Articles | Volume 17, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4729-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4729-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Nov 2023
Research article |
| 09 Nov 2023
| 09 Nov 2023
Seasonal evolution of the supraglacial drainage network at Humboldt Glacier, northern Greenland, between 2016 and 2020
Lauren D. Rawlins
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK
David M. Rippin
Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK
Andrew J. Sole
Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7ND, UK
Stephen J. Livingstone
Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7ND, UK
Kang Yang
School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
Related authors
Lauren D. Rawlins, C. Scott Watson, Rakesh Bhambri, Nitesh Khadka, and Mohan B. Chand
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-751, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-751, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial lakes are expanding as glaciers melt in High Mountain Asia. These lakes store meltwater but can trigger dangerous outburst floods (GLOFs), threatening downstream communities. Using satellite imagery and deep learning, we mapped lakes across the Nepal-transboundary region (2017–2024) and found rapid growth, especially in the Koshi basin. This research supports the Glacial Lake Observatory, which will enable long-term monitoring and hazard reduction.
Lauren D. Rawlins, C. Scott Watson, Rakesh Bhambri, Nitesh Khadka, and Mohan B. Chand
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-751, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-751, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial lakes are expanding as glaciers melt in High Mountain Asia. These lakes store meltwater but can trigger dangerous outburst floods (GLOFs), threatening downstream communities. Using satellite imagery and deep learning, we mapped lakes across the Nepal-transboundary region (2017–2024) and found rapid growth, especially in the Koshi basin. This research supports the Glacial Lake Observatory, which will enable long-term monitoring and hazard reduction.
Adrian Dye, Robert Bryant, Francesca Falcini, Joseph Mallalieu, Miles Dimbleby, Michael Beckwith, David Rippin, and Nina Kirchner
The Cryosphere, 19, 4471–4486, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4471-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4471-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Thermal undercutting of the terminus has enhanced recent rapid retreat of an Arctic glacier. Water temperatures (~4 °C) at the ice front were warmer than previously reported and thermal undercutting was over several metres deep. This triggered phases of high calving activity, playing a substantial role in the rapid retreat of Kaskasapakte Glacier since 2012, with important implications for processes occurring at glacier-water contact points and implications for hydrology and ecology downstream.
Xi Lu, Liming Jiang, Daan Li, Yi Liu, Andrew Sole, and Stephen John Livingstone
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-304, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-304, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
To support generalized automated monitoring and modeling of Greenland’s outlet glaciers, this study presents a benchmark dataset of over 12,000 manually delineated calving front positions from 2002 to 2021. With high spatial accuracy and wide coverage, it enables evaluation of automated detection methods, improves model boundary conditions, and supports long-term studies of glacier change and sea-level rise.
Izabela Szuman, Jakub Z. Kalita, Christiaan R. Diemont, Stephen J. Livingstone, Chris D. Clark, and Martin Margold
The Cryosphere, 18, 2407–2428, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2407-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2407-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A Baltic-wide glacial landform-based map is presented, filling in a geographical gap in the record that has been speculated about by palaeoglaciologists for over a century. Here we used newly available bathymetric data and provide landform evidence of corridors of fast ice flow that we interpret as ice streams. Where previous ice-sheet-scale investigations inferred a single ice source, our mapping identifies flow and ice margin geometries from both Swedish and Bothnian sources.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien A. Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesidio Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Detlef Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Andrew O. Hoffman, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Annika N. Horlings, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlighem, Jérémie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andrés Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Anotonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed elevation, and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
Yubin Fan, Chang-Qing Ke, Xiaoyi Shen, Yao Xiao, Stephen J. Livingstone, and Andrew J. Sole
The Cryosphere, 17, 1775–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1775-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1775-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used the new-generation ICESat-2 altimeter to detect and monitor active subglacial lakes in unprecedented spatiotemporal detail. We created a new inventory of 18 active subglacial lakes as well as their elevation and volume changes during 2019–2020, which provides an improved understanding of how the Greenland subglacial water system operates and how these lakes are fed by water from the ice surface.
Sophie Goliber, Taryn Black, Ginny Catania, James M. Lea, Helene Olsen, Daniel Cheng, Suzanne Bevan, Anders Bjørk, Charlie Bunce, Stephen Brough, J. Rachel Carr, Tom Cowton, Alex Gardner, Dominik Fahrner, Emily Hill, Ian Joughin, Niels J. Korsgaard, Adrian Luckman, Twila Moon, Tavi Murray, Andrew Sole, Michael Wood, and Enze Zhang
The Cryosphere, 16, 3215–3233, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3215-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3215-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Terminus traces have been used to understand how Greenland's glaciers have changed over time; however, manual digitization is time-intensive, and a lack of coordination leads to duplication of efforts. We have compiled a dataset of over 39 000 terminus traces for 278 glaciers for scientific and machine learning applications. We also provide an overview of an updated version of the Google Earth Engine Digitization Tool (GEEDiT), which has been developed specifically for the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Michael A. Cooper, Paulina Lewińska, William A. P. Smith, Edwin R. Hancock, Julian A. Dowdeswell, and David M. Rippin
The Cryosphere, 16, 2449–2470, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we use old photographs gathered several decades ago to expand the temporal record of glacier change in part of East Greenland. This is important because the longer the record of past glacier change, the better we are at predicting future glacier behaviour. Our work also shows that despite all these glaciers retreating, the rate at which they do this varies markedly. It is therefore important to consider outlet glaciers from Greenland individually to take account of this differing behaviour.
