Articles | Volume 16, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1903-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1903-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 May 2022
Research article |
| 20 May 2022
| 20 May 2022
Spectral induced polarization imaging to investigate an ice-rich mountain permafrost site in Switzerland
Theresa Maierhofer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Geophysics Research Division, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040,
Austria
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700,
Switzerland
Christian Hauck
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700,
Switzerland
Christin Hilbich
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700,
Switzerland
Andreas Kemna
Geophysics Section, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53121, Germany
Adrián Flores-Orozco
Geophysics Research Division, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, 1040,
Austria
Related authors
Theresa Maierhofer, Adrian Flores Orozco, Nathalie Roser, Jonas K. Limbrock, Christin Hilbich, Clemens Moser, Andreas Kemna, Elisabetta Drigo, Umberto Morra di Cella, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 18, 3383–3414, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we apply an electrical method in a high-mountain permafrost terrain in the Italian Alps, where long-term borehole temperature data are available for validation. In particular, we investigate the frequency dependence of the electrical properties for seasonal and annual variations along a 3-year monitoring period. We demonstrate that our method is capable of resolving temporal changes in the thermal state and the ice / water ratio associated with seasonal freeze–thaw processes.
Adrian Flores Orozco, Jakob Gallistl, Benjamin Gilfedder, Timea Katona, Sven Frei, Peter Strauss, and Gunter Blöschl
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4015, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4015, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the role of soil in the storage of organic carbon is critical for a large number of environmental processes. Current practices rely on the drilling and analysis of samples, which is expensive, time consuming and destructive. Here we present a technique able to map soil organic carbon measuring the electrical properties of the subsurface without the necessity of drilling. Our results could permit to advance soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration and storage.
Cassandra E. M. Koenig, Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, Lukas U. Arenson, and Pablo Wainstein
The Cryosphere, 19, 2653–2676, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2653-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2653-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first regional compilation of borehole temperature data from high-altitude permafrost sites in the Andes, providing a baseline of ground thermal conditions. Data from 53 boreholes show thermal characteristics similar to other mountain permafrost areas, but uniquely shaped by Andean topo-climatic conditions. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and is a notable collaboration between industry, academia, and regulators in advancing climate change research.
Clemens Moser, Umberto Morra di Cella, Christian Hauck, and Adrián Flores Orozco
The Cryosphere, 19, 143–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-143-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-143-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use electrical conductivity and induced polarization in an imaging framework to quantify hydrogeological parameters in the active Gran Sometta rock glacier. The results show high spatial variability in the hydrogeological parameters across the rock glacier and are validated by saltwater tracer tests coupled with 3D electrical conductivity imaging. Hydrogeological information was linked to kinematic data to further investigate its role in rock glacier movement.
Alexandru Onaca, Flavius Sirbu, Valentin Poncos, Christin Hilbich, Tazio Strozzi, Petru Urdea, Răzvan Popescu, Oana Berzescu, Bernd Etzelmüller, Alfred Vespremeanu-Stroe, Mirela Vasile, Delia Teleagă, Dan Birtaș, Iosif Lopătiță, Simon Filhol, Alexandru Hegyi, and Florina Ardelean
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3262, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3262, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study establishes a methodology for the study of slow-moving rock glaciers in marginal permafrost and provides the basic knowledge for understanding rock glaciers in south east Europe. By using a combination of different methods (remote sensing, geophysical survey, thermal measurements), we found out that, on the transitional rock glaciers, low ground ice content (i.e. below 20 %) produces horizontal displacements of up to 3 cm per year.
Julie Wee, Sebastián Vivero, Tamara Mathys, Coline Mollaret, Christian Hauck, Christophe Lambiel, Jan Beutel, and Wilfried Haeberli
The Cryosphere, 18, 5939–5963, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the importance of a multi-method and multi-disciplinary approach to better understand the influence of the internal structure of the Gruben glacier-forefield-connected rock glacier and adjacent debris-covered glacier on their driving thermo-mechanical processes and associated surface dynamics. We were able to discriminate glacial from periglacial processes as their spatio-temporal patterns of surface dynamics and geophysical signatures are (mostly) different.
Tamara Mathys, Muslim Azimshoev, Zhoodarbeshim Bektursunov, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Murataly Duishonakunov, Abdulhamid Kayumov, Nikolay Kassatkin, Vassily Kapitsa, Leo C. P. Martin, Coline Mollaret, Hofiz Navruzshoev, Eric Pohl, Tomas Saks, Intizor Silmonov, Timur Musaev, Ryskul Usubaliev, and Martin Hoelzle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2795, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2795, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comprehensive geophysical dataset on permafrost in the data-scarce Tien Shan and Pamir mountain regions of Central Asia. It also introduces a novel modeling method to quantify ground ice content across different landforms. The findings indicate that this approach is well-suited for characterizing ice-rich permafrost, which is crucial for evaluating future water availability and assessing risks associated with thawing permafrost.
Mohammad Farzamian, Teddi Herring, Gonçalo Vieira, Miguel Angel de Pablo, Borhan Yaghoobi Tabar, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 18, 4197–4213, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An automated electrical resistivity tomography (A-ERT) system was developed and deployed in Antarctica to monitor permafrost and active-layer dynamics. The A-ERT, coupled with an efficient processing workflow, demonstrated its capability to monitor real-time thaw depth progression, detect seasonal and surficial freezing–thawing events, and assess permafrost stability. Our study showcased the potential of A-ERT to contribute to global permafrost monitoring networks.
