Articles | Volume 14, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3269-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3269-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Oct 2020
Research article |
| 02 Oct 2020
| 02 Oct 2020
Monitoring the seasonal changes of an englacial conduit network using repeated ground-penetrating radar measurements
Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Invited contribution by Gregory Church, recipient of the EGU Cryospheric Sciences Outstanding Student Poster and PICO Award 2019.
Melchior Grab
Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Cédric Schmelzbach
Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Andreas Bauder
Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Hansruedi Maurer
Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Gregory Church, Andreas Bauder, Melchior Grab, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3975–3988, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3975-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3975-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this field study, we acquired a 3D radar survey over an active drainage network that transported meltwater through a Swiss glacier. We successfully imaged both englacial and subglacial pathways and were able to confirm long-standing glacier hydrology theory regarding meltwater pathways. The direction of these meltwater pathways directly impacts the glacier's velocity, and therefore more insightful field observations are needed in order to improve our understanding of this complex system.
Sebastian Hellmann, Melchior Grab, Cedric Patzer, Andreas Bauder, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 14, 805–821, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Acoustic waves are suitable to analyse the physical properties of the subsurface. For this purpose, boreholes are quite useful to deploy a source and receivers in the target area to get a comprehensive high-resolution dataset. However, when conducting such experiments in a subsurface such as glaciers that continuously move, the boreholes get deformed. In our study, we therefore developed a method that allows an analysis of the ice while considering deformations.
Erik Schytt Mannerfelt, Amaury Dehecq, Romain Hugonnet, Elias Hodel, Matthias Huss, Andreas Bauder, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 3249–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
How glaciers have responded to climate change over the last 20 years is well-known, but earlier data are much more scarce. We change this in Switzerland by using 22 000 photographs taken from mountain tops between the world wars and find a halving of Swiss glacier volume since 1931. This was done through new automated processing techniques that we created. The data are interesting for more than just glaciers, such as mapping forest changes, landslides, and human impacts on the terrain.
Lea Geibel, Matthias Huss, Claudia Kurzböck, Elias Hodel, Andreas Bauder, and Daniel Farinotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3293–3312, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3293-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3293-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier monitoring in Switzerland started in the 19th century, providing exceptional data series documenting snow accumulation and ice melt. Raw point observations of surface mass balance have, however, never been systematically compiled so far, including complete metadata. Here, we present an extensive dataset with more than 60 000 point observations of surface mass balance covering 60 Swiss glaciers and almost 140 years, promoting a better understanding of the drivers of recent glacier change.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Gregory Church, Andreas Bauder, Melchior Grab, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3975–3988, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3975-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3975-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this field study, we acquired a 3D radar survey over an active drainage network that transported meltwater through a Swiss glacier. We successfully imaged both englacial and subglacial pathways and were able to confirm long-standing glacier hydrology theory regarding meltwater pathways. The direction of these meltwater pathways directly impacts the glacier's velocity, and therefore more insightful field observations are needed in order to improve our understanding of this complex system.
Sebastian Hellmann, Melchior Grab, Johanna Kerch, Henning Löwe, Andreas Bauder, Ilka Weikusat, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3507–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyse whether ultrasonic measurements on ice core samples could be employed to derive information about the particular ice crystal orientation in these samples. We discuss if such ultrasonic scans of ice core samples could provide similarly detailed results as the established methods, which usually destroy the ice samples. Our geophysical approach is minimally invasive and could support the existing methods with additional and (semi-)continuous data points along the ice core.
Peter-Lasse Giertzuch, Joseph Doetsch, Alexis Shakas, Mohammadreza Jalali, Bernard Brixel, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 12, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Two time-lapse borehole ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted during saline tracer experiments in weakly fractured crystalline rock with sub-millimeter fractures apertures, targeting electrical conductivity changes. The combination of time-lapse reflection and transmission GPR surveys from different boreholes allowed monitoring the tracer flow and reconstructing the flow path and its temporal evolution in 3D and provided a realistic visualization of the hydrological processes.
Sebastian Hellmann, Johanna Kerch, Ilka Weikusat, Andreas Bauder, Melchior Grab, Guillaume Jouvet, Margit Schwikowski, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 677–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse the orientation of ice crystals in an Alpine glacier and compare this orientation with the ice flow direction. We found that the crystals orient in the direction of the largest stress which is in the flow direction in the upper parts of the glacier and in the vertical direction for deeper zones of the glacier. The grains cluster around this maximum stress direction, in particular four-point maxima, most likely as a result of recrystallisation under relatively warm conditions.
Alba Zappone, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Melchior Grab, Quinn C. Wenning, Clément Roques, Claudio Madonna, Anne C. Obermann, Stefano M. Bernasconi, Matthias S. Brennwald, Rolf Kipfer, Florian Soom, Paul Cook, Yves Guglielmi, Christophe Nussbaum, Domenico Giardini, Marco Mazzotti, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 12, 319–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The success of the geological storage of carbon dioxide is linked to the availability at depth of a capable reservoir and an impermeable caprock. The sealing capacity of the caprock is a key parameter for long-term CO2 containment. Faults crosscutting the caprock might represent preferential pathways for CO2 to escape. A decameter-scale experiment on injection in a fault, monitored by an integrated network of multiparamerter sensors, sheds light on the mobility of fluids within the fault.
