Articles | Volume 15, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5557-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5557-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Wave dispersion and dissipation in landfast ice: comparison of observations against models
Joey J. Voermans
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
Qingxiang Liu
Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
Aleksey Marchenko
Arctic Technology Department, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
Jean Rabault
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Kirill Filchuk
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Ivan Ryzhov
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Petra Heil
Australian Antarctic Division and Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Takuji Waseda
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
Takehiko Nose
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
Tsubasa Kodaira
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
Jingkai Li
Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Alexander V. Babanin
Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
Related authors
Joey J. Voermans, Alexander D. Fraser, Jill Brouwer, Michael H. Meylan, Qingxiang Liu, and Alexander V. Babanin
The Cryosphere, 19, 3381–3395, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3381-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3381-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Limited measurements of waves in sea ice exist, preventing our understanding of wave attenuation in sea ice under a wide range of ice conditions. Using satellite observations from ICESat-2, we observe an overall linear increase in the wave attenuation rate with distance into the marginal ice zone. While attenuation may vary greatly locally, this finding may provide opportunities for the modeling of waves in sea ice at global and climate scales when such fine detail may not be needed.
Jean Rabault, Trygve Halsne, Ana Carrasco, Anton Korosov, Joey Voermans, Patrik Bohlinger, Jens Boldingh Debernard, Malte Müller, Øyvind Breivik, Takehiko Nose, Gaute Hope, Fabrice Collard, Sylvain Herlédan, Tsubasa Kodaira, Nick Hughes, Qin Zhang, Kai Haakon Christensen, Alexander Babanin, Lars Willas Dreyer, Cyril Palerme, Lotfi Aouf, Konstantinos Christakos, Atle Jensen, Johannes Röhrs, Aleksey Marchenko, Graig Sutherland, Trygve Kvåle Løken, and Takuji Waseda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.07619, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.07619, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We observe strongly modulated waves-in-ice significant wave height using buoys deployed East of Svalbard. We show that these observations likely cannot be explained by wave-current interaction or tide-induced modulation alone. We also demonstrate a strong correlation between the waves height modulation, and the rate of sea ice convergence. Therefore, our data suggest that the rate of sea ice convergence and divergence may modulate wave in ice energy dissipation.
Joey J. Voermans, Jean Rabault, Kirill Filchuk, Ivan Ryzhov, Petra Heil, Aleksey Marchenko, Clarence O. Collins III, Mohammed Dabboor, Graig Sutherland, and Alexander V. Babanin
The Cryosphere, 14, 4265–4278, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4265-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4265-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we demonstrate the existence of an observational threshold which identifies when waves are most likely to break sea ice. This threshold is based on information from two recent field campaigns, supplemented with existing observations of sea ice break-up. We show that both field and laboratory observations tend to converge to a single quantitative threshold at which the wave-induced sea ice break-up takes place, which opens a promising avenue for operational forecasting models.
Joey J. Voermans, Alexander D. Fraser, Jill Brouwer, Michael H. Meylan, Qingxiang Liu, and Alexander V. Babanin
The Cryosphere, 19, 3381–3395, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3381-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3381-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Limited measurements of waves in sea ice exist, preventing our understanding of wave attenuation in sea ice under a wide range of ice conditions. Using satellite observations from ICESat-2, we observe an overall linear increase in the wave attenuation rate with distance into the marginal ice zone. While attenuation may vary greatly locally, this finding may provide opportunities for the modeling of waves in sea ice at global and climate scales when such fine detail may not be needed.
Xianghui Dong, Qingxiang Liu, Stefan Zieger, Alberto Alberello, Ali Abdolali, Jian Sun, Kejian Wu, and Alexander V. Babanin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-698, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-698, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean surface wave research is vital for coastal management, marine ecology, and ocean engineering. This study simulates waves along the Australian coast using advanced physical and numerical schemes. Model verification with altimeter and buoy data shows good performance. A two-step parameterization improves accuracy in the complex Great Barrier Reef. This study will help us better understand coastal wave climates and assess sea states, enabling us to better develop, protect, and use the sea.
