Articles | Volume 17, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3363-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3363-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Aug 2023
Research article |
| 21 Aug 2023
| 21 Aug 2023
Permafrost saline water and Early to mid-Holocene permafrost aggradation in Svalbard
Dotan Rotem
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan 529002, Israel
Arctic Geophysics Department, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen 9170, Norway
Vladimir Lyakhovsky
Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'yahu Leibowitz, Jerusalem
9692100, Israel
Hanne Hvidtfeldt Christiansen
Arctic Geophysics Department, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen 9170, Norway
Yehudit Harlavan
Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'yahu Leibowitz, Jerusalem
9692100, Israel
Yishai Weinstein
Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan 529002, Israel
Related authors
No articles found.
Hanne H. Christiansen, Ilkka S. O. Matero, Lisa Baddeley, Kim Holmén, Clara J. M. Hoppe, Maarten J. J. E. Loonen, Rune Storvold, Vito Vitale, Agata Zaborska, and Heikki Lihavainen
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 933–946, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-933-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-933-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an overview of the state and future of Earth system science in Svalbard as a synthesis of the recommendations made by the scientific community active in the archipelago. This work helped identify foci for developments of the observing system and a path forward to reach the full interdisciplinarity needed to operate at Earth system science scale. Better understanding of the processes in Svalbard will benefit both process-level understanding and Earth system models.
Nir Haim, Vika Grigorieva, Rotem Soffer, Boaz Mayzel, Timor Katz, Ronen Alkalay, Eli Biton, Ayah Lazar, Hezi Gildor, Ilana Berman-Frank, Yishai Weinstein, Barak Herut, and Yaron Toledo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2659–2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper outlines the process of creating an open-access surface wave dataset, drawing from deep-sea research station observations located 50 km off the coast of Israel. The discussion covers the wave monitoring procedure, from instrument configuration to wave field retrieval, and aspects of quality assurance. The dataset presented spans over 5 years, offering uncommon in situ wave measurements in the deep sea, and addresses the existing gap in wave information within the region.
Johan H. Scheller, Mikhail Mastepanov, Hanne H. Christiansen, and Torben R. Christensen
Biogeosciences, 18, 6093–6114, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6093-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6093-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study presents a time series of methane emissions in a high-Arctic-tundra landscape over 14 summers, which shows large variations between years. The methane emissions from the valley are expected to more than double in the late 21st century. This warming increases permafrost thaw, which could increase surface erosion in the valley. Increased erosion could offset some of the rise in methane fluxes from the valley, but this would require large-scale impacts on vegetated surfaces.
Andreas Alexander, Jaroslav Obu, Thomas V. Schuler, Andreas Kääb, and Hanne H. Christiansen
The Cryosphere, 14, 4217–4231, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present subglacial air, ice and sediment temperatures from within the basal drainage systems of two cold-based glaciers on Svalbard during late spring and the summer melt season. We put the data into the context of air temperature and rainfall at the glacier surface and show the importance of surface events on the subglacial thermal regime and erosion around basal drainage channels. Observed vertical erosion rates thereby reachup to 0.9 m d−1.
Related subject area
Discipline: Frozen ground | Subject: Frozen Ground
Effect of surficial geology mapping scale on modelled ground ice in Canadian Shield terrain
InSAR-measured permafrost degradation of palsa peatlands in northern Sweden
The evolution of Arctic permafrost over the last 3 centuries from ensemble simulations with the CryoGridLite permafrost model
Environmental spaces for palsas and peat plateaus are disappearing at a circumpolar scale
Post-Little Ice Age rock wall permafrost evolution in Norway
Modelling rock glacier ice content based on InSAR-derived velocity, Khumbu and Lhotse valleys, Nepal
The temperature-dependent shear strength of ice-filled joints in rock mass considering the effect of joint roughness, opening and shear rates
Significant underestimation of peatland permafrost along the Labrador Sea coastline in northern Canada
Estimation of stream water components and residence time in a permafrost catchment in the central Tibetan Plateau using long-term water stable isotopic data
Brief communication: Improving ERA5-Land soil temperature in permafrost regions using an optimized multi-layer snow scheme
Towards accurate quantification of ice content in permafrost of the Central Andes – Part 2: An upscaling strategy of geophysical measurements to the catchment scale at two study sites
Long-term analysis of cryoseismic events and associated ground thermal stress in Adventdalen, Svalbard
Seismic physics-based characterization of permafrost sites using surface waves
Three in one: GPS-IR measurements of ground surface elevation changes, soil moisture, and snow depth at a permafrost site in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Surface temperatures and their influence on the permafrost thermal regime in high-Arctic rock walls on Svalbard
Consequences of permafrost degradation for Arctic infrastructure – bridging the model gap between regional and engineering scales
Passive seismic recording of cryoseisms in Adventdalen, Svalbard
Projecting circum-Arctic excess-ground-ice melt with a sub-grid representation in the Community Land Model
Ground ice, organic carbon and soluble cations in tundra permafrost soils and sediments near a Laurentide ice divide in the Slave Geological Province, Northwest Territories, Canada
The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions
Brief Communication: The reliability of gas extraction techniques for analysing CH4 and N2O compositions in gas trapped in permafrost ice wedges
Geochemical signatures of pingo ice and its origin in Grøndalen, west Spitsbergen
Mountain permafrost degradation documented through a network of permanent electrical resistivity tomography sites
Permafrost variability over the Northern Hemisphere based on the MERRA-2 reanalysis
Distinguishing ice-rich and ice-poor permafrost to map ground temperatures and ground ice occurrence in the Swiss Alps
New ground ice maps for Canada using a paleogeographic modelling approach
Origin, burial and preservation of late Pleistocene-age glacier ice in Arctic permafrost (Bylot Island, NU, Canada)
Characteristics and fate of isolated permafrost patches in coastal Labrador, Canada
Rock glaciers in Daxue Shan, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau: an inventory, their distribution, and their environmental controls
Microtopographic control on the ground thermal regime in ice wedge polygons
H. Brendan O'Neill, Stephen A. Wolfe, Caroline Duchesne, and Ryan J. H. Parker
The Cryosphere, 18, 2979–2990, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2979-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2979-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Maps that show ground ice in permafrost at circumpolar or hemispherical scales offer only general depictions of broad patterns in ice content. In this paper, we show that using more detailed surficial geology in a ground ice computer model significantly improves the depiction of ground ice and makes the mapping useful for assessments of the effects of permafrost thaw and for reconnaissance planning of infrastructure routing.