Theresa Maierhofer, Adrian Flores Orozco, Nathalie Roser, Jonas K. Limbrock, Christin Hilbich, Clemens Moser, Andreas Kemna, Elisabetta Drigo, Umberto Morra di Cella, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 18, 3383–3414, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we apply an electrical method in a high-mountain permafrost terrain in the Italian Alps, where long-term borehole temperature data are available for validation. In particular, we investigate the frequency dependence of the electrical properties for seasonal and annual variations along a 3-year monitoring period. We demonstrate that our method is capable of resolving temporal changes in the thermal state and the ice / water ratio associated with seasonal freeze–thaw processes.
Wilfried Haeberli, Lukas U. Arenson, Julie Wee, Christian Hauck, and Nico Mölg
The Cryosphere, 18, 1669–1683, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers in ice-rich permafrost can be discriminated from debris-covered glaciers. The key physical phenomenon relates to the tight mechanical coupling between the moving frozen body at depth and the surface layer of debris in the case of rock glaciers, as opposed to the virtually inexistent coupling in the case of surface ice with a debris cover. Contact zones of surface ice with subsurface ice in permafrost constitute diffuse landforms beyond either–or-type landform classification.
Bernd Etzelmüller, Ketil Isaksen, Justyna Czekirda, Sebastian Westermann, Christin Hilbich, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 17, 5477–5497, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost (permanently frozen ground) is widespread in the mountains of Norway and Iceland. Several boreholes were drilled after 1999 for long-term permafrost monitoring. We document a strong warming of permafrost, including the development of unfrozen bodies in the permafrost. Warming and degradation of mountain permafrost may lead to more natural hazards.
Johannes Buckel, Jan Mudler, Rainer Gardeweg, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Regula Frauenfelder, Christof Kneisel, Sebastian Buchelt, Jan Henrik Blöthe, Andreas Hördt, and Matthias Bücker
The Cryosphere, 17, 2919–2940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals permafrost degradation by repeating old geophysical measurements at three Alpine sites. The compared data indicate that ice-poor permafrost is highly affected by temperature warming. The melting of ice-rich permafrost could not be identified. However, complex geomorphic processes are responsible for this rather than external temperature change. We suspect permafrost degradation here as well. In addition, we introduce a new current injection method for data acquisition.
Adrian Wicki, Peter Lehmann, Christian Hauck, and Manfred Stähli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Soil wetness measurements are used for shallow landslide prediction; however, existing sites are often located in flat terrain. Here, we assessed the ability of monitoring sites at flat locations to detect critically saturated conditions compared to if they were situated at a landslide-prone location. We found that differences exist but that both sites could equally well distinguish critical from non-critical conditions for shallow landslide triggering if relative changes are considered.
Maximilian Weigand, Egon Zimmermann, Valentin Michels, Johan Alexander Huisman, and Andreas Kemna
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 413–433, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-413-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-413-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The construction, operation and analysis of a spectral electrical
impedance tomography (sEIT) field monitoring setup with high spatial and temporal resolution are presented. Electromagnetic induction errors are corrected, allowing the recovery of images of in-phase conductivity and electrical polarisation of up to 1 kHz.
Karianne S. Lilleøren, Bernd Etzelmüller, Line Rouyet, Trond Eiken, Gaute Slinde, and Christin Hilbich
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 975–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In northern Norway we have observed several rock glaciers at sea level. Rock glaciers are landforms that only form under the influence of permafrost, which is frozen ground. Our investigations show that the rock glaciers are probably not active under the current climate but most likely were active in the recent past. This shows how the Arctic now changes due to climate changes and also how similar areas in currently colder climates will change in the future.
Tamara Mathys, Christin Hilbich, Lukas U. Arenson, Pablo A. Wainstein, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 16, 2595–2615, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With ongoing climate change, there is a pressing need to understand how much water is stored as ground ice in permafrost. Still, field-based data on permafrost in the Andes are scarce, resulting in large uncertainties regarding ground ice volumes and their hydrological role. We introduce an upscaling methodology of geophysical-based ground ice quantifications at the catchment scale. Our results indicate that substantial ground ice volumes may also be present in areas without rock glaciers.
Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, Coline Mollaret, Pablo Wainstein, and Lukas U. Arenson
The Cryosphere, 16, 1845–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In view of water scarcity in the Andes, the significance of permafrost as a future water resource is often debated focusing on satellite-detected features such as rock glaciers. We present data from > 50 geophysical surveys in Chile and Argentina to quantify the ground ice volume stored in various permafrost landforms, showing that not only rock glacier but also non-rock-glacier permafrost contains significant ground ice volumes and is relevant when assessing the hydrological role of permafrost.
Martin Hoelzle, Christian Hauck, Tamara Mathys, Jeannette Noetzli, Cécile Pellet, and Martin Scherler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1531–1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With ongoing climate change, it is crucial to understand the interactions of the individual heat fluxes at the surface and within the subsurface layers, as well as their impacts on the permafrost thermal regime. A unique set of high-altitude meteorological measurements has been analysed to determine the energy balance at three mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps, where data have been collected since the late 1990s in collaboration with the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network (PERMOS).
Bernd Etzelmüller, Justyna Czekirda, Florence Magnin, Pierre-Allain Duvillard, Ludovic Ravanel, Emanuelle Malet, Andreas Aspaas, Lene Kristensen, Ingrid Skrede, Gudrun D. Majala, Benjamin Jacobs, Johannes Leinauer, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Martina Böhme, Reginald Hermanns, Harald Ø. Eriksen, Tom Rune Lauknes, Michael Krautblatter, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 97–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a multi-authored study documenting the possible existence of permafrost in permanently monitored rockslides in Norway for the first time by combining a multitude of field data, including geophysical surveys in rock walls. The paper discusses the possible role of thermal regime and rockslide movement, and it evaluates the possible impact of atmospheric warming on rockslide dynamics in Norwegian mountains.
