Articles | Volume 20, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5509-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5509-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
28 Sep 2026
Research article |
| 28 Sep 2026
| 28 Sep 2026
Dynamic thinning and grounding line retreat in Porpoise Bay, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica
Matilda Weatherley
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Chris R. Stokes
Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Stewart S. R. Jamieson
Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Sindhu Ramanath
Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Centre, 82234 Weßling, Germany
Alessandro Silvano
School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
Related authors
No articles found.
Isabelle F. M. White, Oana Dragomir, Alessandro Silvano, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Anna E. Hogg, Pierre Dutrieux, Laura Herraiz-Borreguero, and Jennifer Cocks
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4414, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4414, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth Observation (EO).
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 22-year sea surface height product in the ice-covered Southern Ocean from Envisat and CryoSat-2 satellite altimetry data. Our product is 1° longitude by 0.5° latitude from 50° S to the Antarctic coast. Validation with in-situ, independent satellite and reanalysis data shows it captures seasonal and interannual variability. This supports long-term study of large-scale sea level trends and processes in the Southern Ocean, a region that is observing rapid sea ice and ice sheet melting.
Guy J. G. Paxman, Fiona J. Clubb, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, and Alexander L. Densmore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 14, 575–599, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-575-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-575-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study focusses on the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, a 600 km-long mountain range that is completely hidden beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet. We look at the valley networks within the Gamburtsevs and use these to understand how the mountains formed. Our main findings are that the valleys were first cut by rivers that existed before Antarctica was glaciated, the shape of the valleys is affected by the bedrock geology, and the mountains are probably younger than previously thought.
Neil Ross, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Bernd Kulessa, Martin Siegert, Guy J. G. Paxman, Keir A. Nichols, Matthew R. Siegfried, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Michael J. Bentley, Tom A. Jordan, Christine L. Batchelor, David Small, Olaf Eisen, Kate Winter, Robert G. Bingham, S. Louise Callard, Rachel Carr, Christine F. Dow, Helen A. Fricker, Emily Hill, Benjamin H. Hills, Coen Hofstede, Hafeez Jeofry, Felipe Napoleoni, and Wilson Sauthoff
The Cryosphere, 20, 3705–3737, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3705-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3705-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We review research about a group of fast-flowing Antarctic ice streams, the Foundation-Patuxent-Academy System. Previously, we knew little about how these ice streams flow, how they interact with each other and the ocean, what their geological history was, and how they might evolve in a warming world. By reviewing existing research, we have identified the future research needed to determine how these ice streams function, and how they might contribute to future global sea level rise.
Hugues Goosse, Cecile Davrinche, Benjamin Richaud, Dániel Topál, Stephy Libera, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Alessandro Silvano, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Pablo Ortega
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1823, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1823, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The variability of the winter sea ice edge is much higher in regions close to the main topographic features of the Southern Ocean than over the smoother abyssal plain. The oceanic bathymetry influences mesoscale eddy activity and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current jets, affecting both oceanic heat transport and sea ice velocity and subsequently sea ice variability.
Felipe Napoleoni, Michael J. Bentley, Neil Ross, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, José A. Uribe, Jonathan Oberreuter, Rodrigo Zamora, Andrés Rivera, Andrew M. Smith, Robert G. Bingham, and Kenichi Matsuoka
The Cryosphere, 20, 2793–2824, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2793-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2793-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped buried layers inside West Antarctic ice across 13,000 km² near the Amundsen–Weddell divide using radar. Some layers may be up to 17 kyr old. The layers remain well preserved in slow-moving ice but become distorted where ice flows faster. Snowfall has long been greater on one side of the divide, suggesting the ice divide has remained stable for thousands of years. Our study helps connect climate records across West Antarctica and improve models used to predict future ice-sheet change.
Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Carl P. Spingys, Andrew J. Lucas, Tiago S. Dotto, Christian T. Wild, Scott W. Tyler, Ted A. Scambos, Christopher B. Kratt, Giuseppe Cappelli, Ethan F. Williams, Mariona Claret, Hannah E. Glover, Meagan E. Wengrove, Madison M. Smith, Michael G. Baker, Giuseppe Marra, Max Tamussino, Zitong Feng, David Lloyd, Liam Taylor, Mikael Mazur, Maria-Daphne Mangriotis, Aaron Micallef, Jennifer Ward Neale, Oleg A. Godin, Matthew H. Alford, Emma P. M. Gregory, Michael A. Clare, Hamid Shiri, Angel Ruiz Angulo, Kathryn L. Gunn, Ben I. Moat, Isobel A. Yeo, Afonso Loureiro, Alessandro Silvano, Arthur Hartog, and Mohammad Belal
Ocean Sci., 22, 1129–1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1129-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1129-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Distributed optical fibre sensing (DOFS) is a technology that enables continuous, real-time measurements of environmental parameters along a fibre optic cable. Here, we review the recently emerged applications of DOFS in physical oceanography, and offer a perspective on the technology’s potential for future growth in the field.
Jiao Chen, Rebecca A. Hodge, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, and Chris R. Stokes
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5562, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5562, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Supraglacial channel networks mediate meltwater transport over ice shelves and may influence their stability. Our mapping of Nivlisen Ice Shelf from satellite imagery shows significant variation in interannual and seasonal channel extent. During warm summers channels become increasingly connected, redistributing meltwater from high to low elevations across the ice shelf. Channel location is controlled by ice shelf structure, and annual extent is correlated with regional air temperature.
Lu Zhou, Holly Ayres, Birte Gülk, Aditya Narayanan, Casimir de Lavergne, Malin Ödalen, Alessandro Silvano, Xingchi Wang, Margaret Lindeman, and Nadine Steiger
The Cryosphere, 20, 285–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-285-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-285-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Polynyas are large openings in polar sea ice that can influence global climate and ocean circulation. After disappearing for 40 years, major polynyas reappeared in the Weddell Sea in 2016 and 2017, sparking new scientific questions. Our review explores how ocean currents, atmospheric conditions, and deep ocean heat drive their formation. These polynyas impact ecosystems, carbon exchange, and deep water formation, but their future remains uncertain, requiring better observations and models.