Mukund Gupta, Heather Regan, Younghyun Koo, Sean Minhui Tashi Chua, Xueke Li, and Petra Heil
The Cryosphere, 19, 1241–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1241-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1241-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The sea ice cover is composed of floes, whose shapes set the material properties of the pack. Here, we use a satellite product (ICESat-2) to investigate these floe shapes within the Weddell Sea in Antarctica. We find that floes tend to become smaller during the melt season, while their thickness distribution exhibits different behavior between the western and southern regions of the pack. These metrics will help calibrate models and improve our understanding of sea ice physics across scales.
Naoya Kanna, Kazutaka Tateyama, Takuji Waseda, Anna Timofeeva, Maria Papadimitraki, Laura Whitmore, Hajime Obata, Daiki Nomura, Hiroshi Ogawa, Youhei Yamashita, and Igor Polyakov
Biogeosciences, 22, 1057–1076, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1057-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1057-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents data on iron and manganese, essential micronutrients for primary producers in the Arctic Laptev and East Siberian seas (LESS). There, observations were made through international cooperation with the Nansen and Amundsen Basin Observational System expedition during the late summer of 2021. The results from this study indicate that the major sources controlling the iron and manganese distributions on the LESS continental margins are river discharge and shelf sediment input.
Diana Francis, Ricardo Fonseca, Narendra Nelli, Petra Heil, Jonathan Wille, Irina Gorodetskaya, and Robert Massom
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3535, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3535, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of atmospheric rivers and associated atmospheric dynamics on sea-ice thickness and snow depth at a coastal site in East Antarctica during July–November 2022 using in-situ measurements and numerical modelling. The passage of an atmospheric river induced a reduction of up to 0.06 m in both fields. Precipitation occurred from the convergence of katabatic winds with advected low-latitude moist air.
Jean Rabault, Trygve Halsne, Ana Carrasco, Anton Korosov, Joey Voermans, Patrik Bohlinger, Jens Boldingh Debernard, Malte Müller, Øyvind Breivik, Takehiko Nose, Gaute Hope, Fabrice Collard, Sylvain Herlédan, Tsubasa Kodaira, Nick Hughes, Qin Zhang, Kai Haakon Christensen, Alexander Babanin, Lars Willas Dreyer, Cyril Palerme, Lotfi Aouf, Konstantinos Christakos, Atle Jensen, Johannes Röhrs, Aleksey Marchenko, Graig Sutherland, Trygve Kvåle Løken, and Takuji Waseda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.07619, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.07619, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We observe strongly modulated waves-in-ice significant wave height using buoys deployed East of Svalbard. We show that these observations likely cannot be explained by wave-current interaction or tide-induced modulation alone. We also demonstrate a strong correlation between the waves height modulation, and the rate of sea ice convergence. Therefore, our data suggest that the rate of sea ice convergence and divergence may modulate wave in ice energy dissipation.
Are Frode Kvanum, Cyril Palerme, Malte Müller, Jean Rabault, and Nick Hughes
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3107, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3107, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies have shown that machine learning models are effective at predicting sea ice concentration, yet few have explored the development of such models in an operational context. In this study, we present the development of a machine learning forecasting system which can predict sea ice concentration at 1 km resolution, up to 3 days ahead using real time operational data. The developed forecasts predict the sea ice edge position with a better accuracy than physical and baseline forecasts.
Jiangyu Li, Shaoqing Zhang, Qingxiang Liu, Xiaolin Yu, and Zhiwei Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6393–6412, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean surface waves play an important role in the air–sea interface but are rarely activated in high-resolution Earth system simulations due to their expensive computational costs. To alleviate this situation, this paper designs a new wave modeling framework with a multiscale grid system. Evaluations of a series of numerical experiments show that it has good feasibility and applicability in the WAVEWATCH III model, WW3, and can achieve the goals of efficient and high-precision wave simulation.
Haihan Hu, Jiechen Zhao, Petra Heil, Zhiliang Qin, Jingkai Ma, Fengming Hui, and Xiao Cheng
The Cryosphere, 17, 2231–2244, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2231-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2231-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceanic characteristics beneath sea ice significantly affect ice growth and melting. The high-frequency and long-term observations of oceanic variables allow us to deeply investigate their diurnal and seasonal variation and evaluate their influences on sea ice evolution. The large-scale sea ice distribution and ocean circulation contributed to the seasonal variation of ocean variables, revealing the important relationship between large-scale and local phenomena.