Benjamin Joseph Davison, Tom Cowton, Andrew Sole, Finlo Cottier, and Pete Nienow
The Cryosphere, 16, 1181–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1181-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1181-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean is an important driver of Greenland glacier retreat. Icebergs influence ocean temperature in the vicinity of glaciers, which will affect glacier retreat rates, but the effect of icebergs on water temperature is poorly understood. In this study, we use a model to show that icebergs cause large changes to water properties next to Greenland's glaciers, which could influence ocean-driven glacier retreat around Greenland.
Peter A. Tuckett, Jeremy C. Ely, Andrew J. Sole, James M. Lea, Stephen J. Livingstone, Julie M. Jones, and J. Melchior van Wessem
The Cryosphere, 15, 5785–5804, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5785-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5785-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes form on the surface of the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the summer. These lakes can generate further melt, break up floating ice shelves and alter ice dynamics. Here, we describe a new automated method for mapping surface lakes and apply our technique to the Amery Ice Shelf between 2005 and 2020. Lake area is highly variable between years, driven by large-scale climate patterns. This technique will help us understand the role of Antarctic surface lakes in our warming world.
Izabela Szuman, Jakub Z. Kalita, Marek W. Ewertowski, Chris D. Clark, Stephen J. Livingstone, and Leszek Kasprzak
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4635–4651, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Ice Stream Complex was the most prominent ice stream of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet, controlling ice sheet drainage and collapse. Our mapping effort, based on a lidar DEM, resulted in a dataset containing 5461 landforms over an area of 65 000 km2, which allows for reconstruction of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet extent and dynamics from the Middle Weichselian ice sheet advance, 50–30 ka, through the Last Glacial Maximum, 25–21 ka, and Young Baltic advances, 18–15 ka.
Colin J. Gleason, Kang Yang, Dongmei Feng, Laurence C. Smith, Kai Liu, Lincoln H. Pitcher, Vena W. Chu, Matthew G. Cooper, Brandon T. Overstreet, Asa K. Rennermalm, and Jonathan C. Ryan
The Cryosphere, 15, 2315–2331, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2315-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2315-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We apply first-principle hydrology models designed for global river routing to route flows hourly through 10 000 individual supraglacial channels in Greenland. Our results uniquely show the role of process controls (network density, hillslope flow, channel friction) on routed meltwater. We also confirm earlier suggestions that large channels do not dewater overnight despite the shutdown of runoff and surface mass balance runoff being mistimed and overproducing runoff, as validated in situ.
Cited articles
Amory, C., Kittel, C., Le Toumelin, L., Agosta, C., Delhasse, A., Favier, V., and Fettweis, X.: Performance of MAR (v3.11) in simulating the drifting-snow climate and surface mass balance of Adélie Land, East Antarctica, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3487–3510, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3487-2021, 2021 (data available at: ftp://ftp.climato.be/). 
Andrews, L. C., Catania, G. A., Hoffman, M. J., Gulley, J. D., Lüthi, M. P., Ryser, C., Hawley, R. L., and Neumann, T. A.: Direct observations of evolving subglacial drainage beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet, Nature, 514, 80–83, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13796, 2014. 
Andrews, L. C., Poinar, K., and Trunz, C.: Controls on Greenland moulin geometry and evolution from the Moulin Shape model, The Cryosphere, 16, 2421–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2421-2022, 2022. 
Baillarin, S., Meygret, A., Dechoz, C., Petrucci, B., Lacherade, S.,Trémas, T., Isola, C., Martimort, P., and Spoto, F.: Sentinel-2 level 1 products and image processing performances, IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium, Munich, Germany, 22–27 July 2012, 7003–7006, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6351959, 2012. 
Banwell, A. F., Cabellero, M., Arnold, N., Glasser, N., Cathles, L. M., and MacAyeal, D.: Supraglacial lakes on the Larsen B Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and Paakitsoq Region, Greenland: a comparative study, Ann. Glaciol., 55, 66, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG66A049, 2014. 
Bartholomew, I., Nienow, P., Mair, D., Hubbard, A., King, M. A., and Sole, A.: Seasonal evolution of subglacial drainage and acceleration in a Greenland outlet glacier, Nat. Geosci., 3, 408–411, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo863, 2010. 
Bartholomew, I., Nienow, P., Sole, A., Mair, D., Cowton, T., and King, M. A.: Short-term variability in Greenland Ice Sheet motion forced by time-varying meltwater drainage: Implications for the relationship between subglacial drainage system behavior and ice velocity, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, F03002,, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002220, 2012. 
Boghosian, A. L., Pitcher, L. H., Smith, L. C., Kosh, E., Alexander, P. M., Tedesco, M., and Bell, R. E.: Development of ice-shelf estuaries promotes fractures and calving, Nat. Geosci., 14, 899–905, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00837-7, 2021. 
Box, J. E. and Decker, D. T.: Greenland marine-terminating glacier area changes: 2000–2010, Ann. Glaciol., 52, 91–98, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411799096312, 2011. 
