Articles | Volume 15, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2957-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2957-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The flexural strength of bonded ice
Andrii Murdza
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
Arttu Polojärvi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, Espoo, 00076 Aalto, Finland
Erland M. Schulson
Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
Carl E. Renshaw
Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
Related authors
Andrii Murdza, Erland M. Schulson, and Carl E. Renshaw
The Cryosphere, 15, 2415–2428, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2415-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2415-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It has been suggested that the observed sudden breakup of Arctic and Antarctic floating ice covers may be due to fatigue failure associated with cyclic loading from ocean swells that can penetrate deeply into an ice pack. To investigate this possibility, we measured the flexural strength of saline ice after cyclic loading. Contrary to expectations, we find that the flexural strength of saline ice increases upon cycling, similar to the behavior of laboratory-grown ice and natural lake ice.
Matias Uusinoka, Jari Haapala, Jan Åström, Mikko Lensu, and Arttu Polojärvi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-311, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-311, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We tracked sea ice deformation over a nine-month period using high-resolution ship radar data and a state-of-the-art deep learning technique. We observe that the typically consistent scale-invariant pattern in sea ice deformation has a lower limit of about 102 meters in winter, but this behavior disappears during summer. Our findings provide critical insights for considering current modeling assumptions and for connecting the scales of interest in sea ice dynamics.
Marek Muchow and Arttu Polojärvi
The Cryosphere, 18, 4765–4774, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first explicit three-dimensional simulations of sea-ice ridge formation, which enables us to observe failure in several locations simultaneously. Sea-ice ridges are formed when ice converges and fails due to wind and ocean currents, so broken ice accumulates in a ridge. Previous two-dimensional models could not capture this behavior. We conclude that non-simultaneous failure is necessary to simulate ridging forces to assess how ridging forces relate to other ice properties.
Jan Åström, Fredrik Robertsen, Jari Haapala, Arttu Polojärvi, Rivo Uiboupin, and Ilja Maljutenko
The Cryosphere, 18, 2429–2442, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The HiDEM code has been developed for analyzing the fracture and fragmentation of brittle materials and has been extensively applied to glacier calving. Here, we report on the adaptation of the code to sea-ice dynamics and breakup. The code demonstrates the capability to simulate sea-ice dynamics on a 100 km scale with an unprecedented resolution. We argue that codes of this type may become useful for improving forecasts of sea-ice dynamics.
Iman E. Gharamti, John P. Dempsey, Arttu Polojärvi, and Jukka Tuhkuri
The Cryosphere, 15, 2401–2413, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2401-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2401-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study the creep and fracture behavior of 3 m × 6 m floating edge-cracked rectangular plates of warm columnar freshwater S2 ice under creep/cyclic-recovery loading and monotonic loading to fracture. Under the testing conditions, the ice response was elastic–viscoplastic; no significant viscoelasticity or major recovery was detected. There was no clear effect of the creep/cyclic loading on the fracture properties: failure load and crack opening displacements at crack growth initiation.
Andrii Murdza, Erland M. Schulson, and Carl E. Renshaw
The Cryosphere, 15, 2415–2428, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2415-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2415-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It has been suggested that the observed sudden breakup of Arctic and Antarctic floating ice covers may be due to fatigue failure associated with cyclic loading from ocean swells that can penetrate deeply into an ice pack. To investigate this possibility, we measured the flexural strength of saline ice after cyclic loading. Contrary to expectations, we find that the flexural strength of saline ice increases upon cycling, similar to the behavior of laboratory-grown ice and natural lake ice.
Cited articles
Ardhuin, F., Otero, M., Merrifield, S., Grouazel, A., and Terrill, E.: Ice
Breakup Controls Dissipation of Wind Waves Across Southern Ocean Sea Ice,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087699, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087699, 2020.
Ashby, M. M. and Jones, D. R. H.: Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction
to Properties, Applications and Design, 4th Edn.,
Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 2012.
Asplin, M. G., Galley, R., Barber, D. G., and Prinsenberg, S.: Fracture of
summer perennial sea ice by ocean swell as a result of Arctic storms, J.
Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 117, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007221, 2012.
Bailey, E., Sammonds, P. R., and Feltham, D. L.: The consolidation and bond
strength of rafted sea ice, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 83–84, 37–48,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.06.002, 2012.
Boroojerdi, M. T., Bailey, E., and Taylor, R.: Experimental investigation of
rate dependency of freeze bond strength, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 178,
1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103120, 2020a.
Boroojerdi, M. T., Bailey, E., and Taylor, R.: Experimental study of the
effect of submersion time on the strength development of freeze bonds, Cold
Reg. Sci. Technol., 172, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102986,
2020b.
Bueide, I. M. and Høyland, K. V.: Confined compression tests on saline
and fresh freeze-bonds, in: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference
on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Trondheim, Norway,
2015.
Carter, D.: Lois et mechanisms de l'apparente fracture fragile de la glace
de riviere et de lac, PhD Thesis, University of Laval, 1971.