Sasan Tavakoli and Alexander V. Babanin
The Cryosphere, 17, 939–958, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-939-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-939-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have tried to develop some new wave–ice interaction models by considering two different types of forces, one of which emerges in the ice and the other of which emerges in the water. We have checked the ability of the models in the reconstruction of wave–ice interaction in a step-wise manner. The accuracy level of the models is acceptable, and it will be interesting to check whether they can be used in wave climate models or not.
Na Li, Ruibo Lei, Petra Heil, Bin Cheng, Minghu Ding, Zhongxiang Tian, and Bingrui Li
The Cryosphere, 17, 917–937, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-917-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-917-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The observed annual maximum landfast ice (LFI) thickness off Zhongshan (Davis) was 1.59±0.17 m (1.64±0.08 m). Larger interannual and local spatial variabilities for the seasonality of LFI were identified at Zhongshan, with the dominant influencing factors of air temperature anomaly, snow atop, local topography and wind regime, and oceanic heat flux. The variability of LFI properties across the study domain prevailed at interannual timescales, over any trend during the recent decades.
Yetang Wang, Xueying Zhang, Wentao Ning, Matthew A. Lazzara, Minghu Ding, Carleen H. Reijmer, Paul C. J. P. Smeets, Paolo Grigioni, Petra Heil, Elizabeth R. Thomas, David Mikolajczyk, Lee J. Welhouse, Linda M. Keller, Zhaosheng Zhai, Yuqi Sun, and Shugui Hou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 411–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-411-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-411-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we construct a new database of Antarctic automatic weather station (AWS) meteorological records, which is quality-controlled by restrictive criteria. This dataset compiled all available Antarctic AWS observations, and its resolutions are 3-hourly, daily and monthly, which is very useful for quantifying spatiotemporal variability in weather conditions. Furthermore, this compilation will be used to estimate the performance of the regional climate models or meteorological reanalysis products.
Minghu Ding, Xiaowei Zou, Qizhen Sun, Diyi Yang, Wenqian Zhang, Lingen Bian, Changgui Lu, Ian Allison, Petra Heil, and Cunde Xiao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5019–5035, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The PANDA automatic weather station (AWS) network consists of 11 stations deployed along a transect from the coast (Zhongshan Station) to the summit of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Dome A). It covers the different climatic and topographic units of East Antarctica. All stations record hourly air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, wind speed and direction at two or three heights. The PANDA AWS dataset commences from 1989 and is planned to be publicly available into the future.
Graig Sutherland, Victor de Aguiar, Lars-Robert Hole, Jean Rabault, Mohammed Dabboor, and Øyvind Breivik
The Cryosphere, 16, 2103–2114, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2103-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2103-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The marginal ice zone (MIZ), which is the transition region between the open ocean and the dense pack ice, is a very dynamic region comprising a mixture of ice and ocean conditions. Using novel drifters deployed in various ice conditions in the MIZ, several material transport models are tested with two operational ice–ocean prediction systems. A new general transport equation, which uses both the ice and ocean solutions, is developed that reduces the error in drift prediction for our case study.
Fengguan Gu, Qinghua Yang, Frank Kauker, Changwei Liu, Guanghua Hao, Chao-Yuan Yang, Jiping Liu, Petra Heil, Xuewei Li, and Bo Han
The Cryosphere, 16, 1873–1887, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The sea ice thickness was simulated by a single-column model and compared with in situ observations obtained off Zhongshan Station in the Antarctic. It is shown that the unrealistic precipitation in the atmospheric forcing data leads to the largest bias in sea ice thickness and snow depth modeling. In addition, the increasing snow depth gradually inhibits the growth of sea ice associated with thermal blanketing by the snow.