Carr, J. R., Vieli, A., Stokes, C., Jamieson, S., Palmer, S., Christoffersen, P., Dowdeswell, J., Nick, F., Blankenship, D., and Young, D.: Basal topographic controls on rapid retreat of Humboldt Glacier, northern Greenland, J. Glaciol., 61, 137–150, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J128, 2015. 
Catania, G. A., Neumann, T. A., and Price, S. F.: Characterizing englacial drainage in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet, J. Glaciol., 54, 567–578, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570854, 2008. 
Christoffersen, P., Bougamont, M., Hubbard, A., Doyle, S. H., Grigsby, S., and Pettersson, R.: Cascading lake drainage on the Greenland Ice Sheet triggered by tensile shock and fracture, Nat. Commun., 9, 1064, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03420-8, 2018. 
Chu, V. W.: Greenland ice sheet hydrology: A review, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 38, 19–54, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133313507075, 2014. 
Copernicus: Copernicus Open Access Hub, https://scihub.copernicus.eu, last access: 15 December 2022. 
Corr, D., Leeson, A., McMillan, M., Zhang, C., and Barnes, T.: An inventory of supraglacial lakes and channels across the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 209–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-209-2022, 2022. 
Crozier, J., Karlstrom, L., and Yang, K.: Basal control of supraglacial meltwater catchments on the Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 12, 3383–3407, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3383-2018, 2018. 
Cuffey, K. M. and Paterson, W. S. B.: The physics of glaciers, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-369461-4, 2010. 
Culberg, R., Schroeder, D. M., and Chu, W.: Extreme melt season ice layers reduce firn permeability across Greenland, Nat. Commun., 12, 2336, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22656-5, 2021. 
Culberg, R., Chu, W., and Schroeder, D. M.: Shallow Fracture Buffers High Elevation Runoff in Northwest Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL101151, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101151, 2022. 
Cullather, R. I., Andrews, L. C., Croteau, M. J., Digirolamo, N. E., Hall, D. K., Lim, Y. K., Loomis, B. D., Shuman, C. A., and Nowicki, S. M.: Anomalous circulation in July 2019 resulting in mass loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087263, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087263, 2020. 
Davison, B. J., Sole, A. J., Livingstone, S. J., Cowton, T. R., and Nienow, P. W.: The influence of hydrology on the dynamics of land-terminating sectors of the Greenland ice sheet, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00010, 2019. 
Dell, R., Banwell, A. F., Willis, I., Arnold, N., Halberstadt, A. R. W., Chudley, T. R., and Pritchard, H.: Supervised classification of slush and ponded water on Antarctic ice shelves using Landsat 8 imagery, J. Glaciol., 68, 401–414, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.114, 2022. 
Dow, C., Kulessa, B., Rutt, I., Doyle, S. H., and Hubbard, A.: Upper bounds on subglacial channel development for interior regions of the Greenland ice sheet, J. Glaciol., 60, 1044–1052, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG14J093, 2014. 
Dunmire, D., Banwell, A. F., Wever, N., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and Datta, R. T.: Contrasting regional variability of buried meltwater extent over 2 years across the Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 15, 2983–3005, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2983-2021, 2021. 
Elmes, A., Levy, C., Erb, A., Hall, D. K., Scambos, T. A., DiGirolamo, N., and Schaaf, C.: Consequences of the 2019 greenland ice sheet melt episode on albedo, Remote Sensing, 13, 227, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020227, 2021. 
Fettweis, X., Box, J. E., Agosta, C., Amory, C., Kittel, C., Lang, C., van As, D., Machguth, H., and Gallée, H.: Reconstructions of the 1900–2015 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate MAR model, The Cryosphere, 11, 1015–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1015-2017, 2017. 
Fettweis, X., Hofer, S., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Amory, C., Aoki, T., Berends, C. J., Born, A., Box, J. E., Delhasse, A., Fujita, K., Gierz, P., Goelzer, H., Hanna, E., Hashimoto, A., Huybrechts, P., Kapsch, M.-L., King, M. D., Kittel, C., Lang, C., Langen, P. L., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Liston, G. E., Lohmann, G., Mernild, S. H., Mikolajewicz, U., Modali, K., Mottram, R. H., Niwano, M., Noël, B., Ryan, J. C., Smith, A., Streffing, J., Tedesco, M., van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M., van de Wal, R. S. W., van Kampenhout, L., Wilton, D., Wouters, B., Ziemen, F., and Zolles, T.: GrSMBMIP: intercomparison of the modelled 1980–2012 surface mass balance over the Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 14, 3935–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020, 2020. 
Fettweis, X., Hofer, S., Séférian, R., Amory, C., Delhasse, A., Doutreloup, S., Kittel, C., Lang, C., Van Bever, J., Veillon, F., and Irvine, P.: Brief communication: Reduction in the future Greenland ice sheet surface melt with the help of solar geoengineering , The Cryosphere, 15, 3013–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3013-2021, 2021 (data available at: ftp://ftp.climato.be/). 
Gardner, A. S., Fahnestock, M. A., and Scambos, T. A.: ITS_LIVE Regional Glacier and Ice Sheet Surface Velocities, National Snow and Ice Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/6II6VW8LLWJ7, 2019. 