Eef C. H. van Dongen, Guillaume Jouvet, Shin Sugiyama, Evgeny A. Podolskiy, Martin Funk, Douglas I. Benn, Fabian Lindner, Andreas Bauder, Julien Seguinot, Silvan Leinss, and Fabian Walter
The Cryosphere, 15, 485–500, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-485-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-485-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The dynamic mass loss of tidewater glaciers is strongly linked to glacier calving. We study calving mechanisms under a thinning regime, based on 5 years of field and remote-sensing data of Bowdoin Glacier. Our data suggest that Bowdoin Glacier ungrounded recently, and its calving behaviour changed from calving due to surface crevasses to buoyancy-induced calving resulting from basal crevasses. This change may be a precursor to glacier retreat.
Guillaume Jouvet, Stefan Röllin, Hans Sahli, José Corcho, Lars Gnägi, Loris Compagno, Dominik Sidler, Margit Schwikowski, Andreas Bauder, and Martin Funk
The Cryosphere, 14, 4233–4251, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4233-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4233-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We show that plutonium is an effective tracer to identify ice originating from the early 1960s at the surface of a mountain glacier after a long time within the ice flow, giving unique information on the long-term former ice motion. Combined with ice flow modelling, the dating can be extended to the entire glacier, and we show that an airplane which crash-landed on the Gauligletscher in 1946 will likely soon be released from the ice close to the place where pieces have emerged in recent years.
Joseph Doetsch, Hannes Krietsch, Cedric Schmelzbach, Mohammadreza Jalali, Valentin Gischig, Linus Villiger, Florian Amann, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 11, 1441–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1441-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1441-2020, 2020
Lisbeth Langhammer, Melchior Grab, Andreas Bauder, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 13, 2189–2202, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2189-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2189-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a novel procedure for glacier thickness estimations that combines traditional glaciological modeling constraints with ground-truth data, for example, those obtained with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. This procedure is very useful for determining ice volume when only limited data are available. Furthermore, we outline a strategy for acquiring GPR data on glaciers, such that the cost/benefit ratio is optimized.
Florian Amann, Valentin Gischig, Keith Evans, Joseph Doetsch, Reza Jalali, Benoît Valley, Hannes Krietsch, Nathan Dutler, Linus Villiger, Bernard Brixel, Maria Klepikova, Anniina Kittilä, Claudio Madonna, Stefan Wiemer, Martin O. Saar, Simon Loew, Thomas Driesner, Hansruedi Maurer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 9, 115–137, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-115-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-115-2018, 2018
Valentin Samuel Gischig, Joseph Doetsch, Hansruedi Maurer, Hannes Krietsch, Florian Amann, Keith Frederick Evans, Morteza Nejati, Mohammadreza Jalali, Benoît Valley, Anne Christine Obermann, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 9, 39–61, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-39-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-39-2018, 2018
Melchior Grab, Beatriz Quintal, Eva Caspari, Hansruedi Maurer, and Stewart Greenhalgh
Solid Earth, 8, 255–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-255-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-255-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Hot fluids and hydraulically conductive rock formations are essential for the accessibility of geothermal resources. We use numerical modeling techniques to investigate how seismic waves change their shape in presence of these factors. We demonstrate how to parameterize such models depending on the local geology and as a function of depth. Finally, we show how the attenuation, i.e. the energy loss of the wave, can be indicative for permeable rock fractures saturated with a fluid of specific type.
J. Gabbi, M. Huss, A. Bauder, F. Cao, and M. Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 9, 1385–1400, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1385-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1385-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing impurities in snow and ice increase the absorption of solar radiation and thus enhance melting. We investigated the effect of Saharan dust and black carbon on the mass balance of an Alpine glacier over 1914-2014. Snow impurities increased melt by 15-19% depending on the location on the glacier. From the accumulation area towards the equilibrium line, the effect of impurities increased as more frequent years with negative mass balance led to a re-exposure of dust-enriched layers.
J. Kropáček, N. Neckel, and A. Bauder
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-3261-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-3261-2013, 2013
Preprint withdrawn
Related subject area
Discipline: Glaciers | Subject: Alpine Glaciers
The Aneto glacier's (Central Pyrenees) evolution from 1981 to 2022: ice loss observed from historic aerial image photogrammetry and remote sensing techniques
Modelling point mass balance for the glaciers of the Central European Alps using machine learning techniques
Consistent histories of anthropogenic western European air pollution preserved in different Alpine ice cores
Brief communication: Non-linear sensitivity of glacier mass balance to climate attested by temperature-index models
Halving of Swiss glacier volume since 1931 observed from terrestrial image photogrammetry
Land- to lake-terminating transition triggers dynamic thinning of a Bhutanese glacier
Brief communication: A framework to classify glaciers for water resource evaluation and management in the Southern Andes
Strong acceleration of glacier area loss in the Greater Caucasus between 2000 and 2020
Ice volume and basal topography estimation using geostatistical methods and ground-penetrating radar measurements: application to the Tsanfleuron and Scex Rouge glaciers, Swiss Alps
Significant mass loss in the accumulation area of the Adamello glacier indicated by the chronology of a 46 m ice core
Brief communication: Do 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 °C matter for the future evolution of Alpine glaciers?
