Articles | Volume 16, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2881-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2881-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Jul 2022
Research article |
| 19 Jul 2022
| 19 Jul 2022
Tricentennial trends in spring ice break-ups on three rivers in northern Europe
Department of History, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
Samuli Helama
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, 96200, Finland
Related authors
No articles found.
Markus Stoffel, Christophe Corona, Francis Ludlow, Michael Sigl, Heli Huhtamaa, Emmanuel Garnier, Samuli Helama, Sébastien Guillet, Arlene Crampsie, Katrin Kleemann, Chantal Camenisch, Joseph McConnell, and Chaochao Gao
Clim. Past, 18, 1083–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1083-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1083-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-17th century saw several volcanic eruptions, deteriorating climate, political instability, and famine in Europe, China, and Japan. We analyze impacts of the eruptions on climate but also study their socio-political context. We show that an unambiguous distinction of volcanic cooling or wetting from natural climate variability is not straightforward. It also shows that political instability, poor harvest, and famine cannot only be attributed to volcanic climatic impacts.
Hans W. Linderholm, Marie Nicolle, Pierre Francus, Konrad Gajewski, Samuli Helama, Atte Korhola, Olga Solomina, Zicheng Yu, Peng Zhang, William J. D'Andrea, Maxime Debret, Dmitry V. Divine, Björn E. Gunnarson, Neil J. Loader, Nicolas Massei, Kristina Seftigen, Elizabeth K. Thomas, Johannes Werner, Sofia Andersson, Annika Berntsson, Tomi P. Luoto, Liisa Nevalainen, Saija Saarni, and Minna Väliranta
Clim. Past, 14, 473–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-473-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-473-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reviews the current knowledge of Arctic hydroclimate variability during the past 2000 years. We discuss the current state, look into the future, and describe various archives and proxies used to infer past hydroclimate variability. We also provide regional overviews and discuss the potential of furthering our understanding of Arctic hydroclimate in the past. This paper summarises the hydroclimate-related activities of the Arctic 2k group.
Related subject area
Discipline: Other | Subject: Freshwater Ice
A comparison of constant false alarm rate object detection algorithms for iceberg identification in L- and C-band SAR imagery of the Labrador Sea
Forward Modelling of SAR Backscatter during Lake Ice Melt Conditions using the Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer (SMRT) Model
Fusion of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Geostationary Ocean Color Imager for hourly monitoring surface morphology of lake ice with high resolution in Chagan Lake of Northeast China
Mechanisms and effects of under-ice warming water in Ngoring Lake of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Climate warming shortens ice durations and alters freeze and break-up patterns in Swedish water bodies
Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate
Dam type and lake location characterize ice-marginal lake area change in Alaska and NW Canada between 1984 and 2019
River ice phenology and thickness from satellite altimetry: potential for ice bridge road operation and climate studies
Giant ice rings in southern Baikal: multi-satellite data help to study ice cover dynamics and eddies under ice
Ice roughness estimation via remotely piloted aircraft and photogrammetry
Analyses of Peace River Shallow Water Ice Profiling Sonar data and their implications for the roles played by frazil ice and in situ anchor ice growth in a freezing river
Creep and fracture of warm columnar freshwater ice
Climate change and Northern Hemisphere lake and river ice phenology from 1931–2005
Methane pathways in winter ice of a thermokarst lake–lagoon–coastal water transect in north Siberia
Continuous in situ measurements of anchor ice formation, growth, and release
Proglacial icings as records of winter hydrological processes
Investigation of spatial and temporal variability of river ice phenology and thickness across Songhua River Basin, northeast China
Observation-derived ice growth curves show patterns and trends in maximum ice thickness and safe travel duration of Alaskan lakes and rivers
Laust Færch, Wolfgang Dierking, Nick Hughes, and Anthony P. Doulgeris
The Cryosphere, 17, 5335–5355, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Icebergs in open water are a risk to maritime traffic. We have compared six different constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors on overlapping C- and L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images for the detection of icebergs in open water, with a Sentinel-2 image used for validation. The results revealed that L-band gives a slight advantage over C-band, depending on which detector is used. Additionally, the accuracy of all detectors decreased rapidly as the iceberg size decreased.