Gleason, C. J., Smith, L. C., Chu, V. W., Legleiter, C. J., Pitcher, L. H., Overstreet, B. T., Rennermalm, A. K., Forster, R. R., and Yang, K.: Characterizing supraglacial meltwater channel hydraulics on the Greenland Ice Sheet from in situ observations, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 41, 2111–2122, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3977, 2016. 
Gleason, C. J., Yang, K., Feng, D., Smith, L. C., Liu, K., Pitcher, L. H., Chu, V. W., Cooper, M. G., Overstreet, B. T., and Rennermalm, A. K.: Hourly surface meltwater routing for a Greenlandic supraglacial catchment across hillslopes and through a dense topological channel network, The Cryosphere, 15, 2315–2331, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2315-2021, 2021. 
Gledhill, L. A. and Williamson, A. G.: Inland advance of supraglacial lakes in north-west Greenland under recent climatic warming, Ann. Glaciol., 59, 66–82, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.31, 2018. 
Goelzer, H., Huybrechts, P., Fürst, J. J., Nick, F. M., Andersen, M. L., Edwards, T. L., Fettweis, X., Payne, A. J., and Shannon, S.: Sensitivity of Greenland ice sheet projections to model formulations, J. Glaciol., 59, 733–749, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J182, 2013. 
Gray, L.: Brief communication: Glacier run-off estimation using altimetry-derived basin volume change: case study at Humboldt Glacier, northwest Greenland, The Cryosphere, 15, 1005–1014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1005-2021, 2021. 
Greuell, W. and Knap, W. H.: Remote sensing of the albedo and detection of the slush line on the Greenland ice sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 15567–15576, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901162, 2000. 
Gudmundsson, G. H.: Transmission of basal variability to a glacier surface, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 108, 2253, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002107, 2003. 
Gudmundsson, G. H., Raymond, C. F., and Bindschadler, R.: The origin and longevity of flow stripes on Antarctic ice streams, Ann. Glaciol., 27, 145–152, https://doi.org/10.3189/1998AoG27-1-145-152, 1998. 
Hanna, E., Mernild, S. H., Cappelen, J., and Steffen, K.: Recent warming in Greenland in a long-term instrumental (1881–2012) climatic context: I. Evaluation of surface air temperature records, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 045404, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045404, 2012. 
Hanna, E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Mernild, S. H., Mote, T. L., Mottram, R., Steffen, K., Ballinger, T. J., and Hall, R. J.: Greenland surface air temperature changes from 1981 to 2019 and implications for ice-sheet melt and mass-balance change, Int. J. Climatol., 41, E1336–E1352, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6771, 2021. 
Haran, T., Bohlander, J., Scambos, T., Painter, T., and Fahnestock, M.: MEaSUREs MODIS Mosaic of Greenland 2005 (MOG2005) Image Map, Version 1, Boulder, Colorado, NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center [data set] , https://doi.org/10.5067/IAGYM8Q26QRE, 2013. 
Haran, T., Bohlander, J., Scambos, T., Painter, T., and Fahnestock, M.: MEaSUREs MODIS Mosaic of Greenland (MOG) 2005, 2010, and 2015 Image Maps, Version 2, Boulder, Colorado USA, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/9ZO79PHOTYE5, 2018. 
Hill, E. A., Carr, J. R., and Stokes, C. R.: A review of recent changes in major marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Northern Greenland, Front. Earth Sci., 4, 111, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00111, 2017. 
Hill, E. A., Carr, J. R., Stokes, C. R., and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Dynamic changes in outlet glaciers in northern Greenland from 1948 to 2015, The Cryosphere, 12, 3243–3263, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3243-2018, 2018. 
Hillebrand, T. R., Hoffman, M. J., Perego, M., Price, S. F., and Howat, I. M.: The contribution of Humboldt Glacier, northern Greenland, to sea-level rise through 2100 constrained by recent observations of speedup and retreat, The Cryosphere, 16, 4679–4700, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4679-2022, 2022. 
Hochreuther, P., Neckel, N., Reimann, N., Humbert, A., and Braun, M.: Fully automated detection of supraglacial lake area for Northeast Greenland using sentinel-2 time-series, Remote Sensing, 13, 205, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020205, 2021. 
Hoffman, M., Catania, G., Neumann, T., Andrews, L., and Rumrill, J.: Links between acceleration, melting, and supraglacial lake drainage of the western Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, F04035, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001934, 2011. 
Holmes, G. W.: Morphology and hydrology of the Mint Julep area, southwest Greenland, in: Project Mint Julep Investigation of Smooth Ice Areas of the Greenland Ice Cap, 1953, Part II Special Scientific Reports, Arctic, Desert, Tropic Information Center, Research Studies Institute, Air University, 1955 
Ignéczi, Ã., Sole, A. J., Livingstone, S. J., Leeson, A. A., Fettweis, X., Selmes, N., Gourmelen, N., and Briggs, K.: Northeast sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet to undergo the greatest inland expansion of supraglacial lakes during the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 9729–9738, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070338, 2016. 
Ignéczi, Ã., Sole, A. J., Livingstone, S. J., Ng, F. S., and Yang, K.: Greenland Ice Sheet surface topography and drainage structure controlled by the transfer of basal variability, Front. Earth Sci., 6, 101, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00101, 2018. 
