gruber, S., and Ravello, M.: Rock falls in the Mont Blanc Massif in 2007 and 2008, Landslides, 7, 493–501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-010-0206-z, 2010.
Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., and Christiansen, H. H.: Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during the international polar year 2007–2009: a synthesis, Permafrost Periglac., 21, 106–116, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.689, 2010.
Sannel, A. and Kuhry, P.: Warming-induced destabilization of peat plateau/thermokarst lake complexes, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, 271–275, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001635, 2011.
Schuur, E. A., Bockheim, J., Canadell, J. G., Euskirchen, E., Field, C. B., Goryachkin, S. V., Hagemann, S., Kuhry, P., Lafleur, P. M., and Lee, H.: Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change: implications for the global carbon cycle, BioScience, 58, 701–714, https://doi.org/10.1641/B580807, 2008.
Shiklomanov, N. and Nelson, F.: Active-layer mapping at regional scales: A 13-year spatial time series for the Kuparuk region, north-central Alaska, Permafrost Periglac., 13, 219–230, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.425, 2002.
Shiklomanov, N. I.: Non-climatic factors and long-term, continental-scale changes in seasonally frozen ground, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 011003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/011003, 2012.
Smith, S., Romanovsky, V., Lewkowicz, A., Burn, C., Allard, M., Clow, G., Yoshikawa, K., and Throop, J.: Thermal state of permafrost in North America: a contribution to the international polar year, Permafrost Periglac., 21, 117–135, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.690, 2010.
Smith, S. L. and Burgess, M. M.: Mapping the sensitivity of Canadian permafrost to climate warming, IAHS Publication, 1999, 71–80, 1999.
Snyder, P., Delire, C., and Foley, J.: Evaluating the influence of different vegetation biomes on the global climate, Clim. Dynam., 23, 279–302, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0430-0, 2004.
Stendel, M. and Christensen, J.: Impact of global warming on permafrost conditions in a coupled GCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 101–104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014345, 2002.
Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M. M. B., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M.: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of IPCC the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014.
Streletskiy, D., Anisimov, O., Vasiliev, A., and Whiteman, C.: Permafrost degradation, Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, 303, 303–344, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394849-6.00001-9, 2014.
Streletskiy, D. A., Sherstiukov, A. B., Frauenfeld, O. W., and Nelson, F. E.: Changes in the 1963–2013 shallow ground thermal regime in Russian permafrost regions, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 125005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125005, 2015a.
Streletskiy, D. A., Tananaev, N. I., Opel, T., Shiklomanov, N. I., Nyland, K. E., Streletskaya, I. D., and Shiklomanov, A. I.: Permafrost hydrology in changing climatic conditions: seasonal variability of stable isotope composition in rivers in discontinuous permafrost, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 095003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/095003, 2015b.
Swann, A. L., Fung, I. Y., Levis, S., Bonan, G. B., and Doney, S. C.: Changes in Arctic vegetation amplify high-latitude warming through the greenhouse effect, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107, 1295–1300, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913846107, 2010.
Tourre, Y., Jarlan, L., Lacaux, J., Rotela, C., and Lafaye, M.: Spatio-temporal variability of NDVI–precipitation over southernmost South America: possible linkages between climate signals and epidemics, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 044008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/044008, 2008.
Wang, G., Hu, H., and Li, T.: The influence of freeze–thaw cycles of active soil layer on surface runoff in a permafrost watershed, J. Hydrol., 375, 438–449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.046, 2009.
Wang, K., Zhang, T., and Zhong, X.: Changes in the timing and duration of the near-surface soil freeze/thaw status from 1956 to 2006 across China, The Cryosphere, 9, 1321–1331, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1321-2015, 2015.
Willmott, C. J. and Matsuura, K.: Smart interpolation of annually averaged air temperature in the United States, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 2577–2586, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<2577:sioaaa>2.0.co;2, 1995.
Willmott, C. J. and Robeson, S. M.: Climatologically aided interpolation (CAI) of terrestrial air temperature, Int. J. Climatol., 15, 221–229, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370150207, 1995.
Wu, Q. and Zhang, T.: Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009539, 2008.
