Articles | Volume 7, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-81-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-81-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Current state of glaciers in the tropical Andes: a multi-century perspective on glacier evolution and climate change
A. Rabatel
UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) UMR5183, Grenoble, 38041, France
B. Francou
IRD/UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/Grenoble-INP, Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE) UMR5564, Grenoble, 38041, France
A. Soruco
UMSA, IGEMA, Calle 27, Cota Cota, La Paz, Bolivia
J. Gomez
ANA, UGRH, Huaraz, Peru
B. Cáceres
INAMHI, Iñaquito N36-14 y Corea, Quito, Ecuador
J. L. Ceballos
IDEAM, Carrera 10 N20-30, Bogotá DC, Colombia
R. Basantes
IRD/UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/Grenoble-INP, Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE) UMR5564, Grenoble, 38041, France
EPN, DICA, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, Ecuador
M. Vuille
Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
J.-E. Sicart
IRD/UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/Grenoble-INP, Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE) UMR5564, Grenoble, 38041, France
C. Huggel
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
M. Scheel
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
Y. Lejeune
CEN, CNRM-GAME, Météo-France/CNRS, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
Y. Arnaud
IRD/UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/Grenoble-INP, Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE) UMR5564, Grenoble, 38041, France
M. Collet
IRD/UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/Grenoble-INP, Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE) UMR5564, Grenoble, 38041, France
EPN, DICA, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, Ecuador
T. Condom
IRD/UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/Grenoble-INP, Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE) UMR5564, Grenoble, 38041, France
G. Consoli
IRD/UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/Grenoble-INP, Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE) UMR5564, Grenoble, 38041, France
V. Favier
UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) UMR5183, Grenoble, 38041, France
V. Jomelli
UPS-Paris 1/CNRS/UVM-Paris 12, Laboratoire de Géographie Physique (LGP) UMR8591, Meudon, 92195, France
R. Galarraga
EPN, DICA, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, Ecuador
P. Ginot
UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) UMR5183, Grenoble, 38041, France
IRD/CNRS/IFSTTAR/Météo-France/UJF-Grenoble 1/Université de Savoie/Grenoble-INP, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers Grenoble (OSUG) UMS222, St Martin d'Hères, 38400, France
L. Maisincho
INAMHI, Iñaquito N36-14 y Corea, Quito, Ecuador
J. Mendoza
UMSA, IHH, Calle 30, Cota Cota, La Paz, Bolivia
M. Ménégoz
UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) UMR5183, Grenoble, 38041, France
E. Ramirez
UMSA, IHH, Calle 30, Cota Cota, La Paz, Bolivia
P. Ribstein
UMPC/CNRS/EPHE, Sisyphe UMR7619, Paris, 75252, France
W. Suarez
SENAMHI, av. Las Palmas s/n, Lima, Peru
M. Villacis
EPN, DICA, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, Ecuador
P. Wagnon
IRD/UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/Grenoble-INP, Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (LTHE) UMR5564, Grenoble, 38041, France
Related authors
Etienne Ducasse, Romain Millan, Jonas Kvist Andersen, and Antoine Rabatel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2662, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2662, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines glacier movement in the tropical Andes from 2013 to 2022 using satellite data. Despite challenges like small glacier size and frequent cloud cover, we tracked annual speeds and seasonal changes. We found stable annual speeds but significant shifts between wet and dry seasons, likely due to changes in meltwater production and glacier-bedrock conditions. This research enhances understanding of how tropical glaciers react to climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nilo Lima-Quispe, Denis Ruelland, Antoine Rabatel, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, and Thomas Condom
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2370, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2370, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimated the water balance of Lake Titicaca using an integrated modeling framework that considers natural hydrological processes and net irrigation consumption. The proposed approach was implemented at a daily scale for a period of 35 years. This framework is able to simulate lake water levels with good accuracy over a wide range of hydroclimatic conditions. The findings demonstrate that a simple representation of hydrological processes is suitable for use in poorly-gauged regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marin Kneib, Amaury Dehecq, Adrien Gilbert, Auguste Basset, Evan S. Miles, Guillaume Jouvet, Bruno Jourdain, Etienne Ducasse, Luc Beraud, Antoine Rabatel, Jérémie Mouginot, Guillem Carcanade, Olivier Laarman, Fanny Brun, and Delphine Six
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1733, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1733, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Avalanches contribute to increasing the accumulation on mountain glaciers by redistributing snow from surrounding mountains slopes. Here we quantified the contribution of avalanches to the mass balance of Argentière Glacier in the French Alps, by combining satellite and field observations to model the glacier dynamics. We show that the contribution of avalanches locally increases the accumulation by 60-70% and that accounting for this effect results in less ice loss by the end of the century.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexis Caro, Thomas Condom, Antoine Rabatel, Nicolas Champollion, Nicolás García, and Freddy Saavedra
The Cryosphere, 18, 2487–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2487-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2487-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The glacier runoff changes are still unknown in most of the Andean catchments, thereby increasing uncertainties in estimating water availability, especially during the dry season. Here, we simulate glacier evolution and related glacier runoff changes across the Andes between 2000 and 2019. Our results indicate a glacier reduction in 93 % of the catchments, leading to a 12 % increase in glacier melt. These results can be downloaded and integrated with discharge measurements in each catchment.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Arthur Bayle, Bradley Z. Carlson, Anaïs Zimmer, Sophie Vallée, Antoine Rabatel, Edoardo Cremonese, Gianluca Filippa, Cédric Dentant, Christophe Randin, Andrea Mainetti, Erwan Roussel, Simon Gascoin, Dov Corenblit, and Philippe Choler
Biogeosciences, 20, 1649–1669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier forefields have long provided ecologists with a model to study patterns of plant succession following glacier retreat. We used remote sensing approaches to study early succession dynamics as it allows to analyze the deglaciation, colonization, and vegetation growth within a single framework. We found that the heterogeneity of early succession dynamics is deterministic and can be explained well by local environmental context. This work has been done by an international consortium.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rubén Basantes-Serrano, Antoine Rabatel, Bernard Francou, Christian Vincent, Alvaro Soruco, Thomas Condom, and Jean Carlo Ruíz
The Cryosphere, 16, 4659–4677, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4659-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4659-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the volume variation of 17 glaciers on the Antisana ice cap, near the Equator. We used aerial and satellite images for the period 1956–2016. We highlight very negative changes in 1956–1964 and 1979–1997 and slightly negative or even positive conditions in 1965–1978 and 1997–2016, the latter despite the recent increase in temperatures. Glaciers react according to regional climate variability, while local humidity and topography influence the specific behaviour of each glacier.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christian Vincent, Diego Cusicanqui, Bruno Jourdain, Olivier Laarman, Delphine Six, Adrien Gilbert, Andrea Walpersdorf, Antoine Rabatel, Luc Piard, Florent Gimbert, Olivier Gagliardini, Vincent Peyaud, Laurent Arnaud, Emmanuel Thibert, Fanny Brun, and Ugo Nanni
The Cryosphere, 15, 1259–1276, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ glacier point mass balance data are crucial to assess climate change in different regions of the world. Unfortunately, these data are rare because huge efforts are required to conduct in situ measurements on glaciers. Here, we propose a new approach from remote sensing observations. The method has been tested on the Argentière and Mer de Glace glaciers (France). It should be possible to apply this method to high-spatial-resolution satellite images and on numerous glaciers in the world.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jordi Bolibar, Antoine Rabatel, Isabelle Gouttevin, and Clovis Galiez
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1973–1983, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1973-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1973-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a dataset of annual glacier mass changes for all the 661 glaciers in the French Alps for the 1967–2015 period, reconstructed using deep learning (i.e. artificial intelligence). We estimate an average annual mass loss of –0.69 ± 0.21 m w.e., the highest being in the Chablais, Ubaye and Champsaur massifs and the lowest in the Mont Blanc, Oisans and Haute Tarentaise ranges. This dataset can be of interest to hydrology and ecology studies on glacierized catchments in the French Alps.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Frank Paul, Philipp Rastner, Roberto Sergio Azzoni, Guglielmina Diolaiuti, Davide Fugazza, Raymond Le Bris, Johanna Nemec, Antoine Rabatel, Mélanie Ramusovic, Gabriele Schwaizer, and Claudio Smiraglia
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1805–1821, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1805-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1805-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have used Sentinel-2 satellite data from 2015 and 2016 to create a new glacier inventory for the European Alps. Outlines from earlier national inventories were used to guide manual corrections (e.g. ice in shadow or under debris cover) of the automatically mapped clean ice. We mapped 4395 glaciers, covering 1806 km2, an area loss of about 14 % (or −1.2 % per year) compared to the last inventory of 2003. We conclude that glacier shrinkage in the Alps has continued unabated since the mid-1980s.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jordi Bolibar, Antoine Rabatel, Isabelle Gouttevin, Clovis Galiez, Thomas Condom, and Eric Sauquet
The Cryosphere, 14, 565–584, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-565-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-565-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel approach for simulating glacier mass balances using a deep artificial neural network (i.e. deep learning) from climate and topographical data. This has been added as a component of a new open-source parameterized glacier evolution model. Deep learning is found to outperform linear machine learning methods, mainly due to its nonlinearity. Potential applications range from regional mass balance reconstructions from observations to simulations for past and future climates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Thomas Condom, Marie Dumont, Lise Mourre, Jean Emmanuel Sicart, Antoine Rabatel, Alessandra Viani, and Alvaro Soruco
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 7, 169–178, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-169-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-169-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new instrument called a low-cost albedometer (LCA) composed of two illuminance sensors. The ratio between reflected vs. incident illuminances is called the albedo index and can be compared with actual albedo values. We demonstrate that our system performs well and thus provides relevant opportunities to document spatiotemporal changes in the surface albedo from direct observations at the scale of an entire catchment at a low cost.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marion Réveillet, Delphine Six, Christian Vincent, Antoine Rabatel, Marie Dumont, Matthieu Lafaysse, Samuel Morin, Vincent Vionnet, and Maxime Litt
The Cryosphere, 12, 1367–1386, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1367-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1367-2018, 2018
Martin Beniston, Daniel Farinotti, Markus Stoffel, Liss M. Andreassen, Erika Coppola, Nicolas Eckert, Adriano Fantini, Florie Giacona, Christian Hauck, Matthias Huss, Hendrik Huwald, Michael Lehning, Juan-Ignacio López-Moreno, Jan Magnusson, Christoph Marty, Enrique Morán-Tejéda, Samuel Morin, Mohamed Naaim, Antonello Provenzale, Antoine Rabatel, Delphine Six, Johann Stötter, Ulrich Strasser, Silvia Terzago, and Christian Vincent
The Cryosphere, 12, 759–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper makes a rather exhaustive overview of current knowledge of past, current, and future aspects of cryospheric issues in continental Europe and makes a number of reflections of areas of uncertainty requiring more attention in both scientific and policy terms. The review paper is completed by a bibliography containing 350 recent references that will certainly be of value to scholars engaged in the fields of glacier, snow, and permafrost research.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lucas Davaze, Antoine Rabatel, Yves Arnaud, Pascal Sirguey, Delphine Six, Anne Letreguilly, and Marie Dumont
The Cryosphere, 12, 271–286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-271-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-271-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
About 150 of the 250 000 inventoried glaciers are currently monitored with surface mass balance (SMB) measurements. To increase this number, we propose a method to retrieve annual and summer SMB from optical satellite imagery, with an application over 30 glaciers in the French Alps. Computing the glacier-wide averaged albedo allows us to reconstruct annual and summer SMB of most of the studied glaciers, highlighting the potential of this method to retrieve SMB of unmonitored glaciers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jesús Revuelto, Grégoire Lecourt, Matthieu Lafaysse, Isabella Zin, Luc Charrois, Vincent Vionnet, Marie Dumont, Antoine Rabatel, Delphine Six, Thomas Condom, Samuel Morin, Alessandra Viani, and Pascal Sirguey
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-184, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-184, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated distributed and semi-distributed modeling approaches to simulating the spatial and temporal evolution of snow and ice over an extended mountain catchment, using the Crocus snowpack model. The distributed approach simulated the snowpack dynamics on a 250-m grid, enabling inclusion of terrain shadowing effects. The semi-distributed approach simulated the snowpack dynamics for discrete topographic classes characterized by elevation range, aspect, and slope.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. Maisincho, V. Favier, P. Wagnon, V. Jomelli, R. Basantes Serrano, B. Francou, M. Villacis, A. Rabatel, M. Ménégoz, L. Mourre, and B. Cáceres