Samuel Valman, Matthias B. Siewert, Doreen Boyd, Martha Ledger, David Gee, Betsabé de la Barreda-Bautista, Andrew Sowter, and Sofie Sjögersten
The Cryosphere, 18, 1773–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate warming is thawing permafrost that makes up palsa (frost mound) peatlands, risking ecosystem collapse and carbon release as methane. We measure this regional degradation using radar satellite technology to examine ground elevation changes and show how terrain roughness measurements can be used to estimate local permafrost damage. We find that over half of Sweden's largest palsa peatlands are degrading, with the worse impacts to the north linked to increased winter precipitation.
Moritz Langer, Jan Nitzbon, Brian Groenke, Lisa-Marie Assmann, Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Simone Maria Stuenzi, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 18, 363–385, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-363-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-363-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using a model that can simulate the evolution of Arctic permafrost over centuries to millennia, we find that post-industrialization permafrost warming has three "hotspots" in NE Canada, N Alaska, and W Siberia. The extent of near-surface permafrost has decreased substantially since 1850, with the largest area losses occurring in the last 50 years. The simulations also show that volcanic eruptions have in some cases counteracted the loss of near-surface permafrost for a few decades.
Oona Leppiniemi, Olli Karjalainen, Juha Aalto, Miska Luoto, and Jan Hjort
The Cryosphere, 17, 3157–3176, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, suitable environments for palsas and peat plateaus were modeled for the whole Northern Hemisphere. The hotspots of occurrences were in northern Europe, western Siberia, and subarctic Canada. Climate change was predicted to cause almost complete loss of the studied landforms by the late century. Our predictions filled knowledge gaps in the distribution of the landforms, and they can be utilized in estimation of the pace and impacts of the climate change over northern regions.
Justyna Czekirda, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, and Florence Magnin
The Cryosphere, 17, 2725–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess spatio-temporal permafrost variations in selected rock walls in Norway over the last 120 years. Ground temperature is modelled using the two-dimensional ground heat flux model CryoGrid 2D along nine profiles. Permafrost probably occurs at most sites. All simulations show increasing ground temperature from the 1980s. Our simulations show that rock wall permafrost with a temperature of −1 °C at 20 m depth could thaw at this depth within 50 years.
Yan Hu, Stephan Harrison, Lin Liu, and Joanne Laura Wood
The Cryosphere, 17, 2305–2321, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are considered to be important freshwater reservoirs in the future climate. However, the amount of ice stored in rock glaciers is poorly quantified. Here we developed an empirical model to estimate ice content in rock the glaciers in the Khumbu and Lhotse valleys, Nepal. The modelling results confirmed the hydrological importance of rock glaciers in the study area. The developed approach shows promise in being applied to permafrost regions to assess water storage of rock glaciers.
Shibing Huang, Haowei Cai, Zekun Xin, and Gang Liu
The Cryosphere, 17, 1205–1223, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1205-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1205-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the warming degradation mechanism of ice-filled joints is revealed, and the effect of temperature, normal stress, shear rate and joint opening on the shear strength of rough ice-filled joints is investigated. The shear rupture modes include shear cracking of joint ice and debonding of the ice–rock interface, which is related to the above factors. The bonding strength of the ice–rock interface is larger than the shear strength of joint ice when the temperature is below −1 ℃.
Yifeng Wang, Robert G. Way, Jordan Beer, Anika Forget, Rosamond Tutton, and Meredith C. Purcell
The Cryosphere, 17, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-63-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-63-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Peatland permafrost in northeastern Canada has been misrepresented by models, leading to significant underestimates of peatland permafrost and permafrost distribution along the Labrador Sea coastline. Our multi-stage, multi-mapper, consensus-based inventorying process, supported by field- and imagery-based validation efforts, identifies peatland permafrost complexes all along the coast. The highest density of complexes is found to the south of the current sporadic discontinuous permafrost limit.
Shaoyong Wang, Xiaobo He, Shichang Kang, Hui Fu, and Xiaofeng Hong
The Cryosphere, 16, 5023–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5023-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-5023-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study used the sine-wave exponential model and long-term water stable isotopic data to estimate water mean residence time (MRT) and its influencing factors in a high-altitude permafrost catchment (5300 m a.s.l.) in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP). MRT for stream and supra-permafrost water was estimated at 100 and 255 d, respectively. Climate and vegetation factors affected the MRT of stream and supra-permafrost water mainly by changing the thickness of the permafrost active layer.
Bin Cao, Gabriele Arduini, and Ervin Zsoter
The Cryosphere, 16, 2701–2708, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented a new multi-layer snow scheme in the land surface scheme of ERA5-Land with revised snow densification parameterizations. The revised HTESSEL improved the representation of soil temperature in permafrost regions compared to ERA5-Land; in particular, warm bias in winter was significantly reduced, and the resulting modeled near-surface permafrost extent was improved.
Tamara Mathys, Christin Hilbich, Lukas U. Arenson, Pablo A. Wainstein, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 16, 2595–2615, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With ongoing climate change, there is a pressing need to understand how much water is stored as ground ice in permafrost. Still, field-based data on permafrost in the Andes are scarce, resulting in large uncertainties regarding ground ice volumes and their hydrological role. We introduce an upscaling methodology of geophysical-based ground ice quantifications at the catchment scale. Our results indicate that substantial ground ice volumes may also be present in areas without rock glaciers.
Rowan Romeyn, Alfred Hanssen, and Andreas Köhler
The Cryosphere, 16, 2025–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2025-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2025-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have investigated a long-term record of ground vibrations, recorded by a seismic array installed in Adventdalen, Svalbard. This record contains a large number of
frost quakes, a type of ground shaking that can be produced by cracks that form as the ground cools rapidly. We use underground temperatures measured in a nearby borehole to model forces of thermal expansion and contraction that can cause these cracks. We also use the seismic measurements to estimate where these cracks occurred.
Hongwei Liu, Pooneh Maghoul, and Ahmed Shalaby
The Cryosphere, 16, 1157–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The knowledge of physical and mechanical properties of permafrost and its location is critical for the management of permafrost-related geohazards. Here, we developed a hybrid inverse and multiphase poromechanical approach to quantitatively estimate the physical and mechanical properties of a permafrost site. Our study demonstrates the potential of surface wave techniques coupled with our proposed data-processing algorithm to characterize a permafrost site more accurately.