Adrian Wicki, Per-Erik Jansson, Peter Lehmann, Christian Hauck, and Manfred Stähli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4585–4610, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture information was shown to be valuable for landslide prediction. Soil moisture was simulated at 133 sites in Switzerland, and the temporal variability was compared to the regional occurrence of landslides. We found that simulated soil moisture is a good predictor for landslides, and that the forecast goodness is similar to using in situ measurements. This encourages the use of models for complementing existing soil moisture monitoring networks for regional landslide early warning.
Timea Katona, Benjamin Silas Gilfedder, Sven Frei, Matthias Bücker, and Adrian Flores-Orozco
Biogeosciences, 18, 4039–4058, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4039-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4039-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used electrical geophysical methods to map variations in the rates of microbial activity within a wetland. Our results show that the highest electrical conductive and capacitive properties relate to the highest concentrations of phosphates, carbon, and iron; thus, we can use them to characterize the geometry of the biogeochemically active areas or hotspots.
Christian Halla, Jan Henrik Blöthe, Carla Tapia Baldis, Dario Trombotto Liaudat, Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, and Lothar Schrott
The Cryosphere, 15, 1187–1213, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the semi-arid to arid Andes of Argentina, rock glaciers contain invisible and unknown amounts of ground ice that could become more important in future for the water availability during the dry season. The study shows that the investigated rock glacier represents an important long-term ice reservoir in the dry mountain catchment and that interannual changes of ground ice can store and release significant amounts of annual precipitation.
Matthias Bücker, Adrián Flores Orozco, Jakob Gallistl, Matthias Steiner, Lukas Aigner, Johannes Hoppenbrock, Ruth Glebe, Wendy Morales Barrera, Carlos Pita de la Paz, César Emilio García García, José Alberto Razo Pérez, Johannes Buckel, Andreas Hördt, Antje Schwalb, and Liseth Pérez
Solid Earth, 12, 439–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use seismic, electromagnetic, and geoelectrical methods to assess sediment thickness and lake-bottom geology of two karst lakes. An unexpected drainage event provided us with the unusual opportunity to compare water-borne measurements with measurements carried out on the dry lake floor. The resulting data set does not only provide insight into the specific lake-bottom geology of the studied lakes but also evidences the potential and limitations of the employed field methods.
Cited articles
Abdulsamad, F., Revil, A., Ghorbani, A., Toy, V., Kirilova, M., Coperey, A., Duvillard, P. A., Ménard, G., and Ravanel, L.: Complex conductivity of graphitic schists and sandstones, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 8223–8249, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017628, 2019.
Arenson, L. U. and Jakob, M.: The significance of rock glaciers in the dry
Andes – A discussion of Azócar and Brenning (2010) and Brenning and
Azócar (2010), Permafr. Periglac. Process., 21, 282–285,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.693, 2010.
Auty, R. P. and Cole, R. H.: Dielectric properties of ice and solid D2O, J.
Chem. Phys., 20, 1309–1314, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1700726, 1952.
Bazin, S., Lysdahl, A., Olaus Harstad, A., and Frauenfelder, R.: Resistivity
and Induced Polarization (ERT/IP) survey for bedrock mapping in Permafrost,
Svalbard, 25th Eur. Meet. Environ. Eng. Geophys. Held Near Surf. Geosci.
Conf. Exhib. 2019, NSG 2019, The Hague, The Netherlands, 8–12 September 2019, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902362, 2019.
Bing, Z. and Greenhalgh, S. A.: Cross-hole resistivity tomography using different electrode configurations, Geophys. Prospect., 48, 887–912, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2000.00220.x, 2000.
Binley, A. and Kemna, A.: DC Resistivity and Induced Polarization Methods,
in: Hydrogeophysics, Water Science and Technology Library book series, volume 50, edited by: Rubin, Y. and Hubbard, S. S., pp. 129–156, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3102-5_5,
2005.
Binley, A. and Slater, L.: Resistivity and Induced Polarization: theory and
Applications to the Near-Surface Earth, Cambridge, United Kingdom, New York,
USA, New Delhi, India, ISBN 9781108685955, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108685955, 2020.
Binley, A., Ramirez, A., and Daily, W.: Regularised Image Reconstruction of
Noisy Electrical Resistance Tomography Data, in: Proceedings of the 4th
Workshop of the European Concerted Action on process Tomography, Bergen, 6–8 April 1995, pp.
401–410, http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/people/amb/Publications/pdfs/Binley_et_al_1995.pdf (last access: 17 May 2022), 1995.
Binley, A., Slater, L. D., Fukes, M., and Cassiani, G.: Relationship between
spectral induced polarization and hydraulic properties of saturated and
unsaturated sandstone, Water Resour. Res., 41, W12417,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004202, 2005.
Binley, A., Kruschwitz, S., Lesmes, D., and Kettridge, N.: Exploiting the
temperature effects on low frequency electrical spectra of sandstone: A
comparison of effective diffusion path lengths, Geophysics, 75, 10–13,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3483815, 2010.
Binley, A., Hubbard, S. S., Huisman, J. A., Revil, A., Robinson, D. A., Singha, K., and Slater, L. D.: The emergence of hydrogeophysics for improved understanding of subsurface processes over multiple scales, Water Resour. Res., 51, 3837–3866, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017016, 2015.