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-105, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-105, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Studies performed in the outer tropics suggested that Positive Degree-Day (PDD) model should be used with caution in tropical areas because temperature is not directly linked to the main local melting processes. Using an enhanced PDD model in the inner tropics during nine years allowed an accurate modelling of the glacier-wide mass balances and ablation on the Antizana glacier. This proves the high sensitivity of glaciers to temperature changes in Ecuador.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Etienne Ducasse, Romain Millan, Jonas Kvist Andersen, and Antoine Rabatel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2662, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2662, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines glacier movement in the tropical Andes from 2013 to 2022 using satellite data. Despite challenges like small glacier size and frequent cloud cover, we tracked annual speeds and seasonal changes. We found stable annual speeds but significant shifts between wet and dry seasons, likely due to changes in meltwater production and glacier-bedrock conditions. This research enhances understanding of how tropical glaciers react to climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nilo Lima-Quispe, Denis Ruelland, Antoine Rabatel, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, and Thomas Condom
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2370, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2370, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimated the water balance of Lake Titicaca using an integrated modeling framework that considers natural hydrological processes and net irrigation consumption. The proposed approach was implemented at a daily scale for a period of 35 years. This framework is able to simulate lake water levels with good accuracy over a wide range of hydroclimatic conditions. The findings demonstrate that a simple representation of hydrological processes is suitable for use in poorly-gauged regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marin Kneib, Amaury Dehecq, Adrien Gilbert, Auguste Basset, Evan S. Miles, Guillaume Jouvet, Bruno Jourdain, Etienne Ducasse, Luc Beraud, Antoine Rabatel, Jérémie Mouginot, Guillem Carcanade, Olivier Laarman, Fanny Brun, and Delphine Six
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1733, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1733, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Avalanches contribute to increasing the accumulation on mountain glaciers by redistributing snow from surrounding mountains slopes. Here we quantified the contribution of avalanches to the mass balance of Argentière Glacier in the French Alps, by combining satellite and field observations to model the glacier dynamics. We show that the contribution of avalanches locally increases the accumulation by 60-70% and that accounting for this effect results in less ice loss by the end of the century.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Navaraj Pokhrel, Patrick Wagnon, Fanny Brun, Arbindra Khadka, Tom Matthews, Audrey Goutard, Dibas Shrestha, Baker Perry, and Marion Réveillet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1760, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1760, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied snow processes in the accumulation area of Mera Glacier (Central Himalaya, Nepal) by deploying a cosmic ray counting sensor that allows to track the evolution of the snow water equivalent. We suspect significant surface melting, water percolation and refreezing within the snowpack, that might be missed by traditional mass balance surveys.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marin Kneib, Amaury Dehecq, Fanny Brun, Fatima Karbou, Laurane Charrier, Silvan Leinss, Patrick Wagnon, and Fabien Maussion
The Cryosphere, 18, 2809–2830, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Avalanches are important for the mass balance of mountain glaciers, but few data exist on where and when they occur and which glaciers they affect the most. We developed an approach to map avalanches over large glaciated areas and long periods of time using satellite radar data. The application of this method to various regions in the Alps and High Mountain Asia reveals the variability of avalanches on these glaciers and provides key data to better represent these processes in glacier models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexis Caro, Thomas Condom, Antoine Rabatel, Nicolas Champollion, Nicolás García, and Freddy Saavedra
The Cryosphere, 18, 2487–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2487-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2487-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The glacier runoff changes are still unknown in most of the Andean catchments, thereby increasing uncertainties in estimating water availability, especially during the dry season. Here, we simulate glacier evolution and related glacier runoff changes across the Andes between 2000 and 2019. Our results indicate a glacier reduction in 93 % of the catchments, leading to a 12 % increase in glacier melt. These results can be downloaded and integrated with discharge measurements in each catchment.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mohd Farooq Azam, Christian Vincent, Smriti Srivastava, Etienne Berthier, Patrick Wagnon, Himanshu Kaushik, Arif Hussain, Manoj Kumar Munda, Arindan Mandal, and Alagappan Ramanathan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-644, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-644, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mass balance series on Chhota Shigri Glacier has been reanalysed by combining the traditional mass balance reanalysis framework and a nonlinear model. The nonlinear model is preferred over traditional glaciological method to compute the mass balances as the former can capture the spatiotemporal variability of point mass balances from a heterogeneous in-situ point mass balance network. The nonlinear model outperforms the traditional method and agrees better with the geodetic estimates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jean Emmanuel Sicart, Victor Ramseyer, Ghislain Picard, Laurent Arnaud, Catherine Coulaud, Guilhem Freche, Damien Soubeyrand, Yves Lejeune, Marie Dumont, Isabelle Gouttevin, Erwan Le Gac, Frédéric Berger, Jean-Matthieu Monnet, Laurent Borgniet, Éric Mermin, Nick Rutter, Clare Webster, and Richard Essery
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5121–5133, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5121-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5121-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Forests strongly modify the accumulation, metamorphism and melting of snow in midlatitude and high-latitude regions. Two field campaigns during the winters 2016–17 and 2017–18 were conducted in a coniferous forest in the French Alps to study interactions between snow and vegetation. This paper presents the field site, instrumentation and collection methods. The observations include forest characteristics, meteorology, snow cover and snow interception by the canopy during precipitation events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Giselle Utida, Francisco W. Cruz, Mathias Vuille, Angela Ampuero, Valdir F. Novello, Jelena Maksic, Gilvan Sampaio, Hai Cheng, Haiwei Zhang, Fabio Ramos Dias de Andrade, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 19, 1975–1992, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) behavior during the past 3000 years over northeastern Brazil based on oxygen stable isotopes of stalagmites. Paleoclimate changes were mainly forced by the tropical South Atlantic and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability. We describe an ITCZ zonal behavior active around 1100 CE and the period from 1500 to 1750 CE. The dataset also records historical droughts that affected modern human population in this area of Brazil.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fanny Brun, Owen King, Marion Réveillet, Charles Amory, Anton Planchot, Etienne Berthier, Amaury Dehecq, Tobias Bolch, Kévin Fourteau, Julien Brondex, Marie Dumont, Christoph Mayer, Silvan Leinss, Romain Hugonnet, and Patrick Wagnon
The Cryosphere, 17, 3251–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The South Col Glacier is a small body of ice and snow located on the southern ridge of Mt. Everest. A recent study proposed that South Col Glacier is rapidly losing mass. In this study, we examined the glacier thickness change for the period 1984–2017 and found no thickness change. To reconcile these results, we investigate wind erosion and surface energy and mass balance and find that melt is unlikely a dominant process, contrary to previous findings.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mathieu Le Breton, Éric Larose, Laurent Baillet, Yves Lejeune, and Alec van Herwijnen
The Cryosphere, 17, 3137–3156, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3137-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3137-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We monitor the amount of snow on the ground using passive radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags. These small and inexpensive tags are wirelessly read by a stationary reader placed above the snowpack. Variations in the radiofrequency phase delay accurately reflect variations in snow amount, known as snow water equivalent. Additionally, each tag is equipped with a sensor that monitors the snow temperature.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Arthur Bayle, Bradley Z. Carlson, Anaïs Zimmer, Sophie Vallée, Antoine Rabatel, Edoardo Cremonese, Gianluca Filippa, Cédric Dentant, Christophe Randin, Andrea Mainetti, Erwan Roussel, Simon Gascoin, Dov Corenblit, and Philippe Choler
Biogeosciences, 20, 1649–1669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier forefields have long provided ecologists with a model to study patterns of plant succession following glacier retreat. We used remote sensing approaches to study early succession dynamics as it allows to analyze the deglaciation, colonization, and vegetation growth within a single framework. We found that the heterogeneity of early succession dynamics is deterministic and can be explained well by local environmental context. This work has been done by an international consortium.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rubén Basantes-Serrano, Antoine Rabatel, Bernard Francou, Christian Vincent, Alvaro Soruco, Thomas Condom, and Jean Carlo Ruíz
The Cryosphere, 16, 4659–4677, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4659-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4659-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the volume variation of 17 glaciers on the Antisana ice cap, near the Equator. We used aerial and satellite images for the period 1956–2016. We highlight very negative changes in 1956–1964 and 1979–1997 and slightly negative or even positive conditions in 1965–1978 and 1997–2016, the latter despite the recent increase in temperatures. Glaciers react according to regional climate variability, while local humidity and topography influence the specific behaviour of each glacier.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Arindan Mandal, Thupstan Angchuk, Mohd Farooq Azam, Alagappan Ramanathan, Patrick Wagnon, Mohd Soheb, and Chetan Singh
The Cryosphere, 16, 3775–3799, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow sublimation is an important component of glacier surface mass balance; however, it is seldom studied in detail in the Himalayan region owing to data scarcity. We present an 11-year record of wintertime snow-surface energy balance and sublimation characteristics at the Chhota Shigri Glacier moraine site at 4863 m a.s.l. The estimated winter sublimation is 16 %–42 % of the winter snowfall at the study site, which signifies how sublimation is important in the Himalayan region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Adam Emmer, Simon K. Allen, Mark Carey, Holger Frey, Christian Huggel, Oliver Korup, Martin Mergili, Ashim Sattar, Georg Veh, Thomas Y. Chen, Simon J. Cook, Mariana Correas-Gonzalez, Soumik Das, Alejandro Diaz Moreno, Fabian Drenkhan, Melanie Fischer, Walter W. Immerzeel, Eñaut Izagirre, Ramesh Chandra Joshi, Ioannis Kougkoulos, Riamsara Kuyakanon Knapp, Dongfeng Li, Ulfat Majeed, Stephanie Matti, Holly Moulton, Faezeh Nick, Valentine Piroton, Irfan Rashid, Masoom Reza, Anderson Ribeiro de Figueiredo, Christian Riveros, Finu Shrestha, Milan Shrestha, Jakob Steiner, Noah Walker-Crawford, Joanne L. Wood, and Jacob C. Yde
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3041–3061, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3041-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3041-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) have attracted increased research attention recently. In this work, we review GLOF research papers published between 2017 and 2021 and complement the analysis with research community insights gained from the 2021 GLOF conference we organized. The transdisciplinary character of the conference together with broad geographical coverage allowed us to identify progress, trends and challenges in GLOF research and outline future research needs and directions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rebecca Orrison, Mathias Vuille, Jason E. Smerdon, James Apaéstegui, Vitor Azevedo, Jose Leandro P. S. Campos, Francisco W. Cruz, Marcela Eduarda Della Libera, and Nicolás M. Stríkis
Clim. Past, 18, 2045–2062, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2045-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2045-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the South American Summer Monsoon over the last millennium and dynamically interpreted the principal modes of variability. We find the spatial patterns of the monsoon are an intrinsic feature of the climate modulated by external forcings. Multi-centennial mean state departures during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age show regionally coherent patterns of hydroclimatic change in both a multi-archive network of oxygen isotope records and isotope-enabled climate models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Emilio I. Mateo, Bryan G. Mark, Robert Å. Hellström, Michel Baraer, Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Thomas Condom, Alejo Cochachín Rapre, Gilber Gonzales, Joe Quijano Gómez, and Rolando Cesai Crúz Encarnación
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2865–2882, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2865-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2865-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents detailed and comprehensive hydrological and meteorological datasets collected over the past two decades throughout the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. With four weather stations and six streamflow gauges ranging from 3738 to 4750 m above sea level, this network displays a vertical breadth of data and enables detailed research of atmospheric and hydrological processes in a tropical high mountain region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stefan Fugger, Catriona L. Fyffe, Simone Fatichi, Evan Miles, Michael McCarthy, Thomas E. Shaw, Baohong Ding, Wei Yang, Patrick Wagnon, Walter Immerzeel, Qiao Liu, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 1631–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The monsoon is important for the shrinking and growing of glaciers in the Himalaya during summer. We calculate the melt of seven glaciers in the region using a complex glacier melt model and weather data. We find that monsoonal weather affects glaciers that are covered with a layer of rocky debris and glaciers without such a layer in different ways. It is important to take so-called turbulent fluxes into account. This knowledge is vital for predicting the future of the Himalayan glaciers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Romina Llanos, Patricia Moreira-Turcq, Bruno Turcq, Raúl Espinoza Villar, Yizet Huaman, Thomas Condom, and Bram Willems