Justin Murfitt, Claude Duguay, Ghislain Picard, and Juha Lemmetyinen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-60, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-60, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for TC
Short summary
Short summary
This research focuses on the interaction between microwave signals and lake ice under wet conditions. Field data collected for Lake Oulujärvi in Finland was used to model backscatter under different conditions. The results of the modelling likely indicate that a combination of increased water content and roughness of different interfaces caused backscatter to increase. These results could help to identify areas where lake ice is unsafe for winter transportation.
Qian Yang, Xiaoguang Shi, Weibang Li, Kaishan Song, Zhijun Li, Xiaohua Hao, Fei Xie, Nan Lin, Zhidan Wen, Chong Fang, and Ge Liu
The Cryosphere, 17, 959–975, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-959-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-959-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A large-scale linear structure has repeatedly appeared on satellite images of Chagan Lake in winter, which was further verified as being ice ridges in the field investigation. We extracted the length and the angle of the ice ridges from multi-source remote sensing images. The average length was 21 141.57 ± 68.36 m. The average azimuth angle was 335.48° 141.57 ± 0.23°. The evolution of surface morphology is closely associated with air temperature, wind, and shoreline geometry.
Mengxiao Wang, Lijuan Wen, Zhaoguo Li, Matti Leppäranta, Victor Stepanenko, Yixin Zhao, Ruijia Niu, Liuyiyi Yang, and Georgiy Kirillin
The Cryosphere, 16, 3635–3648, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The under-ice water temperature of Ngoring Lake has been rising based on in situ observations. We obtained results showing that strong downward shortwave radiation is the main meteorological factor, and precipitation, wind speed, downward longwave radiation, air temperature, ice albedo, and ice extinction coefficient have an impact on the range and rate of lake temperature rise. Once the ice breaks, the lake body releases more energy than other lakes, whose water temperature remains horizontal.
Sofia Hallerbäck, Laurie S. Huning, Charlotte Love, Magnus Persson, Katarina Stensen, David Gustafsson, and Amir AghaKouchak
The Cryosphere, 16, 2493–2503, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2493-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2493-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using unique data, some dating back to the 18th century, we show a significant trend in shorter ice duration, later freeze, and earlier break-up dates across Sweden. In recent observations, the mean ice durations have decreased by 11–28 d and the chance of years with an extremely short ice cover duration (less than 50 d) have increased by 800 %. Results show that even a 1 °C increase in air temperatures can result in a decrease in ice duration in Sweden of around 8–23 d.
Wenfeng Huang, Wen Zhao, Cheng Zhang, Matti Leppäranta, Zhijun Li, Rui Li, and Zhanjun Lin
The Cryosphere, 16, 1793–1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thermal regimes of seasonally ice-covered lakes in an arid region like Central Asia are not well constrained despite the unique climate. We observed annual and seasonal dynamics of thermal stratification and energetics in a shallow arid-region lake. Strong penetrated solar radiation and high water-to-ice heat flux are the predominant components in water heat balance. The under-ice stratification and convection are jointly governed by the radiative penetration and salt rejection during freezing.
Brianna Rick, Daniel McGrath, William Armstrong, and Scott W. McCoy
The Cryosphere, 16, 297–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-297-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-297-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial lakes impact societies as both resources and hazards. Lakes form, grow, and drain as glaciers thin and retreat, and understanding lake evolution is a critical first step in assessing their hazard potential. We map glacial lakes in Alaska between 1984 and 2019. Overall, lakes grew in number and area, though lakes with different damming material (ice, moraine, bedrock) behaved differently. Namely, ice-dammed lakes decreased in number and area, a trend lost if dam type is not considered.
Elena Zakharova, Svetlana Agafonova, Claude Duguay, Natalia Frolova, and Alexei Kouraev
The Cryosphere, 15, 5387–5407, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5387-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5387-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper investigates the performance of altimetric satellite instruments to detect river ice onset and melting dates and to retrieve ice thickness of the Ob River. This is a first attempt to use satellite altimetry for monitoring ice in the challenging conditions restrained by the object size. A novel approach permitted elaboration of the spatiotemporal ice thickness product for the 400 km river reach. The potential of the product for prediction of ice road operation was demonstrated.