Holly Wytiahlowsky, Chris R. Stokes, Rebecca A. Hodge, Caroline C. Clason, and Stewart S. R. Jamieson
The Cryosphere, 19, 6461–6482, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6461-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6461-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Channels on glaciers are important due to their role in transporting glacial meltwater into downstream river catchments. These channels have received little research in mountain environments. We manually mapped <2000 channels to determine their distribution and characteristics across 285 glaciers in Switzerland. We find that channels are mostly commonly found on low-elevation glaciers with gentle slopes and few crevasses. Most channels run off the glacier, but 20 % enter the glacier.
Hugues Goosse, Stephy Libera, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Benjamin Richaud, Alessandro Silvano, and Martin Vancoppenolle
The Cryosphere, 19, 5763–5779, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5763-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5763-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The position of the winter sea ice edge in the Southern Ocean is strongly linked to the one of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thus to ocean bathymetry. This is due to the influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current on the southward heat flux that limits sea ice expansion, directly through oceanic processes and indirectly through its influence on atmospheric heat transport.
Charlotte M. Carter, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, Chris R. Stokes, Veit Helm, John Paden, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 19, 5299–5315, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5299-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5299-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The subglacial landforms beneath actively fast-flowing ice in Greenland have not been explored in detail, as digital elevation models have not had a high enough resolution to see these features. We use swath radar imaging to visualise landforms at the onset of an ice stream, revealing mega-scale glacial lineations, that would usually be assumed to be indicative of faster ice flow than the current velocities. Interpretation of the landscape also gives an indication of the properties of the bed.
Shenjie Zhou, Pierre Dutrieux, Claudia F. Giulivi, Adrian Jenkins, Alessandro Silvano, Christopher Auckland, E. Povl Abrahamsen, Michael Meredith, Irena Vaňková, Keith Nicholls, Peter E. D. Davis, Svein Østerhus, Arnold L. Gordon, Christopher J. Zappa, Tiago S. Dotto, Ted Scambos, Kathryn L. Gunn, Stephen R. Rintoul, Shigeru Aoki, Craig Stevens, Chengyan Liu, Sukyoung Yun, Tae-Wan Kim, Won Sang Lee, Markus Janout, Tore Hattermann, Julius Lauber, Elin Darelius, Anna Wåhlin, Leo Middleton, Pasquale Castagno, Giorgio Budillon, Karen J. Heywood, Jennifer Graham, Stephen Dye, Daisuke Hirano, and Una Kim Miller
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5693–5706, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5693-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We created the first standardised dataset of in-situ ocean measurements time series from around Antarctica collected since 1970s. This includes temperature, salinity, pressure, and currents recorded by instruments deployed in icy, challenging conditions. Our analysis highlights the dominance of tidal currents and separates these from other patterns to study regional energy distribution. This unique dataset offers a foundation for future research on Antarctic ocean dynamics and ice interactions.
Verónica González-Gambau, Estrella Olmedo, Aina García-Espriu, Cristina González-Haro, Antonio Turiel, Carolina Gabarró, Alessandro Silvano, Aditya Narayanan, Alberto Naveira-Garabato, Rafael Catany, Nina Hoareau, Marta Umbert, Giuseppe Aulicino, Yuri Cotroneo, Roberto Sabia, and Diego Fernández-Prieto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5089–5111, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5089-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5089-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a new Sea Surface Salinity product for the Southern Ocean, based on SMOS data and developed by the Barcelona Expert Center. It offers 9 d maps on a 25 km EASE-SL grid, from 2011 to 2023, covering areas south of 30° S. The product is accurate beyond 150 km from sea ice, with nearly zero bias and a ~0.22 STD. It tracks well seasonal and interannual changes and will contribute to the understanding of processes influenced by upper-ocean salinity, including ice formation/melt.
Jennifer Cocks, Alessandro Silvano, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Oana Dragomir, Noémie Schifano, Anna E. Hogg, and Alice Marzocchi
Ocean Sci., 21, 1609–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1609-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1609-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Heat and freshwater fluxes in the Southern Ocean mediate global ocean circulation and abyssal ventilation. These fluxes manifest as changes in steric height: sea level anomalies from changes in ocean density. We compute the steric height anomaly of the Southern Ocean using satellite data and validate it against in situ observations. We analyse trends and variability in steric height, drawing links to climate variability, and discuss the effectiveness of the method, highlighting issues with its application.
Sindhu Ramanath, Lukas Krieger, Dana Floricioiu, Codruț-Andrei Diaconu, and Konrad Heidler
The Cryosphere, 19, 2431–2455, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2431-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2431-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Grounding lines are geophysical features that divide ice masses on the bedrock and floating ice shelves. Their accurate location is required for calculating the mass balance of ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica and Greenland. Human experts still manually detect them in satellite-based interferometric radar images, which is inefficient given the growing volume of data. We have developed an artificial-intelligence-based automatic detection algorithm to generate Antarctica-wide grounding lines.
Benjamin J. Stoker, Helen E. Dulfer, Chris R. Stokes, Victoria H. Brown, Christopher D. Clark, Colm Ó Cofaigh, David J. A. Evans, Duane Froese, Sophie L. Norris, and Martin Margold
The Cryosphere, 19, 869–910, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-869-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-869-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The retreat of the northwestern Laurentide Ice Sheet allows us to investigate how the ice drainage network evolves over millennial timescales and understand the influence of climate forcing, glacial lakes and the underlying geology on the rate of deglaciation. We reconstruct the changes in ice flow at 500-year intervals and identify rapid reorganisations of the drainage network, including variations in ice streaming that we link to climatically driven changes in the ice sheet surface slope.
Charlotte M. Carter, Michael J. Bentley, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Guy J. G. Paxman, Tom A. Jordan, Julien A. Bodart, Neil Ross, and Felipe Napoleoni
The Cryosphere, 18, 2277–2296, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use radio-echo sounding data to investigate the presence of flat surfaces beneath the Evans–Rutford region in West Antarctica. These surfaces may be what remains of laterally continuous surfaces, formed before the inception of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and we assess two hypotheses for their formation. Tectonic structures in the region may have also had a control on the growth of the ice sheet by focusing ice flow into troughs adjoining these surfaces.