Biskaborn, B. K., Smith, S. L., Noetzli, J., Matthes, H., Vieira, G., Streletskiy, D. A., Schoeneich, P., Romanovsky, V. E., Lewkowicz, A. G., Abramov, A., Allard, M., Boike, J., Cable, W. L., Christiansen, H. H., Delaloye, R., Diekmann, B., Drozdov, D., Etzelmüller, B., Grosse, G., Guglielmin, M., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Isaksen, K., Ishikawa, M., Johansson, M., Johannsson, H., Joo, A., Kaverin, D., Kholodov, A., Konstantinov, P., Kröger, T., Lambiel, C., Lanckman, J. P., Luo, D., Malkova, G., Meiklejohn, I., Moskalenko, N., Oliva, M., Phillips, M., Ramos, M., Sannel, A. B. K., Sergeev, D., Seybold, C., Skryabin, P., Vasiliev, A., Wu, Q., Yoshikawa, K., Zheleznyak, M., and Lantuit, H.: Permafrost is warming at a global scale, Nat. Commun., 10, 264, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4, 2019.
Bittelli, M., Flury, M., and Roth, K.: Use of dielectric spectroscopy to
estimate ice content in frozen porous media, Water Resour. Res., 40,
W04212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002343, 2004.
Bücker, M., Flores Orozco, A., Undorf, S., and Kemna, A.: On the Role of
Stern- and Diffuse-Layer Polarization Mechanisms in Porous Media, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 5656–5677, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017679,
2019.
Coperey, A., Revil, A., Abdulsamad, F., Stutz, B., Duvillard, P. A., and
Ravanel, L.: Low-Frequency Induced Polarization of Porous Media Undergoing
Freezing: Preliminary Observations and Modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol.
Ea., 124, 4523–4544, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB017015, 2019.
Dahlin, T., Leroux, V., and Nissen, J.: Measuring techniques in induced
polarisation imaging, J. Appl. Geophys., 50, 279–298,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00148-9, 2002.
Dash, J. G., Rempel, A. W., and Wettlaufer, J. S.: The physics of premelted
ice and its geophysical consequences, Rev. Mod. Phys., 78, 695–741,
https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.695, 2006.
Delaloye, R.: Contribution à l'étude du pergélisol de montagne en zone marginale, PhD Thesis, Department of Geosciences–Geography, University of Fribourg, https://folia.unifr.ch/unifr/documents/299916 (last access: 17 May 2022), 2004.
Delaloye, R. and Lambiel, C.: Evidence of winter ascending air circulation
throughout talus slopes and rock glaciers situated in the lower belt of
alpine discontinuous permafrost (Swiss Alps), Nor. Geogr. Tidsskr., 59,
194–203, https://doi.org/10.1080/00291950510020673, 2005.
Delaloye, R., Reynard, E., and Lambiel, C.: Pergélisol et construction
de remontées mécaniques: l'exemple des Lapires (Mont-Gelé,
Valais), Le gel en géotechnique, Publications de la Société
Suisse de Mécanique des Sols et des Roches, 141, 103–113, 2001.
Doetsch, J., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Christiansen, A. V., Fiandaca, G., Auken,
E., and Elberling, B.: Direct current (DC) resistivity and induced
polarization (IP) monitoring of active layer dynamics at high temporal
resolution, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 119, 16–28,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.07.002, 2015.
Dukhin, S. S., Shilov, V. N., and Bikerman, J. J.: Dielectric Phenomena and
Double Layer in Disperse Systems and Polyelectrolytes, J. Electrochem. Soc.,
121, 154C, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2402374, 1974.
Duvillard, P., Magnin, F., Revil, A., Legay, A., Ravanel, L., Abdulsamad, F.,
and Coperey, A.: Temperature distribution in a permafrost-affected rock
ridge from conductivity and induced polarization tomography, Geophys. J.
Int., 225, 1207–1221, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa597, 2021.
Duvillard, P. A., Revil, A., Qi, Y., Soueid Ahmed, A., Coperey, A., and
Ravanel, L.: Three-Dimensional Electrical Conductivity and Induced
Polarization Tomography of a Rock Glacier, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
123, 9528–9554, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015965, 2018.
Flores Orozco, A., Williams, K. H., Long, P. E., Hubbard, S. S., and Kemna,
A.: Using complex resistivity imaging to infer biogeochemical processes
associated with bioremediation of an uranium-contaminated aquifer, J.
Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G03001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001591, 2011.
Flores Orozco, A., Kemna, A., and Zimmermann, E.: Data error quantification
in spectral induced polarization imaging, Geophysics, 77,
E227–E237, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2010-0194.1, 2012.
Flores Orozco, A., Williams, K. H., and Kemna, A.: Time-lapse spectral
induced polarization imaging of stimulated uranium bioremediation, Near
Surf. Geophys., 11, 531–544, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2013020, 2013.
Flores Orozco, A., Bücker, M., Steiner, M., and Malet, J.-P.:
Complex-conductivity imaging for the understanding of landslide
architecture, Eng. Geol., 243, 241–252,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.07.009, 2018.
Flores Orozco, A., Kemna, A., Binley, A., and Cassiani, G.: Analysis of
time-lapse data error in complex conductivity imaging to alleviate
anthropogenic noise for site characterization, Geophysics, 84,
B181–B193, https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2017-0755.1, 2019.
Flores Orozco, A., Aigner, L., and Gallistl, J.: Investigation of cable
effects in spectral induced polarization imaging at the field scale using
multicore and coaxial cables, Geophysics, 86, E59–E75,
https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0552.1, 2021.
Grimm, R. E. and Stillman, D. E.: Field test of detection and
characterisation of subsurface ice using broadband spectral-induced
polarisation, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 26, 28–38,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1833, 2015.
Günther, T. and Martin, T.: Spectral two-dimensional inversion of
frequency-domain induced polarization data from a mining slag heap, J. Appl.
Geophys., 135, 436–448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.01.008, 2016.