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-47, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-47, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Our results highlight a marked decrease of high carbon accumulation rates in Andean peatlands over the last decades due to the diminution in melt water inflow generated by the retreat of glaciers as a consequence of regional warming. These marked changes stress the high ecological sensitivity of these peatlands, endangering their outstanding role in the regional (and even global) C cycle as large C sinks that contribute to the mitigation of global climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andreas Kääb, Mylène Jacquemart, Adrien Gilbert, Silvan Leinss, Luc Girod, Christian Huggel, Daniel Falaschi, Felipe Ugalde, Dmitry Petrakov, Sergey Chernomorets, Mikhail Dokukin, Frank Paul, Simon Gascoin, Etienne Berthier, and Jeffrey S. Kargel
The Cryosphere, 15, 1751–1785, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1751-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hardly recognized so far, giant catastrophic detachments of glaciers are a rare but great potential for loss of lives and massive damage in mountain regions. Several of the events compiled in our study involve volumes (up to 100 million m3 and more), avalanche speeds (up to 300 km/h), and reaches (tens of kilometres) that are hard to imagine. We show that current climate change is able to enhance associated hazards. For the first time, we elaborate a set of factors that could cause these events.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christian Vincent, Diego Cusicanqui, Bruno Jourdain, Olivier Laarman, Delphine Six, Adrien Gilbert, Andrea Walpersdorf, Antoine Rabatel, Luc Piard, Florent Gimbert, Olivier Gagliardini, Vincent Peyaud, Laurent Arnaud, Emmanuel Thibert, Fanny Brun, and Ugo Nanni
The Cryosphere, 15, 1259–1276, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ glacier point mass balance data are crucial to assess climate change in different regions of the world. Unfortunately, these data are rare because huge efforts are required to conduct in situ measurements on glaciers. Here, we propose a new approach from remote sensing observations. The method has been tested on the Argentière and Mer de Glace glaciers (France). It should be possible to apply this method to high-spatial-resolution satellite images and on numerous glaciers in the world.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Richard Essery, Hyungjun Kim, Libo Wang, Paul Bartlett, Aaron Boone, Claire Brutel-Vuilmet, Eleanor Burke, Matthias Cuntz, Bertrand Decharme, Emanuel Dutra, Xing Fang, Yeugeniy Gusev, Stefan Hagemann, Vanessa Haverd, Anna Kontu, Gerhard Krinner, Matthieu Lafaysse, Yves Lejeune, Thomas Marke, Danny Marks, Christoph Marty, Cecile B. Menard, Olga Nasonova, Tomoko Nitta, John Pomeroy, Gerd Schädler, Vladimir Semenov, Tatiana Smirnova, Sean Swenson, Dmitry Turkov, Nander Wever, and Hua Yuan
The Cryosphere, 14, 4687–4698, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are uncertain in predicting how warming changes snow cover. This paper compares 22 snow models with the same meteorological inputs. Predicted trends agree with observations at four snow research sites: winter snow cover does not start later, but snow now melts earlier in spring than in the 1980s at two of the sites. Cold regions where snow can last until late summer are predicted to be particularly sensitive to warming because the snow then melts faster at warmer times of year.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jordi Bolibar, Antoine Rabatel, Isabelle Gouttevin, and Clovis Galiez
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1973–1983, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1973-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1973-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a dataset of annual glacier mass changes for all the 661 glaciers in the French Alps for the 1967–2015 period, reconstructed using deep learning (i.e. artificial intelligence). We estimate an average annual mass loss of –0.69 ± 0.21 m w.e., the highest being in the Chablais, Ubaye and Champsaur massifs and the lowest in the Mont Blanc, Oisans and Haute Tarentaise ranges. This dataset can be of interest to hydrology and ecology studies on glacierized catchments in the French Alps.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Frank Paul, Philipp Rastner, Roberto Sergio Azzoni, Guglielmina Diolaiuti, Davide Fugazza, Raymond Le Bris, Johanna Nemec, Antoine Rabatel, Mélanie Ramusovic, Gabriele Schwaizer, and Claudio Smiraglia
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1805–1821, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1805-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1805-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have used Sentinel-2 satellite data from 2015 and 2016 to create a new glacier inventory for the European Alps. Outlines from earlier national inventories were used to guide manual corrections (e.g. ice in shadow or under debris cover) of the automatically mapped clean ice. We mapped 4395 glaciers, covering 1806 km2, an area loss of about 14 % (or −1.2 % per year) compared to the last inventory of 2003. We conclude that glacier shrinkage in the Alps has continued unabated since the mid-1980s.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christian Huggel, Mark Carey, Adam Emmer, Holger Frey, Noah Walker-Crawford, and Ivo Wallimann-Helmer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2175–2193, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2175-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2175-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
There is increasing interest and need to analyze the contribution of anthropogenic climate change to negative impacts of climate change. We study the case of glacial lake Palcacocha in Peru, which poses a significant flood risk to the city of Huaraz. We found that greenhouse gas emissions; strong urbanization processes without appropriate land use planning; and social, cultural, political, and institutional factors all contribute to the existing flood risk.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Valdir Felipe Novello, Francisco William da Cruz, Mathias Vuille, José Leandro Pereira Silveira Campos, Nicolás Misailidis Stríkis, James Apáestegui, Jean Sebastien Moquet, Vitor Azevedo, Angela Ampuero, Giselle Utida, Xianfeng Wang, Gustavo Macedo Paula-Santos, Plinio Jaqueto, Luiz Carlos Ruiz Pessenda, Daniel O. Breecker, and Ivo Karmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-184, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-184, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of carbon isotope (δ13C) ratios are essential for (paleo)environmental studies, such as those regarding the carbon cycle, past food consumption by pre-historic societies, paleo-vegetation reconstructions, soil dynamics and aspects regarding animal migration, etc. Here, we test the influence of local hydroclimate, altitude, temperature and changing vegetation types on δ13C values in stalagmites by employing a new dataset from South America covering the last 2 millennia.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nora Helbig, David Moeser, Michaela Teich, Laure Vincent, Yves Lejeune, Jean-Emmanuel Sicart, and Jean-Matthieu Monnet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2545–2560, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2545-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2545-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Snow retained in the forest canopy (snow interception) drives spatial variability of the subcanopy snow accumulation. As such, accurately describing snow interception in models is of importance for various applications such as hydrological, weather, and climate predictions. We developed descriptions for the spatial mean and variability of snow interception. An independent evaluation demonstrated that the novel models can be applied in coarse land surface model grid cells.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexandra Giese, Aaron Boone, Patrick Wagnon, and Robert Hawley
The Cryosphere, 14, 1555–1577, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1555-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1555-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Rocky debris on glacier surfaces is known to affect the melt of mountain glaciers. Debris can be dry or filled to varying extents with liquid water and ice; whether debris is dry, wet, and/or icy affects how efficiently heat is conducted through debris from its surface to the ice interface. Our paper presents a new energy balance model that simulates moisture phase, evolution, and location in debris. ISBA-DEB is applied to West Changri Nup glacier in Nepal to reveal important physical processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jordi Bolibar, Antoine Rabatel, Isabelle Gouttevin, Clovis Galiez, Thomas Condom, and Eric Sauquet
The Cryosphere, 14, 565–584, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-565-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-565-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel approach for simulating glacier mass balances using a deep artificial neural network (i.e. deep learning) from climate and topographical data. This has been added as a component of a new open-source parameterized glacier evolution model. Deep learning is found to outperform linear machine learning methods, mainly due to its nonlinearity. Potential applications range from regional mass balance reconstructions from observations to simulations for past and future climates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marcelo Zamuriano, Paul Froidevaux, Isabel Moreno, Mathias Vuille, and Stefan Brönnimann
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-286, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-286, 2019
Publication in NHESS not foreseen
Louise Mimeau, Michel Esteves, Isabella Zin, Hans-Werner Jacobi, Fanny Brun, Patrick Wagnon, Devesh Koirala, and Yves Arnaud
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3969–3996, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3969-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3969-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In a context of climate change, the quantification of the contributions of glacier melt, snowmelt, and rain to the river streamflow is a key issue for assessing the current and future water resource availability. This study discusses the representation of the snow and glacier processes in hydrological models and its impact on the estimated flow components, and also addresses the issue of defining the glacier contribution to the river streamflow.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cécile B. Ménard, Richard Essery, Alan Barr, Paul Bartlett, Jeff Derry, Marie Dumont, Charles Fierz, Hyungjun Kim, Anna Kontu, Yves Lejeune, Danny Marks, Masashi Niwano, Mark Raleigh, Libo Wang, and Nander Wever
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 865–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-865-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-865-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes long-term meteorological and evaluation datasets from 10 reference sites for use in snow modelling. We demonstrate how data sharing is crucial to the identification of errors and how the publication of these datasets contributes to good practice, consistency, and reproducibility in geosciences. The ease of use, availability, and quality of the datasets will help model developers quantify and reduce model uncertainties and errors.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexandra Giese, Steven Arcone, Robert Hawley, Gabriel Lewis, and Patrick Wagnon
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-60, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-60, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript defines a novel method of determining the depth of debris on a debris-covered glacier using 960 MHz Ground-Penetrating Radar, under circumstances which prevent the detection of a coherent reflection at the debris-ice interface. Our method was verified using full-scale debris-analog experiments and uses internal scattering within the debris layer. We use this method to measure debris thickness on Changri Nup Glacier, in the Nepal Himalaya.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Álvaro González-Reyes, Claudio Bravo, Mathias Vuille, Martin Jacques-Coper, Maisa Rojas, Esteban Sagredo, and James McPhee
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-37, 2019
Publication in CP not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The "Little Ice Age" (LIA), has long been recognized as the last period when mountain glaciers recorded extensive growth intervals. In the Mediterranean Andes (MA; 30º–37º S), the LIA has been poorly documented. Here, we performed an experiment using three GCMs to force a novel glaciological model. We simulated temporal variations of the ELA to evaluate the glacier response. We propose that Pacific SST variability was the main modulator of temporal changes of the ELA in the MA region during LIA.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yves Lejeune, Marie Dumont, Jean-Michel Panel, Matthieu Lafaysse, Philippe Lapalus, Erwan Le Gac, Bernard Lesaffre, and Samuel Morin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-71-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-71-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces and provides access to a daily (1960–2017) and an hourly (1993–2017) dataset of snow and meteorological data measured at the Col de Porte site, 1325 m a.s.l, Charteuse, France. The daily dataset can be used to quantify the effect of climate change at this site, with a reduction of the mean snow depth of 39 cm from 1960–1990 to 1990–2017. The daily and hourly datasets are useful and appropriate for driving and evaluating a snowpack model over such a long period.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Evan S. Miles, C. Scott Watson, Fanny Brun, Etienne Berthier, Michel Esteves, Duncan J. Quincey, Katie E. Miles, Bryn Hubbard, and Patrick Wagnon
The Cryosphere, 12, 3891–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use high-resolution satellite imagery and field visits to assess the growth and drainage of a lake on Changri Shar Glacier in the Everest region, and its impact. The lake filled and drained within 3 months, which is a shorter interval than would be detected by standard monitoring protocols, but forced re-routing of major trails in several locations. The water appears to have flowed beneath Changri Shar and Khumbu glaciers in an efficient manner, suggesting pre-existing developed flow paths.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fanny Brun, Patrick Wagnon, Etienne Berthier, Joseph M. Shea, Walter W. Immerzeel, Philip D. A. Kraaijenbrink, Christian Vincent, Camille Reverchon, Dibas Shrestha, and Yves Arnaud
The Cryosphere, 12, 3439–3457, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