Edmund J. Lea, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, and Michael J. Bentley
The Cryosphere, 18, 1733–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use the ice surface expression of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains in East Antarctica to map the horizontal pattern of valleys and ridges in finer detail than possible from previous methods. In upland areas, valleys are spaced much less than 5 km apart, with consequences for the distribution of melting at the bed and hence the likelihood of ancient ice being preserved. Automated mapping techniques were tested alongside manual approaches, with a hybrid approach recommended for future work.
Guy J. G. Paxman, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Aisling M. Dolan, and Michael J. Bentley
The Cryosphere, 18, 1467–1493, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses airborne radar data and satellite imagery to map mountainous topography hidden beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet. We find that the landscape records the former extent and configuration of ice masses that were restricted to areas of high topography. Computer models of ice flow indicate that valley glaciers eroded this landscape millions of years ago when local air temperatures were at least 4 °C higher than today and Greenland’s ice volume was < 10 % of that of the modern ice sheet.
Hannah J. Picton, Chris R. Stokes, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Dana Floricioiu, and Lukas Krieger
The Cryosphere, 17, 3593–3616, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3593-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3593-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an overview of recent ice dynamics within Vincennes Bay, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. This region was recently discovered to be vulnerable to intrusions of warm water capable of driving basal melt. Our results show extensive grounding-line retreat at Vanderford Glacier, estimated at 18.6 km between 1996 and 2020. This supports the notion that the warm water is able to access deep cavities below the Vanderford Ice Shelf, potentially making Vanderford Glacier unstable.
Michael J. Bentley, James A. Smith, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Margaret R. Lindeman, Brice R. Rea, Angelika Humbert, Timothy P. Lane, Christopher M. Darvill, Jeremy M. Lloyd, Fiamma Straneo, Veit Helm, and David H. Roberts
The Cryosphere, 17, 1821–1837, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1821-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1821-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream is a major outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Some of its outlet glaciers and ice shelves have been breaking up and retreating, with inflows of warm ocean water identified as the likely reason. Here we report direct measurements of warm ocean water in an unusual lake that is connected to the ocean beneath the ice shelf in front of the 79° N Glacier. This glacier has not yet shown much retreat, but the presence of warm water makes future retreat more likely.
James A. Smith, Louise Callard, Michael J. Bentley, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Maria Luisa Sánchez-Montes, Timothy P. Lane, Jeremy M. Lloyd, Erin L. McClymont, Christopher M. Darvill, Brice R. Rea, Colm O'Cofaigh, Pauline Gulliver, Werner Ehrmann, Richard S. Jones, and David H. Roberts
The Cryosphere, 17, 1247–1270, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ice Sheet is melting at an accelerating rate. To understand the significance of these changes we reconstruct the history of one of its fringing ice shelves, known as 79° N ice shelf. We show that the ice shelf disappeared 8500 years ago, following a period of enhanced warming. An important implication of our study is that 79° N ice shelf is susceptible to collapse when atmospheric and ocean temperatures are ~2°C warmer than present, which could occur by the middle of this century.
Bertie W. J. Miles, Chris R. Stokes, Adrian Jenkins, Jim R. Jordan, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, and G. Hilmar Gudmundsson
The Cryosphere, 17, 445–456, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-445-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-445-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations have shown that the Shirase Glacier catchment in East Antarctica has been gaining mass over the past 2 decades, a trend largely attributed to increased snowfall. Our multi-decadal observations of Shirase Glacier show that ocean forcing has also contributed to some of this recent mass gain. This has been caused by strengthening easterly winds reducing the inflow of warm water underneath the Shirase ice tongue, causing the glacier to slow down and thicken.
Erin L. McClymont, Michael J. Bentley, Dominic A. Hodgson, Charlotte L. Spencer-Jones, Thomas Wardley, Martin D. West, Ian W. Croudace, Sonja Berg, Darren R. Gröcke, Gerhard Kuhn, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Louise Sime, and Richard A. Phillips
Clim. Past, 18, 381–403, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-381-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-381-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is important for our climate system and for the unique ecosystems it supports. We present a novel way to understand past Antarctic sea-ice ecosystems: using the regurgitated stomach contents of snow petrels, which nest above the ice sheet but feed in the sea ice. During a time when sea ice was more extensive than today (24 000–30 000 years ago), we show that snow petrel diet had varying contributions of fish and krill, which we interpret to show changing sea-ice distribution.
Jamey Stutz, Andrew Mackintosh, Kevin Norton, Ross Whitmore, Carlo Baroni, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Richard S. Jones, Greg Balco, Maria Cristina Salvatore, Stefano Casale, Jae Il Lee, Yeong Bae Seong, Robert McKay, Lauren J. Vargo, Daniel Lowry, Perry Spector, Marcus Christl, Susan Ivy Ochs, Luigia Di Nicola, Maria Iarossi, Finlay Stuart, and Tom Woodruff
The Cryosphere, 15, 5447–5471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the long-term behaviour of ice sheets is essential to projecting future changes due to climate change. In this study, we use rocks deposited along the margin of the David Glacier, one of the largest glacier systems in the world, to reveal a rapid thinning event initiated over 7000 years ago and endured for ~ 2000 years. Using physical models, we show that subglacial topography and ocean heat are important drivers for change along this sector of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Melanie Marochov, Chris R. Stokes, and Patrice E. Carbonneau
The Cryosphere, 15, 5041–5059, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Research into the use of deep learning for pixel-level classification of landscapes containing marine-terminating glaciers is lacking. We adapt a novel and transferable deep learning workflow to classify satellite imagery containing marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland. Our workflow achieves high accuracy and mimics human visual performance, potentially providing a useful tool to monitor glacier change and further understand the impacts of climate change in complex glacial settings.
Cited articles
Adusumilli, S., Fricker, H. A., Medley, B., Padman, L., and Siegfried, M. R.: Interannual variations in meltwater input to the Southern Ocean from Antarctic ice shelves, Nat. Geosci., 13, 616–620, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0616-z, 2020.
Amblas, D.: Antarctic continental shelf break (shapefile), PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.890863, 2018.
Amundson, J., Fahnestock, M., Truffer, M., Brown, J., Lüthi, M., and Motyka, R.: Ice mélange dynamics and implications for terminus stability, Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F01005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001405, 2010.
Arthur, J. F., Stokes, C. R., Jamieson, S. S. R., Miles, B. W. J., Carr, J. R., and Leeson, A. A.: The triggers of the disaggregation of Voyeykov Ice Shelf (2007), Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, and its subsequent evolution, J. Glaciol., 67, 933–951, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.45, 2021.