Wu, Q., Zhang, T., and Liu, Y.: Permafrost temperatures and thickness on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Global Planet. Change, 72, 32–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.03.001, 2010.
Wu, Q., Hou, Y., Yun, H., and Liu, Y.: Changes in active-layer thickness and near-surface permafrost between 2002 and 2012 in alpine ecosystems, Qinghai–Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, China, Global Planet. Change, 124, 149–155, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370150207, 2015.
Wu, T., Wang, Q., Zhao, L., Batkhishig, O., and Watanabe, M.: Observed trends in surface freezing/thawing index over the period 1987–2005 in Mongolia, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 69, 105–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.07.003, 2011.
Zhang, G., Zhang, Y., Dong, J., and Xiao, X.: Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011, P. Natl. Acade. Sci. USA, 110, 4309–4314, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210423110, 2013.
Zhang, T.: Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview, Rev. Geophys., 43, RG4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RG000157, 2005.
Zhang, T. and Armstrong, R.,: Soil freeze/thaw cycles over snow?free land detected by passive microwave remote sensing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 763–766, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011952, 2001.
Zhang, T. and Stamnes, K.: Impact of climatic factors on the active layer and permafrost at Barrow, Alaska, Permafrost Periglac., 9, 229–246, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199807/09)9:3<229::AID-PPP286>3.0.CO;2-T, 1998.
Zhang, T., Armstrong, R., and Smith, J.: Investigation of the near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycle in the contiguous United States: Algorithm development and validation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003530, 2003.
Zhang, T., Osterkamp, T., and Stamnes, K.: Effects of climate on the active layer and permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska, USA, Permafrost Periglac., 8, 45–67, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199701)8:1<45::AID-PPP240>3.0.CO;2-K, 1997.
Zhang, T., Barry, R. G., Knowles, K., Heginbottom, J., and Brown, J.: Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, Polar Geography, 23, 132–154, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889379909377670, 1999.
Zhang, T., Barry, R. G., and Armstrong, R. L.: Application of satellite remote sensing techniques to frozen ground studies, Polar Geography, 28, 163–196, https://doi.org/10.1080/789610186, 2004.
Zhang, T., Frauenfeld, O. W., Serreze, M. C., Etringer, A., Oelke, C., McCreight, J., Barry, R. G., Gilichinsky, D., Yang, D., and Ye, H.: Spatial and temporal variability in active layer thickness over the Russian Arctic drainage basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, 2227–2252, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005642, 2005.
Zhang, X. M., Sheng, Y., Wu, J. C., Chen, J., Li, J., Cao, Y. B., and Li, K.: Changes of species diversity indices along the ground temperature of permafrost in the source region of Datong River in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China, Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 34, 86–93, 2012.
Zhao, L., Ping, C. L., Yang, D., Cheng, G., Ding, Y., and Liu, S.: Changes of climate and seasonally frozen ground over the past 30 years in Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China, Global Planet. Change, 43, 19-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.02.003, 2004.
Zhao, L., Wu, Q., Marchenko, S., and Sharkhuu, N.: Thermal state of permafrost and active layer in Central Asia during the International Polar Year, Permafrost Periglac., 21, 198–207, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.688, 2010.
Zhong, X., Zhang, T., and Wang, K.: Snow density climatology across the former USSR, The Cryosphere, 8, 785–799, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-785-2014, 2014.
Zhou, Y., Guo, D., Qiu, G., and Cheng, G.: Frozen Ground in China, Science Press, Beijing, 450 pp., 2000.
Zhu, Z., Piao, S., Myneni, R. B., Huang, M., Zeng, Z., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., Friedlingstein, P., and Arneth, A.: Greening of the Earth and its drivers, Nature Climate Change, 6, 791–795, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004, 2016.
Short summary
Previous research has paid significant attention to permafrost, e.g. active layer thickness, soil temperature, area extent, and associated degradation leading to other changes. However, less focus has been given to seasonally frozen ground and vast area extent. We combined data from more than 800 observation stations, as well as gridded data, to investigate soil freeze depth across China. The results indicate that soil freeze depth decreases with climate warming.
Previous research has paid significant attention to permafrost, e.g. active layer thickness,...