On debris-covered glaciers, steep ice cliffs experience dramatically enhanced melt compared with the surrounding debris-covered ice. Using field measurements, UAV data and submetre satellite imagery, we estimate the cliff contribution to 2 years of ablation on a debris-covered tongue in Nepal, carefully taking into account ice dynamics. While they occupy only 7 to 8 % of the tongue surface, ice cliffs contributed to 23 to 24 % of the total tongue ablation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Laura Rouhier, Federico Garavaglia, Matthieu Le Lay, Timothée Michon, William Castaings, Nicolas Le Moine, Frédéric Hendrickx, Céline Monteil, and Pierre Ribstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-342, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-342, 2018
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Parameter estimation of distributed hydrological models is usually conducted with a single method. However, the main methods can be combined to consider differently the model parameters according to their characteristics. The strategy presented in the paper takes advantage of three different methods to provide four different spatial patterns. This tailor-made method then proves to be more robust and more relevant for prediction in ungauged basins while significantly reducing the number of degree.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Thomas Condom, Marie Dumont, Lise Mourre, Jean Emmanuel Sicart, Antoine Rabatel, Alessandra Viani, and Alvaro Soruco
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 7, 169–178, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-169-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-169-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new instrument called a low-cost albedometer (LCA) composed of two illuminance sensors. The ratio between reflected vs. incident illuminances is called the albedo index and can be compared with actual albedo values. We demonstrate that our system performs well and thus provides relevant opportunities to document spatiotemporal changes in the surface albedo from direct observations at the scale of an entire catchment at a low cost.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marion Réveillet, Delphine Six, Christian Vincent, Antoine Rabatel, Marie Dumont, Matthieu Lafaysse, Samuel Morin, Vincent Vionnet, and Maxime Litt
The Cryosphere, 12, 1367–1386, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1367-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1367-2018, 2018
Deborah Verfaillie, Matthieu Lafaysse, Michel Déqué, Nicolas Eckert, Yves Lejeune, and Samuel Morin
The Cryosphere, 12, 1249–1271, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1249-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1249-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This article addresses local changes of seasonal snow and its meteorological drivers, at 1500 m altitude in the Chartreuse mountain range in the Northern French Alps, for the period 1960–2100. We use an ensemble of adjusted RCM outputs consistent with IPCC AR5 GCM outputs (RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) and the snowpack model Crocus. Beyond scenario-based approach, global temperature levels on the order of 1.5 °C and 2 °C above preindustrial levels correspond to 25 and 32% reduction of mean snow depth.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stephan Harrison, Jeffrey S. Kargel, Christian Huggel, John Reynolds, Dan H. Shugar, Richard A. Betts, Adam Emmer, Neil Glasser, Umesh K. Haritashya, Jan Klimeš, Liam Reinhardt, Yvonne Schaub, Andy Wiltshire, Dhananjay Regmi, and Vít Vilímek
The Cryosphere, 12, 1195–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1195-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1195-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Most mountain glaciers have receded throughout the last century in response to global climate change. This recession produces a range of natural hazards including glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). We have produced the first global inventory of GLOFs associated with the failure of moraine dams and show, counterintuitively, that these have reduced in frequency over recent decades. In this paper we explore the reasons for this pattern.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Martin Beniston, Daniel Farinotti, Markus Stoffel, Liss M. Andreassen, Erika Coppola, Nicolas Eckert, Adriano Fantini, Florie Giacona, Christian Hauck, Matthias Huss, Hendrik Huwald, Michael Lehning, Juan-Ignacio López-Moreno, Jan Magnusson, Christoph Marty, Enrique Morán-Tejéda, Samuel Morin, Mohamed Naaim, Antonello Provenzale, Antoine Rabatel, Delphine Six, Johann Stötter, Ulrich Strasser, Silvia Terzago, and Christian Vincent
The Cryosphere, 12, 759–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper makes a rather exhaustive overview of current knowledge of past, current, and future aspects of cryospheric issues in continental Europe and makes a number of reflections of areas of uncertainty requiring more attention in both scientific and policy terms. The review paper is completed by a bibliography containing 350 recent references that will certainly be of value to scholars engaged in the fields of glacier, snow, and permafrost research.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lucas Davaze, Antoine Rabatel, Yves Arnaud, Pascal Sirguey, Delphine Six, Anne Letreguilly, and Marie Dumont
The Cryosphere, 12, 271–286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-271-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-271-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
About 150 of the 250 000 inventoried glaciers are currently monitored with surface mass balance (SMB) measurements. To increase this number, we propose a method to retrieve annual and summer SMB from optical satellite imagery, with an application over 30 glaciers in the French Alps. Computing the glacier-wide averaged albedo allows us to reconstruct annual and summer SMB of most of the studied glaciers, highlighting the potential of this method to retrieve SMB of unmonitored glaciers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ann V. Rowan, Lindsey Nicholson, Emily Collier, Duncan J. Quincey, Morgan J. Gibson, Patrick Wagnon, David R. Rounce, Sarah S. Thompson, Owen King, C. Scott Watson, Tristram D. L. Irvine-Fynn, and Neil F. Glasser
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-239, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-239, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Many glaciers in the Himalaya are covered with thick layers of rock debris that acts as an insulating blanket and so reduces melting of the underlying ice. Little is known about how melt beneath supraglacial debris varies across glaciers and through the monsoon season. We measured debris temperatures across three glaciers and several years to investigate seasonal trends, and found that sub-debris ice melt can be predicted using a temperature–depth relationship with surface temperature data.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Francois Tuzet, Marie Dumont, Matthieu Lafaysse, Ghislain Picard, Laurent Arnaud, Didier Voisin, Yves Lejeune, Luc Charrois, Pierre Nabat, and Samuel Morin
The Cryosphere, 11, 2633–2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2633-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2633-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing impurities deposited on snow, such as soot or dust, strongly modify its evolution. We implemented impurity deposition and evolution in a detailed snowpack model, thereby expanding the reach of such models into addressing the subtle interplays between snow physics and impurities' optical properties. Model results were evaluated based on innovative field observations at an Alpine site. This allows future investigations in the fields of climate, hydrology and avalanche prediction.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jesús Revuelto, Grégoire Lecourt, Matthieu Lafaysse, Isabella Zin, Luc Charrois, Vincent Vionnet, Marie Dumont, Antoine Rabatel, Delphine Six, Thomas Condom, Samuel Morin, Alessandra Viani, and Pascal Sirguey
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-184, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-184, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated distributed and semi-distributed modeling approaches to simulating the spatial and temporal evolution of snow and ice over an extended mountain catchment, using the Crocus snowpack model. The distributed approach simulated the snowpack dynamics on a 250-m grid, enabling inclusion of terrain shadowing effects. The semi-distributed approach simulated the snowpack dynamics for discrete topographic classes characterized by elevation range, aspect, and slope.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Philippe Riboust, Nicolas Le Moine, Guillaume Thirel, and Pierre Ribstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-539, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-539, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In hydrological modelling complex forcing data are often needed to reproduce the energy balance, mainly for simulating snowmelt and evapotranspiration processes. Incoming radiation data are not widely measured and are often derived from reanalyses. We provide a method for simulating these radiations in mountainous areas using only daily temperature range data and a digital elevation model. The method has been validated on 105 weather stations and a simple snow surface temperature model.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matthieu Lafaysse, Bertrand Cluzet, Marie Dumont, Yves Lejeune, Vincent Vionnet, and Samuel Morin
The Cryosphere, 11, 1173–1198, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1173-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1173-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Physically based multilayer snowpack models suffer from various modelling errors. To represent these errors, we built the new multiphysical ensemble system ESCROC by implementing new representations of different physical processes in a coupled multilayer ground/snowpack model. This system is a promising tool to integrate snow modelling errors in ensemble forecasting and ensemble assimilation systems in support of avalanche hazard forecasting and other snowpack modelling applications.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marie Dumont, Laurent Arnaud, Ghislain Picard, Quentin Libois, Yves Lejeune, Pierre Nabat, Didier Voisin, and Samuel Morin
The Cryosphere, 11, 1091–1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1091-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1091-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Snow spectral albedo in the visible/near-infrared range has been continuously measured during a winter season at Col de Porte alpine site (French Alps; 45.30° N, 5.77°E; 1325 m a.s.l.). This study highlights that the variations of spectral albedo can be successfully explained by variations of the following snow surface variables: snow-specific surface area, effective light-absorbing impurities content, presence of liquid water and slope.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pascal Sirguey, Holly Still, Nicolas J. Cullen, Marie Dumont, Yves Arnaud, and Jonathan P. Conway
The Cryosphere, 10, 2465–2484, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2465-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2465-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Fourteen years of satellite observations are used to monitor the albedo of Brewster Glacier, New Zealand and estimate annual and seasonal balances. This confirms the governing role of the summer balance in the annual balance and allows the reconstruction of the annual balance to 1977 using a photographic record of the snowline. The longest mass balance record for a New Zealand glacier shows negative balances after 2008, yielding a loss of 35 % of the gain accumulated over the previous 30 years.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christopher M. Colose, Allegra N. LeGrande, and Mathias Vuille
Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 681–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-681-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-681-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A band of intense rainfall exists near the equator known as the intertropical convergence zone, which can migrate in response to climate forcings. Here, we assess such migration in response to volcanic eruptions of varying spatial structure (Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, or an eruption fairly symmetric about the equator). We do this using model simulations of the last millennium and link results to energetic constraints and the imprint eruptions may leave behind in past records.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christian Vincent, Patrick Wagnon, Joseph M. Shea, Walter W. Immerzeel, Philip Kraaijenbrink, Dibas Shrestha, Alvaro Soruco, Yves Arnaud, Fanny Brun, Etienne Berthier, and Sonam Futi Sherpa
The Cryosphere, 10, 1845–1858, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1845-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1845-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Approximately 25 % of the glacierized area in the Everest region is covered by debris, yet the surface mass balance of these glaciers has not been measured directly. From terrestrial photogrammetry and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) methods, this study shows that the ablation is strongly reduced by the debris cover. The insulating effect of the debris cover has a larger effect on total mass loss than the enhanced ice ablation due to supraglacial ponds and exposed ice cliffs.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maisa Rojas, Paola A. Arias, Valentina Flores-Aqueveque, Anji Seth, and Mathias Vuille
Clim. Past, 12, 1681–1691, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1681-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1681-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Recent work shows that during the most prominent climate anomalies during the last millennium, the Medieval Climate Anomaly (ca. 950–1250) and the Little Ice Age (ca. 1450–1850), the South American monsoon system (SAMS) was drier and wetter, respectively. We investigate if this variability in the SAMS is reproduced in the latest set of climate simulations that cover these periods. Despite weak forcing, through analysis of the large-scale circulation we find this signal in the models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. Maisincho, V. Favier, P. Wagnon, V. Jomelli, R. Basantes Serrano, B. Francou, M. Villacis, A. Rabatel, M. Ménégoz, L. Mourre, and B. Cáceres
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-105, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-105, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Studies performed in the outer tropics suggested that Positive Degree-Day (PDD) model should be used with caution in tropical areas because temperature is not directly linked to the main local melting processes. Using an enhanced PDD model in the inner tropics during nine years allowed an accurate modelling of the glacier-wide mass balances and ablation on the Antizana glacier. This proves the high sensitivity of glaciers to temperature changes in Ecuador.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christopher M. Colose, Allegra N. LeGrande, and Mathias Vuille
Clim. Past, 12, 961–979, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-961-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-961-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic forcing is the most important source of forced variability during the preindustrial component of the last millennium (~ 850-1850 CE) and is important during the last century.