Tian R. Tian, Alexander D. Fraser, Noriaki Kimura, Chen Zhao, and Petra Heil
The Cryosphere, 16, 1299–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a comprehensive validation of a satellite observational sea ice motion product in Antarctica by using drifting buoys. Two problems existing in this sea ice motion product have been noticed. After rectifying problems, we use it to investigate the impacts of satellite observational configuration and timescale on Antarctic sea ice kinematics and suggest the future improvement of satellite missions specifically designed for retrieval of sea ice motion.
Diana Francis, Kyle S. Mattingly, Stef Lhermitte, Marouane Temimi, and Petra Heil
The Cryosphere, 15, 2147–2165, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The unexpected September 2019 calving event from the Amery Ice Shelf, the largest since 1963 and which occurred almost a decade earlier than expected, was triggered by atmospheric extremes. Explosive twin polar cyclones provided a deterministic role in this event by creating oceanward sea surface slope triggering the calving. The observed record-anomalous atmospheric conditions were promoted by blocking ridges and Antarctic-wide anomalous poleward transport of heat and moisture.
Joey J. Voermans, Jean Rabault, Kirill Filchuk, Ivan Ryzhov, Petra Heil, Aleksey Marchenko, Clarence O. Collins III, Mohammed Dabboor, Graig Sutherland, and Alexander V. Babanin
The Cryosphere, 14, 4265–4278, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4265-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4265-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we demonstrate the existence of an observational threshold which identifies when waves are most likely to break sea ice. This threshold is based on information from two recent field campaigns, supplemented with existing observations of sea ice break-up. We show that both field and laboratory observations tend to converge to a single quantitative threshold at which the wave-induced sea ice break-up takes place, which opens a promising avenue for operational forecasting models.
Cited articles
Ardhuin, F., Sutherland, P., Doble, M., and Wadhams, P.: Ocean waves across the Arctic: Attenuation due to dissipation dominates over scattering for periods longer than 19 s, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5775–5783, 2016. a
Ardhuin, F., Otero, M., Merrifield, S., Grouazel, A., and Terrill, E.: Ice
breakup controls dissipation of wind waves across Southern Ocean Sea Ice,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087699, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068204, 2020. a
Cheng, S., Rogers, W. E., Thomson, J., Smith, M., Doble, M. J., Wadhams, P.,
Kohout, A. L., Lund, B., Persson, O. P. G., Collins III, C. O., Ackley, S. F., Montiel, F., and Shen, H. H.: Calibrating a viscoelastic sea ice model for wave propagation in the Arctic fall marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 8770–8793, 2017. a
Cheng, S., Stopa, J., Ardhuin, F., and Shen, H. H.: Spectral attenuation of ocean waves in pack ice and its application in calibrating viscoelastic wave-in-ice models, The Cryosphere, 14, 2053–2069, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2053-2020, 2020. a
Collins III, C. O., Rogers, W. E., Marchenko, A., and Babanin, A. V.: In situ
measurements of an energetic wave event in the Arctic marginal ice zone,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1863–1870, 2015. a
Doble, M. J., De Carolis, G., Meylan, M. H., Bidlot, J.-R., and Wadhams, P.:
Relating wave attenuation to pancake ice thickness, using field measurements
and model results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4473–4481, 2015. a
Fox, C. and Haskell, T. G.: Ocean wave speed in the Antarctic marginal ice
zone, Ann. Glaciol., 33, 350–354, 2001. a
Frankenstein, G. and Garner, R.: Equations for determining the brine volume of sea ice from −0.5∘ to −22.9 ∘C, J. Glaciol., 6, 943–944, 1967. a
Golden, K. M., Eicken, H., Heaton, A., Miner, J., Pringle, D., and Zhu, J.:
Thermal evolution of permeability and microstructure in sea ice, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 34, L16501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030447, 2007. a, b
Herman, A.: Spectral wave energy dissipation due to under-ice turbulence, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 1177–1186, 2021. a
Herman, A., Cheng, S., and Shen, H. H.: Wave energy attenuation in fields of colliding ice floes – Part 2: A laboratory case study, The Cryosphere, 13, 2901–2914, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2901-2019, 2019. a