Jiahua Zhang, Lin Liu, Lei Su, and Tao Che
The Cryosphere, 15, 3021–3033, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We improve the commonly used GPS-IR algorithm for estimating surface soil moisture in permafrost areas, which does not consider the bias introduced by seasonal surface vertical movement. We propose a three-in-one framework to integrate the GPS-IR observations of surface elevation changes, soil moisture, and snow depth at one site and illustrate it by using a GPS site in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study is the first to use GPS-IR to measure environmental variables in the Tibetan Plateau.
Juditha Undine Schmidt, Bernd Etzelmüller, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Florence Magnin, Julia Boike, Moritz Langer, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 15, 2491–2509, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents rock surface temperatures (RSTs) of steep high-Arctic rock walls on Svalbard from 2016 to 2020. The field data show that coastal cliffs are characterized by warmer RSTs than inland locations during winter seasons. By running model simulations, we analyze factors leading to that effect, calculate the surface energy balance and simulate different future scenarios. Both field data and model results can contribute to a further understanding of RST in high-Arctic rock walls.
Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Hanna Lee, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Sebastian Westermann, Vladimir Romanovsky, Scott Lamoureux, Donald A. Walker, Sarah Chadburn, Erin Trochim, Lei Cai, Jan Nitzbon, Stephan Jacobi, and Moritz Langer
The Cryosphere, 15, 2451–2471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2451-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2451-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate warming puts infrastructure built on permafrost at risk of failure. There is a growing need for appropriate model-based risk assessments. Here we present a modelling study and show an exemplary case of how a gravel road in a cold permafrost environment in Alaska might suffer from degrading permafrost under a scenario of intense climate warming. We use this case study to discuss the broader-scale applicability of our model for simulating future Arctic infrastructure failure.
Rowan Romeyn, Alfred Hanssen, Bent Ole Ruud, Helene Meling Stemland, and Tor Arne Johansen
The Cryosphere, 15, 283–302, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A series of unusual ground motion signatures were identified in geophone recordings at a frost polygon site in Adventdalen on Svalbard. By analysing where the ground motion originated in time and space, we are able to classify them as cryoseisms, also known as frost quakes, a ground-cracking phenomenon that occurs as a result of freezing processes. The waves travelling through the ground produced by these frost quakes also allow us to measure the structure of the permafrost in the near surface.
Lei Cai, Hanna Lee, Kjetil Schanke Aas, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 14, 4611–4626, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4611-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A sub-grid representation of excess ground ice in the Community Land Model (CLM) is developed as novel progress in modeling permafrost thaw and its impacts under the warming climate. The modeled permafrost degradation with sub-grid excess ice follows the pathway that continuous permafrost transforms into discontinuous permafrost before it disappears, including surface subsidence and talik formation, which are highly permafrost-relevant landscape changes excluded from most land models.
Rupesh Subedi, Steven V. Kokelj, and Stephan Gruber
The Cryosphere, 14, 4341–4364, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4341-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4341-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost beneath tundra near Lac de Gras (Northwest Territories, Canada) contains more ice and less organic carbon than shown in global compilations. Excess-ice content of 20–60 %, likely remnant Laurentide basal ice, is found in upland till. This study is based on 24 boreholes up to 10 m deep. Findings highlight geology and glacial legacy as determinants of a mosaic of permafrost characteristics with potential for thaw subsidence up to several metres in some locations.
Bin Cao, Stephan Gruber, Donghai Zheng, and Xin Li
The Cryosphere, 14, 2581–2595, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports that ERA5-Land (ERA5L) soil temperature bias in permafrost regions correlates with the bias in air temperature and with maximum snow height. While global reanalyses are important drivers for permafrost study, ERA5L soil data are not well suited for directly informing permafrost research decision making due to their warm bias in winter. To address this, future soil temperature products in reanalyses will require permafrost-specific alterations to their land surface models.
Ji-Woong Yang, Jinho Ahn, Go Iwahana, Sangyoung Han, Kyungmin Kim, and Alexander Fedorov
The Cryosphere, 14, 1311–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1311-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1311-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing permafrost may lead to decomposition of soil carbon and nitrogen and emission of greenhouse gases. Thus, methane and nitrous oxide compositions in ground ice may provide information on their production mechanisms in permafrost. We test conventional wet and dry extraction methods. We find that both methods extract gas from the easily extractable parts of the ice and yield similar results for mixing ratios. However, both techniques are unable to fully extract gas from the ice.
Nikita Demidov, Sebastian Wetterich, Sergey Verkulich, Aleksey Ekaykin, Hanno Meyer, Mikhail Anisimov, Lutz Schirrmeister, Vasily Demidov, and Andrew J. Hodson
The Cryosphere, 13, 3155–3169, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3155-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3155-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
As Norwegian geologist Liestøl (1996) recognised,
in connection with formation of pingos there are a great many unsolved questions. Drillings and temperature measurements through the pingo mound and also through the surrounding permafrost are needed before the problems can be better understood. To shed light on pingo formation here we present the results of first drilling of pingo on Spitsbergen together with results of detailed hydrochemical and stable-isotope studies of massive-ice samples.
Coline Mollaret, Christin Hilbich, Cécile Pellet, Adrian Flores-Orozco, Reynald Delaloye, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 13, 2557–2578, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2557-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2557-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a long-term multisite electrical resistivity tomography monitoring network (more than 1000 datasets recorded from six mountain permafrost sites). Despite harsh and remote measurement conditions, the datasets are of good quality and show consistent spatio-temporal variations yielding significant added value to point-scale borehole information. Observed long-term trends are similar for all permafrost sites, showing ongoing permafrost thaw and ground ice loss due to climatic conditions.
Jing Tao, Randal D. Koster, Rolf H. Reichle, Barton A. Forman, Yuan Xue, Richard H. Chen, and Mahta Moghaddam
The Cryosphere, 13, 2087–2110, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2087-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2087-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The active layer thickness (ALT) in middle-to-high northern latitudes from 1980 to 2017 was produced at 81 km2 resolution by a global land surface model (NASA's CLSM) with forcing fields from a reanalysis data set, MERRA-2. The simulated permafrost distribution and ALTs agree reasonably well with an observation-based map and in situ measurements, respectively. The accumulated above-freezing air temperature and maximum snow water equivalent explain most of the year-to-year variability of ALT.
Robert Kenner, Jeannette Noetzli, Martin Hoelzle, Hugo Raetzo, and Marcia Phillips
The Cryosphere, 13, 1925–1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new permafrost mapping method distinguishes between ice-poor and ice-rich permafrost. The approach was tested for the entire Swiss Alps and highlights the dominating influence of the factors elevation and solar radiation on the distribution of ice-poor permafrost. Our method enabled the indication of mean annual ground temperatures and the cartographic representation of permafrost-free belts, which are bounded above by ice-poor permafrost and below by permafrost-containing excess ice.