Here, we focus on the climate impact over South America in a model-based study. Emphasis is given to temperature, precipitation, and oxygen isotope variability (allowing for potential contact made with paleoclimate-based observations)
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Here, we focus on the climate impact over South America in a model-based study. Emphasis is given to temperature, precipitation, and oxygen isotope variability (allowing for potential contact made with paleoclimate-based observations)
S. G. A. Flantua, H. Hooghiemstra, M. Vuille, H. Behling, J. F. Carson, W. D. Gosling, I. Hoyos, M. P. Ledru, E. Montoya, F. Mayle, A. Maldonado, V. Rull, M. S. Tonello, B. S. Whitney, and C. González-Arango
Clim. Past, 12, 483–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-483-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-483-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper serves as a guide to high-quality pollen records in South America that capture environmental variability during the last 2 millennia. We identify the pollen records suitable for climate modelling and discuss their sensitivity to the spatial signature of climate modes. Furthermore, evidence for human land use in pollen records is useful for archaeological hypothesis testing and important in distinguishing natural from anthropogenically driven vegetation change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. Mourre, T. Condom, C. Junquas, T. Lebel, J. E. Sicart, R. Figueroa, and A. Cochachin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 125–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-125-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-125-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Three different types of gridded precipitation products are compared in a high glaciated tropical mountain environment (Cordillera Blanca, Peru): ground-based interpolation, a satellite-derived product (TRMM3B42), and outputs from the WRF regional climate model. While none of the products meets the challenge of representing both accumulated quantities and frequency of occurrence at the short timescale, we concluded that new methods should be used to merge those various precipitation products.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
F. Frank, B. W. McArdell, C. Huggel, and A. Vieli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2569–2583, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2569-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2569-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The sudden onset of large and erosive debris flows has been observed recently in different catchments in Switzerland, implicating the importance of erosion for debris flow modelling. Therefore, an erosion model was established based on field data (relationship between maximum shear stress and erosion depth and rate) of several debris flows measured at the Illgraben. Erosion model tests at the Spreitgraben showed considerable improvements in runout pattern as well as hydrograph propagation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
B. N. Nka, L. Oudin, H. Karambiri, J. E. Paturel, and P. Ribstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4707–4719, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4707-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4707-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The region of West Africa is undergoing important climate and environmental changes affecting the magnitude and occurrence of floods. This study aims to analyze the evolution of flood hazard in the region and to find links between flood hazards pattern and rainfall or vegetation index patterns.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Marti, S. Gascoin, T. Houet, O. Ribière, D. Laffly, T. Condom, S. Monnier, M. Schmutz, C. Camerlynck, J. P. Tihay, J. M. Soubeyroux, and P. René
The Cryosphere, 9, 1773–1795, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1773-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1773-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Pyrenean glaciers are currently the southernmost glaciers in Europe. Using an exceptional archive of historical data sets and recent accurate observations, we propose the reconstruction of the length, area, elevation, and mass balance of Ossoue Glacier (French Pyrenees) since the Little Ice Age. We show that its evolution is in good agreement with climatic data. Assuming that the current ablation rate stays constant, Ossoue Glacier will disappear midway through the 21st century.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
H.-W. Jacobi, S. Lim, M. Ménégoz, P. Ginot, P. Laj, P. Bonasoni, P. Stocchi, A. Marinoni, and Y. Arnaud
The Cryosphere, 9, 1685–1699, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1685-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1685-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We detected up to 70 ppb of black carbon (BC) in surface snow in the upper Khumbu Valley, Nepal. With an upgraded snowpack model, including radiative transfer inside the snow, we studied the impact of BC on snow albedo, melting and radiative forcing for the sensitive high altitude regions of the Himalayas. We found that due to BC, the melting of the snow can be shifted by several days up to several weeks depending on meteorological conditions. The impact of BC is larger in dirty snow.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
C. Amory, A. Trouvilliez, H. Gallée, V. Favier, F. Naaim-Bouvet, C. Genthon, C. Agosta, L. Piard, and H. Bellot
The Cryosphere, 9, 1373–1383, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1373-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1373-2015, 2015
B. Salavati, L. Oudin, C. Furusho, and P. Ribstein
Proc. IAHS, 370, 29–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-29-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-29-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We applied a hydrological model on 43 urban catchments in the United States to quantify the flow changes attributable to urbanization. Then, we tried to relate these flow changes to the changes of urban/impervious areas of the catchments. We argue that these spatial changes of urban areas can be more precisely characterized by landscape metrics. Our results showed that the catchments with larger impervious areas and larger mean patch areas are likely to have larger increase of runoff yield.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Stähli, M. Sättele, C. Huggel, B. W. McArdell, P. Lehmann, A. Van Herwijnen, A. Berne, M. Schleiss, A. Ferrari, A. Kos, D. Or, and S. M. Springman
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 905–917, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-905-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-905-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This review paper describes the state of the art in monitoring and predicting rapid mass movements for early warning. It further presents recent innovations in observation technologies and modelling to be used in future early warning systems (EWS). Finally, the paper proposes avenues towards successful implementation of next-generation EWS.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
A. E. Racoviteanu, Y. Arnaud, M. W. Williams, and W. F. Manley
The Cryosphere, 9, 505–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-505-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-505-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
An overall negative glacier surface area change of 0.5±0.2% yr-1 was observed for the eastern Himalaya since 1962 based on remote sensing data. There were higher rates of area loss for clean glaciers (-34%, or -0.7% yr-1) compared to debris-covered glaciers (-14.3% or -0.3 yr-1) on a glacier-by-glacier basis. Patterns of area change are heterogenous and depend on topographic and climatic factors, glacier altitude (maximum, median, altitudinal range), glacier size, slope and aspect.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
C. Huggel, A. Raissig, M. Rohrer, G. Romero, A. Diaz, and N. Salzmann
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 475–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-475-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-475-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Three different disaster databases are analyzed for detection of decadal spatiotemporal changes in the Andes of Peru. We find large variations in the disaster metrics depending on the database. We recommend that the type, method and source of documentation should be carefully evaluated for any analysis of disaster databases; reporting criteria should be improved and documentation efforts strengthened.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
H. Frey, H. Machguth, M. Huss, C. Huggel, S. Bajracharya, T. Bolch, A. Kulkarni, A. Linsbauer, N. Salzmann, and M. Stoffel
The Cryosphere, 8, 2313–2333, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2313-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2313-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Existing methods (area–volume relations, a slope-dependent volume estimation method, and two ice-thickness distribution models) are used to estimate the ice reserves stored in Himalayan–Karakoram glaciers. Resulting volumes range from 2955–4737km³. Results from the ice-thickness distribution models agree well with local measurements; volume estimates from area-related relations exceed the estimates from the other approaches. Evidence on the effect of the selected method on results is provided.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. F. Azam, P. Wagnon, C. Vincent, AL. Ramanathan, V. Favier, A. Mandal, and J. G. Pottakkal
The Cryosphere, 8, 2195–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2195-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2195-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents point-scale surface energy balance on Chhota Shigri Glacier, Western Himalaya, India. Energy is available for melting only in summer-monsoon. Net all-wave radiation is the main heat flux towards the glacier surface accounting for 80% of the total melting energy followed by sensible (13%), latent (5%) turbulent and conductive (2%) heat fluxes. The intensity of summer-monsoon snowfalls is found among the most important drivers controlling the mass balance of this glacier.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
J. Apaéstegui, F. W. Cruz, A. Sifeddine, M. Vuille, J. C. Espinoza, J. L. Guyot, M. Khodri, N. Strikis, R. V. Santos, H. Cheng, L. Edwards, E. Carvalho, and W. Santini
Clim. Past, 10, 1967–1981, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1967-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1967-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we explore a speleothem δ18O record from Palestina cave, northwestern Peru, on the eastern side of the Andes cordillera, in the upper Amazon Basin. The δ18O record is interpreted as a proxy for South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) intensity and allows the reconstruction of its variability during the last 1600 years. Replicating regional climate signals from different sites and using different proxies is essential for a comprehensive understanding of past changes in SASM activity.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
P. Ginot, M. Dumont, S. Lim, N. Patris, J.-D. Taupin, P. Wagnon, A. Gilbert, Y. Arnaud, A. Marinoni, P. Bonasoni, and P. Laj
The Cryosphere, 8, 1479–1496, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1479-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1479-2014, 2014
S. Nussbaumer, Y. Schaub, C. Huggel, and A. Walz
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1611–1624, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1611-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1611-2014, 2014
L. Maisincho, V. Favier, P. Wagnon, R. Basantes Serrano, B. Francou, M. Villacis, A. Rabatel, L. Mourre, V. Jomelli, and B. Cáceres
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-2637-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-2637-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
C. M. Carmagnola, S. Morin, M. Lafaysse, F. Domine, B. Lesaffre, Y. Lejeune, G. Picard, and L. Arnaud
The Cryosphere, 8, 417–437, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-417-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-417-2014, 2014
D. Schneider, C. Huggel, A. Cochachin, S. Guillén, and J. García
Adv. Geosci., 35, 145–155, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-35-145-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-35-145-2014, 2014
S. Cauvy-Fraunié, T. Condom, A. Rabatel, M. Villacis, D. Jacobsen, and O. Dangles
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4803–4816, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4803-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4803-2013, 2013
S. B. Morera, T. Condom, P. Vauchel, J.-L. Guyot, C. Galvez, and A. Crave
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4641–4657, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4641-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4641-2013, 2013
P. Wagnon, C. Vincent, Y. Arnaud, E. Berthier, E. Vuillermoz, S. Gruber, M. Ménégoz, A. Gilbert, M. Dumont, J. M. Shea, D. Stumm, and B. K. Pokhrel
The Cryosphere, 7, 1769–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1769-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1769-2013, 2013
J. Gardelle, E. Berthier, Y. Arnaud, and A. Kääb