A new automatic approach for extracting glacier centerlines based on Euclidean allocation
Spatially and temporally resolved ice loss in High Mountain Asia and the Gulf of Alaska observed by CryoSat-2 swath altimetry between 2010 and 2019
Crystallographic analysis of temperate ice on Rhonegletscher, Swiss Alps
Debris cover and the thinning of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska: in situ measurements, automated ice cliff delineation and distributed melt estimates
Small-scale spatial variability in bare-ice reflectance at Jamtalferner, Austria
Numerical modeling of the dynamics of the Mer de Glace glacier, French Alps: comparison with past observations and forecasting of near-future evolution
Possible biases in scaling-based estimates of glacier change: a case study in the Himalaya
Spatial and temporal variations in glacier aerodynamic surface roughness during the melting season, as estimated at the August-one ice cap, Qilian mountains, China
Strong changes in englacial temperatures despite insignificant changes in ice thickness at Dôme du Goûter glacier (Mont Blanc area)
Supra-glacial debris cover changes in the Greater Caucasus from 1986 to 2014
Glacier thickness estimations of alpine glaciers using data and modeling constraints
Unravelling the evolution of Zmuttgletscher and its debris cover since the end of the Little Ice Age
Modelling the future evolution of glaciers in the European Alps under the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble
Robust uncertainty assessment of the spatio-temporal transferability of glacier mass and energy balance models
Impacts of topographic shading on direct solar radiation for valley glaciers in complex topography
19th century glacier retreat in the Alps preceded the emergence of industrial black carbon deposition on high-alpine glaciers
Iron oxides in the cryoconite of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau: abundance, speciation and implications
Numerical reconstructions of the flow and basal conditions of the Rhine glacier, European Central Alps, at the Last Glacial Maximum
Ixeia Vidaller, Eñaut Izagirre, Luis Mariano del Rio, Esteban Alonso-González, Francisco Rojas-Heredia, Enrique Serrano, Ana Moreno, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, and Jesús Revuelto
The Cryosphere, 17, 3177–3192, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3177-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3177-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Aneto glacier, the largest glacier in the Pyrenees, has shown continuous surface and ice thickness losses in the last decades. In this study, we examine changes in its surface and ice thickness for 1981–2022 and the remaining ice thickness in 2020. During these 41 years, the glacier has shrunk by 64.7 %, and the ice thickness has decreased by 30.5 m on average. The mean ice thickness in 2022 was 11.9 m, compared to 32.9 m in 1981. The results highlight the critical situation of the glacier.
Ritu Anilkumar, Rishikesh Bharti, Dibyajyoti Chutia, and Shiv Prasad Aggarwal
The Cryosphere, 17, 2811–2828, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2811-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2811-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis demonstrates the capability of machine learning models in estimating glacier mass balance in terms of performance metrics and dataset availability. Feature importance analysis suggests that ablation features are significant. This is in agreement with the predominantly negative mass balance observations. We show that ensemble tree models typically depict the best performance. However, neural network models are preferable for biased inputs and kernel-based models for smaller datasets.
Anja Eichler, Michel Legrand, Theo M. Jenk, Susanne Preunkert, Camilla Andersson, Sabine Eckhardt, Magnuz Engardt, Andreas Plach, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 17, 2119–2137, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how a 250-year history of the emission of air pollutants (major inorganic aerosol constituents, black carbon, and trace species) is preserved in ice cores from four sites in the European Alps. The observed uniform timing in species-dependent longer-term concentration changes reveals that the different ice-core records provide a consistent, spatially representative signal of the pollution history from western European countries.
Christian Vincent and Emmanuel Thibert
The Cryosphere, 17, 1989–1995, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1989-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1989-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Temperature-index models have been widely used for glacier mass projections in the future. The ability of these models to capture non-linear responses of glacier mass balance (MB) to high deviations in air temperature and solid precipitation has recently been questioned by mass balance simulations employing advanced machine-learning techniques. Here, we confirmed that temperature-index models are capable of detecting non-linear responses of glacier MB to temperature and precipitation changes.
Erik Schytt Mannerfelt, Amaury Dehecq, Romain Hugonnet, Elias Hodel, Matthias Huss, Andreas Bauder, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 3249–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
How glaciers have responded to climate change over the last 20 years is well-known, but earlier data are much more scarce. We change this in Switzerland by using 22 000 photographs taken from mountain tops between the world wars and find a halving of Swiss glacier volume since 1931. This was done through new automated processing techniques that we created. The data are interesting for more than just glaciers, such as mapping forest changes, landslides, and human impacts on the terrain.
Yota Sato, Koji Fujita, Hiroshi Inoue, Akiko Sakai, and Karma
The Cryosphere, 16, 2643–2654, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2643-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2643-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate fluctuations in Bhutanese lake-terminating glaciers focusing on the dynamics change before and after proglacial lake formation at Thorthormi Glacier (TG) based on photogrammetry, satellite, and GPS surveys. The thinning rate of TG became double compared to before proglacial lake formation, and the flow velocity has also sped up considerably. Those changes would be due to the reduction in longitudinal ice compression by the detachment of the glacier terminus from the end moraine.
Nicole Schaffer and Shelley MacDonell
The Cryosphere, 16, 1779–1791, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the last 2 decades the importance of Andean glaciers, particularly as water resources, has been recognized in both scientific literature and the public sphere. This has led to the inclusion of glaciers in environmental impact assessment and the development of glacier protection laws. We propose three categories that group glaciers based on their environmental sensitivity to hopefully help facilitate the effective application of these measures and evaluation of water resources in general.