H. Brendan O'Neill, Stephen A. Wolfe, and Caroline Duchesne
The Cryosphere, 13, 753–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-753-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-753-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we present new models to depict ground ice in permafrost in Canada, incorporating knowledge from recent studies. The model outputs we present reproduce observed regional ground ice conditions and are generally comparable with previous mapping. However, our results are more detailed and more accurately reflect ground ice conditions in many regions. The new mapping is an important step toward understanding terrain response to permafrost degradation in Canada.
Stephanie Coulombe, Daniel Fortier, Denis Lacelle, Mikhail Kanevskiy, and Yuri Shur
The Cryosphere, 13, 97–111, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-97-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-97-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a detailed description of relict glacier ice preserved in the permafrost of Bylot Island (Nunavut). We demonstrate that the 18O composition (-34.0 0.4 ‰) of the ice is consistent with the late Pleistocene age ice in the Barnes Ice Cap. As most of the glaciated Arctic landscapes are still strongly determined by their glacial legacy, the melting of these large ice bodies could have significant impacts on permafrost geosystem landscape dynamics and ecosystems.
Robert G. Way, Antoni G. Lewkowicz, and Yu Zhang
The Cryosphere, 12, 2667–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2667-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2667-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Isolated patches of permafrost in southeast Labrador are among the southernmost lowland permafrost features in Canada. Local characteristics at six sites were investigated from Cartwright, NL (~ 54° N) to Blanc-Sablon, QC (~ 51° N). Annual ground temperatures varied from −0.7 °C to −2.3 °C with permafrost thicknesses of 1.7–12 m. Ground temperatures modelled for two sites showed permafrost disappearing at the southern site by 2060 and persistence beyond 2100 at the northern site only for RCP2.6.
Zeze Ran and Gengnian Liu
The Cryosphere, 12, 2327–2340, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2327-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2327-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This article provides the first rock glacier inventory of Daxue Shan, south- eastern Tibetan Plateau. This study provides important data for exploring the relation between maritime periglacial environments and the development of rock glaciers on the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). It may also highlight the characteristics typical of rock glaciers found in a maritime setting.
Charles J. Abolt, Michael H. Young, Adam L. Atchley, and Dylan R. Harp
The Cryosphere, 12, 1957–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1957-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1957-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the relationship between ice wedge polygon topography and near-surface ground temperature using a combination of field work and numerical modeling. We analyze a year-long record of ground temperature across a low-centered polygon, then demonstrate that lower rims and deeper troughs promote warmer conditions in the ice wedge in winter. This finding implies that ice wedge cracking and growth, which are driven by cold conditions, can be impeded by rim erosion or trough subsidence.
Cited articles
Ahonen, L.: Permafrost: occurrence and physiochemical processes (POSIVA–01-05), Geological Survey of Finland, Finland, ISBN 951-652-106-1, 2001.
Alsos, I. G., Sjögren, P., Edwards, M. E., Landvik, J. Y., Gielly, L.,
Forwick, M., Coissac E., Brown A. G., Jakobsen L. V., Føreid M. K., and
Pedersen, M. W.: Sedimentary ancient DNA from Lake Skartjørna, Svalbard:
Assessing the resilience of arctic flora to Holocene climate change,
Holocene, 26, 627–642, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683615612563, 2016.
Ames, W. F.: Numerical methods for partial differential equations, 2nd
edition, Academic press INC, ISBN 0-12-056761-X, 1977.
Anderson, L., Edwards,, M., Shapley,, M. D., Finney, B. P., and Langdon, C.:
Holocene Thermokarst Lake Dynamics in Northern Interior Alaska: The
Interplay of Climate, Fire, and Subsurface Hydrology, Front. Earth Sci.,
7, 53, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00053, 2019.
Angelopoulos, M., Westermann, S., Overduin, P., Faguet, A., Olenchenko, V.,
Grosse, G., and Grigoriev, M. N.: Heat and salt flow in subsea permafrost
modeled with CryoGRID2, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 124, 920–937, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004823, 2019.
Arnscheidt, C. W. and Rothman, D. H.: Routes to global
glaciation, P. Roy. Soc. A, 476, 2239, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0303, 2020.
Balland, V. and Arp, P. A.: Modeling soil thermal conductivities over a
wide range of conditions, J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 4, 549–558, https://doi.org/10.1139/s05-007, 2005.
Bear, J. and Dagan, G.: Some exact solutions of interface problems by means
of the hodograph method, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 1563–1572,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ069i008p01563, 1964.
Benn, D. and Evans, D. J.: Glaciers and glaciation, 2nd edition,
Routledge, 707 pp., ISBN 9780340905791, 2014.
Betlem, P., Midttømme, K., Jochmann, M., Senger, K., and Olaussen, S.:
Geothermal Gradients on Svalbard, Arctic Norway, in:First EAGE/IGA/DGMK
Joint Workshop on Deep Geothermal Energy, 8–9 November 2018, Strasbourg, France, European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers, cp-577, https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802945, 2018.
Black, R. F.: Permafrost: a review, GSA Bulletin, 65, 839–856,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[839:PR]2.0.CO;2, 1954.
Bodnar, R. J.: Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point
depression of H2O-NaCl solutions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 683–684, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90378-A, 1993.
Bondevik, S., Mangerud, J., Ronnert, L., and Salvigsen, O.: Postglacial sea-level history of Edgeøya and Barentsøya, eastern Svalbard, Polar Res., 14, 153–180, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v14i2.6661, 1995.
Burn, C. R.: Permafrost distribution and stability, edited by: French, H.,
and Slaymaker, O., Changing Cold Environments: A Canadian Perspective, John
Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 126–143, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119950172.ch7, 2011.
Burt, T. P., and Williams, P. J.: Hydraulic conductivity in frozen
soils, Earth Surf. Processes, 1, 349–360,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290010404, 1976.
Cable, S., Elberling, B., and Kroon, A.: Holocene permafrost history and
cryostratigraphy in the High-Arctic Adventdalen Valley, central
Svalbard, Boreas, 47, 423–442, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12286, 2018.
Cary, J. W., and Mayland, H. F.: Salt and water movement in unsaturated
frozen soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 36, 549–555,
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1972.03615995003600040019x, 1972.
Cascoyne, M.: A review of published literature on the effects of permafrost
on the hydrogeochemistry of bedrock, Technical Report, Posiva Oy, Helsinki
Finland, ISBN 951-652-095-2, 2000.