Berthier, E., Scambos, T., and Shuman, C.: Mass loss of Larsen B tributary glaciers (Antarctic Peninsula) unabated since 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett, 39, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051755, 2012.
Bindschadler, R. and Choi, H.: High-resolution Image-derived Grounding and Hydrostatic Lines for the Antarctic Ice Sheet, US Antarctic Program (USAP) Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.7265/N56T0JK2, 2011.
Bindschadler, R., Choi, H., Wichlacz, A., Bingham, R., Bohlander, J., Brunt, K., Corr, H., Drews, R., Fricker, H., Hall, M., Hindmarsh, R., Kohler, J., Padman, L., Rack, W., Rotschky, G., Urbini, S., Vornberger, P., and Young, N.: Getting around Antarctica: new high-resolution mappings of the grounded and freely-floating boundaries of the Antarctic ice sheet created for the International Polar Year, The Cryosphere, 5, 569–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-569-2011, 2011.
Black, T. E. and Joughin, I.: Multi-decadal retreat of marine-terminating outlet glaciers in northwest and central-west Greenland, The Cryosphere, 16, 807–824, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-807-2022, 2022.
Cavalieri, D. J., St. Germain, K. M. and Swift, C. T.: Reduction of weather effects in the calculation of sea-ice concentration with the DMSP SSM/I, J. Glaciol., 41, 455–464, https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000034791, 1995.
Charrassin, R., Millan, R., Rignot, E. and Scheinert, M.: Bathymetry of the Antarctic continental shelf and ice shelf cavities from circumpolar gravity anomalies and other data, Sci. Rep., 15, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81599-1, 2025
Cook, A., Holland, P., Meredith, M., Murray, T., Luckman, A., and Vaughan, D.: Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula, Science, 353, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aae0017, 283–286, 2016.
Cook, C. P., van de Flierdt, T., Williams, T., Hemming, S. R., Iwai, M., Kobayashi, M., Jimenez-Espejo, F. J., Escutia, C., González, J. J., Khim, B.-K., McKay, R. M., Passchier, S., Bohaty, S. M., Riesselman, C. R., Tauxe, L., Sugisaki, S., Galindo, A. L., Patterson, M. O., Sangiorgi, F. and Pierce, E. L.: Dynamic behaviour of the East Antarctic ice sheet during Pliocene warmth, Nat. Geosci., 6, 765–769, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1889, 2013
Cook, A., Vaughan, D., Luckman, A., and Murray, T.: A new Antarctic Peninsula glacier basin inventory and observed area changes since the 1940s, Antarct. Sci., 26, 614–624, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102014000200, 2014.
Davison, B. J., Hogg, A. E., Gourmelen, N., Jakob, L., Wuite, J., Nagler, T., Greene, C. A., Andreasen, J., and Engdahl, M. E.: Annual mass budget of Antarctic ice shelves from 1997 to 2021, Sci. Adv., 9, eadi0186, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi0186, 2023.
Deakin, K. A., Stokes, C. R., Jamieson, S. S. R., and Carr, J. R.: The influence of sea ice and ice mélange on outlet glacier dynamics in the Arctic and Antarctic: recent progress and future challenges, Rev. Geophys., 64, e2025RG000918, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RG000918, 2026.
Dupont, T. K. and Alley, R. B.: Assessment of the importance of ice-shelf buttressing to ice-sheet flow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl022024, 2005.
Favier, L. and Pattyn, F.: Antarctic ice rise formation, evolution, and stability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4456–4463. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064195, 2015.
Feldmann, J. and Levermann, A.: Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet after local destabilization of the Amundsen Basin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 14191–14196, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512482112, 2015.
Fetterer, F., Knowles, K., Meier, W. N., Savoie, M. and Windnagel, A. K.: Sea Ice Index. (G02135, Version 3), National Snow and Ice Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8, 2017.
Fürst, J. J., Durand, G., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Tavard, L., Rankl, M., Braun, M., and Gagliardini, O.: The safety band of Antarctic ice shelves, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 479–482, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2912, 2016.
Gardner, A. S., Moholdt, G., Scambos, T., Fahnstock, M., Ligtenberg, S., van den Broeke, M., and Nilsson, J.: Increased West Antarctic and unchanged East Antarctic ice discharge over the last 7 years, The Cryosphere, 12, 521–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-521-2018, 2018.
Gardner, A., Fahnestock, M., and Scambos, T.: ITS_LIVE Regional Glacier and Ice Sheet Surface Velocities: Version 1, National Snow and Ice Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/6II6VW8LLWJ7, 2025.
Gomez-Fell, R., Rack, W., Purdie, H., and Marsh, O.: Parker Ice Tongue collapse, Antarctica, triggered by loss of stabilizing land-fast sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096156, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096156, 2022.
Good, S. A., Martin, M. J., and Rayner, N. A.: EN4: Quality Controlled Ocean Temperature and Salinity Profiles and Monthly Objective Analyses with Uncertainty Estimates, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 6704–6716, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009067, 2013.
Greenbaum, J. S., Blankenship, D. D., Young, D. A., Richter, T. G., Roberts, J. L., Aitken, A. R. A., Legresy, B., Schroeder, D. M., Warner, R. C., van Ommen, T. D., and Siegert, M. J.: Ocean access to a cavity beneath Totten Glacier in East Antarctica, Nat. Geosci., 8, 294–298, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2388, 2015.
Greene, C. A., Young, D. A., Gwyther, D. E., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., and Blankenship, D. D.: Seasonal dynamics of Totten Ice Shelf controlled by sea ice buttressing, The Cryosphere, 12, 2869–2882, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2869-2018, 2018.
Greene, C. A., Gardner, A. S., Schlegel, N. J., and Fraser, A. S.: Antarctic calving loss rivals ice-shelf thinning, Nature, 609, 948–953, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05037-w, 2022.
Gudmundsson, G. H., Paolo, F. S., Adusumilli, S. and Fricker, H. A.: Instantaneous Antarctic ice sheet mass loss driven by thinning ice shelves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 3903–13909, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085027, 2019.
Haran, T., Klinger, M., Bohlander, J., Fahnestock, M., Painter, T., and Scambos, T.: MEaSUREs MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica 2013–2014 (MOA2014) Image Map, Version 1, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/RNF17BP824UM, 2018.