Levan G. Tielidze, Gennady A. Nosenko, Tatiana E. Khromova, and Frank Paul
The Cryosphere, 16, 489–504, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The new Caucasus glacier inventory derived from manual delineation of glacier outlines based on medium-resolution (Landsat, Sentinel) and high-resolution (SPOT) satellite imagery shows the accelerated glacier area loss over the last 2 decades (2000–2020). This new glacier inventory will improve our understanding of climate change impacts at a regional scale and support related modelling studies by providing high-quality validation data.
Alexis Neven, Valentin Dall'Alba, Przemysław Juda, Julien Straubhaar, and Philippe Renard
The Cryosphere, 15, 5169–5186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present and compare different geostatistical methods for underglacial bedrock interpolation. Variogram-based interpolations are compared with a multipoint statistics approach on both test cases and real glaciers. Using the modeled bedrock, the ice volume for the Scex Rouge and Tsanfleuron glaciers (Swiss Alps) was estimated to be 113.9 ± 1.6 million cubic meters. Complex karstic geomorphological features are reproduced and can be used to improve the precision of underglacial flow estimation.
Daniela Festi, Margit Schwikowski, Valter Maggi, Klaus Oeggl, and Theo Manuel Jenk
The Cryosphere, 15, 4135–4143, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In our study we dated a 46 m deep ice core retrieved from the Adamello glacier (Central Italian Alps). We obtained a timescale combining the results of radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs with annual layer counting derived from pollen and refractory black carbon concentrations. Our results indicate that the surface of the glacier is older than the drilling date of 2016 by about 20 years, therefore revealing that the glacier is at high risk of collapsing under current climate warming conditions.
Loris Compagno, Sarah Eggs, Matthias Huss, Harry Zekollari, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 15, 2593–2599, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2593-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, discussions have focused on the difference in limiting the increase in global average temperatures to below 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 °C compared to preindustrial levels. Here, we assess the impacts that such different scenarios would have on both the future evolution of glaciers in the European Alps and the water resources they provide. Our results show that the different temperature targets have important implications for the changes predicted until 2100.
Dahong Zhang, Xiaojun Yao, Hongyu Duan, Shiyin Liu, Wanqin Guo, Meiping Sun, and Dazhi Li
The Cryosphere, 15, 1955–1973, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1955-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1955-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier centerlines are crucial input for many glaciological applications. We propose a new algorithm to derive glacier centerlines and implement the corresponding program in Python language. Application of this method to 48 571 glaciers in the second Chinese glacier inventory automatically yielded the corresponding glacier centerlines with an average computing time of 20.96 s, a success rate of 100 % and a comprehensive accuracy of 94.34 %.
Livia Jakob, Noel Gourmelen, Martin Ewart, and Stephen Plummer
The Cryosphere, 15, 1845–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1845-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1845-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers and ice caps are currently the largest contributor to sea level rise. Global monitoring of these regions is a challenging task, and significant differences remain between current estimates. This study looks at glacier changes in High Mountain Asia and the Gulf of Alaska using a new technique, which for the first time makes the use of satellite radar altimetry for mapping ice mass loss over mountain glacier regions possible.
Sebastian Hellmann, Johanna Kerch, Ilka Weikusat, Andreas Bauder, Melchior Grab, Guillaume Jouvet, Margit Schwikowski, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 677–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse the orientation of ice crystals in an Alpine glacier and compare this orientation with the ice flow direction. We found that the crystals orient in the direction of the largest stress which is in the flow direction in the upper parts of the glacier and in the vertical direction for deeper zones of the glacier. The grains cluster around this maximum stress direction, in particular four-point maxima, most likely as a result of recrystallisation under relatively warm conditions.
Leif S. Anderson, William H. Armstrong, Robert S. Anderson, and Pascal Buri
The Cryosphere, 15, 265–282, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-265-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-265-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Many glaciers are thinning rapidly beneath debris cover (loose rock) that reduces melt, including Kennicott Glacier in Alaska. This contradiction has been explained by melt hotspots, such as ice cliffs, scattered within the debris cover. However, at Kennicott Glacier declining ice flow explains the rapid thinning. Through this study, Kennicott Glacier is now the first glacier in Alaska, and the largest glacier globally, where melt across its debris-covered tongue has been rigorously quantified.
Lea Hartl, Lucia Felbauer, Gabriele Schwaizer, and Andrea Fischer
The Cryosphere, 14, 4063–4081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4063-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4063-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
When glaciers become snow-free in summer, darker glacier ice is exposed. The ice surface is darker than snow and absorbs more radiation, which increases ice melt. We measured how much radiation is reflected at different wavelengths in the ablation zone of Jamtalferner, Austria. Due to impurities and water on the ice surface there are large variations in reflectance. Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 surface reflectance products do not capture the full range of reflectance found on the glacier.
Vincent Peyaud, Coline Bouchayer, Olivier Gagliardini, Christian Vincent, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Delphine Six, and Olivier Laarman
The Cryosphere, 14, 3979–3994, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3979-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3979-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine glaciers are retreating at an accelerating rate in a warming climate. Numerical models allow us to study and anticipate these changes, but the performance of a model is difficult to evaluate. So we compared an ice flow model with the long dataset of observations obtained between 1979 and 2015 on Mer de Glace (Mont Blanc area). The model accurately reconstructs the past evolution of the glacier. We simulate the future evolution of Mer de Glace; it could retreat by 2 to 6 km by 2050.