Christiansen, H. H.: Thermal regime of ice-wedge cracking in Adventdalen,
Svalbard, Permafrost Periglac., 16, 87–98, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.523, 2005.
Christiansen, H. H. and Humlum, O.: Active layer monitoring in Ny Ålesund and in Adventdalen in the CALM Network, in: Permafrost, Periglacial Features and Glaciers in Svalbard, Excursion Guide, VIII International Conference on Permafrost, 21–25 July 2003, Zurich, Switzerland, Rapport−serie i naturgeografi, Universitetet i Oslo, vol. 14, 97–100, https://www.permafrost.org/event/icop8/ (last access: 16 August 2023), 2003.
Christiansen, H. H., Etzelmüller, B., Isaksen, K., Juliussen, H.,
Farbrot, H., Humlum, O., Johansson, M., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Kristensen, L.,
Hjort, J., Holmlund, P. Sannel, A. B. K. Sigsgaard, C. Åkerman, H. J.
Foged, N. Blikra, L. H. Pernosky, M. A., and Ødegård, R. S.: The
thermal state of permafrost in the Nordic area during the International
Polar Year 2007–2009, Permafrost Periglac., 21, 156–181,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.687, 2010.
Christiansen, H. H., Humlum, O., and Eckerstorfer, M.: Central Svalbard
2000–2011 meteorological dynamics and periglacial landscape response, Arct.
Antarct. Alp. Res., 45, 6–18, https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-45.16, 2013.
Christiansen, H. H., Gilbert, G. L., Demidov, N., Guglielmin, M., Isaksen, K., Osuch, M., and Boike, J.: Permafrost temperatures and active layer thickness in Svalbard 2017–2018. State of Environmental Science in Svalbard, SESS report 2019, edited by: Van den Heuvel, F., Hübner, C., Błaszczyk, M., Heimann, M., and Lihavainen, H., Longyearbyen, Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, Report card, 236–249,
https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/50889/ (last access: 16 August 2023), 2020.
Cochand, M., Molson, J., and Lemieux, J. M.: Groundwater hydrogeochemistry
in permafrost regions, Permafrost Periglac., 30, 90–103,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1998, 2019.
Cocks, F. H. and Brower, W. E.: Phase diagram relationships in cryobiology,
Cryobiology, 11, 340–358, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(74)90011-X,
1974.
Cosenza, P., Guerin, R., and Tabbagh, A.: Relationship between thermal
conductivity and water content of soils using numerical modelling, Eur.
J. Soil Sci., 54, 581–588, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00539.x, 2003.
Crank, J.: Free and moving boundary problems, Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN 0-19-853370-5, 1984.
de Baar, H. J. W., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., and Middag, R.: Ocean Salinity, Major Elements, and Thermohaline Circulation, in: Encyclopedia of
Geochemistry, edited by: White, W., Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_120-1, 2017.
Dobinski, W.: Permafrost, Earth-Sci. Rev., 108, 158–169,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.06.007, 2011.
Edmunds, W. M., Hinsby, K., Marlin, C., de Melo, M. C., Manzano, M.,
Vaikmae, R., and Travi, Y.: Evolution of groundwater systems at the European
coastline, Geol. Soc. Sp. London, 189, 289–311,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.189.01.17, 2001.
El Kadi, K. and Janajreh, I.: Desalination by freeze crystallization: an
overview, Int. J. Therm. Environ. Eng, 15, 103–110, https://doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.15.02.004, 2017.
Elverhøi, A., Svendsen, J. I., Solheim, A., Andersen, E. S., Milliman,
J., Mangerud, J., and Hooke, R. L.: Late Quaternary sediment yield from the
high Arctic Svalbard area, J. Geol., 103, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1086/629718, 1995.
Etzelmüller, B., Schuler, T. V., Isaksen, K., Christiansen, H. H., Farbrot, H., and Benestad, R.: Modeling the temperature evolution of Svalbard permafrost during the 20th and 21st century, The Cryosphere, 5, 67–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-67-2011, 2011.
Farbrot, H., Etzelmüller, B., Schuler, T. V., Guðmundsson, Á.,
Eiken, T., Humlum, O., and Björnsson, H.: Thermal characteristics and
impact of climate change on mountain permafrost in Iceland, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 112, F03S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000541, 2007.
Farnsworth, W. R.: The Topographical and Meteorological Influence on Snow
Distribution in Central Spitsbergen: How the spatial variability of snow
influences slope-scale stability, permafrost landform dynamics and regional
distribution trends The Topographical and Meteorological Influence on Snow
Distribution in Central Svalbard, Master Thesis, Department of geosciences
faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, University of Oslo, https://www.duo.uio.no/ (last access: 16 August 2023), 2013.
Farnsworth, W. R., Ingólfsson, Ó., Alexanderson, H., Allaart, L.,
Forwick, M., Noormets, R., Retelle, M., and Schomacker, A.: Holocene glacial
history of Svalbard: Status, perspectives and challenges, Earth-Sci. Rev., 208, 103249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103249, 2020.
Farouki, O. T.: Thermal properties of soils, Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Lab, Hanover NH, 1981.
Forman, S. L., Lubinski, D. J., Ingólfsson, Ó., Zeeberg, J. J.,
Snyder, J. A., Siegert, M. J., and Matishov, G. G.: A review of postglacial
emergence on Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, northern Eurasia,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 1391–1434, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.007, 2004.
French, H. M.: The periglacial environment, 4th edition, John Wiley and
Sons LTD, ISBN 9781119132790, 2017.
Gilbert, G. L., Christiansen, H. H., and Neumann, U.: Coring of
unconsolidated permafrost deposits: methodological successes and challenges,
in: Proceedings GeoQuébec 2015 – 68th Canadian Geotechnical Conference
and 7th Canadian Permafrost Conference, 20–23 September 2015, Québec, Canada, Canadian Geotechnical Society, 20–23, Paper, 6 pp., https://hdl.handle.net/1956/17626 (last access: 16 August 2023), 2015.
Gilbert, G. L., O'Neill, H. B., Nemec, W., Thiel, C., Christiansen, H. H.,
and Buylaert, J. P.: Late Quaternary sedimentation and permafrost
development in a Svalbard fjord-valley, Norwegian high
Arctic, Sedimentology, 65, 2531–2558, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12476, 2018.
Gilbert, G., Instanes, A., Sinitsyn, A., and Aalberg, A.: Characterization
of two sites for geotechnical testing in permafrost: Longyearbyen,
Svalbard, Norges Geotekniske Institutt, http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2632119 (last access: 16 August 2023), 2019.