Alexei V. Kouraev, Elena A. Zakharova, Andrey G. Kostianoy, Mikhail N. Shimaraev, Lev V. Desinov, Evgeny A. Petrov, Nicholas M. J. Hall, Frédérique Rémy, and Andrey Ya. Suknev
The Cryosphere, 15, 4501–4516, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Giant ice rings are a beautiful and puzzling natural phenomenon. Our data show that ice rings are generated by lens-like warm eddies below the ice. We use multi-satellite data to analyse lake ice cover in the presence of eddies in April 2020 in southern Baikal. Unusual changes in ice colour may be explained by the competing influences of atmosphere above and the warm eddy below the ice. Tracking ice floes also helps to estimate eddy currents and their influence on the upper water layer.
James Ehrman, Shawn Clark, and Alexander Wall
The Cryosphere, 15, 4031–4046, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This research proposes and tests new methods for the estimation of the surface roughness of newly formed river ice covers. The hypothesis sought to determine if surface ice roughness was indicative of the subsurface. Ice roughness has consequences for winter flow characteristics of rivers and can greatly impact river ice jams. Remotely piloted aircraft and photogrammetry were used, and good correlation was found between the observed surface ice roughness and estimated subsurface ice roughness.
John R. Marko and David R. Topham
The Cryosphere, 15, 2473–2489, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Acoustic backscattering data from Peace River frazil events are interpreted to develop a quantitative model of interactions between ice particles in the water column and riverbed ice layers. Two generic behaviours, evident in observed time variability, are linked to differences in the relative stability of in situ anchor ice layers which develop at the beginning of each frazil interval and are determined by cooling rates. Changes in these layers are shown to control water column frazil content.
Iman E. Gharamti, John P. Dempsey, Arttu Polojärvi, and Jukka Tuhkuri
The Cryosphere, 15, 2401–2413, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2401-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2401-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study the creep and fracture behavior of 3 m × 6 m floating edge-cracked rectangular plates of warm columnar freshwater S2 ice under creep/cyclic-recovery loading and monotonic loading to fracture. Under the testing conditions, the ice response was elastic–viscoplastic; no significant viscoelasticity or major recovery was detected. There was no clear effect of the creep/cyclic loading on the fracture properties: failure load and crack opening displacements at crack growth initiation.
Andrew M. W. Newton and Donal J. Mullan
The Cryosphere, 15, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates changes in the dates of ice freeze-up and breakup for 678 Northern Hemisphere lakes and rivers from 1931–2005. From 3510 time series, the results show that breakup dates have gradually occurred earlier through time, whilst freeze-up trends have tended to be significantly more variable. These data combined show that the number of annual open-water days has increased through time for most sites, with the magnitude of change at its largest in more recent years.
Ines Spangenberg, Pier Paul Overduin, Ellen Damm, Ingeborg Bussmann, Hanno Meyer, Susanne Liebner, Michael Angelopoulos, Boris K. Biskaborn, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, and Guido Grosse
The Cryosphere, 15, 1607–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Thermokarst lakes are common on ice-rich permafrost. Many studies have shown that they are sources of methane to the atmosphere. Although they are usually covered by ice, little is known about what happens to methane in winter. We studied how much methane is contained in the ice of a thermokarst lake, a thermokarst lagoon and offshore. Methane concentrations differed strongly, depending on water body type. Microbes can also oxidize methane in ice and lower the concentrations during winter.
Tadros R. Ghobrial and Mark R. Loewen
The Cryosphere, 15, 49–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-49-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-49-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Anchor ice typically forms on riverbeds during freeze-up and can alter the river ice regime. Most of the knowledge on anchor ice mechanisms has been attributed to lab experiments. This study presents for the first time insights into anchor ice initiation, growth, and release in rivers using an underwater camera system. Three stages of growth and modes of release have been identified. These results will improve modelling capabilities in predicting the effect of anchor ice on river ice regimes.
Anna Chesnokova, Michel Baraër, and Émilie Bouchard
The Cryosphere, 14, 4145–4164, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4145-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4145-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the context of a ubiquitous increase in winter discharge in cold regions, our results show that icing formations can help overcome the lack of direct observations in these remote environments and provide new insights into winter runoff generation. The multi-technique approach used in this study provided important information about the water sources active during the winter season in the headwaters of glacierized catchments.