The Cryosphere, 7, 1263–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1263-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1263-2013, 2013
P. Brigode, Z. Mićović, P. Bernardara, E. Paquet, F. Garavaglia, J. Gailhard, and P. Ribstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1455–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1455-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1455-2013, 2013
C. Vincent, Al. Ramanathan, P. Wagnon, D. P. Dobhal, A. Linda, E. Berthier, P. Sharma, Y. Arnaud, M. F. Azam, P. G. Jose, and J. Gardelle
The Cryosphere, 7, 569–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-569-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-569-2013, 2013
M.-P. Ledru, V. Jomelli, P. Samaniego, M. Vuille, S. Hidalgo, M. Herrera, and C. Ceron
Clim. Past, 9, 307–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-307-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-307-2013, 2013
M. Dumont, J. Gardelle, P. Sirguey, A. Guillot, D. Six, A. Rabatel, and Y. Arnaud
The Cryosphere, 6, 1527–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1527-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1527-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Tropical Glaciers
El Niño enhances snow-line rise and ice loss on the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru
New insights into the decadal variability in glacier volume of a tropical ice cap, Antisana (0°29′ S, 78°09′ W), explained by the morpho-topographic and climatic context
Brief communication: Glacier thickness reconstruction on Mt. Kilimanjaro
The influence of water percolation through crevasses on the thermal regime of a Himalayan mountain glacier
Monitoring tropical debris-covered glacier dynamics from high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry, Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Ground-penetrating radar reveals ice thickness and undisturbed englacial layers at Kilimanjaro's Northern Ice Field
Glacier change and glacial lake outburst flood risk in the Bolivian Andes
Climatic controls and climate proxy potential of Lewis Glacier, Mt. Kenya
Measurements of light-absorbing particles on the glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru
A century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro: the mapping reloaded
Glacier changes and climate trends derived from multiple sources in the data scarce Cordillera Vilcanota region, southern Peruvian Andes
Kara A. Lamantia, Laura J. Larocca, Lonnie G. Thompson, and Bryan G. Mark
The Cryosphere, 18, 4633–4644, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4633-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4633-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers that exist within tropical regions are vital water resources and excellent indicators of a changing climate. We use satellite imagery analysis to detect the boundary between snow and ice on the Quelccaya Ice Cap (QIC), Peru, which indicates the ice cap's overall health. These results are analyzed with other variables, such as temperature, precipitation, and sea surface temperature anomalies, to better understand the factors and timelines driving the ice retreat.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rubén Basantes-Serrano, Antoine Rabatel, Bernard Francou, Christian Vincent, Alvaro Soruco, Thomas Condom, and Jean Carlo Ruíz
The Cryosphere, 16, 4659–4677, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4659-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4659-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the volume variation of 17 glaciers on the Antisana ice cap, near the Equator. We used aerial and satellite images for the period 1956–2016. We highlight very negative changes in 1956–1964 and 1979–1997 and slightly negative or even positive conditions in 1965–1978 and 1997–2016, the latter despite the recent increase in temperatures. Glaciers react according to regional climate variability, while local humidity and topography influence the specific behaviour of each glacier.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Catrin Stadelmann, Johannes Jakob Fürst, Thomas Mölg, and Matthias Braun
The Cryosphere, 14, 3399–3406, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The glaciers on Kilimanjaro are unique indicators for climatic changes in the tropical midtroposphere of Africa. A history of severe glacier area loss raises concerns about an imminent future disappearance. Yet the remaining ice volume is not well known. Here, we reconstruct ice thickness maps for the two largest remaining ice bodies to assess the current glacier state. We believe that our approach could provide a means for a glacier-specific calibration of reconstructions on different scales.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Adrien Gilbert, Anna Sinisalo, Tika R. Gurung, Koji Fujita, Sudan B. Maharjan, Tenzing C. Sherpa, and Takehiro Fukuda
The Cryosphere, 14, 1273–1288, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1273-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1273-2020, 2020
Oliver Wigmore and Bryan Mark
The Cryosphere, 11, 2463–2480, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2463-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2463-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Using a drone custom built for high altitude flight (4000–6000 m) we completed repeat surveys of Llaca Glacier in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Analysis of high resolution imagery and elevation data reveals highly heterogeneous patterns of glacier change and the important role of ice cliffs in glacier melt dynamics. Drones are found to provide a viable and potentially transformative method for studying glacier change at high spatial resolution, on demand and at relatively low cost.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pascal Bohleber, Leo Sold, Douglas R. Hardy, Margit Schwikowski, Patrick Klenk, Andrea Fischer, Pascal Sirguey, Nicolas J. Cullen, Mariusz Potocki, Helene Hoffmann, and Paul Mayewski
The Cryosphere, 11, 469–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-469-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-469-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our study is the first to use ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to investigate ice thickness and internal layering at Kilimanjaro’s largest ice body, the Northern Ice Field (NIF). For monitoring the ongoing ice loss, our ice thickness soundings allowed us to estimate the total ice volume remaining at NIF's southern portion. Englacial GPR reflections indicate undisturbed layers within NIF's center and provide a first link between age information obtained from ice coring and vertical wall sampling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Simon J. Cook, Ioannis Kougkoulos, Laura A. Edwards, Jason Dortch, and Dirk Hoffmann
The Cryosphere, 10, 2399–2413, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2399-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2399-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first study of recent glacier change for the whole of the Bolivian Cordillera Oriental from 1986 to 2014. These glaciers have shrunk by ~ 43 %, which is a concern for regional water resources. We provide the first quantification of meltwater lake development across the Bolivian Andes as glaciers have receded. These lakes have increased markedly in number and area. We identify 25 lakes as potential outburst flood risks to downstream communities. These lakes require further monitoring.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Prinz, L. I. Nicholson, T. Mölg, W. Gurgiser, and G. Kaser
The Cryosphere, 10, 133–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-133-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-133-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Lewis Glacier has lost > 80 % of its extent since the late 19th century. A sensitivity study using a process-based model assigns this shrinking to decreased atmospheric moisture without increasing air temperatures required. The glacier retreat implies a distinctly different coupling between the glacier's surface-air layer and its surrounding boundary layer, underlining the difficulty of deriving palaeoclimates for larger glacier extents on the basis of modern measurements of small glaciers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
C. G. Schmitt, J. D. All, J. P. Schwarz, W. P. Arnott, R. J. Cole, E. Lapham, and A. Celestian
The Cryosphere, 9, 331–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-331-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-331-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the results of 3 years of measurements of light absorbing particles on the glaciers in Peru. A new analysis technique has been developed and results are shown to be well correlated with black carbon mass estimates made with the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) instrument, the state-of-the-art instrument for this type of measurement. Effective black carbon levels were found to be moderate on glaciers near cities and close to zero in more remote regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
N. J. Cullen, P. Sirguey, T. Mölg, G. Kaser, M. Winkler, and S. J. Fitzsimons
The Cryosphere, 7, 419–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-419-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-419-2013, 2013
N. Salzmann, C. Huggel, M. Rohrer, W. Silverio, B. G. Mark, P. Burns, and C. Portocarrero
The Cryosphere, 7, 103–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-103-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-103-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Aceituno, P.: On the functioning of the Southern Oscillation in the South American sector, Part I: Surface climate, Mon. Weather Rev., 116, 505–524, 1988.
Ames, A. and Francou, B.: Cordillera Blanca, Glaciares en la historia, Bull. Inst. fr. étud. andin., 24, 37–64, 1995.
Ames, A. and Hastenrath, S.: Diagnosing the imbalance of Glaciar Santa Rosa, Peru, J. Glaciol., 42, 212–218, 1996.
Arnaud, Y., Muller, F., Vuille, M., and Ribstein, P.: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence on a Sajama volcano glacier (Bolivia) from 1963 to 1998 as seen from Landsat data and aerial photography, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17773–17784, 2001.
Basantes, R.: Análisis espacio-temporal de comportamiento geométrico de los glaciares del Volcán Antisana y su relación con la variabilidad climática, Master Thesis, Univ. Nice, France, 71 pp., 2010.
Baumann, S.: Aufbau einer Gletscherinventars für Kolumbien und Abschätzung glaziologischer Parameter, München, Technical University (TU), München, 2006.
Bermejo, A.: Test de validación del método de reconstrucción del balance de masa a partir de la altitud de la línea de equilibrio (ELA) medida sobre imágenes satelitales del Glaciar Zongo (16° S, Cordillera Real, Bolivia) durante el periodo 1997–2006, Master Thesis, Univ. Polytech. Valencia, Spain, 75 pp., 2010.
Beven, K.: Changing ideas in hydrology – The case of physically-based models, J. Hydrol., 105, 157–172, 1989.
Bird, B. W., Abbott, M. B., Vuille, M., Rodbell, D. T., Rosenmeier, M. F., and Stansell, N. D.: A 2300-year-long annually resolved record of the South American summer monsoon from the Peruvian Andes, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108, 8583–8588, 2011.
Bradley, R. S., Vuille, M., Diaz, H. F., and Vergara, W.: Threats to water supplies in the Tropical Andes, Science, 312, 1755–1756, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128087, 2006.
Bradley, R. S., Keimig, F. T., Diaz, H. F., and Hardy, D. R.: Recent changes in freezing level heights in the Tropics with implications for the deglacierization of high mountain regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037712, 2009.
Braithwaite, R. J.: On glacier energy balance, ablation, and air temperature. J. Glaciol., 27, 381–391, 1981.
Brecher, H. H. and Thompson, L. G.: Measurement of the retreat of Qori Kalis glacier in the tropical Andes of Peru by terrestrial photogrammetry, Photogramm. Eng. Rem. Sens., 59, 1017–1022, 1993.
Broggi, J. A.: La desglaciación actual de los Andes del Perú, Bol. Mus. Hist. Nat. "Javier Prado", 9, 222–248, 1945.
Brun, E., Martin, E., Simon, V., Gendre, C., and Coléou, C.: An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalance forecasing, J. Glaciol, 35, 333–342, 1989.
Bury, J. T., Mark, B. G., McKenzie, J. M., French, A., Baraer, M., Huh, K. I., Zapata Luyo, M. A., and Gómez López, R. J.: Glacier recession and human vulnerability in the Yanamarey watershed of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Climatic Change, 105, 179–206, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9870-1, 2011.
Caceres, B.: Actualización del inventario de tres casquetes glaciares del Ecuador, Master Thesis, Univ. Nice, France, 84 pp., 2010.
Carey, M.: Living and dying with glaciers: people's historical vulnerability to avalanches and outburst floods in Peru, Glob. Planet. Change, 47, 122–134, 2005.
Carey, M., Huggel, C., Bury, J., Portocarrero, C., and Haeberli, W.: An integrated socio-environmental framework for climate change adaptation and glacier hazard management: Lessons from Lake 513, Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Clim. Change, 112, 733–767, 2012.
Ceballos, J. L., Euscategui, C., Ramirez, J., Cañon, M., Huggel, C., Haeberli, W., and Machguth, H.: Fast shrinkage of tropical glaciers in Colombia, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 194–201, 2006.