Gitterman, K. E.: Thermal analysis of sea water, CRREL TL 287, USA Cold
Regions Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, N.H., 1937.
Grinter, M., Lacelle, D., Baranova, N., Murseli, S., and Clark, I. D.: Late
Pleistocene and Holocene ice-wedge activity on the Blackstone Plateau,
central Yukon, Canada, Quaternary Res., 91, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.65, 2018.
Grünberg, I., Wilcox, E. J., Zwieback, S., Marsh, P., and Boike, J.: Linking tundra vegetation, snow, soil temperature, and permafrost, Biogeosciences, 17, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, 2020.
Grundvåg, S. A., Jelby, M. E., Śliwińska, K. K., Nøhr-Hansen,
H., Aadland, T., Sandvik, S. E., Tennvassås, I., Engen, T., and
Olaussen, S.: Sedimentology and palynology of the Lower Cretaceous
succession of central Spitsbergen: integration of subsurface and outcrop
data, Norw. J. Geol., 99, 253–284, https://doi.org/10.17850/njg006, 2019.
Harada, K. and Yoshikawa, K.: Permafrost age and thickness near
Adventfjorden, Spitsbergen, Polar Geography, 20, 267–281,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10889379609377607, 1996.
He, H., Flerchinger, G. N., Kojima, Y., Dyck, M., and Lv, J.: A review and
evaluation of 39 thermal conductivity models for frozen soils, Geoderma,
382, 114694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114694, 2021.
Herut, B., Starinsky, A., Katz, A., and Bein, A.: The role of seawater
freezing in the formation of subsurface brines, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54,
13–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90190-V, 1990.
Hindshaw, R. S., Heaton, T. H., Boyd, E. S., Lindsay, M. R., and Tipper, E. T.: Influence of glaciation on mechanisms of mineral weathering in two high Arctic catchments, Chem. Geol., 420, 37–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.11.004, 2016.
Hodson, A. J., Nowak, A., Hornum, M. T., Senger, K., Redeker, K., Christiansen, H. H., Jessen, S., Betlem, P., Thornton, S. F., Turchyn, A. V., Olaussen, S., and Marca, A.: Sub-permafrost methane seepage from open-system pingos in Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 14, 3829–3842, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3829-2020, 2020.
Homshaw, L. G.: Freezing and melting temperature hysteresis of water in
porous materials: Application to the study of pore form, J. Soil Sci., 31,
399–414, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1980.tb02090.x, 1980.
Hornum, M. T., Hodson, A. J., Jessen, S., Bense, V., and Senger, K.: Numerical modelling of permafrost spring discharge and open-system pingo formation induced by basal permafrost aggradation, The Cryosphere, 14, 4627–4651, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4627-2020, 2020.
Hornum, M. T., Betlem, P., and Hodson, A.: Groundwater flow through
continuous permafrost along geological boundary revealed by electrical
resistivity tomography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL092757,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092757, 2021.
Humlum, O.: Holocene permafrost aggradation in Svalbard, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 242, 119–129, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.242.01.11,
2005.
Humlum, O., Instanes, A., and Sollid, J. L.: Permafrost in Svalbard: a
review of research history, climatic background and engineering
challenges, Polar Res., 22, 191–215, 2003.
Imbrie, J., Berger, A., Boyle, E., Clemens, S. C., Duffy, A., Howard, W.
R., Kukla,, G., Kutzbach, J. Martinson, D. G., McIntyre, A., Mix, A. C.,
Molfino, B., Morley, J. J., Peterson, L. C., Pisias, N. G., Prell, M. E.,
Raymo, W. L., Shackleton, N. J., and Toggweiler, J. R.: On the structure and
origin of major glaciation cycles 2. The 100 000-year
cycle, Paleoceanography, 8, 699–735, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA02751, 1993.
Isaksen, K., Benestad, R. E., Harris, C., and Sollid, J. L.: Recent extreme
near-surface permafrost temperatures on Svalbard in relation to future
climate scenarios, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031002, 2007.
Kasprzak, M., Łopuch, M., Głowacki, T., and Milczarek, W., Evolution of
near-shore outwash fans and permafrost spreading under their surface: A case
study from Svalbard, Remote Sens.-Basel, 12, 482,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030482, 2020.
Kaufman, D. S., Axford, Y. L., Henderson, A. C., McKay, N. P., Oswald, W.
W., Saenger, C., Anderson, R. S., Bailey, H. L., Clegg, B., Gajewski, K.,
Hu, F. S., Jones, M. C., Massa, C., Routson, C. C., Werner, A., Wooller, M.
J., and Yu, Z.: Holocene climate changes in eastern Beringia (NW North
America) – A systematic review of multi-proxy evidence, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 147, 312–339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.021, 2015.
Keating, K., Binley, A., Bense, V., Van Dam, R. L., and Christiansen, H. H.:
Combined geophysical measurements provide evidence for unfrozen water in
permafrost in the Adventdalen valley in Svalbard, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45,
7606–7614, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GL076508, 2018.
Kjellman, S. E., Schomacker, A., Thomas, E. K., Håkansson, L., Duboscq,
S., Cluett, A. A., Farnsworth, W. R., Allaart L., Cowling, O. C., McKay, N.
P., Brynjólfsson, S., and Ingólfsson, Ó.: Holocene precipitation
seasonality in northern Svalbard: influence of sea ice and regional ocean
surface conditions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 240, 106388,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106388, 2020.
Kokelj, S. V., Smith, C. A. S., and Burn, C. R.: Physical and chemical
characteristics of the active layer and permafrost, Herschel Island, western
Arctic Coast, Canada, Permafrost Periglac., 13, 171–185,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.417, 2002.
Kukkonen, I. T. and Šafanda, J.: Numerical modelling of permafrost in
bedrock in northern Fennoscandia during the Holocene, Global Planet.
Change, 29, 259–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00094-7, 2001.
Kutzbach, J. E. and Guetter, P. J.: The influence of changing orbital
parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the
past 18 000 years, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1726–1759,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1726:TIOCOP>2.0.CO;2, 1986.
Landvik, J. Y., Mangerud, J., and Salvigsen, O.: Glacial history and
permafrost in the Svalbard area, in: Proceedings of the 5th International
Conference on Permafrost, 2–5 August 1988, Trondheim, Norway, Tapir Publishers, vol. 1, 194–198, ISBN 82-519-08639, 1988.