Qian Yang, Kaishan Song, Xiaohua Hao, Zhidan Wen, Yue Tan, and Weibang Li
The Cryosphere, 14, 3581–3593, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using daily ice records of 156 hydrological stations across Songhua River Basin, we examined the spatial variability in the river ice phenology and river ice thickness from 2010 to 2015 and explored the role of snow depth and air temperature on the ice thickness. Snow cover correlated with ice thickness significantly and positively when the freshwater was completely frozen. Cumulative air temperature of freezing provides a better predictor than the air temperature for ice thickness modeling.
Christopher D. Arp, Jessica E. Cherry, Dana R. N. Brown, Allen C. Bondurant, and Karen L. Endres
The Cryosphere, 14, 3595–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3595-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3595-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
River and lake ice thickens at varying rates geographically and from year to year. We took a closer look at ice growth across a large geographic region experiencing rapid climate change, the State of Alaska, USA. Slower ice growth was most pronounced in northern Alaskan lakes over the last 60 years. Western and interior Alaska ice showed more variability in thickness and safe travel duration. This analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of changing freshwater ice in Alaska.
Cited articles
Aalto, J., Pirinen, P., Heikkinen, J., and Venäläinen, A.:
Spatial interpolation of monthly climate data for Finland: comparing the performance of kriging and generalized additive models, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 112, 99–111, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0716-9, 2013.
Aalto, J., Pirinen, P., and Jylhä, K.:
New gridded daily climatology of Finland: Permutation-based uncertainty estimates and temporal trends in climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 3807–3823, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024651, 2016.
Beltaos, S. and Prowse, T.:
River-ice hydrology in a shrinking cryosphere, Hydrol. Process, 23, 122–144, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7165, 2009.
Benson, B. J., Magnuson, J. J., Jensen, O. P., Card, V. M., Hodgkins, G., Korhonen, J., Livingstone, D. M., Stewart, K. M., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., and Granin, N. G.:
Extreme events, trends, and variability in Northern Hemisphere lake-ice phenology (1855–2005), Climatic Change, 112, 299–323, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0212-8, 2012.
Bieniek, P. A., Bhatt, U. S., Rundquist, L. A., Lindsey, S. D., and Zhang, X. D.:
Large-Scale Climate Controls of Interior Alaska River Ice Breakup, J. Climate, 24, 286–297, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3809.1, 2011.
Bonsal, B. R. and Prowse, T. D.:
Trends and variability in spring and autumn 0 ∘C-isotherm dates over Canada, Climatic Change, 57, 341–358, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022810531237, 2003.
Cole-Dai, J., Ferris, D., Lanciki, A., Savarino, J., Baroni, M., and Thiemens, M.:
Cold decade (AD 1810–1819) caused by Tambora (1815) and another (1809) stratospheric volcanic eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L22703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040882, 2009.
Eklöf, J. H.:
Jäänlähtö-ajaat Kokemäen virassa vuosina 1801–1849, todenvaihe-laskulla. Suomi. Tidskrift i Fosterländska ämnen. 1849, 9, 189–196, Finska Litteratur-Sällskapets Förlag, Helsingfors, 1850.
Filazzola, A., Blagrave, K., Imrit, M. A., and Sharma, S.:
Climate Change Drives Increases in Extreme Events for Lake Ice in the Northern Hemisphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl089608, 2020.
Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI):
Year 2015 was the warmest in records, https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/press-release/132036967 (last access: 7 October 2021), 2016.
Fischer, E. M., Sippel, S., and Knutti, R.:
Increasing probability of record-shattering climate extremes, Nat. Clim. Change, 11, 689–695, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01092-9, 2021.
Gagnon, A. S. and Gough, W. A.:
Trends in the dates of ice freeze-up and breakup over Hudson Bay, Canada, Arctic, 58, 370–382, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic451, 2005.
Gagnon, A. S. and Gough, W. A.:
East-west asymmetry in long-term trends of landfast ice thickness in the Hudson Bay region, Canada, Clim. Res., 32, 177–186, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr032177, 2006.