Haeberli, W., Huder, J., Keusen, H.-R., Pika, J., and Röthlisberger, H.:
Core drilling through rock glacier-permafrost, in: Proceedings of the Fifth
International Conference on Permafrost, 2–5th August 1988, Trondheim, Norway, pp. 937–942, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wilfried-Haeberli/publication/245800726_Core_drilling_through_rock_glacier_permafrost/links/5a535051458515e7b72ea12c/Core-drilling-through-rock-glacier-permafrost.pdf (last access: 17 May 2022), 1988.
Halla, C., Blöthe, J. H., Tapia Baldis, C., Trombotto Liaudat, D., Hilbich, C., Hauck, C., and Schrott, L.: Ice content and interannual water storage changes of an active rock glacier in the dry Andes of Argentina, The Cryosphere, 15, 1187–1213, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1187-2021, 2021.
Harrington, J. S., Mozil, A., Hayashi, M., and Bentley, L. R.: Groundwater
flow and storage processes in an inactive rock glacier, Hydrol. Process.,
32, 3070–3088, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13248, 2018.
Harris, S., French, H., Heginbottom, J. A., Johnston, G. H., Ladanyi, B.,
Sego, D., and Van Everdingen, R. O.: Glossary of Permafrost and Related
Ground-Ice Terms, National Research Council of Canada, Technical Report, 159
pp., https://doi.org/10.4224/20386561, 1988.
Hauck, C.: Frozen ground monitoring using DC resistivity tomography,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 10–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014995, 2002.
Hauck, C.: New Concepts in Geophysical Surveying and Data Interpretation for
Permafrost Terrain, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 137, 131–137,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1774, 2013.
Hauck, C. and Kneisel, C.: Applied geophysics in periglacial
environments, Cambridge University Press, 256 pp., ISBN 9780511535628, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535628, 2008.
Hauck, C., Böttcher, M., and Maurer, H.: A new model for estimating subsurface ice content based on combined electrical and seismic data sets, The Cryosphere, 5, 453–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-453-2011, 2011.
Hausmann, H., Krainer, K., Brückl, E., and Mostler, W.: Internal structure and ice content of Reichenkar rock glacier (Stubai Alps, Austria) assessed by geophysical investigations, Permafr. Periglac. Process.,
18, 351–367, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.601, 2007.
Hilbich, C.: Time-lapse refraction seismic tomography for the detection of ground ice degradation, The Cryosphere, 4, 243–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-243-2010, 2010.
Hilbich, C., Hauck, C., Hoelzle, M., Scherler, M., Schudel, L., Völksch,
I., Vonder Mühll, D., and Mäusbacher, R.: Monitoring mountain
permafrost evolution using electrical resistivity tomography: A 7-year study
of seasonal, annual, and long-term variations at Schilthorn, Swiss Alps, J.
Geophys. Res.-Earth, 113, F01S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000799, 2008.
Hilbich, C., Marescot, L., Hauck, C., Loke, M. H., and Mäusbacher, R.:
Applicability of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Monitoring to Coarse
Blocky and Ice-rich Permafrost Landforms, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 20,
269–284, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.652, 2009.
Hobbs, P. V.: Ice Physics, Clarendon, Oxford, 837 pp., ISBN 978-0-19-958771-1,
1974.
Hördt, A., Bücker, M., Bairlein, K., Bielefeld, A., Kuhn, E.,
Nordsiek, S., and Stebner, H.: The dependence of induced polarization on
fluid salinity and pH, studied with an extended model of membrane
polarization, J. Appl. Geophys., 135, 408–417,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.02.007, 2016.
Huisman, J. A., Zimmermann, E., Esser, O., Haegel, F.-H., Treichel, A., and
Vereecken, H.: Evaluation of a novel correction procedure to remove
electrode impedance effects from broadband SIP measurements, J. Appl.
Geophys., 135, 466–473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.11.008, 2016.
Kemna, A.: Tomographic inversion of complex resistivity: Theory and
application, PhD thesis, Ruhr-University of Bochum, ISBN 3-934366-92-9, 2000.
Kemna, A., Binley, A., Cassiani, G., Niederleithinger, E., Revil, A.,
Slater, L., Williams, K. H., Orozco, A. F., Haegel, F. H., Hördt, A.,
Kruschwitz, S., Leroux, V., Titov, K., and Zimmermann, E.: An overview of the
spectral induced polarization method for near-surface applications, Near
Surf. Geophys., 10, 453–468, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2012027, 2012.
Kemna, A., Weigand, M., and Zimmermann, E.: Resistivity and SIP response of
rocks during freezing and thawing, in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Induced Polarization, Ile d’Oléron, France, 6–9 April 2014, https://ip.geosciences.mines-paristech.fr/s1_kemna (last access: 17 May 2022), 2014a.
Kemna, A., Huisman, J. A., Zimmermann, E., Martin, R., Zhao, Y., Treichel,
A., Flores-Orozco, A., and Fechner, T.: Broadband Electrical Impedance
Tomography for Subsurface Characterization Using Improved Corrections of
Electromagnetic Coupling and Spectral Regularization, in: Tomography of the Earth’s Crust: From
Geophysical Sounding to Real-Time Monitoring, Springer, pp. 1–20
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04205-3_1,
2014b.
Kenner, R., Noetzli, J., Hoelzle, M., Raetzo, H., and Phillips, M.: Distinguishing ice-rich and ice-poor permafrost to map ground temperatures and ground ice occurrence in the Swiss Alps, The Cryosphere, 13, 1925–1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019, 2019.
Keuschnig, M., Krautblatter, M., Hartmeyer, I., Fuss, C., and Schrott, L.:
Automated Electrical Resistivity Tomography Testing for Early Warning in
Unstable Permafrost Rock Walls Around Alpine Infrastructure, Permafr.