Kodaira, T., Waseda, T., Nose, T., Sato, K., Inoue, J., Voermans, J., and
Babanin, A.: Observation of on-ice wind waves under grease ice in the western
Arctic Ocean, Polar Sci., 27, 100567, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2020.100567, 2020. a, b
Kohout, A. and Williams, M.: Waves in-ice observations made during the SIPEX II voyage of the Aurora Australis, 2012, Australian Antarctic Data
Centre [data set], https://doi.org/10.4225/15/53266BEC9607F, updated 2015, 2013. a, b, c, d
Kovalev, D. P., Kovalev, P. D., and Squire, V. A.: Crack formation and breakout of shore fast sea ice in Mordvinova Bay, south-east Sakhalin Island, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 175, 103082, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103082, 2020. a
Kuik, A., Van Vledder, G. P., and Holthuijsen, L.: A method for the routine
analysis of pitch-and-roll buoy wave data, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1020–1034, 1988. a
Li, J., Kohout, A. L., Doble, M. J., Wadhams, P., Guan, C., and Shen, H. H.:
Rollover of apparent wave attenuation in ice covered seas, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 8557–8566, 2017. a
Lindgren, S.: Effect of Temperature Increase of Ice Pressure, Royal Institute
of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 1986. a
Løken, T. K., Ellevold, T. J., de la Torre, R. G. R., Rabault, J., and
Jensen, A.: Bringing optical fluid motion analysis to the field: a methodology using an open source ROV as camera system and rising bubbles as
tracers, Meas. Sci. Technol., 32, 095302, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/abf09d, 2021. a
Lu, P., Li, Z., Cheng, B., and Leppäranta, M.: A parameterization of the
ice-ocean drag coefficient, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C07019,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006878, 2011. a
Marchenko, A., Rabault, J., Sutherland, G., Collins, C. O., Wadhams, P., and
Chumakov, M.: Field observations and preliminary investigations of a wave
event in solid drift ice in the Barents Sea, in: Proceedings-International
Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Port and
Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, 11–16 June 2017, Busan, South Korea
2017. a
Marchenko, A., Haase, A., Jensen, A., Lishman, B., Rabault, J., Evers, K.,
Shortt, M., and Thiel, T.: Elasticity and viscosity of ice measured in the
experiment on wave propagation below the ice in HSVA ice tank, in: 25th IAHR
International Symposium on Ice, The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research, 23–27 November 2020, Trondheim, Norway, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Marchenko, A., Haase, A., Jensen, A., Lishman, B., Rabault, J., Evers, K.-U.,
Shortt, M., and Thiel, T.: Laboratory Investigations of the Bending Rheology
of Floating Saline Ice and Physical Mechanisms of Wave Damping In the HSVA
Hamburg Ship Model Basin Ice Tank, Water, 13, 1080, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081080, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
McPhee, M. G. and Martinson, D. G.: Turbulent mixing under drifting pack ice in the Weddell Sea, Science, 263, 218–221, 1994. a
Nelli, F., Bennetts, L. G., Skene, D. M., and Toffoli, A.: Water wave
transmission and energy dissipation by a floating plate in the presence of
overwash, J. Fluid Mech., 889, A19, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.75, 2020. a
Rabault, J., Sutherland, G., Jensen, A., Christensen, K. H., and Marchenko, A.: Experiments on wave propagation in grease ice: combined wave gauges and
particle image velocimetry measurements, J. Fluid Mech., 864, 876–898, 2019. a
Rabault, J., Sutherland, G., Gundersen, O., Jensen, A., Marchenko, A., and
Breivik, Ø.: An open source, versatile, affordable waves in ice instrument
for scientific measurements in the Polar Regions, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 170, 102955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102955, 2020. a
Rogers, W. E., Thomson, J., Shen, H. H., Doble, M. J., Wadhams, P., and Cheng, S.: Dissipation of wind waves by pancake and frazil ice in the autumn Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 7991–8007, 2016. a
Rogers, W. E., Meylan, M. H., and Kohout, A. L.: Estimates of spectral wave
attenuation in Antarctic sea ice, using model/data inversion, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 182, 103198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103198, 2021. a, b