Lemieux, J. M., Sudicky, E. A., Peltier, W. R., and Tarasov, L.: Simulating
the impact of glaciations on continental groundwater flow systems: 1. Relevant processes and model formulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 113, F03017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000928, 2008.
Lenz, J., Grosse, G., Jones, B. M., Walter Anthony, K. M., Bobrov, A., Wulf,
S., and Wetterich, S.: Mid-Wisconsin to Holocene Permafrost and Landscape
Dynamics based on a Drained Lake Basin Core from the Northern Seward
Peninsula, Northwest Alaska, Permafrost Periglac., 27,
56–75, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1848, 2015.
Lønne, I. and Lyså, A.: Deglaciation dynamics following the Little
Ice Age on Svalbard: implications for shaping of landscapes at high
latitudes, Geomorphology, 72, 300–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.06.003, 2005.
Lønne, I. and Nemec, W.: High-arctic fan delta recording deglaciation
and environment disequilibrium, Sedimentology, 51, 553–589,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00636.x, 2004.
Lunardini, V. J.: Freezing of soil with an unfrozen water content and
variable thermal properties, US Army Corps of Engineers,
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, vol. 88, No. 2, http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9076 (last access: 16 August 2023), 1988.
Luo, D., Jin, H., Marchenko, S. S., and Romanovsky, V. E.: Difference
between near-surface air, land surface and ground surface temperatures and
their influences on the frozen ground on the Qinghai-Tibet
Plateau, Geoderma, 312, 74–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.09.037, 2018.
Lüthi, Z. L.: Thermal State of Permafrost in Central and Western
Spitsbergen 2008–2009, Master's Thesis, Faculty of Science University of
Bern, 2010.
Mangerud, J. and Svendsen, J. I.: The Holocene thermal maximum around
Svalbard, Arctic North Atlantic; molluscs show early and exceptional warmth,
Holocene, 28, 65–83, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617715701, 2018.
Mangerud, J., Bolstad, M., Elgersma, A., Helliksen, D., Landvik, J. Y.,
Lønne, I., Lycke, A. K., Salvigsen, O., Sandahl, T., and Svendsen, J. I.:
The last glacial maximum on Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Quaternary Res., 38,
1–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90027-G, 1992.
Mangerud, J., Astakhov, V., and Svendsen, J. I.: The extent of the
Barents–Kara ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 21, 111–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00088-9, 2002.
Marion, G. M., Farren, R. E., and Komrowski, A. J.: Alternative pathways for
seawater freezing, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 29, 259–266,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(99)00033-6, 1999.
McEwen, T. and de Marsily, G.: The potential significance of permafrost to
the behaviour of a deep radioactive waste repository,
Sweden, SKI-TR–91-8, http://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:24007818 (last access: 16 August 2023), 1991.
McFarlin, J. M., Axford, Y., Osburn, M. R., Kelly, M. A., Osterberg, E. C.,
and Farnsworth, L. B.: Pronounced summer warming in northwest Greenland
during the Holocene and Last Interglacial, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 6357–6362, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720420115, 2018.
McKinney W.: Python for data analysis: Data wrangling with Pandas Numpy and Ipython, O'Reilly Media Inc, ISBN 9781449319793, 2012.
Morgenstern, N. R. and Anderson, D. M.: Physics, chemistry, and mechanics
of frozen ground: a review, in: Permafrost: North American Contribution [to
The] Second International Conference, 13–28 July 1973, Yakutsk, Siberia, National Academies, vol. 2, p. 257, https://doi.org/10.17226/20223, 1973.
Murton, J. B.: What and where are periglacial landscapes?, Permafrost
Periglac., 32, 186–212, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2102, 2021.
Nelson, K. H. and Thompson, T. G.: Deposition of salts from sea water by
frigid concentration, Technical Report No. 29, Office of Naval Research,
Contract N8onr-520/III, Project NR 083 012, 1954.
Nordli, Ø., Przybylak, R., Ogilvie, A. E., and Isaksen, K.: Long-term
temperature trends and variability on Spitsbergen: the extended Svalbard
Airport temperature series, 1898–2012, Polar Res., 33, 21349,
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v33.21349, 2014.
Nordli, Ø., Wyszyński, P., Gjelten, H., Isaksen, K., Łupikasza, E.,
Niedźwiedź, T., and Przybylak, R.: Revisiting the extended Svalbard
Airport monthly temperature series, and the compiled corresponding daily
series 1898–2018, Co-Action Publishing, https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v39.3614, 2020.
Obu, J., Westermann, S., Bartsch, A., Berdnikov, N., Christiansen, H. H.,
Dashtseren, A., Delaloye, R., Elberling, B., Etzelmüller, B., Kholodov,
A., Khomutov, A., Kääb, A., Leibman, M. O., Lewkowicz, A. G., Panda,
S. K., Romanovsky, V., Way, R. G., Westergaard-Nielsen, A., Wu, T., Yamkhin,
J., and Zou, D.: Northern Hemisphere permafrost map based on TTOP modelling
for 2000–2016 at 1 km2 scale, Earth-Sci. Rev., 193, 299–316,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.023, 2019.
Olaussen, S., Senger, K., Braathen, A., Grundvåg, S. A., and Mørk,
A.: You learn as long as you drill; research synthesis from the Longyearbyen
CO2 Laboratory, Svalbard, Norway, Norw. J. Geol., 99, 157–187,
https://doi.org/10.17850/njg008, 2019.
Oldenborger, G. A. and LeBlanc, A. M.: Monitoring changes in unfrozen water
content with electrical resistivity surveys in cold continuous
permafrost, Geophys. J. Int., 215, 965–977, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy321, 2018.
Osuch, M. and Wawrzyniak, T.: Inter-and intra-annual changes in air
temperature and precipitation in western Spitsbergen, Int. J. Climatol., 37,
3082–3097, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4901, 2017.
Overduin, P. P., Miesner, F., Grigoriev, M. N., Ruppel, C., Vasiliev, A., Lantuit, H., Juhls, B., and Westermann, S.: Submarine permafrost map in the
Arctic modeled using 1-D transient heat flux (SuPerMAP), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 3490–3507, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014675, 2019.
Park, H. S., Kim, S. J., Stewart, A. L., Son, S. W., and Seo, K. H.:
Mid-Holocene Northern Hemisphere warming driven by Arctic
amplification, Science Advances, 5, eaax8203, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8203, 2019.
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Andreassen, K., Auriac, A., Whitehouse, P. L.,
Stroeven, A. P., Shackleton, C., Winsborrow, M., Heyman, J., and Hall, A.