Chepstow-Lusty, A., Frogley, M. R., Bauer, B. S., Bush, M. B., and Tupayachi Herrer, A.: A late Holocene record of arid events from the Cuzco region, Peru. J. Quat. Sci, 18, 491–502, 2003.
Clapperton, C. M.: The glaciations of the Andes, Quat. Sci. Rev., 2, 83–155, 1983.
Cogley, G.: The future of World's glaciers, Chapter 8, From Barry, R., Hock, R. and Polyakov, I., The Future of the World's Glaciers, in: The Future of the World's Climate, edited by: Henderson-Sellers, A. and McGuffie, K., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 197–222, 2012.
Collet, M.: Suivi spatio-temporel des calottes glaciaires de l'Antisana et du Cotopaxi (Equateur), Analyse par télédétection dans un contexte de changement climatique, Master Thesis, Univ. Rennes, France, 102 pp., 2010.
Consoli, G.: Reconstruction des bilans de masse annuels de 11 glaciers de la Cordillère Royale de Bolivie à partir de l'observation de la ligne de neige, Master Thesis, Univ. Grenoble, France, 90 pp., 2011.
Cooley, D., Naveau, P., Jomelli, V., Rabatel, A., and Grancher, D.: A Bayesian Hierarchical Extreme Value Model for Lichenometry, Environmetrics, 17, 555–574, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.764, 2006.
Diaz, H. F., Eischeid, J. K., Duncan, C., and Bradley, R. S.: Variability of freezing levels, melting season indicators and snow cover for selected high elevation and continental regions in the last 50 years, Climatic Change, 59, 33–52, 2003.
Favier, V., Wagnon, P., and Ribstein, P.: Glaciers of the outer and inner tropics: a different behavior but a common response to climatic forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020654, 2004a.
Favier, V., Wagnon, P., Chazarin, J.-P., Maisincho, L., and Coudrain, A.: One-year measurements of surface heat budget on the ablation zone of Antizana glacier 15, Ecuadorian Andes, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004359, 2004b.
Florez, A.: La Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Chita o Güicán, EPG-Geografia, 1, 7–18, 1991.
Francou, B.: Andes del Ecuador: los glaciares en la época de los viajeros (siglos XVIII a XX), In Los Andes el reto del espacio mundo andino: homenaje a Olivier Dollfus, edited by: Deler, J. P. and Mesclier, E., Inst. Fr. Et. And., Lima, 137–152, 2004.
Francou, B. and Pizarro, F.: El Niño y la Sequía en los Altos Andes Centrales (Perú y Bolivia), Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. And., 14, 1–18, 1985.
Francou, B. and Ribstein, P.: Glaciers et évolution climatique dans les Andes boliviennes, Glacier de Zongo et Glacier de Chacaltaya, Cordillère Royale, 16° Sud, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. And., 24, 23–36, 1995.
Francou, B. and Vincent, C.: Les glaciers à l'épreuve du climat, IRD, Belin, Paris, 274 pp., 2007.
Francou, B., Ribstein, P., Saravia, R., and Tiriau, E.: Monthly balance and water discharge of an inter-tropical glacier: Zongo Glacier, Cordillera Real, Bolivia, 16° S, J. Glaciol., 41, 61–67, 1995.
Francou, B., Ramirez, E., Caceres, B., and Mendoza, J.: Glacier evolution in the tropical Andes during the last decades of the 20th century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia and Antizana, Ecuador, Ambio, 29, 416–422, 2000.
Francou, B., Vuille, M., Wagnon, P., Mendoza, J., and Sicart, J. E.: Tropical climate change recorded by a glacier in the central Andes during the last decades of the twentieth century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia, 16° S, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4154, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002959, 2003.
Francou, B., Vuille, M., Favier, V., and Cáceres, B.: New evidence for an ENSO impact on low-latitude glaciers: Antizana 15, Andes of Ecuador, 0°28´ S, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004484, 2004.
Francou, B., Cáceres, B., Gomez, J., and Soruco, A.: Coherence of the glacier signal throughout the tropical Andes over the last decades, Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Impact of Climate Change on High-Mountain System, IDEAM, Bogota, 87–97, 2007.
Garreaud, R. and Aceituno, P.: Interannual rainfall variability over the South American Altiplano, J. Clim., 14, 2779–2789, 2001.
Garreaud, R., Vuille, M., and Clement, A.: The climate of the Altiplano: observed current conditions and mechanisms of past changes, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 194, 5–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00269-4, 2003.
Georges, C.: The 20th century glacier fluctuations in the tropical Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 36, 100–107, 2004.
Gilbert, A., Wagnon, P., Vincent, C., Ginot, P., and Funk, M.: Atmospheric warming at a high-elevation tropical site revealed by englacial temperatures at Illimani, Bolivia (6340 m above sea level, 16° S, 67° W), J. Geophys. Res., 115, D10109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012961, 2010.
Gouze, P., Argollo, J., Saliège, J. F., and Servant, M.: Interprétation paléoclimatique des oscillations des glaciers au cours des 20 derniers millénaires dans les régions tropicales; exemple des Andes boliviennes, C. R. Acad. Sci., 303, 219–224, 1986.
Hardy, D. R., Vuille, M., Braun, C., Keimig, F., and Bradley, R. S.: Annual and daily meteorological cycles at high altitude on a tropical mountain, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 1899–1913, 1998.
Hardy, D. R., Vuille, M., and Bradley, R. S.: Variability of snow accumulation and isotopic composition on Nevado Sajama, Bolivia. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4693, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003623, 2003.
Hastenrath, S.: Heat-budget measurements on the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peruvian Andes, J. Glaciol., 20, 85–97, 1978.
Hastenrath, S.: The glaciation of the Ecuadorian Andes, A. A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, 1981.
Hastenrath, S.: Recession of tropical glaciers, Science, 265, 1790–1791, 1994.
Hastenrath, S. and Ames, A.: Recession of Yanamarey Glacier in Cordillera Blanca, Peru, during the 20th century, J. Glaciol., 41, 191–196, 1995a.
Hastenrath, S. and Ames, A.: Diagnosing the imbalance of Yanamarey Glacier in the Cordillera Blanca of Peru, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5105–5112, 1995b.
Haylock, M. R., Peterson, T. C., Alves, L. M., Ambrizzi, T., Anunciacao, M. T., Baez, J., Barros, V. R., Berlato, M. A., Bidegain, M., Coronel, G., Corradi, V., Garcia, V. J., Grimm, A. M., Karoly, D., Marengo, J. A., Marino, M. B., Moncunill, D. F., Nechet, D., Quintana, J., Rebello, E., Rusticucci, M., Santos, J. L., Trebejo, I., and Vincent, L. A.: Trends in total and extreme South American rainfall in 1960–2000 and links with sea surface temperature, J. Clim., 19, 1490–1512, 2006.
Herrera, G. and Ruiz, J.: Retroceso glaciar en la Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Boyacá – Colombia, 1986–2007, Perspectiva Geográfica, 13, 27–36, 2009.
Hock, R. and Holmgren, B.: A distributed surface energy-balance model for complex topography and its application to Storglaciaren, Sweden, J. Glaciol., 51, 25–36, 2005.
Hostetler, S. W. and Clark, P. U.: Tropical Climate at the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from glacier mass-balance modeling, Science, 290, 1747–1750, 2000.
Huggel, C., Ceballos, J. L., Pulgarin, B., Ramirez, J., and Thouret, J.: Review and reassessment of hazards owing to volcano-glacier interactions in Colombia, Ann. Glaciol., 45, 128–136, 2007.
Jomelli, V., Grancher, D., Brunstein, D., and Solomina, O.: Recalibration of the yellow Rhizocarpon growth curve in Cordillera Blanca (Peru) and implications for LIA chronology, Geomorphology, 93, 201–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.021, 2008.
Jomelli, V., Favier, V., Rabatel, A., Brunstein, D., Hoffmann, G., and Francou, B.: Fluctuations of glaciers in the tropical Andes over the last millennium and palaeoclimatic implications: A review, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 281, 269–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.033, 2009.
Jomelli, V., Naveau, P., Cooley, D., Grancher, D., Brunstein, D., and Rabatel, A.: A response to Bradwell's commentary on recent statistical studies in lichenometry, Geog. Ann., 92A, 487–489, 2010.
Jordan, E.: Die Gletscher der Bolivianischen Anden: eine photogrammetrisch-kartographische Bestandsaufnahme der Gletscher Boliviens als Grundlage für klimatische Deutungen und Potential für die wirtschaftliche Nutzung. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, (Erdwissenschaftliche Forschung 23.), 1991.
Jordan, E., Ungerechts, L., Caceres, B., Penafiel, A., and Francou, B.: Estimation by photogrammetry of the glacier recession on the Cotopaxi Volcano (Ecuador) between 1956 and 1997, Hydrol. Sci. J., 50, 949–961, 2005.
Juen, I., Kaser, G., and Georges, C.: Modeling observed and future runoff froma glacierized tropical catchment (Cordillera Blanca, Perú), Glob. Planet. Change, 59, 37–48, 2007.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471, 1996.
Kaser, G.: A review of the modern fluctuations of tropical glaciers, Glob. Planet. Change, 22, 93–103, 1999.
Kaser, G.: Glacier-climate interaction at low latitudes, J. Glaciol., 47, 195–204, 2001.
Kaser, G. and Georges, C.: Changes of the equilibrium-line altitude in the tropical Cordillera Blanca, Peru, 1930–50, and their spatial variations, Ann. Glaciol., 24, 344–349, 1997.
Kaser, G. and Osmaston, H. A.: Tropical Glaciers, Cambridge University Press, New York, 209 pp., 2002.
Kaser, G., Ames, A., and Zamora, M.: Glacier fluctuations and climate in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Ann. Glaciol., 14, 136–140, 1990.
Kaser, G., Hastenrath, S., and Ames, A.: Mass balance profiles on tropical glaciers, Z. Gletscherkd. Glazialgeol., 32, 75–81, 1996.
Kaser, G., Grosshauser, M., and Marzeion, B.: Contribution potential of glaciers to water availability in different climate regimes, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 20223–20227, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008162107, 2010.
Kinzl, H.: La glaciacion actual y pleistocenica en los Andes centrales, Bol. Soc. Geog. Lima, 89, 89–100, 1969.
Kraus, E. B.: Secular changes of tropical rainfall regimes, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 198–210, 1955.
Kuhn, M.: Mass budget imbalances as criterion for a climatic classification of glaciers, Geog. Ann., 66, 229–238, 1984.
Kull, C. and Grosjean, M.: Late Pleistocene climate conditions in the north Chilean Andes drawn from a climate-glacier model, J. Glaciol., 46, 622–632, 2000.
Lejeune, Y.: Apports des modèles de neige CROCUS et de sol ISBA à l'étude du bilan glaciologique d'un glacier tropical et du bilan hydrologique de son bassin versant, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Grenoble, France, 358 pp., 2009.
Lemke, P., Ren, J., Alley, R. B., Allison, I., Carrasco, J., Flato, G., Fujii, Y., Kaser, G., Mote, P., Thomas, R. H., and Zhang, T.: Observations: Changes in snow, ice and frozen ground, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., 337–383, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Liu, K., Reese, C. A., and Thompson, L. G.: Ice-core pollen record of climatic changes in the central Andes during the last 400 yr, Quat. Res., 64, 272–278, 2005.
Mark, B. G. and Seltzer, G. O.: Evaluation of recent glacier recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru (AD 1962–1999): spatial distribution of mass loss and climatic forcing, Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 2265–2280, 2005.