Haran, T., Bohlander, J., Scambos, T., Painter, T., and Fahnestock, M.: MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica 2003–2004 (MOA2004) Image Map, Version 2, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/68TBT0CGJSOJ, 2021a.
Haran, T., Bohlander, J., Scambos, T., Painter, T., and Fahnestock, M.: MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica 2008–2009 (MOA2009) Image Map, Version 2, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/4ZL43A4619AF, 2021b.
Herraiz-Borreguero, L. and Garabato, A. C. N.: Poleward shift of Circumpolar Deep Water threatens the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, Nat. Clim. Change, 12, 728–734, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01424-3, 2022.
Hobbs, W., Spence, P., Meyer, A., Schroeter, S., Fraser, A.D., Reid, P., Tian, T. R., Wang, Z., Liniger, G., Doddridge, E. W., and Boyd, P. W.: Observational evidence for a regime shift in summer Antarctic sea ice, J. Climate, 37, 2263–2275, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-23-0479.1, 2024.
Holt, T. O., Glasser, N. F., Quincey, D. J., and Siegfried, M. R.: Speedup and fracturing of George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, The Cryosphere, 7, 797–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-797-2013, 2013.
Howat, I. M., Porter, C., Smith, B. E., Noh, M.-J., and Morin, P.: The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 13, 665–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-665-2019, 2019.
Howat, I., Porter, C., Noh, M.-J., Husby, E., Khuvis, S., Danish, E., Tomko, K., Gardiner, J., Negrete, A., Yadav, B., Klassen, J., Kelleher, C., Cloutier, M., Bakker, J., Enos, J., Arnold, G., Bauer, G. and Morin, P.: The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica – Mosaics, Version 2, Harvard Dataverse [data set], https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/x7ndny, 2022.
Kim, K., Jezek, K. C., and Liu, H.: Orthorectified image mosaic of Antarctica from 1963 Argon satellite photography: image processing and glaciological applications, Int. J. Remote Sens., 28, 5357–5373, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160601105850, 2007.
Kondo, K. and Sugiyama, S.: Calving, ice flow, and thickness of outlet glaciers controlled by land-fast sea ice in Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 69, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.59, 2023.
Konrad, H., Shepherd, A., Gilbert, L., Hogg, A., McMillan, M., Muir, A., and Slater, T.: Net retreat of Antarctic glacier grounding lines, Nat. Geosci., 11, 258–262, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0082-z, 2018.
Lea, J. M.: The Google Earth Engine Digitisation Tool (GEEDiT) and the Margin change Quantification Tool (MaQiT) – simple tools for the rapid mapping and quantification of changing Earth surface margins, Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 551–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-551-2018, 2018.
Leeson, A., Forster, E., Rice, A., Gourmelen, N., and van Wessem, J.: Evolution of Supraglacial Lakes on the Larsen B Ice Shelf in the Decades Before it Collapsed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085591, 2020.
Li, T., Dawson, G. J., Chuter, S. J., and Bamber, J. L.: Grounding line retreat and tide-modulated ocean channels at Moscow University and Totten Glacier ice shelves, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 17, 1003–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1003-2023, 2023.
Matsuoka, K., Hindmarsh, R., Moholdt, G., Bentley, M.J., Pritchard, H.D., Brown, J.S., Conway, H., Drews, R., Durand, G., Goldberg, D.E., Hattermann, T., Kingslake, J., Lenaerts, J., Martin, C., Mulvaney, R., Nicholls, K.W., Pattyn, F., Ross, N., Scambos, T., and Whitehouse, P.L.: Antarctic ice rises and rumples: Their properties and significance for ice-sheet dynamics and evolution, Earth Sci. Rev., 150, 724–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.09.004, 2015.
McMahon, C. R., Hindell, M. A., Charrassin, J. B., Coleman, R., Guinet, C., Harcourt, R., Labrousse, S., Raymond, B., Sumner, M., and Ribeiro, N.: Southern Ocean pinnipeds provide bathymetric insights on the East Antarctic continental shelf, Commun, Earth Environ., 4, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00928-w, 2023.
McMillan, M., Shepherd, A., Sundal, A., Briggs, K., Muir, A., Ridout, A., Hogg, A., and Wingham, D.: Increased ice losses from Antarctica detected by CryoSat-2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3899–3905, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060111, 2015.
Miles, B. W. J. and Bingham, R. G.: Landsat mosaics of Antarctic Ice Shelves from 1973 and 1989, Edinburgh DataShare [data set], https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/3810, 2023.
Miles, B. W. J. and Bingham, R. G.: Progressive unanchoring of Antarctic ice shelves since 1973, Nature, 626, 785–791, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07049-0, 2024.
Miles, B. W. J., Stokes, C. R., and Jamieson, S. S. R.: Pan–ice sheet glacier terminus change in East Antarctica reveals sensitivity of Wilkes Land to sea-ice changes, Sci. Adv., 2, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501350, 2016.
Miles, B. W. J., Stokes, C. R., and Jamieson, S. S. R.: Simultaneous disintegration of outlet glaciers in Porpoise Bay (Wilkes Land), East Antarctica, driven by sea ice break-up, The Cryosphere, 11, 427–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-427-2017, 2017.
Miles, B. W. J., Jordan, J. R., Stokes, C. R., Jamieson, S. S. R., Gudmundsson, G. H., and Jenkins, A.: Recent acceleration of Denman Glacier (1972–2017), East Antarctica, driven by grounding line retreat and changes in ice tongue configuration, The Cryosphere, 15, 663–676, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-663-2021, 2021.
Milillo, P., Rignot, E., Rizzoli, P., Scheuchl, B., Mouginot, J., Bueso-Bello, J., and Prats-Iraola, P.: Heterogeneous retreat and ice melt of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, Sci. Adv., 5, eaau3433, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3433, 2019.
Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Derkacheva, A., Rignot, E., Milillo, P., Ciraci, E., Dini, L., and Bjørk, A.: Ongoing grounding line retreat and fracturing initiated at the Petermann Glacier ice shelf, Greenland, after 2016, The Cryosphere, 16, 3021–3031, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3021-2022, 2022.