Irvine-Fynn, T. D., Hodson, A. J., Moorman, B. J., Vatne, G., and Hubbard, A. L.: Polythermal glacier hydrology: A review, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RG000350, 2011. 
Joughin, I., Kwok, R., and Fahnestock, M.: Estimation of ice-sheet motion using satellite radar interferometry: method and error analysis with application to Humboldt Glacier, Greenland, J. Glaciol., 42, 564–575, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000003543, 1996. 
Joughin, I., Fahnestock, M., Kwok, R., Gogineni, P., and Allen, C.: Ice flow in the Humboldt, Petermann, and Ryder Glaciers, North Greenland, J. Glaciol., 45, 231–341, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000001738, 1999. 
Joughin, I., Das, S. B., Flowers, G. E., Behn, M. D., Alley, R. B., King, M. A., Smith, B. E., Bamber, J. L., van den Broeke, M. R., and van Angelen, J. H.: Influence of ice-sheet geometry and supraglacial lakes on seasonal ice-flow variability, The Cryosphere, 7, 1185–1192, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1185-2013, 2013. 
Kamb, B.: Glacier surge mechanism based on linked cavity configuration of the basal water conduit system, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 92, 9083–9100, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB09p09083, 1987. 
Karamouz, M., Nazif, S., and Falahi, M.:. Hydrology and hydroclimatology: principles and applications, CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-4665-1220-7, https://doi.org/10.1201/b13771, 2013. 
Karlstrom, L. and Yang, K.: Fluvial supraglacial landscape evolution on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2683–2692, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067697, 2016. 
Koenig, L. S., Lampkin, D. J., Montgomery, L. N., Hamilton, S. L., Turrin, J. B., Joseph, C. A., Moutsafa, S. E., Panzer, B., Casey, K. A., Paden, J. D., Leuschen, C., and Gogineni, P.: Wintertime storage of water in buried supraglacial lakes across the Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 9, 1333–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1333-2015, 2015. 
Krawczynski, M. J., Behn, M. D., Das, S. B., and Joughin, I.: Constraints on the lake volume required for hydro-fracture through ice sheets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036765, 2009. 
Lampkin, D. and VanderBerg, J.: A preliminary investigation of the influence of basal and surface topography on supraglacial lake distribution near Jakobshavn Isbrae, western Greenland, Hydrol. Process., 25, 3347–3355, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8170, 2011. 
Lampkin, D. and VanderBerg, J.: Supraglacial melt channel networks in the Jakobshavn Isbræ region during the 2007 melt season, Hydrol. Process., 28, 6038–6053, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10085, 2014. 
Law, R., Arnold, N., Benedek, C., Tedesco, M., Banwell, A., and Willis, I.: Over-winter persistence of supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet: results and insights from a new model, J. Glaciol., 66, 362–372, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.7, 2020. 
Leeson, A., Shepherd, A., Briggs, K., Howat, I., Fettweis, X., Morlighem, M., and Rignot, E.: Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet advance inland under warming climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 51–55, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2463, 2015. 
Li, Y., Yang, K., Gao, S., Smith, L. C., Fettweis, X., and Li, M.: Surface meltwater runoff routing through a coupled supraglacial-proglacial drainage system, Inglefield Land, northwest Greenland, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 106, 102647, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102647, 2022. 
Lim, Y.-K., Schubert, S. D., Nowicki, S. M., Lee, J. N., Molod, A. M., Cullather, R. I., Zhao, B., and Velicogna, I.: Atmospheric summer teleconnections and Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass variations: Insights from MERRA-2, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 024002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024002, 2016. 
Livingstone, S. J., Chu, W., Ely, J. C., and Kingslake, J.: Paleofluvial and subglacial channel networks beneath Humboldt Glacier, Greenland, Geology, 45, 551–554, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38860.1, 2017. 
Lu, Y., Yang, K., Lu, X., Smith, L. C., Sole, A. J., Livingstone, S. J., Fettweis, X., and Li, M.: Diverse supraglacial drainage patterns on the Devon ice Cap, Arctic Canada, J. Maps, 16, 834–846, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1838353, 2020. 
Lu, Y., Yang, K., Lu, X., Li, Y., Gao, S., Mao, W., and Li, M.: Response of supraglacial rivers and lakes to ice flow and surface melt on the northeast Greenland ice sheet during the 2017 melt season, J. Hydrol., 602, 126750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126750, 2021. 
Macdonald, G., Banwell, A., and MacAyeal, D.: Seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on a floating ice tongue, Petermann Glacier, Greenland, Ann. Glaciol., 59, 56–65, https://https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.9, 2018. 
MacFerrin, M., Machguth, H., As, D. v., Charalampidis, C., Stevens, C., Heilig, A., Vandecrux, B., Langen, P., Mottram, R., and Fettweis, X.: Rapid expansion of Greenland's low-permeability ice slabs, Nature, 573, 403–407, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1550-3, 2019. 
Marston, R. A.: Supraglacial stream dynamics on the Juneau Icefield, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 73, 597-608, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1983.tb01861.x, 1983. 