Argha Banerjee, Disha Patil, and Ajinkya Jadhav
The Cryosphere, 14, 3235–3247, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3235-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3235-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Simple models of glacier dynamics based on volume–area scaling underestimate climate sensitivity and response time of glaciers. Consequently, they may predict a faster response and a smaller long-term glacier loss. These biases in scaling models are established theoretically and are analysed in detail by simulating the step response of a set of 703 Himalayan glaciers separately by three different models: a scaling model, a 2-D shallow-ice approximation model, and a linear-response model.
Junfeng Liu, Rensheng Chen, and Chuntan Han
The Cryosphere, 14, 967–984, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-967-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-967-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier surface roughness during melting season was observed by manual and automatic photogrammetry. Surface roughness was larger at the snow and ice transition zone than in fully snow- or ice-covered areas. Persistent snowfall and rainfall both reduce surface roughness. High or rising turbulent heat as a component of surface energy balance tended to produce a smooth ice surface; low or decreasing turbulent heat tended to produce a rougher surface.
Christian Vincent, Adrien Gilbert, Bruno Jourdain, Luc Piard, Patrick Ginot, Vladimir Mikhalenko, Philippe Possenti, Emmanuel Le Meur, Olivier Laarman, and Delphine Six
The Cryosphere, 14, 925–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-925-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-925-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We observed very low glacier thickness changes over the last decades at very-high-elevation glaciated areas on Mont Blanc. Conversely, measurements performed in deep boreholes since 1994 reveal strong changes in englacial temperature reaching 1.5 °C at a depth of 50 m. We conclude that at such very high elevations, current changes in climate do not lead to visible changes in glacier thickness but cause invisible changes within the glacier in terms of englacial temperatures.
Levan G. Tielidze, Tobias Bolch, Roger D. Wheate, Stanislav S. Kutuzov, Ivan I. Lavrentiev, and Michael Zemp
The Cryosphere, 14, 585–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-585-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-585-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present data of supra-glacial debris cover for 659 glaciers across the Greater Caucasus based on satellite images from the years 1986, 2000 and 2014. We combined semi-automated methods for mapping the clean ice with manual digitization of debris-covered glacier parts and calculated supra-glacial debris-covered area as the residual between these two maps. The distribution of the supra-glacial debris cover differs between northern and southern and between western, central and eastern Caucasus.
Lisbeth Langhammer, Melchior Grab, Andreas Bauder, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 13, 2189–2202, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2189-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2189-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a novel procedure for glacier thickness estimations that combines traditional glaciological modeling constraints with ground-truth data, for example, those obtained with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. This procedure is very useful for determining ice volume when only limited data are available. Furthermore, we outline a strategy for acquiring GPR data on glaciers, such that the cost/benefit ratio is optimized.
Nico Mölg, Tobias Bolch, Andrea Walter, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 13, 1889–1909, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1889-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1889-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Debris can partly protect glaciers from melting. But many debris-covered glaciers change similar to debris-free glaciers. To better understand the debris influence we investigated 150 years of evolution of Zmutt Glacier in Switzerland. We found an increase in debris extent over time and a link to glacier flow velocity changes. We also found an influence of debris on the melt locally, but only a small volume change reduction over the whole glacier, also because of the influence of ice cliffs.
Harry Zekollari, Matthias Huss, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 13, 1125–1146, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1125-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1125-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the European Alps play an important role in the hydrological cycle, act as a source for hydroelectricity and have a large touristic importance. We model the future evolution of all glaciers in the Alps with a novel model that combines both ice flow and melt processes. We find that under a limited warming scenario about one-third of the present-day ice volume will still be present by the end of the century, while under strong warming more than 90 % of the volume will be lost by 2100.
Tobias Zolles, Fabien Maussion, Stephan Peter Galos, Wolfgang Gurgiser, and Lindsey Nicholson
The Cryosphere, 13, 469–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-469-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-469-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A mass and energy balance model was subjected to sensitivity and uncertainty analysis on two different Alpine glaciers. The global sensitivity analysis allowed for a mass balance measurement independent assessment of the model sensitivity and functioned as a reduction of the model free parameter space. A novel approach of a multi-objective optimization estimates the uncertainty of the simulated mass balance and the energy fluxes. The final model uncertainty is up to 1300 kg m−3 per year.
Matthew Olson and Summer Rupper
The Cryosphere, 13, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-29-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-29-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Solar radiation is the largest energy input for most alpine glaciers. However, many models oversimplify the influence of topographic shading. Also, no systematic studies have explored the variable impact of shading on glacier ice. We find that shading can significantly impact modeled solar radiation, particularly at low elevations, at high latitudes, and for glaciers with a north/south orientation. Excluding the effects of shading will overestimate modeled solar radiation for alpine glaciers.
Michael Sigl, Nerilie J. Abram, Jacopo Gabrieli, Theo M. Jenk, Dimitri Osmont, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 12, 3311–3331, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3311-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3311-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fast retreat of Alpine glaciers since the mid-19th century documented in photographs is used as a symbol for the human impact on global climate, yet the key driving forces remain elusive. Here we argue that not industrial soot but volcanic eruptions were responsible for an apparently accelerated deglaciation starting in the 1850s. Our findings support a negligible role of human activity in forcing glacier recession at the end of the Little Ice Age, highlighting the role of natural drivers.
Zhiyuan Cong, Shaopeng Gao, Wancang Zhao, Xin Wang, Guangming Wu, Yulan Zhang, Shichang Kang, Yongqin Liu, and Junfeng Ji
The Cryosphere, 12, 3177–3186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3177-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3177-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Cryoconites from glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding area were studied for iron oxides. We found that goethite is the predominant iron oxide form. Using the abundance, speciation and optical properties of iron oxides, the total light absorption was quantitatively attributed to goethite, hematite, black carbon and organic matter. Such findings are essential to understand the relative significance of anthropogenic and natural impacts.