Moon, T. and Joughin, I.: Changes in ice front position on Greenland's outlet glaciers from 1992 to 2007, J. Geophys. Res., 113, F02022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000927, 2008.
Morlighem, M.: MEaSUREs BedMachine Antarctica (NSIDC-0756, Version 3), NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/FPSU0V1MWUB6, 2022.
Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Binder, T., Blankenship, D., Drews, R., Eagles, G., Eisen, O., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fretwell, P., Goel, V., Greenbaum, J. S., Gudmundsson, H., Guo, J., Helm, V., Hofstede, C., Howat, I., Humbert, A., Jokat, W., Karlsson, N. B., Lee, W. S., Matsuoka, K., Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Paden, J., Pattyn, F., Roberts, J., Rosier, S., Ruppel, A., Seroussi, H., Smith, E. C., Steinhage, D., Sun, B., Broeke, M. R. van den, Ommen, T. D., van Wessem, M., and Young, D. A.: Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet, Nat. Geosci., 13, 132–137, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8, 2020.
Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., and Scheuchl, B.: Sustained increase in ice discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1576–1584, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059069, 2014.
Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., and Rignot, E.: MEaSUREs Antarctic Boundaries for IPY 2007-2009 from Satellite Radar (NSIDC-0709, Version 2), NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/AXE4121732AD, 2017.
Nilsson, J., Gardner, A. S., and Paolo, F. S.: Elevation change of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: 1985 to 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3573–3598, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3573-2022, 2022.
Nilsson, J., Gardner, A. S., and Paolo, F.: MEaSUREs ITS_LIVE Antarctic Grounded Ice Sheet Elevation Change (NSIDC-0782, Version 1), NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/L3LSVDZS15ZV, 2023.
Otosaka, I. N., Shepherd, A., Ivins, E. R., Schlegel, N.-J., Amory, C., van den Broeke, M. R., Horwath, M., Joughin, I., King, M. D., Krinner, G., Nowicki, S., Payne, A. J., Rignot, E., Scambos, T., Simon, K. M., Smith, B. E., Sørensen, L. S., Velicogna, I., Whitehouse, P. L., A, G., Agosta, C., Ahlstrøm, A. P., Blazquez, A., Colgan, W., Engdahl, M. E., Fettweis, X., Forsberg, R., Gallée, H., Gardner, A., Gilbert, L., Gourmelen, N., Groh, A., Gunter, B. C., Harig, C., Helm, V., Khan, S. A., Kittel, C., Konrad, H., Langen, P. L., Lecavalier, B. S., Liang, C.-C., Loomis, B. D., McMillan, M., Melini, D., Mernild, S. H., Mottram, R., Mouginot, J., Nilsson, J., Noël, B., Pattle, M. E., Peltier, W. R., Pie, N., Roca, M., Sasgen, I., Save, H. V., Seo, K.-W., Scheuchl, B., Schrama, E. J. O., Schröder, L., Simonsen, S. B., Slater, T., Spada, G., Sutterley, T. C., Vishwakarma, B. D., van Wessem, J. M., Wiese, D., van der Wal, W., and Wouters, B.: Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1597–1616, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, 2023.
Paolo, F. S., Fricker, H. A., and Padman, L.: Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating, Science, 348, 327–331, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0940, 2015.
Park, J., Gourmelen, N., Shepherd, A., Kim, S., Vaughan, D., and Wingham, D.: Sustained retreat of the Pine Island Glacier, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2137–2142, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50379, 2013.
Parsons, R., Sun, S., Gudmundsson, G. H., Wuite, J., and Nagler, T.: Quantifying the buttressing contribution of landfast sea ice and melange to Crane Glacier, Antarctic Peninsula, The Cryosphere, 18, 5789–5801, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5789-2024, 2024.
Pattyn, F. and Morlighem, M.: The uncertain future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, Science, 367, 1331–1335, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5487, 2020.
Paul, F., Bolch, T., Briggs, K., Kääb, A., McMillan, M., McNabb, R., Nagler, T., Nuth, C., Rastner, P., Strozzi, T., and Wuite, J.: Error sources and guidelines for quality assessment of glacier area, elevation change, and velocity products derived from satellite data in the Glaciers_cci project, Remote Sens. Environ., 203, 256–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.08.038, 2017.
Pelle, T., Morlighem, M., and McCormack, F.S.: Aurora Basin, the Weak Underbelly of East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086821, 2020.
Picton, H. J., Stokes, C. R., Jamieson, S. S. R., Floricioiu, D., and Krieger, L.: Extensive and anomalous grounding line retreat at Vanderford Glacier, Vincennes Bay, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 17, 3593–3616, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3593-2023, 2023.
Pritchard, H. D., Arthern, R. J., Vaughan, D. G., and Edwards, L. A.: Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, Nature, 461, 971–975, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08471, 2009.
Pritchard, H. D., Fretwell, P., Fremand, A. C., Bodart, J., Bamber, J. L., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Corr, H. F. J., Cui, X., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Drews, R., Eagles, G., Eisen, O., Eisermann, H., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Franke, S., Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Goel, V., Gogineni, P., Greenbaum, J., Hills, B., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Holmlund, P., Holschuh, N., Holt, J. W., Humbert, A., Jacobel, R. W., Jansen, D., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jordan, T., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Langley, K. A., Lee, J., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B. P., MacGregor, J., MacKie, E., Matsuoka, K., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Paden, J. D., Pattyn, F., Popov, S. V., Kusk-Gillespie, M., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Ross, N., Ruppel, A., Schroeder, D. M., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tabacco, I., Tinto, B. K., Urbini, S., Vaughan, D. G., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D., Young, D. A., Zirizzotti, A., Aitken, A., Roberts, R., Kirkham, J. D., Dorschel, B., Field, E., Hoffman, A. O., Horlings, A. N., and Moholdt, G.: BEDMAP3 – Ice thickness, bed and surface elevation for Antarctica – gridded products (Version 1.0), NERC EDC UK Polar Data Centre [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/2d0e4791-8e20-46a3-80e4-f5f6716025d2, 2024
Pritchard, H.D., Fretwell, P.T., Fremand, A.C., Bodart, J.A., Kirkham, J.D., Aitken, A., Bamber, J., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R.G., Blankenship, D.D., Casassa, G., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Corr, H.F.J., Cui, X., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Dorschel, B., and Drews, R.: Bedmap3 updated ice bed, surface and thickness gridded datasets for Antarctica. Sci. Data, 12, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04672-y, 2025.