M.: Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 169, 148–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.019, 2017.
Rasmussen, T. L., Forwick, M., and Mackensen, A.: Reconstruction of inflow
of Atlantic Water to Isfjorden, Svalbard during the Holocene: Correlation to
climate and seasonality, Mar. Micropaleontol., 94, 80–90,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.06.008, 2012.
Ringer, W. E.: Über die Veranderungen in der Zusammensetzung des Meereswassersalzes beim Ausfrieres, Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, November 1928, France, Rapport 47, 226–232, 1928.
Rotem, D.: 1-D freeze-thaw model code, Rotem et al., 2023, figshare [code], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.23684493, 2023.
Rubinstein, L., Geiman, H., and Shachaf, M.: Heat transfer with a free
boundary moving within a concentrated thermal capacity, IMA J. Appl.
Math., 28, 131–147, https://doi.org/10.1093/imamat/28.2.131, 1982.
Rühaak, W., Anbergen, H., Grenier, C., McKenzie, J., Kurylyk, B. L.,
Molson, J., Roux, N., and Sass, I.: Benchmarking numerical freeze thaw
models, Enrgy. Proced., 76, 301–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.866, 2015.
Russak, A. and Sivan, O.: Hydrogeochemical tool to identify salinization or
freshening of coastal aquifers determined from combined field work,
experiments, and modeling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44,
4096–4102, https://doi.org/10.1021/es1003439, 2010.
Salvigsen, O.: Occurrence of pumice on raised beaches and Holocene shoreline
displacement in the inner Isfjorden area, Svalbard, Polar Res., 2,
107–113, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1984.tb00488.x, 1984.
Šarler, B.: Stefan's work on solid-liquid phase changes, Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem., 16, 83–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-7997(95)00047-X, 1995.
Sessford, E. G., Strzelecki, M. C., and Hormes, A.: Reconstruction of
Holocene patterns of change in a High Arctic coastal landscape, Southern
Sassenfjorden, Svalbard, Geomorphology, 234, 98–107,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.046, 2015.
Solomon, S. M., Taylor, A. E., and Stevens, C. W.: Nearshore ground
temperatures, seasonal ice bonding, and permafrost formation within the
bottom-fast ice zone, Mackenzie Delta, NWT, in: Proceedings of the Ninth
International Conference on Permafrost, 28 June–3 July 2008, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, vol. 29, 1675–1680, ISBN 978-0-9800179-3-9 (v.2), 2008.
Strand, S. M., Christiansen, H. H., Johansson, M., Åkerman, J., and
Humlum, O.: Active layer thickening and controls on interannual variability
in the Nordic Arctic compared to the circum-Arctic, Permafrost Periglac., 32, 47–58, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2088, 2021.
Svendsen, J. I. and Mangerud, J.: Holocene glacial and climatic variations
on Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Holocene, 7, 45–57,
https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369700700105, 1997.
Szafraniec, J. E. and Dobiński, W.: Deglaciation rate of selected
Nunataks in Spitsbergen, Svalbard – Potential for permafrost expansion above
the glacial environment, Geosciences, 10, 202, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10050202, 2020.
Tavakoli, S., Gilbert, G., Lysdahl, A. O. K., Frauenfelder, R., and
Forsberg, C. S.: Geoelectrical properties of saline permafrost soil in the
Adventdalen valley of Svalbard (Norway), constrained with in-situ well
data, J. Appl. Geophys., 195, 104497, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2021.104497, 2021.
Treat, C. C. and Jones, M. C.: Near-surface permafrost aggradation in
Northern Hemisphere peatlands shows regional and global trends during the
past 6000 years, Holocene, 28, 998–1010, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617752858, 2018.
Ulrich, M., Wetterich, S., Rudaya, N., Frolova, L., Schmidt, J., Siegert,
C., Fedorov A. N., and Zielhofer, C.: Rapid thermokarst evolution during the
mid-Holocene in Central Yakutia, Russia, Holocene, 27, 1899–1913,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617708454, 2017.
van der Bilt, W. G., D'Andrea, W. J., Bakke, J., Balascio, N. L., Werner, J.
P., Gjerde, M., and Bradley, R. S.: Alkenone-based reconstructions reveal
four-phase Holocene temperature evolution for High Arctic Svalbard,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 183, 204–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.10.006, 2018.
van der Bilt, W. G., D'Andrea, W. J., Werner, J. P., and Bakke, J.: Early
Holocene temperature oscillations exceed amplitude of observed and projected
warming in Svalbard lakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 14732–14741,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084384, 2019.
Verruijt, A.: A note on the Ghyben–Herzberg formula, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 13,
43–46, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666809493624, 1968.
Waller, R. I., Murton, J. B., and Kristensen, L.: Glacier–permafrost
interactions: Processes, products and glaciological implications, Sediment
Geol., 255, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.02.005, 2012.
Walvoord, M. A. and Kurylyk, B. L.: Hydrologic impacts of thawing
permafrost – A review, Vadose Zone J., 15, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.01.0010, 2016.
Weinstein, Y., Rotem, D., Kooi, H., Yechieli, Y., Sültenfuß, J.,
Kiro, Y., Harlavan, Y., Feldman, M., and Christiansen, H. H.: Radium isotope
fingerprinting of permafrost-applications to thawing and intra-permafrost
processes, Permafrost Periglac., 30, 104–112, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1999, 2019.
Williams, P. J. and Smith, M. W.: The frozen earth: fundamentals of
geocryology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, vol. 306, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511564437, 1989.
Yang, B., Bai, F., Wang, Y., and Wang, Z.: How mushy zone evolves and
affects the thermal behaviours in latent heat storage and recovery: A
numerical study, Int. J. Energ. Res., 44, 4279–4297,
https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5191, 2020.
Zhang, N. and Wang, Z.: Review of soil thermal conductivity and predictive
models, Int. J. Therm. Sci., 117, 172–183,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.03.013, 2017.
Zhang, T.: Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime:
An overview, Rev. Geophys., 43, RG4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RG000157, 2005.
Short summary
Frozen saline pore water, left over from post-glacial marine ingression, was found in shallow permafrost in a Svalbard fjord valley. This suggests that freezing occurred immediately after marine regression due to isostatic rebound. We conducted top-down freezing simulations, which confirmed that with Early to mid-Holocene temperatures (e.g. −4 °C), freezing could progress down to 20–40 m within 200 years. This, in turn, could inhibit flow through the sediment, therefore preserving saline fluids.
Frozen saline pore water, left over from post-glacial marine ingression, was found in shallow...