Denis Cohen, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Wilfried Haeberli, Horst Machguth, and Urs H. Fischer
The Cryosphere, 12, 2515–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2515-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2515-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
As part of an integrative study about the safety of repositories for radioactive waste under ice age conditions in Switzerland, we modeled the flow of ice of the Rhine glacier at the Last Glacial Maximum to determine conditions at the ice–bed interface. Results indicate that portions of the ice lobes were at the melting temperature and ice was sliding, two conditions necessary for erosion by glacier. Conditions at the bed of the ice lobes were affected by climate and also by topography.
Cited articles
Arcone, S. A. and Yankielun, N. E.: 1.4 GHz radar penetration and evidence of
drainage structures in temperate ice: Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.,
J. Glaciol., 46, 477–490, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833133, 2000. a
Arcone, S. A., Lawson, D. E., and Delaney, A. J.: Short-pulse radar wavelet
recovery and resolution of dielectric contrasts within englacial and basal
ice of Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., J. Glaciol., 41, 68–86,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000017779, 1995. a
Bælum, K. and Benn, D. I.: Thermal structure and drainage system of a small valley glacier (Tellbreen, Svalbard), investigated by ground penetrating radar, The Cryosphere, 5, 139–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-139-2011, 2011. a, b
Bartholomaus, T. C., Amundson, J. M., Walter, J. I., O'Neel, S., West, M. E.,
and Larsen, C. F.: Subglacial discharge at tidewater glaciers revealed by
seismic tremor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 6391–6398,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064590, 2015. a
Benn, D., Gulley, J., Luckman, A., Adamek, A., and Glowacki, P. S.: Englacial
drainage systems formed by hydrologically driven crevasse propagation,
J. Glaciol., 55, 513–523, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309788816669, 2009. a
Bingham, R. G., Nienow, P. W., Sharp, M. J., and Boon, S.: Subglacial drainage
processes at a High Arctic polythermal valley glacier, J. Glaciol., 51, 15–24, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829520, 2005. a
Bingham, R. G., Hubbard, A. L., Nienow, P. W., and Sharp, M. J.: An
investigation into the mechanisms controlling seasonal speedup events at a
High Arctic glacier, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 113,
1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000832, 2008. a
Boon, S. and Sharp, M.: The role of hydrologically-driven ice fracture in
drainage system evolution on an Arctic glacier, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 3–6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018034, 2003. a, b
Booth, A. D., Clark, R., and Murray, T.: Semblance response to a
ground-penetrating radar wavelet and resulting errors in velocity analysis,
Near Surf. Geophys., 8, 235–246, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2010008, 2010. a
Bradford, J. H., Nichols, J., Harper, J. T., and Meierbachtol, T.:
Compressional and EM wave velocity anisotropy in a temperate glacier due to
basal crevasses, and implications for water content estimation, Ann.
Glaciol., 54, 168–178, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG64A206, 2013. a
Catania, G. A. and Neumann, T. A.: Persistent englacial drainage features in
the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041108, 2010. a
Catania, G. A., Neumann, T. A., and Price, S. F.: Characterizing englacial
drainage in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet, J. Glaciol., 54, 567–578, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570854, 2008. a, b
Christianson, K., Jacobel, R. W., Horgan, H. J., Alley, R. B., Anandakrishnan,
S., Holland, D. M., and DallaSanta, K. J.: Basal conditions at the grounding
zone of Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica, from ice-penetrating radar,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 121, 1954–1983,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003806, 2016. a
Church, G. J.: Borehole Camera Video of Englacial Conduit, ETH Zürich Research Collection, https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000406689, 2020. a
Church, G., Bauder, A., Grab, M., Rabenstein, L., Singh, S., and Maurer, H.:
Detecting and characterising an englacial conduit network within a temperate
Swiss glacier using active seismic, ground penetrating radar and borehole
analysis, Ann. Glaciol., 60, 193–205, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.19,
2019. a, b, c, d
Church, G. J., Bauder, A., Grab, M., Hellmann, S., and Maurer, H.:
High-resolution helicopter-borne ground penetrating radar survey to
determine glacier base topography and the outlook of a proglacial lake, in:
2018 17th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), pp.