Periglac. Process., 28, 158–171, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1916, 2017.
Krainer, K., Bressan, D., Dietre, B., Haas, J. N., Hajdas, I., Lang, K.,
Mair, V., Nickus, U., Reidl, D., Thies, H., and Tonidandel, D.: A
10,300-year-old permafrost core from the active rock glacier Lazaun,
southern Ötztal Alps (South Tyrol, northern Italy), Quaternary Res., 83,
324–335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.12.005, 2014.
Krautblatter, M., Verleysdonk, S., Flores Orozco, A., and Kemna, A.:
Temperature – calibrated imaging of seasonal changes in permafrost rock
walls by quantitative electrical resistivity tomography (Zugspitze, German/Austrian Alps), J. Geophys. Res., 115, F02003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001209, 2010.
LaBrecque, D. J. and Ward, S. H.: Two-Dimensional Cross-Borehole Resistivity
Model Fitting, Geotech. Environ. Geophys., 3, 51–74, 1990.
LaBrecque, D. J., Miletto, M., Daily, W., Ramirez, A., and Owen, E.: The
effects of noise on Occam's inversion of resistivity tomography data,
Geophysics, 61, 538–548, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443980, 1996.
Lambiel, C.: Le pergélisol dans les terrains sédimentaires à
forte déclivité: distribution, régime thermique et
instabilités, Travaux et recherches, Vol. 33, Institut de Géographie, University of Lausanne, 260 pp., https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christophe-Lambiel/publication/33683076
(last access: 17 May 2022), 2006.
Langston, G., Bentley, L. R., Hayashi, M., Mcclymont, A., and Pidlisecky, A.:
Internal structure and hydrological functions of an alpine proglacial
moraine, Hydrol. Process., 25, 2967–2982, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8144, 2011.
Leroy, P., Revil, A., Kemna, A., Cosenza, P., and Ghorbani, A.: Complex
conductivity of water-saturated packs of glass beads, J. Colloid Interface
Sci., 321, 103–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.12.031, 2008.
Lesparre, N., Nguyen, F., Kemna, A., Robert, T., Hermans, T., Daoudi, M., and
Flores Orozco, A.: A new approach for time-lapse data weighting in
electrical resistivity tomography, Geophysics, 82, E325–E333,
https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2017-0024.1, 2017.
Limbrock, J. K., Weigand, M., and Kemna, A.: Textural and mineralogical
controls on temperature dependent SIP behavior during freezing and thawing,
EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-14273,
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14273, 2021.
Loke, M. and Barker, R.: Rapid least-squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-Newton method, Geophys. Prospect., 44, 131–152, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1996.tb00142.x, 1996 (code available at: https://www.aarhusgeosoftware.dk/download-resxdinv, last access: 18 May 2022).
Maierhofer, T., Hauck, C., Hilbich, C., and Flores-Orozco, A.: Spectral Induced Polarization Applied at Different Mountain Permafrost Sites in the European Alps, NSG2021 1st Conference on Hydrogeophysics, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, Bordeaux, France, 29 August–2 September 2021, vol. 2021, pp. 1–5, https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202120172, 2021.
Marmy, A., Rajczak, J., Delaloye, R., Hilbich, C., Hoelzle, M., Kotlarski, S., Lambiel, C., Noetzli, J., Phillips, M., Salzmann, N., Staub, B., and Hauck, C.: Semi-automated calibration method for modelling of mountain permafrost evolution in Switzerland, The Cryosphere, 10, 2693–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016, 2016.
Marshall, D. J. and Madden, T. R.: Induced Polarization, a study of its
causes, Geophysics, 24, 790–816, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438659, 1959.
Martin, T., Günther, T., Flores Orozco, A., and Dahlin, T.: Evaluation of
spectral induced polarization fi eld measurements in time and frequency
domain, J. Appl. Geophys., 180, 104141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2020.104141,
2020.
McKenzie, J. M., Voss, C. I., and Siegel, D. I.: Groundwater flow with energy
transport and water-ice phase change: Numerical simulations, benchmarks, and
application to freezing in peat bogs, Adv. Water Resour., 30, 966–983,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.008, 2007.
Menke, W.: Geophysical data analysis: Discrete inverse theory, 4th edn., Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, 260 pp., ISBN 978-0-12-813555-6, 1984.
Mollaret, C., Hilbich, C., Pellet, C., Flores-Orozco, A., Delaloye, R., and Hauck, C.: Mountain permafrost degradation documented through a network of permanent electrical resistivity tomography sites, The Cryosphere, 13, 2557–2578, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2557-2019, 2019.
Mollaret, C., Wagner, F. M., Hilbich, C., Scapozza, C., and Hauck, C.:
Petrophysical Joint Inversion Applied to Alpine Permafrost Field Sites to
Image Subsurface Ice, Water, Air, and Rock Contents, Front. Earth Sci.,
8, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00085, 2020.
Morelli, G. and LaBrecque, D. J.: Robust scheme for ERT inverse modelling, 9th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems Conference, Keystone, Colorado, USA, 28 April–2 May 1996, SEG, 629–638, https://doi.org/10.4133/1.2922327, 1996.
Mudler, J., Hördt, A., Przyklenk, A., Fiandaca, G., Maurya, P. K., and Hauck, C.: Two-dimensional inversion of wideband spectral data from the capacitively coupled resistivity method – first applications in periglacial environments, The Cryosphere, 13, 2439–2456, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2439-2019, 2019.
Oldenborger, G. A. and LeBlanc, A. M.: Monitoring changes in unfrozen water
content with electrical resistivity surveys in cold continuous permafrost,
Geophys. J. Int., 215, 965–977, https://doi.org/10.1093/GJI/GGY321, 2018.