Soulsby, R.: Dynamics of marine sands, T. Telford, London, 1997. a
Squire, V. A.: A fresh look at how ocean waves and sea ice interact,
Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 376, 20170342, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0342, 2018. a
Squire, V. A., Robinson, W. H., Meylan, M., and Haskell, T. G.: Observations of flexural waves on the Erebus Ice Tongue, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and
nearby sea ice, J. Glaciol., 40, 377–385, 1994. a
Sutherland, G. and Rabault, J.: Observations of wave dispersion and attenuation in landfast ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 1984–1997, 2016. a
Tabata, T.: Studies on visco-elastic properties of sea ice, in: Arctic Sea Ice, vol. 598, US National Academy of Sciences & National Research Council, Washington, DC, 139–147, 1958. a
Thomson, J., Ackley, S., Girard-Ardhuin, F., Ardhuin, F., Babanin, A., Boutin, G., Brozena, J., Cheng, S., Collins, C., Doble, M., Fairall, C., Guest, P., Gebhardt, C., Gemmrich, J., Graber, H. C., Holt, B., Lehner, S., Lund, B., Meylan, M. H., Maksym, T., Montiel, F., Perrie, W., Persson, O., Rainville, L., Rogers, W. E., Shen, H., Shen, H., Squire, V., Stammerjohn, S., Stopa, J., Smith, M. M., Sutherland, P., and Wadhams, P.: Overview of the arctic sea state and boundary layer physics program, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 8674–8687, 2018. a, b, c, d
Thomson, J., Hošeková, L., Meylan, M. H., Kohout, A. L., and Kumar,
N.: Spurious rollover of wave attenuation rates in sea ice caused by noise in
field measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016606, 2021. a, b
Timco, G. and Weeks, W.: A review of the engineering properties of sea ice,
Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 60, 107–129, 2010. a
Toffoli, A., Bennetts, L. G., Meylan, M. H., Cavaliere, C., Alberello, A.,
Elsnab, J., and Monty, J. P.: Sea ice floes dissipate the energy of steep
ocean waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8547–8554, 2015. a
Voermans, J.: Wave–Ice interactions and ice break-up observations in the Southern Ocean, 2020, Australian Antarctic Data Centre [data set],
https://doi.org/10.4225/15/590173acc61c9, 2020. a
Voermans, J.: Wave–ice interactions collected on landfast ice near Casey Station, 2020, Australian Antarctic Data Centre [data set], https://doi.org/10.26179/2drt-2j12, 2021a. a
Voermans, J.: Data for “Wave dispersion and dissipation in landfast ice: comparison of observations against models”, Zenodo [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5568527, 2021b. a
Voermans, J. J., Rabault, J., Filchuk, K., Ryzhov, I., Heil, P., Marchenko, A., Collins III, C. O., Dabboor, M., Sutherland, G., and Babanin, A. V.: Experimental evidence for a universal threshold characterizing wave-induced sea ice break-up, The Cryosphere, 14, 4265–4278, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4265-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d
Wadhams, P., Squire, V. A., Goodman, D. J., Cowan, A. M., and Moore, S. C.: The attenuation rates of ocean waves in the marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 93, 6799–6818, 1988. a
Wang, R. and Shen, H. H.: Gravity waves propagating into an ice-covered ocean: A viscoelastic model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C06024,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005591, 2010. a, b
Weber, J. E.: Wave attenuation and wave drift in the marginal ice zone, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 2351–2361, 1987. a
Yu, J., Rogers, W. E., and Wang, D. W.: A Scaling for Wave Dispersion
Relationships in Ice-Covered Waters, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 8429–8438, 2019. a
Zhu, J., Jabini, A., Golden, K., Eicken, H., and Morris, M.: A network model
for fluid transport through sea ice, Ann. Glaciol., 44, 129–133, 2006. a
Short summary
We have shown through field experiments that the amount of wave energy dissipated in landfast ice, sea ice attached to land, is much larger than in broken ice. By comparing our measurements against predictions of contemporary wave–ice interaction models, we determined which models can explain our observations and which cannot. Our results will improve our understanding of how waves and ice interact and how we can model such interactions to better forecast waves and ice in the polar regions.
We have shown through field experiments that the amount of wave energy dissipated in landfast...