Purich, A. and Doddridge, E. W.: Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9, 2023.
Ramanath, S., Krieger, L., Floricioiu, D., Diaconu, C.-A., and Heidler, K.: Automatic grounding line delineation of DInSAR interferograms using deep learning, The Cryosphere, 19, 2431–2455, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2431-2025, 2025.
Raphael, M. N., Maierhofer, T. J., Fogt, R. L., Hobbs, W. R., and Handcock, M. S.: A twenty-first century structural change in Antarctica's sea ice system, Commun. Earth Environ., 6, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02107-5, 2025.
Reese, R., Gudmundsson, G. H., Levermann, A., and Winkelmann, R.: The far reach of ice-shelf thinning in Antarctica, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 53–57, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0020-x, 2018.
Ribeiro, N., Herraiz-Borreguero, L., Rintoul, S. R., McMahon, C. R., Hindell, M., Harcourt, R., and Williams, G.: Warm Modified Circumpolar Deep Water Intrusions Drive Ice Shelf Melt and Inhibit Dense Shelf Water Formation in Vincennes Bay, East Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016998, 2021.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Morlighem, M., Seroussi, H., and Scheuchl, B.: Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3502–3509, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060140, 2014.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: MEaSUREs Antarctic Grounding Line from Differential Satellite Radar Interferometry, Version 2, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/IKBWW4RYHF1Q, 2016.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., van den Broeke, M., van Wessem, M. J., and Morlighem, M.: Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979–2017, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 1095–1103, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812883116, 2019.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., and Jeong, S.: Changes in Antarctic ice sheet motion derived from satellite radar interferometry between 1995 and 2022, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl100141, 2022.
Rignot, E., Millan, R., Charrassin, R., and Scheinert, M.: Bathymetry of the Antarctic continental shelf and ice shelf cavities from a 3D inversion of circumpolar gravity anomalies constrained by other data, Dryad [data set], https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.rbnzs7hkc, 2024.
Rintoul, S. R., Silvano, A., Pena-Molino, B., van Wijk, E., Rosenberg, M., Greenbaum, J. S., and Blankenship, D. D.: Ocean heat drives rapid basal melt of the Totten Ice Shelf, Sci. Adv., 2, e1601610, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601610, 2016.
Roquet, F., Williams, G., Hindell, M.A., Harcourt, R., McMahon, C., Guinet, C., Charrassin, J.-B., Reverdin, G., Boehme, L., Lovell, P., and Fedak, M.: A Southern Indian Ocean database of hydrographic profiles obtained with instrumented elephant seals, Sci. Data, 1, 140028, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2014.28, 2014.
Scambos, T. A., Bell, R. E., Alley, R. B., Anandakrishnan, S., Bromwich, D. H., Brunt, K., Christianson, K., Creyts, T., Das, S.B., DeConto, R., Dutrieux, P., Fricker, H. A., Holland, D., MacGregor, J., Medley, B., Nicolas, J. P., Pollard, D., Siegfried, M. R., Smith, A. M., Steig, E. J., Trusel, L. D., Vaughan, D. G., and Yager, P. L.: How much, how fast?: A science review and outlook for research on the instability of Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier in the 21st century, Global Planet. Change, 153, 16–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.04.008, 2017.
Schodlok, M. P., Menemenlis, D., and Rignot, E. J.: Ice shelf basal melt rates around Antarctica from simulations and observations, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 1085–1109, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011117, 2016.
Schröder, L., Horwath, M., Dietrich, R., Helm, V., van den Broeke, M. R., and Ligtenberg, S. R. M.: Four decades of Antarctic surface elevation changes from multi-mission satellite altimetry, The Cryosphere, 13, 427–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-427-2019, 2019a.
Schröder, L., Horwath, M., Dietrich, R., Helm, V., van den Broeke, M. R., and Ligtenberg, S. R. M.: Gridded surface elevation changes from multi-mission satellite altimetry 1978-2017, PANGEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.897390, 2019b.
Shepherd, A., Gilbert, L., Muir, A. S., Konrad, H., McMillan, M., Slater, T., Briggs, K. H., Sundal, A. V., Hogg, A. E., and Engdahl, M. E.: Trends in Antarctic Ice Sheet Elevation and Mass, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 8174–8183, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082182, 2019.
Silvano, A., Rintoul, S., and Herraiz-Borreguero, L.: Ocean-Ice Shelf Interaction in East Antarctica, Oceanography, 29, 130–143, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.105, 2016.
Silvano, A., Rintoul, S. R., Peña-Molino, B., and Williams, G. D.: Distribution of water masses and meltwater on the continental shelf near the Totten and Moscow University ice shelves, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 2050–2068, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jc012115, 2017.
Smith, B., Fricker, H. A., Gardner, A. S., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo, F. S., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K., Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried, M. R., and Zwally, H. J.: Pervasive ice sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes, Science, 368, 1239–1242, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5845, 2020a.
Smith, B., Fricker, H. A., Gardner, A. S., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo, F. S., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K., Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried, M. R., and Zwally, H. J.: Ice-sheet height and thickness changes from ICESat to ICESat-2, ResearchWorks Archive [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/1773/45388 (last access: 20 August 2026), 2020b.
Sohail, T., Zika, J. D., and Ehmen, T.: How accurate are salinity measurements around Antarctica? A machine learning based approach, Machine Learning: Earth, 2, 025001, https://doi.org/10.1088/3049-4753/ae7113, 2026.
Spreen, G., Kaleschke, L., and Heygster, G.: Sea ice remote sensing using AMSR-E 89 GHz channels, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jc003384, 2008.
Stokes, C. R., Abram, N. J., Bentley, M. J., Edwards, T. L., England, M. H., Foppert, A., Jamieson, S. S. R., Jones, R. S., King, M. A., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Medley, B., Miles, B. W. J., Paxman, G. J. G., Ritz, C., van de Flierdt, T., and Whitehouse, P. L.: Response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to past and future climate change, Nature, 608, 275–286, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04946-0, 2022.