Oldenburg, D. W. and Li, Y.: Inversion of induced polarization data, Geophysics, 59, 1327–1341, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443692, 1994.
Olhoeft, G. R.: Electrical properties of natural clay permafrost, Can. J.
Earth Sci., 14, 16–24, 1977.
Parkhomenko, E. I.: Electrical Resistivity of Minerals and Rocks at High
Temperature and Pressure, Rev. Geophys. Sp. Phys., 20, 193–218, 1982.
Pelton, W., Ward, S., Hallof, P., Sill, W., and Nelson, P.: Mineral
discrimination and removal of inductive coupling with multifrequency IP,
Geophysics, 43, 497–638, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440839, 1978.
PERMOS: PERMOS Database, Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network, Fribourg
and Davos, Switzerland [data set], https://doi.org/10.13093/permos-2019-01, 2019.
PERMOS: PERMOS Database, Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network, Fribourg
and Davos, Switzerland [data set], http://www.permos.ch/doi/permos-2021-01.html (last access: 17 May 2022), 2021.
Rangecroft, S., Suggitt, A. J., Anderson, K., and Harrison, S.: Future
climate warming and changes to mountain permafrost in the Bolivian Andes,
Climatic Change, 137, 231–243, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1655-8, 2016.
Revil, A.: Spectral induced polarization of shaly sands: Influence of the
electrical double layer, Water Resour. Res., 48, W02517,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011260, 2012.
Revil, A.: Effective conductivity and permittivity of unsaturated porous
materials in the frequency range 1 mHz–1 GHz, Water Resour. Res., 49, 306–327, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR012700, 2013a.
Revil, A.: On charge accumulation in heterogeneous porous rocks under the
influence of an external electric field, Geophysics, 78, 1JA-Z103,
https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0503.1, 2013b.
Revil, A. and Florsch, N.: Determination of permeability from spectral
induced polarization in granular media, Geophys. J. Int., 181,
1480–1498, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04573.x, 2010.
Revil, A. and Glover, P. W. J.: Nature of surface electrical conductivity in
natural sands, sandstones, and clays, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 691–694,
1998.
Revil, A. and Skold, M.: Salinity dependence of spectral induced
polarization in sands and sandstones, Geophys. J. Int., 187, 813–824,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05181.x, 2011.
Revil, A., Koch, K., and Holliger, K.: Is it the grain size or the
characteristic pore size that controls the induced polarization relaxation
time of clean sands and sandstones?, Water Resour. Res., 48, W05602,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011561, 2012.
Revil, A., Razdan, M., Julien, S., Coperey, A., Abdulsamad, F., Ghorbani,
A., Gasquet, D., Sharma, R., and Rossi, M.: Induced polarization response of
porous media with metallic particles – Part 9: Influence of permafrost,
Geophysics, 84, E337–E355, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0013.1, 2019.
Scapozza, C.: Stratigraphie, morphodynamique, paléoenviron-nements des
terrains sédimentaires meubles à forte déclivité dudomaine
périglaciaire alpin (Géovisions no. 40), PhD Thesis, University of
Lausanne, 580 pp., ISBN 978-2-940368-16-7,
http://www.unil.ch/igul/page96426.html (last access: 17 May 2022), 2013.
Scapozza, C., Baron, L., and Lambiel, C.: Borehole logging in alpine
periglacial talus slopes (Valais, Swiss Alps), Permafr. Periglac. Process.,
26, 67–83, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1832, 2015.
Scapozza, C., Lambiel, C., Abbet, D., Delaloye, R., and Hilbich, C.: Internal
structure and permafrost characteristics of the Lapires talus slope (Nendaz,
Valais), 8th Swiss Geoscience Meeting 2010, Fribourg, Switzerland,
19–20 November 2010, Extended Abstract 7.16, 166–167, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313192421_Internal_structure_and_permafrost_characteristics_of_the_Lapires_talus_slope_Nendaz_Valais_8th_Swiss_Geoscience_Meeting_2010_Fribourg_Switzerland_19-20_November_2010 (last access: 17 May 2022), 2010.
Schneider, S., Hoelzle, M., and Hauck, C.: Influence of surface and subsurface heterogeneity on observed borehole temperatures at a mountain permafrost site in the Upper Engadine, Swiss Alps, The Cryosphere, 6, 517–531, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-517-2012, 2012.
Schrott, L.: The hydrological significance of high mountain permafrost and
its relation to solar radiation. A case study in the high andes of San Juan,
Argentina, Bamberger Geogr. Schriften, Bd. 15, 71–84, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lothar-Schrott/publication/284339606 (last access: 17 May 2022), 1998.
Schwarz, G.: A theory of the low-frequency dielectric dispersion of
colloidal particles in electrolyte solution, J. Phys. Chem., 66,
2636–2642, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100818a067, 1962.
Scott, W. J., Sellmann, P. V., and Hunter, J. A.: 13. Geophysics in
the study of permafrost, in: Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, edited by:
Ward, S. H., Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, OK, 355–384, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560802785.ch13, 1990.
Slater, L. and Binley, A.: Synthetic and field-based electrical imaging of a
zerovalent iron barrier: Implications for monitoring long-term barrier
performance, Geophysics, 71, B129–B137, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2235931, 2006.
Slater, L., Binley, A. M., Daily, W., and Johnson, R.: Cross-hole electrical
imaging of a controlled saline tracer injection, J. Appl. Geophys., 44,
85–102, 2000.
Son, J.-S., Kim, J.-H., and Yi, M.: A new algorithm for SIP parameter
estimation from multi-frequency IP data: preliminary results A new
algorithm for SIP parameter estimation from multi-frequency IP data:
preliminary results, Explor. Geophys., 38, 60–68, https://doi.org/10.1071/EG07009,
2007.