Hallerbäck, S., Huning, L. S., Love, C., Persson, M., Stensen, K., Gustafsson, D., and AghaKouchak, A.:
Climate warming shortens ice durations and alters freeze and break-up patterns in Swedish water bodies, The Cryosphere, 16, 2493–2503, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2493-2022, 2022.
Hällström, G. G.:
Mutati Currente Saeculo Temporis, quo glacies fluminum Annuae Dissolutae sunt, Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., 129–150, 1842.
Hegerl, G. C., Bronnimann, S., Schurer, A., and Cowan, T.:
The early 20th century warming: Anomalies, causes, and consequences, WIREs Clim. Change, 9, e522, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.522, 2018.
Helama, S., Tolvanen, A., Karhu, J., Poikolainen, J., and Kubin, E.:
Finnish National Phenological Network 1997-2017: from observations to trend detection, Int. J. Biometeorol., 64, 1783–1793, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01961-6, 2020.
Huokuna, M.:
Ice Jams in Pori, CGU HS Committee on River Ice processes and the Environment, in: 14th Workshop on the Hydraulics of ice Covered Rivers, Quebec City, Canada, 19–22 June 2007, http://www.cripe.ca/docs/proceedings/14/Huokuna-2007.pdf (last access: 13 July 2022), 2007.
Ilkka, J., Heikki, T., and Väinö, N.:
The variability of winter temperature, its impacts on society, and the potential use of seasonal forecasts in Finland, Weather, 67, 328–332, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.1971, 2012.
Irannezhad, M., Marttila, H., and Klove, B.:
Long-term variations and trends in precipitation in Finland, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 3139–3153, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3902, 2014.
Johansson, O. V.:
Isförhållanden vid Uleåborg och i Torne älv, Fennia, 64, 1–44, 1932.
Kajander, J.:
Methodological Aspects on River Cryophenology Exemplified by a Tricentennial Break-up Series from Tornio, Geophysica 29, 73–95, 1993.
Kajander, J.:
Cryophenological Records From Tornio, Mimeograph Series of the National Board of Waters and the Environment, Helsinki, 1995.
Kendall, M. G.:
Rank Correlation Methods, 4th edition, Griffin, London, 1970.
Klavins, M., Briede, A., and Rodinov, V.:
Long term changes in ice and discharge regime of rivers in the Baltic region in relation to climatic variability, Climatic Change, 95, 485–498, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9567-5, 2009.
Klingbjer, P. and Moberg, A.:
A composite monthly temperature record from Tornedalen in northern Sweden, 1802–2002, 1465–1494, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1465–1494, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.946, 2003.
Korhonen, J.:
Suomen Vesistöjen Jääolot, Suomen Ympäristökeskus, Helsinki, 2005.
Korhonen, J.:
Long-term changes in lake ice cover in Finland, Nord. Hydrol., 37, 347–363, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2006.019, 2006.
Korhonen, J. and Kuusisto, E.:
Long-term changes in the discharge regime in Finland, Hydrol. Res., 41, 253–268, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2010.112, 2010.
Koskinen, M. (Ed.):
Porin tulvat hallittuja riskejä?, Lounais-Suomen Ympäristökeskus, Turku, ISBN 952-11-2287-0, 2006.
Leche, J.:
Utdrag af 12 års meteorologiska observationer, gjorda i Åbo: Sjette och sista stycket, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl., Stockholm, 257–268, 1763.
Lehtonen, I.:
Record mild winter of 2019/2020 in most of Finland, FMI's Climate Bulleting: Research Letters, 1, 4–7, https://doi.org/10.35614/ISSN-2341-6408-IK-2021-02-RL, 2021.
Leijonhufvud, L., Wilson, R., Moberg, A., Söderberg, J., Retsö, D., and Söderlind, U.:
Five centuries of Stockholm winter/spring temperatures reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations, Climatic Change, 101, 109–141, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9650-y, 2010.
Levänen, S.:
Bearbetning af tiderna för islossningar i Aura å, Fennia, 3, 1–8, 1890.
Louekari, S.:
Pori, vesi ja maisema, in: Näkymätönt Porrii. Porin Veden historia, edited by: Juuti, P. S., Katko, T. S., Louekari, S. M., and Rajala, R. P., Porin Vesi, Saarijärvi, Finland, 68–97, 2010.
Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M., and Wanner, H.:
European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500, Science, 303, 1499–1503, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093877, 2004.
Magnuson, J. J., Robertson, D. M., Benson, B. J., Wynne, R. H., Livingstone, D. M., Arai, T., Assel, R. A., Barry, R. G., Card, V., Kuusisto, E., Granin, N. G., Prowse, T. D., Stewart, K. M., and Vuglinski, V. S.:
Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere, Science, 289, 1743–1746, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1743, 2000.
Mann, H. B.:
Nonparametric tests against trend, Econometrica, 13, 245–259, https://doi.org/10.2307/1907187, 1945.
Menzel, A.:
Trends in phenological phases in Europe between 1951 and 1996, Int. J. Biometeorol., 44, 76–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840000054, 2000.
Mikkonen, S., Laine, M., Mäkelä, H. M., Gregow, H., Tuomenvirta, H., Lahtinen, M., and Laaksonen, A.:
Trends in average temperature in Finland, 1847–2013, Stoch. Env. Res. Risk A., 29, 1521–1529, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-014-0992-2, 2015.
Moberg, A.:
Naturalhistoriska Daganteckningar gjorda i Finland Åren 1750–1845, Notiser ur Sällskapets Pro Fauna & Flora Fennica Förhandlingar (Tredje Häftet), 95–250, 1857.
Moberg, A.:
Sammandra af de klimatologiska anteckningarne i Finland år 1889, in: Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-societetens förhandlingar XXXV 1889–1890, J Simeli Arfvingars Boktryckeri-Aktiebolag, Helsingfors, 155–176, 1890.
Moberg, A.:
Sammandra af de klimatologiska anteckningarne i Finland år 1890, in: Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-societetens förhandlingar XXXV 1890–1891, J Simeli Arfvingars Boktryckeri-Aktiebolag, Helsingfors, 235–259, 1891.
Moberg, A.:
Sammandra af de klimatologiska anteckningarne i Finland år 1891, in: Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-societetens förhandlingar XXXV 1891–1892, J Simeli Arfvingars Boktryckeri-Aktiebolag, Helsingfors, 309–333, 1892.
Moberg, A.:
Sammandra af de klimatologiska anteckningarne i Finland år 1892, in: Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-societetens förhandlingar XXXV 1892–1893, J Simeli Arfvingars Boktryckeri-Aktiebolag, Helsingfors, 155–181, 1893.
Newton, A. M. W. and Mullan, D. J.:
Climate change and Northern Hemisphere lake and river ice phenology from 1931–2005, The Cryosphere, 15, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2211-2021, 2021.
Norrgård, S.: The Aura River Ice Jam in Turku, March 1903, Environment & Society Portal,
Arcadia, 10, https://doi.org/10.5282/rcc/8982, 2020.
Norrgård, S.: R-IBU: A basic ice breakup data set for the Aura and Kokemäki rivers, Version 1, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6670163, 2022.
Norrgård, S. and Helama, S.:
Historical trends in spring ice breakup for the Aura River in Southwest Finland, AD 1749-2018, Holocene, 29, 953–963, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619831429, 2019.
Prowse, T. D. and Beltaos, S.:
Climatic control of river-ice hydrology: a review, Hydrol. Process., 16, 805–822, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.369, 2002.
Prowse, T. D., Wrona, F. J., Reist, J. D., Gibson, J. J., Hobbie, J. E., Levesque, L. M. J., and Vincent, W. F.:
Climate change effects on hydroecology of Arctic freshwater ecosystems, Ambio, 35, 347–358, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[347:cceoho]2.0.co;2, 2006.
Prowse, T., Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal, B., Duguay, C., Korhola, A., McNamara, J., Pienitz, R., Vincent, W. F., Vuglinsky, V., and Weyhenmeyer, G. A.:
Past and Future Changes in Arctic Lake and River Ice, Ambio, 40, 53–62, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0216-7, 2011.
Ruosteenoja, K., Markkanen, T., and Räisänen, J.:
Thermal seasons in northern Europe in projected future climate, Int. J. Climatol., 40, 4444–4462, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6466, 2020.