1–4, IEEE, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGPR.2018.8441598, 2018. a, b
Farinotti, D., Huss, M., Bauder, A., and Funk, M.: An estimate of the glacier
ice volume in the Swiss Alps, Global Planet. Change, 68, 225–231,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.05.004, 2009. a
Fountain, A. G. and Walder, J. S.: Water flow through temperate glaciers,
Rev. Geophys., 36, 299–328, https://doi.org/10.1029/97RG03579, 1998. a, b, c
Fountain, A. G., Jacobel, R. W., Schlichting, R., and Jansson, P.: Fractures
as the main pathways of water flow in temperate glaciers, Nature, 433,
618–621, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03296, 2005. a, b
Fujita, S., Matsuoka, T., Ishida, T., Matsuoka, K., and Mae, S.: A summary of
the complex dielectric permittivity of ice in the megahertz range and its
applications for radar sounding of polar ice sheets, Physics of Ice Core
Records, pp. 185–212, 2000. a
Gimbert, F., Tsai, V. C., Amundson, J. M., Bartholomaus, T. C., and Walter,
J. I.: Subseasonal changes observed in subglacial channel pressure, size,
and sediment transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3786–3794,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068337, 2016. a
Glen, J. W. and Paren, J. G.: The Electrical Properties of Snow and Ice,
J. Glaciol., 15, 15–38, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000034249, 1975. a
Grab, M., Bauder, A., Ammann, F., Langhammer, L., Hellmann, S., Church, G.,
Schmid, L., Rabenstein, L., and Maurer, H.: Ice volume estimates of Swiss
glaciers using helicopter-borne GPR an example from the Glacier de la Plaine
Morte, in: 2018 17th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR), pp. 1–4, IEEE, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGPR.2018.8441613, 2018. a
Gulley, J.: Structural control of englacial conduits in the temperate
Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, USA, J. Glaciol., 55, 681–690,
https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309789470860, 2009. a, b, c
Gulley, J. and Benn, D. I.: Structural control of englacial drainage systems
in Himalayan debris-covered glaciers, J. Glaciol., 53, 399–412,
https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307783258378, 2007. a
Gulley, J., Benn, D., Screaton, E., and Martin, J.: Mechanisms of englacial
conduit formation and their implications for subglacial recharge, Quaternary
Sci. Rev., 28, 1984–1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.04.002,
2009b. a
Guo, L., Chen, J., and Lin, H.: Subsurface lateral preferential flow network
revealed by time-lapse ground-penetrating radar in a hillslope, Water
Resour. Res., 50, 9127–9147, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014603, 2014. a
Hansen, L., Piotrowski, J., Benn, D., and Sevestre, H.:. A cross-validated three-dimensional model of an englacial and subglacial drainage system in a High-Arctic glacier, J. Glaciol., 66, 278–290, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.1, 2020. a, b
Hart, J. K., Rose, K. C., Clayton, A., and Martinez, K.: Englacial and
subglacial water flow at Skálafellsjökull, Iceland derived from
ground penetrating radar, in situ Glacsweb probe and borehole water level
measurements, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 40, 2071–2083,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3783, 2015. a
Hewitt, I. J.: Seasonal changes in ice sheet motion due to melt water
lubrication, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 371-372, 16–25,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.022, 2013. a
Hock, R., Iken, L., and Wangler, A.: Tracer experiments and borehole
observations in the over-deepening of Aletschgletscher, Switzerland, Ann. Glaciol., 28, 253–260, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821742, 1999. a, b
Hooke, R. L. and Pohjola, V. A.: Hydrology of a segment of a glacier situated
in an overdeepening, Storglaciaren, Sweden, J. Glaciol., 40,
140–148, 1994. a
Huss, M. and Farinotti, D.: Distributed ice thickness and volume of all
glaciers around the globe, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf.,
117, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002523, 2012. a
Iken, A. and Bindschadler, R. A.: Combined measurements of Subglacial Water
Pressure and Surface Velocity of Findelengletscher, Switzerland: Conclusions
about Drainage System and Sliding Mechanism, J. Glaciol., 32,
101–119, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000006936, 1986. a
Iken, A., Fabri, K., and Funk, M.: Water storage and subglacial drainage
conditions inferred from borehole measurements on Gornergletscher, Valais,
Switzerland, J. Glaciol., 42, 233–245, 1996. a
Irvine-Fynn, T. D. L., Moorman, B. J., Williams, J. L. M., and Walter, F.
S. A.: Seasonal changes in ground-penetrating radar signature observed at a
polythermal glacier, Bylot Island, Canada, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 31, 892–909, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1299, 2006. a
King, E. C., Woodward, J., and Smith, A. M.: Seismic evidence for a
water-filled canal in deforming till beneath Rutford Ice Stream, West
Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 4–7,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020379, 2004. a
Langhammer, L., Rabenstein, L., Bauder, A., and Maurer, H.: Ground-penetrating
radar antenna orientation effects on temperate mountain glaciers,
Geophysics, 82, H15–H24, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0341.1, 2017. a, b
Lindner, F., Walter, F., Laske, G., and Gimbert, F.: Glaciohydraulic seismic tremors on an Alpine glacier, The Cryosphere, 14, 287–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-287-2020, 2020. a
Lliboutry, L.: Permeability, Brine Content and Temperature of Temperate Ice,
J. Glaciol., 10, 15–29, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002214300001296X, 1971. a
Macgregor, J. A., Anandakrishnan, S., Catania, G. A., and Winebrenner, D. P.:
The grounding zone of the Ross Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, from
ice-penetrating radar, J. Glaciol., 57, 917–928,
https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311798043780, 2011. a
Mercanton, P. L.: Vermessungen am Rhonegletscher, 1874–1915, Neue Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Zurich, 52, 1916. a
Moorman, B. J. and Michel, F. A.: Glacial hydrological system characterization
using ground-penetrating radar, Hydrol. Process., 14, 2645–2667,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2645::AID-HYP84>3.0.CO;2-2, 2000. a, b
Murray, T., Stuart, G. W., Gamble, N. H., and Crabtree, M. D.: Englacial water