Staub, B., Marmy, A., Hauck, C., Hilbich, C., and Delaloye, R.: The evolution
of mountain permafrost in the context of climate change: towards a
comprehensive analysis of permafrost monitoring data from the Swiss Alps,
University of Fribourg, https://doc.rero.ch/record/261348/files/StaubB.pdf (last access: 17 May 2022), 2015.
Steiner, M., Wagner, F. M., Maierhofer, T., Schöner, W., and Flores Orozco, A.: Improved estimation of ice and water contents in alpine
permafrost through constrained petrophysical joint inversion: The Hoher
Sonnblick case study, Geophysics, 86, WB119–WB133,
https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0592.1, 2021.
Stillman, D. E., Grimm, R. E., and Dec, S. F.: Low-Frequency Electrical
Properties of Ice – Silicate Mixtures, J. Phys. Chem., 114, 6065–6073,
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9070778, 2010.
Stummer, P., Maurer, H., and Green, A. G.: Experimental design: Electrical resistivity data sets that provide optimum subsurface information, Geophysics, 69, 120–139, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1649381, 2004.
Sumner, J. S.: Principles of Induced Polarisation for geophysical
exploration, in: Developments in Economic Geology, 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-41 481-9, 1976.
Supper, R., Ottowitz, D., Jochum, B., Kim, J.-H., Römer, A., Baron, I.,
Pfeiler, S., Lovisolo, M., Gruber, S., and Vecchiotti, F.: Geoelectrical
monitoring: an innovative method to supplement landslide surveillance and
early warning, Near Surf. Geophys., 12, 133–150,
https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2013060, 2014.
Vinegar, H. J. and Waxman, M. H.: Induced polarization of shaly sands – the
effect of clay counterion type, Geophysics,49, 1267, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441755, 1984.
Vonder Mühll, D. S. and Holub, P.: Borehole logging in alpine
permafrost, upper Engadin, Swiss Alps, Permafrost and Periglac., 3, 125–132, 1992.
Wagner, F. M., Mollaret, C., Kemna, A., and Hauck, C.: Quantitative imaging
of water, ice and air in permafrost systems through petrophysical joint
inversion of seismic refraction and electrical resistivity data, Geophys. J.
Int., 219, 1866–1875, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz402, 2019.
Wait, J. R.: Relaxation phenomena and induced polarization, Geoexploration,
22, 107–127, 1984.
Wang, S., Sheng, Y., Li, J., Wu, J., Cao, W., and Ma, S.: An Estimation of Ground Ice Volumes in Permafrost Layers in Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, Chinese Geogr. Sci., 28, 61–73, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-018-0932-z, 2018.
Ward, S.: The Resistivity And Induced Polarization Methods, in: Conference Proceedings, 1st EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems Conference, Golden, Colorado, USA, 28–31 March 1988, cp-214-00002, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.214.1988_002, 1990.
Waxman, M. H. and Smits, L. J. M.: Electrical conductivities in oil-bearing
shaly sands, Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 243, 107–122, 1968.
Weigand, M., Flores Orozco, A., and Kemna, A.: Reconstruction quality of SIP
parameters in multi-frequency complex resistivity imaging, Near Surf.
Geophys., 15, 187–199, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2016050, 2017.
Weller, A., Slater, L., and Nordsiek, S.: On the relationship between induced
polarization and surface conductivity: Implications for petrophysical
interpretation of electrical measurements, Geophysics, 78, D315–D325,
https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2013-0076.1, 2013.
Wicky, J. and Hauck, C.: Numerical modelling of convective heat transport by air flow in permafrost talus slopes, The Cryosphere, 11, 1311–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017, 2017.
Wicky, J. and Hauck, C.: Air Convection in the Active Layer of Rock
Glaciers, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 335, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00335,
2020.
Wu, Y., Nakagawa, S., Kneafsey, T. J., Dafflon, B., and Hubbard, S.:
Electrical and seismic response of saline permafrost soil during freeze –
Thaw transition, J. Appl. Geophys., 146, 16–26,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2017.08.008, 2017.
Zhao, Y., Zimmermann, E., Huisman, J. A., Treichel, A., Wolters, B., Van
Waasen, S., and Kemna, A.: Broadband EIT borehole measurements with high
phase accuracy using numerical corrections of electromagnetic coupling
effects, Meas. Sci. Technol., 24, 085005, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/8/085005,
2013.
Zimmermann, E., Kemna, A., Berwix, J., Glaas, W., and Vereecken, H.: EIT
measurement system with high phase accuracy for the imaging of spectral
induced polarization properties of soils and sediments, Meas. Sci. Technol.,
19, 094010, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/19/9/094010, 2008.
Zimmermann, E., Huisman, J. A., Mester, A., and Van Waasen, S.: Correction of
phase errors due to leakage currents in wideband EIT field measurements on
soil and sediments, Meas. Sci. Technol., 30, 084002,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab1b09, 2019.
Zisser, N., Kemna, A., and Nover, G.: Dependence of spectral – induced
polarization response of sandstone on temperature and its relevance to
permeability estimation, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B09214,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007526, 2010.
Short summary
We extend the application of electrical methods to characterize alpine permafrost using the so-called induced polarization (IP) effect associated with the storage of charges at the interface between liquid and solid phases. We investigate different field protocols to enhance data quality and conclude that with appropriate measurement and processing procedures, the characteristic dependence of the IP response of frozen rocks improves the assessment of thermal state and ice content in permafrost.
We extend the application of electrical methods to characterize alpine permafrost using the...