Morris, J. N., Poole, A. J., and Klein, A. G.: Retreat of tropical glaciers in Colombia and Venezuela from 1984 to 2004 as measured from ASTER and Landsat images, in: Proc. 63rd Eastern Snow Conference, Newark, Delaware, USA, 181–191, 2006.
Müller, R.: Zur gletschergeschichte in der Cordillera Quimsa Cruz (Depto. La Paz, Bolivien), Ph.D. Thesis, Zurich, Switzerland, 188 pp., 1985.
Naveau, P., Jomelli, V., Cooley, D., Grancher, D., and Rabatel, A.: Modelling uncertainties in lichenometry studies, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 39, 277–285, 2007.
Paterson, W. S. B.: The physics of glaciers, 3 Edn., Oxford, Elsevier, 1994.
Platt, C. M.: Some observations of the climate of Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya, during the rainy season, J. Glaciol., 6, 267–287, 1966.
Polissar, P. J., Abbott, M. B., Wolfe, A. P., Bezada, M., Rull, V., and Bradley, R. S.: Solar modulation of Little Ice Age climate in the tropical Andes, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 8937–8942, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603118103, 2006.
Pouyaud, B., Zapata, M., Yerren, J., Gomez, J., Rosas, G., Suarez, W., and Ribstein, P.: On the future of the water resources from glacier melting in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Hydrol. Sci. J., 50, 999–1022, 2005.
Poveda, G. and Pineda, K.: Reassessment of Colombia's tropical glaciers retreat rates: are they bound to disappear during the 2010–2020 decade?, Adv. Geosci., 22, 107–116, 2009.
Quintana-Gomez, R. A.: Trends of maximum and minimum temperatures in Ecuador and homogeneity evaluation during 1961–90, 6th International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography, 3–7 April 2000, Santiago, Chile, 292–293, 2000.
Rabatel, A., Jomelli, V., Naveau, P., Francou, B., and Grancher, D.: Dating of Little Ice Age glacier fluctuations in the tropical Andes: Charquini glaciers, Bolivia, 16° S, C. R. Geosci., 337, 1311–1322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2005.07.009, 2005a.
Rabatel, A., Dedieu, J.-P., and Vincent, C.: Using remote-sensing data to determine equilibrium-line altitude and mass-balance time series: validation on three French glaciers, 1994–2002, J. Glaciol., 51, 539–546, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829106, 2005b.
Rabatel, A., Machaca, A., Francou, B., and Jomelli, V.: Glacier recession on the Cerro Charquini (Bolivia 16° S) since the maximum of the Little Ice Age (17th century), J. Glaciol., 52, 110–118, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828917, 2006.
Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Jomelli, V., Naveau, P., and Grancher, D.: A chronology of the Little Ice Age in the tropical Andes of Bolivia (16° S) and its implications for climate reconstruction, Quat. Res., 70, 198–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.02.012, 2008a.
Rabatel, A., Dedieu, J.-P., Thibert, E., Letreguilly, A., and Vincent, C.: 25 years (1981–2005) of equilibrium-line altitude and mass-balance reconstruction on Glacier Blanc, French Alps, using remote-sensing methods and meteorological data, J. Glaciol., 54, 307–314, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308784886063, 2008b.
Rabatel, A., Castebrunet, H., Favier, V., Nicholson, L., and Kinnard, C.: Glacier changes in the Pascua-Lama region, Chilean Andes (29° S): recent mass balance and 50 yr surface area variations, The Cryosphere, 5, 1029–1041, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-1029-2011, 2011.
Rabatel, A., Bermejo, A., Loarte, E., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Leonardini, G., Vincent, C., and Sicart, J. E.: Relationship between snowline altitude, equilibrium-line altitude and mass balance on outer tropical glaciers: Glaciar Zongo – Bolivia, 16° S and Glaciar Artesonraju – Peru, 9° S, J. Glaciol., 58, 1027–1036, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG12J027, 2012.
Racoviteanu, A. E., Manley, W., Arnaud, Y., and Williams, M. W.: Evaluating digital elevation models for glaciologic applications: an example from Nevado Coropuna, Peruvian Andes, Glob. Planet. Change, 59, 110–125, 2007.
Racoviteanu, A. E., Arnaud, Y., Williams, M. W., and Ordoñez, J.: Decadal changes in glacier parameters in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, derived from remote sensing, J. Glaciol., 54, 499–510, 2008.
Ramirez, E., Francou, B., Ribstein, P., Descloitres, M., Guerin, R., Mendoza, J., Gallaire, R., Pouyaud, B., and Jordan, E.: Small glaciers disappearing in the tropical Andes: a case-study in Bolivia: Glaciar Chacaltaya (16° S), J. Glaciol., 47, 187–194, 2001.
Raup, B., Racoviteanu, A., Khalsa, S. J. S., Helm, C., Armstrong, R., and Arnaud, Y.: The GLIMS geospatial glacier database: a new tool for studying glacier change, Glob. Planet. Change, 56, 101–110, 2007.
Ribstein, P., Tiriau, E., Francou, B., and Saravia, R.: Tropical climate and glacier hydrology: A case study in Bolivia, J. Hydrol., 165, 221–234, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02572-S, 1995.
Rodbell, D. T.: Lichenometric and radiocarbon dating of Holocene glaciation, Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Holocene, 2, 19–29, 1992.
Ronchail, J.: Variabilidad interannual de las precipitaciones en Bolivia, Bull. Inst. Fr. Et. And., 46, 13–33, 1995.
Salzmann, N., Huggel, C., Rohrer, M., Silverio, W., Mark, B. G., Burns, P., and Portocarrero, C.: Glacier changes and climate trends derived from multiple sources in the data scarce Cordillera Vilcanota region, Southern Peruvian Andes, The Cryosphere Discuss., 6, 387–426, https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-387-2012, 2012.
Seltzer, G. O.: Late Quaternary Glaciation of the Cordillera Real, Bolivia, J. Quat. Sci., 7, 87–98, 1992.
Sicart, J.-E., Wagnon, P., and Ribstein, P.: Atmospheric controls of heat balance of Zongo Glacier (16° S, Bolivia), J. Geophys. Res., 110, D12106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005732, 2005.
Sicart, J.-E., Hock, R., and Six, D.: Glacier melt, air temperature, and energy balance in different climates: The Bolivian Tropics, the French Alps, and northern Sweden, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010406, 2008.
Sicart, J.-E., Hock, R., Ribstein, P., Litt, M., and Ramirez, E.: Analysis of seasonal variations in mass balance and meltwater discharge of the Tropical Zongo Glacier by application of a distributed energy balance model, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D13105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015105, 2011.
Silverio, W. and Jaquet, J.-M.: Glacial cover mapping (1987–1996) of the Cordillera Blanca (Peru) using satellite imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 95, 342–350, 2005.
Solomina, O., Jomelli, V., Kaser, G., Ames, A., Berger, B., and Pouyaud, B.: Lichenometry in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: "Little Ice Age" moraine chronology, Glob. Planet. Change, 59, 225–235, 2007.
Soruco, A., Vincent, C., Francou, B., and Gonzalez, J. F.: Glacier decline between 1963 and 2006 in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L03502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036238, 2009a.
Soruco, A., Vincent, C., Francou, B., Ribstein, P., Berger, T., Sicart, J. E., Wagnon, P., Arnaud, Y., Favier, V., and Lejeune, Y.: Mass balance of Glaciar Zongo, Bolivia, between 1956 and 2006, using glaciological, hydrological and geodetic methods, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 1–8, 2009b.
Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., and Koci, J. F.: A 1500-year record of tropical precipitation in ice cores from the Quelccaya ice cap, Peru, Science, 229, 971–973, 1985.
Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Dansgaard, W., and Grootes, P. M.: The LIA as recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap, Science, 234, 361–364, 1986.
Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Brecher, H., Davis, M., Leon, B., Les, D., Lin, P.-N., Mashiotta, T., and Mountain, K.: Abrupt tropical climate change: past and present, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 10536–10543, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603900103, 2006.
Trenberth, K. E., Jones, P. D., Ambenje, P., Bojariu, R., Easterling, D., Klein Tank, A., Parker, D., Rahimzadeh, F., Renwick, J. A., Rusticucci, M., Soden, B., and Zhai, P.: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., 235–336, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Troll, C.: Studien zur vergleichenden Geographie der Hochgebirge der Erde, Bonner Mitteilungen, Bonn, Germany, 1941.
Torrence, C. and Webster, P. J.: Interdecadal changes in the ENSO-monsoon system, J. Clim., 12, 2679–2690, 1999.
Unidad de Glaciología y Recursos Hídricos (UGRH): Inventario de glaciares, Cordillera Blanca, Perú, Autoridad Nacional del Agua, Huaraz, 81 pp., 2010.
Urrutia, R. and Vuille, M.: Climate change projections for the tropical Andes using a regional climate model: Temperature and precipitation simulations for the end of the 21st century, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011021, 2009.
Vergara, W., Deeb, A. M., Valencia, A. M., Bradley, R. S., Francou, B., Zarzar, A., Grünwaldt, A., and Haeussling, S. M.: Economic impacts of rapid glacier retreat in the Andes, Eos, 88, 261–264, 2007.
Villacís, M.: Ressources en eau glaciaire dans les Andes d'Equateur en relation avec les variations du climat: le cas du volcan Antisana, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Montpellier II, France, 231 pp., 2008.
Vimeux, F., Ginot, P., Schwikowski, M., Vuille, M., Hoffmann, G., Thompson, L. G., and Schotterer, U.: Climate variability during the last 1000 years inferred from Andean ice cores: A review of methodology and recent results, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 281, 229–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.054, 2009.
Vuille, M. and Bradley, R. S.: Mean annual temperature trends and their vertical structure in the tropical Andes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3885–3888, 2000.
Vuille, M., Bradley, R. S., and Keimig, F.: Interannual climate variability in the Central Andes and its relation to tropical Pacific and Atlantic forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 12447–12460, 2000.
Vuille, M., Bradley, R. S., Werner, M., and Keimig, F.: 20th century climate change in the tropical Andes: observations and model results, Climatic Change, 59, 75–99, 2003.
Vuille, M., Francou, B., Wagnon, P., Juen, I., Kaser, G., Mark, B. G., and Bradley, R. S.: Climate change and tropical Andean glaciers: Past, present and future, Earth-Sci. Rev., 89, 79–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.04.002, 2008a.
Vuille, M., Kaser, G., and Juen, I.: Glacier mass balance variability in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru and its relationship with climate and the large-scale circulation, Glob. Planet. Change, 62, 14–28, 2008b.
Wagnon, P., Ribstein, P., Francou, B., and Pouyaud, B.: Annual cycle of energy balance of Zongo Glacier, Cordillera Real, Bolivia, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3907–3923, 1999.
Wagnon, P., Ribstein, P., Francou, B., and Sicart, J. E.: Anomalous heat and mass balance budget of Glaciar Zongo, Bolivia, during the 1997/98, El Nino year, J. Glaciol., 47, 21–28, 2001.
WGMS: Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin {#}11 (2008–2009), edited by: Zemp, M., Nussbaumer, S. U., Gärtner-Roer, I., Hoelzle, M., Paul, F., and Haeberli, W., ICSU(WDS)/IUGG(IACS)/ UNEP/UNESCO/WMO, World Glacier Monitoring Service, Zurich, Switzerland, 102 pp., 2011.
Zuzel, J. F. and Cox, L. M.: Relative importance of meteorological variables in snowmelt, Water Resour. Res., 11, 174–176, 1975.