Rykatschew, M.:
Über den Auf- und Zugang der Gewässer des Russischen Reiches, St. Petersburg, Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1887.
Sagarin, R.:
Phenology – False estimates of the advance of spring, Nature, 414, 600–600, https://doi.org/10.1038/414600a, 2001.
Sagarin, R.:
Using nature's clock to measure phenology, Front. Ecol. Environ., 7, 296–296, https://doi.org/10.1890/09.wb.020, 2009.
Sen, P. K.:
Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389, 1968.
Serreze, M. C., Walsh, J. E., Chapin, F. S., Osterkamp, T., Dyurgerov, M., Romanovsky, V., Oechel, W. C., Morison, J., Zhang, T., and Barry, R. G.:
Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment, Climatic Change, 46, 159–207, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005504031923, 2000.
Sharma, S., Magnuson, J. J., Batt, R. D., Winslow, L. A., Korhonen, J., and Aono, Y.:
Direct observations of ice seasonality reveal changes in climate over the past 320–570 years, Sci. Rep., 6, 25061, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25061, 2016.
Sharma, S., Richardson, D. C., Woolway, R. I., Imrit, M. A., Bouffard, D., Blagrave, K., Daly, J., Filazzola, A., Granin, N., Korhonen, J., Magnuson, J., Marszelewski, W., Matsuzaki, S. I. S., Perry, W., Robertson, D. M., Rudstam, L. G., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., and Yao, H. X.:
Loss of Ice Cover, Shifting Phenology, and More Extreme Events in Northern Hemisphere Lakes, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 126, e2021JG006348, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jg006348, 2021.
Šmejkalová, T., Edwards, M. E., and Dash, J.:
Arctic lakes show strong decadal trend in earlier spring ice-out, Sci. Rep., 6, 38449, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38449, 2016.
Terhivuo, J., Kubin, E., and Karhu, J.:
Phenological observations since the days of Linné in Finland, Ital. J. Agrometeorol., 14, 45–49, 2009.
Toohey, M. and Sigl, M.:
Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500 BCE to 1900 CE, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 809–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-809-2017, 2017.
Venäläinen A., Tuomenvirta, H., Pirinen, P., and Drebs, A.:
A Basic Finnish Climate Data Set 1961–2000. Descriptions and Illustrations, Finnish Meteorological Institute Reports No. 2005, 5, Finnish Meteorological Institute, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24473.62567, 2005.
Verta, O. M. and Triipponen, J. P.:
The Kokemäki River Basin Flood Risk Management plan – A national Pilot from Finland in Accordance with the EU Floods Directive, Irrig. Drain., 60, 84–90, https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.668, 2011.
Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Meili, M., and Livingstone, D. M.:
Systematic differences in the trend towards earlier ice-out on Swedish lakes along a latitudinal temperature gradient, 29th Congress of the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Lahti, Finland, 8–14 August, WOS:000230666900039, 257–260, 2005.
Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Livingstone, D. M., Meilis, M., Jensen, O., Benson, B., and Magnuson, J. J.; Large geographical differences in the sensitivity of ice-covered lakes and rivers in the Northern Hemisphere to temperature changes, GCB Bioenergy, 17, 268–275, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02249.x, 2011.
Xoplaki, E., Luterbacher, J., Paeth, H., Dietrich, D., Steiner, N., Grosjean, M., and Wanner, H.:
European spring and autumn temperature variability and change of extremes over the last half millennium, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15713, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023424, 2005.
Zachrisson, G.:
Svåra islossningar i Torneälven i relation till klimat- och miljöförändringar, in: Nordisk Hydrologisk Konferens 1988, Nordisk NHP-rapport nr. 22 Del 1, Rovaniemi, Finland, 1–3 August 1988, 33–42, 1988.
Short summary
We examined changes in the dates of ice break-ups in three Finnish rivers since the 1700s. The analyses show that ice break-ups nowadays occur earlier in spring than in previous centuries. The changes are pronounced in the south, and both rivers had their first recorded years without a complete ice cover in the 21st century. These events occurred during exceptionally warm winters and show that climate extremes affect the river-ice regime in southwest Finland differently than in the north.
We examined changes in the dates of ice break-ups in three Finnish rivers since the 1700s. The...