Stokes, C. R., Bamber, J. L., Dutton, A., and DeConto, R. M.: Warming of +1.5 °C is too high for polar ice sheets, Commun. Earth Environ., 6, 351, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02299-w, 2025.
Surawy-Stepney, T., Hogg, A. E., Cornford, S. L., Wallis, B. J., Davison, B. J., Selley, H. L., Slater, R. A. W., Lie, E. K., Jakob, L., Ridout, A., Gourmelen, N., Freer, B. I. D., Wilson, S. F., and Shepherd, A.: The effect of landfast sea ice buttressing on ice dynamic speedup in the Larsen B embayment, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 18, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-977-2024, 2024.
Teder, N. J., Bennetts, L. G., Reid, P. A., Massom, R. A., Pitt, J. P., Scambos, T. A., and Fraser, A. D.: Large-scale ice-shelf calving events follow prolonged amplifications in flexure, Nat. Geosci., 18, 599–606, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01713-4, 2025.
Thoma, M., Jenkins, A., Holland, D., and Jacobs, S.: Modelling Circumpolar Deep Water intrusions on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034939, 2008.
Thompson, S. S., Kulessa, B., Luckman, A., Halpin, J. A., Greenbaum, J. S., Pelle, T., Habbal, F., Guo, J., Jong, L. M., Roberts, J. L., Sun, B., and Blankenship, D. D.: Glaciological history and structural evolution of the Shackleton Ice Shelf system, East Antarctica, over the past 60 years, The Cryosphere, 17, 157–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-157-2023, 2023.
Treasure, A., Roquet, F., Ansorge, I., Bester, M., Boehme, L., Bornemann, H., Charrassin, J.-B., Chevallier, D., Costa, D., Fedak, M., Guinet, C., Hammill, M., Harcourt, R., Hindell, M., Kovacs, K., Lea, M.-A., Lovell, P., Lowther, A., Lydersen, C., and McIntyre, T.: Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole: A Review of the MEOP Consortium, Oceanography, 30, 132–138, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.234, 2017.
van den Broeke, M.: Strong surface melting preceded collapse of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett, 32, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023247, 2005.
Wang, L., Davis, J. L., and Howat, I. M.: Complex Patterns of Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Change Resolved by Time-Dependent Rate Modelling of GRACE and GRACE Follow-On Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL090961, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090961, 2021.
Walker, C. C., Millstein, J. D., Miles, B. W. J., Cook, S., Fraser, A. D., Colliander, A., Misra, S., Trusel, D., Adusumilli, S., Roberts, C., and Fricker, H.: Multi-decadal collapse of East Antarctica's Conger–Glenzer Ice Shelf, Nat. Geosci., 17, 1240–1248, 2024.
Weatherley, M., Stokes, C., Jamieson, S., Ramanath Tarekere, S., and Silvano, A.: Porpoise Bay Glacier Change – GIS files (Version 1.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15847590, 2025.
Wong, A. P. S., Wijffels, S. E., Riser, S. C., Pouliquen, S., Hosoda, S., Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., Johnson, G. C., Martini, K., Murphy, D. J., Scanderbeg, M., Bhaskar, T. V. S. U., Buck, J. J. H., Merceur, F., Carval, T., Maze, G., Cabanes, C., André, X., Poffa, N., Yashayaev, I., Barker, P. M., Guinehut, S., Belbéoch, M., Ignaszewski, M., Baringer, M. O., Schmid, C., Lyman, J. M., McTaggart, K. E., Purkey, S. G., Zilberman, N., Alkire, M. B., Swift, D., Owens, W. B., Jayne, S. R., Hersh, C., Robbins, P., West-Mack, D., Bahr, F., Yoshida, S., Sutton, P. J. H., Cancouët, R., Coatanoan, C., Dobbler, D., Juan, A. G., Gourrion, J., Kolodziejczyk, N., Bernard, V., Bourlès, B., Claustre, H., D'Ortenzio, F., Le Reste, S., Le Traon, P.-Y., Rannou, J.-P., Saout-Grit, C., Speich, S., Thierry, V., Verbrugge, N., Angel-Benavides, I. M., Klein, B., Notarstefano, G., Poulain, P.-M., Vélez-Belchí, P., Suga, T., Ando, K., Iwasaka, N., Kobayashi, T., Masuda, S., Oka, E., Sato, K., Nakamura, T., Sato, K., Takatsuki, Y., Yoshida, T., Cowley, R., Lovell, J. L., Oke, P. R., van Wijk, E. M., Carse, F., Donnelly, M., Gould, W. J., Gowers, K., King, B. A., Loch, S. G., Mowat, M., Turton, J., Rama Rao, E. P., Ravichandran, M., Freeland, H. J., Gaboury, I., Gilbert, D., Greenan, B. J. W., Ouellet, M., Ross, T., Tran, A., Dong, M., Liu, Z., Xu, J., Kang, K., Jo, H., Kim, S.-D., and Park, H.-M.: Argo data 1999–2019: two million temperature-salinity profiles and subsurface velocity observations from a global array of profiling floats, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 700, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00700, 2020.
Yamazaki, K., Aoki, S., Katsumata, K., Hirano, D., and Nakayama, Y.: Multidecadal poleward shift of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current off East Antarctica, Sci. Adv., 7, eabf8755, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf8755, 2021.
Young, D. A., Wright, A. P., Roberts, J. L., Warner, R. C., Young, N. W., Greenbaum, J. S., Schroeder, D. M., Holt, J. W., Sugden, D. E., Blankenship, D. D., van Ommen, T. D., and Siegert, M. J.: A dynamic early East Antarctic Ice Sheet suggested by ice-covered fjord landscapes, Nature, 474, 72–75, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10114, 2011.
Zhu, Y., Hogg, A. E., Hooper, A., and Wallis, B. J.: Short and Long-term Grounding Zone Dynamics of Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 19, 3971–3989, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3971-2025, 2025.
Short summary
Parts of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet rest on a bed below sea level, making them vulnerable to ice dynamic changes and instability, but few glaciers have been studied in detail. Here we report on glaciers draining into Porpoise Bay, Wilkes Land, overlying the Aurora Subglacial Basin. We find ice surface thinning, grounding line retreat and ice surface velocity increase over recent decades, consistent with warm ocean waters intrusion. This highlights this region's vulnerability to future warming.
Parts of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet rest on a bed below sea level, making them vulnerable to...