McFeeters, S. K.: The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features, Int. J. Remote Sens., 17, 1425–1432, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169608948714, 1996. 
McLeod, J. T. and Mote, T. L.: Linking interannual variability in extreme Greenland blocking episodes to the recent increase in summer melting across the Greenland ice sheet, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 1484–1499, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4440, 2016. 
Mejia, J., Gulley, J., Trunz, C., Covington, M. D., Bartholomaus, T., Breithaupt, C., Xie, S., and Dixon, T. H.: Moulin density controls the timing of peak pressurization within the Greenland Ice Sheet's subglacial drainage system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL100058, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100058, 2022. 
Mikkelsen, A. B., Hubbard, A., MacFerrin, M., Box, J. E., Doyle, S. H., Fitzpatrick, A., Hasholt, B., Bailey, H. L., Lindbäck, K., and Pettersson, R.: Extraordinary runoff from the Greenland ice sheet in 2012 amplified by hypsometry and depleted firn retention, The Cryosphere, 10, 1147–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1147-2016, 2016. 
Moon, T. A., Tedesco, M., Box, J., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R., Fettweis, X., Korsgaard, N., Loomis, B., Mankoff, K., and Mote, T.: Arctic Report Card 2020: Greenland Ice Sheet, National Snow and Ice Data Center (U.S.), University of Colorado Boulder, United States, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, https://doi.org/10.25923/ms78-g612, 2020 
Morlighem, M., Williams, C. N., Rignot, E., An, L., Arndt, J. E., Bamber, J. L., Catania, G., Chauché, N., Dowdeswell, J. A., and Dorschel, B.: BedMachine v3: Complete bed topography and ocean bathymetry mapping of Greenland from multibeam echo sounding combined with mass conservation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 11051–11061, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074954, 2017. 
Morlighem, M., et al.: IceBridge BedMachine Greenland, Version 4. [Bed Topography], Boulder, Colorado USA, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/VLJ5YXKCNGXO, 2021 
Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., Bjørk, A. A., Van den Broeke, M., Millan, R., Morlighem, M., Noël, B., Scheuchl, B., and Wood, M.: Forty-six years of Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance from 1972 to 2018, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 9239–9244, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904242116, 2019. 
Moussavi, M. S., Abdalati, W., Pope, A., Scambos, T., Tedesco, M., MacFerrin, M., and Grigsby, S.: Derivation and validation of supraglacial lake volumes on the Greenland Ice Sheet from high-resolution satellite imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 183, 294–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.05.024, 2016. 
Ng, F. S., Ignéczi, Ã., Sole, A. J., and Livingstone, S. J.: Response of surface topography to basal variability along glacial flowlines, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 2319–2340, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004555, 2018. 
Nienow, P., Sole, A., Slater, D. A., and Cowton, T.: Recent advances in our understanding of the role of meltwater in the Greenland Ice Sheet system, Current Climate Change Reports, 3, 330–344, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-017-0083-9, 2017. 
Noël, B., van de Berg, W. J., Lhermitte, S., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Rapid ablation zone expansion amplifies north Greenland mass loss, Science Advances, 5, eaaw0123, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0123, 2019. 
Noël, B., van Kampenhout, L., Lenaerts, J. T. M., van de Berg, W. J., and van den Broeke, M. R.: A 21st century warming threshold for sustained Greenland ice sheet mass loss, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL090471, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090471, 2021. 
njuRS: River_detection, GitHub [data set], https://github.com/njuRS/River_detection, last access: 15 December 2022. 
Oswald, G. K. and Gogineni, S.: Mapping basal melt under the northern Greenland Ice Sheet, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 50, 585–592, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2162072, 2011. 
Otto, J., Holmes, F. A., and Kirchner, N.: Supraglacial lake expansion, intensified lake drainage frequency, and first observation of coupled lake drainage, during 1985–2020 at Ryder Glacier, Northern Greenland, Front. Earth Sci., 10, 978137, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.978137, 2022. 
Pitcher, L. H. and Smith, L. C.: Supraglacial streams and rivers, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 47, 421–452, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060212, 2019. 
Poinar, K., Joughin, I., Das, S. B., Behn, M. D., Lenaerts, J. T., and Van Den Broeke, M. R.: Limits to future expansion of surface-melt-enhanced ice flow into the interior of western Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1800–1807, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063192, 2015. 
Pope, A., Scambos, T. A., Moussavi, M., Tedesco, M., Willis, M., Shean, D., and Grigsby, S.: Estimating supraglacial lake depth in West Greenland using Landsat 8 and comparison with other multispectral methods, The Cryosphere, 10, 15–27, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-15-2016, 2016. 
Rahmstorf, S. and Coumou, D.: Increase of extreme events in a warming world, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 17905–17909, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1101766108, 2011. 
Raymond, M. J. and Gudmundsson, G. H.: On the relationship between surface and basal properties on glaciers, ice sheets, and ice streams, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 110, B08411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003681, 2005. 
Rennermalm, A. K., Smith, L. C., Chu, V. W., Box, J. E., Forster, R. R., Van den Broeke, M. R., Van As, D., and Moustafa, S. E.: Evidence of meltwater retention within the Greenland ice sheet, The Cryosphere, 7, 1433–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1433-2013, 2013. 