distribution in a temperature glacier from surface and borehole radar
velocity analysis, J. Glaciol., 46, 389–398,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833188, 2000. a
Naegeli, K., Lovell, H., Zemp, M., and Benn, D. I.: Dendritic subglacial
drainage systems in cold glaciers formed by cut-and-closure processes,
Geogr. Ann. A, 96, 591–608,
https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12059, 2014. a
Nanni, U., Gimbert, F., Vincent, C., Gräff, D., Walter, F., Piard, L., and Moreau, L.: Quantification of seasonal and diurnal dynamics of subglacial channels using seismic observations on an Alpine glacier, The Cryosphere, 14, 1475–1496, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1475-2020, 2020. a
Nienow, P., Sharp, M., and Willis, I.: Temporal Switching Between Englacial
and Subglacial Drainage Pathways: Dye Tracer Evidence from the Haut Glacier
D'arolla, Switzerland, Geogr. Ann. A,
78, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1996.11880451, 1996. a
Nienow, P., Sharp, M., and Willis, I.: Seasonal changes in the morphology of
the subglacial drainage system, Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 23, 825–843,
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199809)23:9<825::AID-ESP893>3.0.CO;2-2, 1998. a
Pettersson, R., Jansson, P., and Holmlund, P.: Cold surface layer thinning on
Storglaciären, Sweden, observed by repeated ground penetrating radar
surveys, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 108, F1, 6004,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000024, 2003. a
Plewes, L. A. and Hubbard, B.: A review of the use of radio-echo sounding in
glaciology, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 25, 203–236,
https://doi.org/10.1177/030913330102500203, 2001. a, b
Roethlisberger, H.: Seismic Exploration in Cold Regions, U.S. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N. H, 1972. a
Röthlisberger, H.: Water Pressure in Intra- and Subglacial Channels,
J. Glaciol., 11, 177–203, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000022188, 1972. a
Russell, B. H.: Introduction to Seismic Inversion Methods, Society of
Exploration Geophysicists, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560802303, 1988. a
Rutishauser, A., Maurer, H., and Bauder, A.: Helicopter-borne
ground-penetrating radar investigations on temperate alpine glaciers: A
comparison of different systems and their abilities for bedrock mapping,
GEOPHYSICS, 81, WA119–WA129, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0144.1, 2016. a, b
Sacchi, M. D.: Reweighting strategies in seismic deconvolution, Geophys.
J. Int., 129, 651–656,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb04500.x, 1997. a, b
Schaap, T., Roach, M. J., Peters, L. E., Cook, S., Kulessa, B., and Schoof, C.:
Englacial drainage structures in an East Antarctic outlet glacier, J. Glaciol., https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.92, 2019. a, b
Schmelzbach, C. and Huber, E.: Efficient deconvolution of ground-penetrating
radar data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 53,
5209–5217, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.2419235, 2015. a, b
Schmelzbach, C., Tronicke, J., and Dietrich, P.: High-resolution water content
estimation from surface-based ground-penetrating radar reflection data by
impedance inversion, Water Resour. Res., 48, 1–16,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011955, 2012. a, b, c, d
Shreve, R. L.: Movement of Water in Glaciers, J. Glaciol., 11,
205–214, https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300002219X, 1972. a, b, c
Temminghoff, M., Benn, D. I., Gulley, J. D., and Sevestre, H.:
Characterization of the englacial and subglacial drainage system in a high
Arctic cold glacier by speleological mapping and ground-penetrating radar,
Geogr. Ann. A, 101, 98–117,
https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.2018.1545120, 2019. a, b
Truss, S., Grasmueck, M., Vega, S., and Viggiano, D. A.: Imaging rainfall
drainage within the Miami oolitic limestone using high-resolution time-lapse
ground-penetrating radar, Water Resour. Res., 43, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004395, 2007. a
Tsutaki, S., Sugiyama, S., Nishimura, D., and Funk, M.: Acceleration and
flotation of a glacier terminus during formation of a proglacial lake in
Rhonegletscher, Switzerland, J. Glaciol., 59, 559–570,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J107, 2013. a
van der Veen, C. J.: Fracture propagation as means of rapidly transferring
surface meltwater to the base of glaciers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,
1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028385, 2007. a
Vatne, G.: Geometry of englacial water conduits, Austre Brøggerbreen,
Svalbard, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 55, 85–93, https://doi.org/10.1080/713786833,
2001. a, b
Velis, D. R.: Stochastic sparse-spike deconvolution, Geophysics, 73, R1–R9,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2790584, 2008. a
Vore, M. E., Bartholomaus, T. C., Winberry, J. P., Walter, J. I., and Amundson,
J. M.: Seismic Tremor Reveals Spatial Organization and Temporal Changes of
Subglacial Water System, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf.,
124, 427–446, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004819, 2019. a
Warren, C., Giannopoulos, A., and Giannakis, I.: gprMax: Open source software
to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation for Ground Penetrating Radar,
Comput. Phys. Commun., 209, 163–170,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2016.08.020, 2016. a
Widess, M. B.: How thin is a bed?, Geophysics, 38, 1176–1180,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440403, 1973. a
Zwally, H. J., Abdalati, W., Herring, T., Larson, K., Saba, J., and Steffen,
K.: Surface melt-induced acceleration of Greenland ice-sheet flow, Science,
297, 218–222, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072708, 2002. a
Short summary
In this field study, we repeated ground-penetrating radar measurements over an active englacial channel network that transports meltwater through the glacier. We successfully imaged the englacial meltwater pathway and were able to delimitate the channel's shape. Meltwater from the glacier can impact the glacier's dynamics if it reaches the ice–bed interface, and therefore monitoring these englacial drainage networks is important to understand how these networks behave throughout a season.
In this field study, we repeated ground-penetrating radar measurements over an active englacial...