Rignot, E. and Kanagaratnam, P.: Changes in the velocity structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Science, 311, 986–990, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121381, 2006. 
Rignot, E., Gogineni, S., Joughin, I., and Krabill, W.: Contribution to the glaciology of northern Greenland from satellite radar interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 34007–34019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900071, 2001. 
Rignot, E., An, L., Chauche, N., Morlighem, M., Jeong, S., Wood, M., Mouginot, J., Willis, J. K., Klaucke, I., and Weinrebe, W.: Retreat of Humboldt Gletscher, North Greenland, driven by undercutting from a warmer ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091342, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091342, 2021. 
Riihelä, A., King, M. D., and Anttila, K.: The surface albedo of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 1982 and 2015 from the CLARA-A2 dataset and its relationship to the ice sheet's surface mass balance, The Cryosphere, 13, 2597–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2597-2019, 2019. 
Rippin, D. and Rawlins, L.: Supraglacial River Networks, In International Encyclopedia of Geography, edited by: Richardson, D., Castree, N., Goodchild, M. F., Kobayashi, A., Liu, W., and Marston, R. A., https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg2072, 2021. 
Ruan, R., Chen, X., Zhao, J., Perrie, W., Mottram, R., Zhang, M., Diao, Y., Du, L., and Wu, L.: Decelerated Greenland Ice Sheet melt driven by positive summer North Atlantic oscillation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 7633–7646, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030689, 2019. 
Ryan, J., Smith, L., Van As, D., Cooley, S., Cooper, M., Pitcher, L., and Hubbard, A.: Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt amplified by snowline migration and bare ice exposure, Science Advances, 5, eaav3738, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3738, 2019. 
Ryan, J. C., Hubbard, A., Stibal, M., Irvine-Fynn, T. D., Cook, J., Smith, L. C., Cameron, K., and Box, J.: Dark zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet controlled by distributed biologically-active impurities, Nat. Commun., 9, 1065, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03353-2, 2018. 
Sasgen, I., Wouters, B., Gardner, A. S., King, M. D., Tedesco, M., Landerer, F. W., Dahle, C., Save, H., and Fettweis, X.: Return to rapid ice loss in Greenland and record loss in 2019 detected by the GRACE-FO satellites, Commun. Earth Environ., 1, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-0010-1, 2020. 
Schoof, C.: Ice-sheet acceleration driven by melt supply variability, Nature, 468, 803–806, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09618, 2010. 
Schröder, L., Neckel, N., Zindler, R., and Humbert, A.: Perennial supraglacial lakes in Northeast Greenland observed by polarimetric SAR, Remote Sensing, 12, 2798, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172798, 2020. 
Selmes, N., Murray, T., and James, T.: Fast draining lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L15501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047872, 2011. 
Slater, T., Shepherd, A., McMillan, M., Leeson, A., Gilbert, L., Muir, A., Munneke, P. K., Noël, B., Fettweis, X., and van den Broeke, M.: Increased variability in Greenland Ice Sheet runoff from satellite observations, Nat. Commun., 12, 6069, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26229-4, 2021. 
Smith, L. C., Chu, V. W., Yang, K., Gleason, C. J., Pitcher, L. H., Rennermalm, A. K., Legleiter, C. J., Behar, A. E., Overstreet, B. T., and Moustafa, S. E.: Efficient meltwater drainage through supraglacial streams and rivers on the southwest Greenland ice sheet, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 1001–1006, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413024112, 2015. 
Smith, L. C., Yang, K., Pitcher, L. H., Overstreet, B. T., Chu, V. W., Rennermalm, Å. K., Ryan, J. C., Cooper, M. G., Gleason, C. J., and Tedesco, M.: Direct measurements of meltwater runoff on the Greenland ice sheet surface, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, E10622–E10631, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707743114, 2017. 
Sole, A. J., Mair, D. W. F., Nienow, P. W., Bartholomew, I., King, M., Burke, M. J., and Joughin, I.: Seasonal speedup of a Greenland marine-terminating outlet glacier forced by surface melt–induced changes in subglacial hydrology, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, F03014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001948, 2011. 
Stokes, C. R., Sanderson, J. E., Miles, B. W. J. Jamieson, S. S., and Leeson, A. A.: Widespread distribution of supraglacial lakes around the margin of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, Sci. Rep., 9, 13823, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50343-5, 2019. 
Tedesco, M. and Fettweis, X.: Unprecedented atmospheric conditions (1948–2019) drive the 2019 exceptional melting season over the Greenland ice sheet, The Cryosphere, 14, 1209–1223, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1209-2020, 2020. 
Tedesco, M., Doherty, S., Fettweis, X., Alexander, P., Jeyaratnam, J., and Stroeve, J.: The darkening of the Greenland ice sheet: trends, drivers, and projections (1981–2100), The Cryosphere, 10, 477–496, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-477-2016, 2016. 
Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Capplelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Hansen, K., Mote, T., Sasgen, I., Smeets, C. J. P. P., van As, D., van de Wal, R. S. W., and Velicogna, I.: NOAA Arctic Report Card 2018: Greenland Ice Sheet in Arctic Report Card 2017, https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2017 (last access: 20 November 2022), 2017. 
Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Anderson, J. K., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., van As, D., and van de Wal, R. S. W.: NOAA Arctic Report Card 2018: Greenland Ice Sheet in Arctic Report Card 2018, https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2018 (last access: 20 November 2022), 2018. 
Tedesco, M., Moon, T., Anderson, J. K., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Loomis, B., Mankoff, K. D., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., van As, D., and van de Wal, R. S. W.: Greenland Ice Sheet in Arctic Report Card 2019, https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2019 (last access: 21 November 2022), 2019. 
The IMBIE Team: Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018, Nature, 579, 233–239, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2, 2020. 
Trusel, L. D., Das, S. B., Osman, M. B., Evans, M. J., Smith, B. E., Fettweis, X., McConnell, J. R., Noël, B. P., and van den Broeke, M. R.: Nonlinear rise in Greenland runoff in response to post-industrial Arctic warming, Nature, 564, 104–108, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0752-4, 2018. 
Turton, J. V., Hochreuther, P., Reimann, N., and Blau, M. T.: The distribution and evolution of supraglacial lakes on 79° N Glacier (north-eastern Greenland) and interannual climatic controls, The Cryosphere, 15, 3877–3896, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3877-2021, 2021. 
van As, D., Bech Mikkelsen, A., Holtegaard Nielsen, M., Box, J. E., Claesson Liljedahl, L., Lindbäck, K., Pitcher, L., and Hasholt, B.: Hypsometric amplification and routing moderation of Greenland ice sheet meltwater release, The Cryosphere, 11, 1371–1386, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1371-2017, 2017. 
van den Broeke, M., Box, J., Fettweis, X., Hanna, E., Noël, B., Tedesco, M., van As, D., van de Berg, W. J., and van Kampenhout, L.: Greenland ice sheet surface mass loss: recent developments in observation and modeling, Current Climate Change Reports, 3, 345–356, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-017-0084-8, 2017. 
van den Broeke, M. R., Enderlin, E. M., Howat, I. M., Kuipers Munneke, P., Noël, B. P. Y., van de Berg, W. J., van Meijgaard, E., and Wouters, B.: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change, The Cryosphere, 10, 1933–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016, 2016. 
Williamson, A. G., Arnold, N. S., Banwell, A. F., and Willis, I. C.: A Fully Automated Supraglacial lake area and volume Tracking (“FASTâ€) algorithm: Development and application using MODIS imagery of West Greenland, Remote Sens. Environ., 196, 113–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.032, 2017. 
Williamson, A. G., Banwell, A. F., Willis, I. C., and Arnold, N. S.: Dual-satellite (Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8) remote sensing of supraglacial lakes in Greenland, The Cryosphere, 12, 3045–3065, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3045-2018, 2018. 
Wyatt, F. R. and Sharp, M. J.: Linking surface hydrology to flow regimes and patterns of velocity variability on Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, J. Glaciol., 61, 387–399, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J109, 2015. 
Yang, K. and Smith, L. C.: Supraglacial streams on the Greenland Ice Sheet delineated from combined spectral–shape information in high-resolution satellite imagery, IEEE Geosci. Remote Se., 10, 801–805, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2012.2224316., 2012. 
Yang, K., Smith, L. C., Chu, V. W., Gleason, C. J., and Li, M.: A caution on the use of surface digital elevation models to simulate supraglacial hydrology of the Greenland ice sheet, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 8, 5212–5224, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2483483., 2015. 
Yang, K., Smith, L. C., Sole, A., Livingstone, S. J., Cheng, X., Chen, Z., and Li, M.: Supraglacial rivers on the northwest Greenland Ice Sheet, Devon Ice Cap, and Barnes Ice Cap mapped using Sentinel-2 imagery, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 78, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.01.008, 2019a. 
Yang, K., Smith, L. C., Fettweis, X., Gleason, C. J., Lu, Y., and Li, M.: Surface meltwater runoff on the Greenland ice sheet estimated from remotely sensed supraglacial lake infilling rate, Remote Sens. Environ., 234, 111459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111459, 2019b.  
Yang, K., Smith, L. C., Cooper, M. G., Pitcher, L. H., Van As, D., Lu, Y., Lu, X., and Li, M.: Seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes and rivers on the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Glaciol., 67, 592–602, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.10, 2021. 
Zhang, Q., Huai, B., van Den Broeke, M. R., Cappelen, J., Ding, M., Wang, Y., and Sun, W.: Temporal and Spatial Variability in Contemporary Greenland Warming (1958–2020), J. Climate, 35, 2755–2767, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0313.1, 2022. 
Zwally, H. J., Abdalati, W., Herring, T., Larson, K., Saba, J., and Steffen, K.: Surface melt-induced acceleration of Greenland ice-sheet flow, Science, 297, 218–222, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072708, 2002. 
Short summary
We map and quantify surface rivers and lakes at Humboldt Glacier to examine seasonal evolution and provide new insights of network configuration and behaviour. A widespread supraglacial drainage network exists, expanding up the glacier as seasonal runoff increases. Large interannual variability affects the areal extent of this network, controlled by high- vs. low-melt years, with late summer network persistence likely preconditioning the surface for earlier drainage activity the following year.
We map and quantify surface rivers and lakes at Humboldt Glacier to examine seasonal evolution...