Collins, C. O., Rogers, W. E., Marchenko, A., and Babanin, A. V.: In situ
measurements of an energetic wave event in the Arctic marginal ice zone,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1863–1870, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063063, 2015.
Ettema, R. and Schaefer, J. A.: Experiments on Freeze-Bonding Between Ice
Blocks in Floating Ice rubble, J. Glaciol., 32, 397–403,
https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000012107, 1986.
Ettema, R. and Urroz, G. E.: On internal friction and cohesion in
unconsolidated ice rubble, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 16, 237–247,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(89)90025-6, 1989.
Frankenstein, G. and Garner, R.: Equations for Determining the Brine Volume
of Sea Ice from −0.5∘ to −22.9 ∘C, J. Glaciol., 6,
943–944, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000020244, 1967.
Golding, N., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: Shear faulting and
localized heating in ice: The influence of confinement, Acta Mater., 58,
5043–5056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.05.040, 2010.
Golding, N., Snyder, S. A., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: Plastic
faulting in saltwater ice, J. Glaciol., 60, 447–452,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J178, 2014.
Heinonen, J.: Constitutive modeling of ice rubble in first-year ridge keel,
Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, ISBN: 951-38-6391-3, VTT publications, Dissertation, 142 pp., 2004.
Helgøy, H., Astrup, O. S., and Høyland, K. V.: Laboratory work on
freeze-bonds in ice rubble, Part I: Experimental set-up, Ice-properties and
freeze-bond texture, in: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on
Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Espoo, Finland, 2013a.
Helgøy, H., Astrup, O. S., and Høyland, K. V.: Laboratory work on
freeze-bonds in ice rubble, Part II – Results from individual freeze bond
experiments, in: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Port and
Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Espoo, Finland, 2013b.
Høyland, K. V. and Møllegaard, A.: Mechanical behaviour of laboratory
made freeze-bonds as a function of submersion time, initial ice temperature
and sample size, in: 22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, 265–273,
Singapore, 2014.
Hwang, B., Wilkinson, J., Maksym, E., Graber, H. C., Schweiger, A., Horvat,
C., Perovich, D. K., Arntsen, A. E., Stanton, T. P., Ren, J., and Wadhams,
P.: Winter-to-summer transition of Arctic sea ice breakup and floe size
distribution in the Beaufort Sea, Elem. Sci. Anth., 5, 1–25,
https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.232, 2017.
Iliescu, D., Murdza, A., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: Strengthening
ice through cyclic loading, J. Glaciol., 63, 663–669,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.32, 2017.
Kohout, A. L., Williams, M. J. M., Dean, S. M., and Meylan, M. H.:
Storm-induced sea-ice breakup and the implications for ice extent, Nature,
509, 604–607, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13262, 2014.
Kohout, A. L., Williams, M. J. M., Toyota, T., Lieser, J., and Hutchings, J.:
In situ observations of wave-induced sea ice breakup, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
131, 22–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.010, 2016.
Liferov, P., Jensen, A., and Høyland, K. V.: On analysis of punch tests on
ice rubble, in: Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Ice,
volume 2, Dunedin, New Zealand, 101–110, 2002.
Liferov, P., Jensen, A., and Høyland, K. V.: 3D finite element analysis of
laboratory punch tests on ice rubble, in: Proceedings of the 17th
International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic
Conditions, POAC'03, volume 2, Trondheim, Norway, 611–621, 2003.
Marchenko, A. and Chenot, C.: Regelation of ice blocks in the water and on
the air, in: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Port and
Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Luleå, Sweden, 2009.
Michel, B. and Ramseier, R. O.: Classification of river and lake ice, Can.
Geotech. J., 8, 36–45, https://doi.org/10.1139/t71-004, 1971.
Murdza, A., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: Hysteretic behavior of
freshwater ice under cyclic loading: preliminary results, in: 24th IAHR
International Symposium on Ice, Vladivostok, 185–192, 2018.
Murdza, A., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: The effect of cyclic loading
on the flexural strength of columnar freshwater ice, in: Proceedings of the
International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic
Conditions, POAC, vol. 2019, June 2019.
Murdza, A., Marchenko, A., Schulson, E., Renshaw, C., Sakharov, A., Karulin,
E., and Chistyakov, P.: Results of preliminary cyclic loading experiments on
natural lake ice and sea ice, in: 25th IAHR International Symposium on Ice,
Trondheim, Norway, 1–10, 2020a.
Murdza, A., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: Strengthening of
columnar-grained freshwater ice through cyclic flexural loading, J.
Glaciol., 66, 556–566, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.31, 2020b.
Murdza, A., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: Behavior of saline ice under cyclic flexural loading, The Cryosphere, 15, 2415–2428, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2415-2021, 2021a.
Murdza, A., Marchenko, A., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: Cyclic
strengthening of lake ice, J. Glaciol., 67, 182–185,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.86, 2021b.
Polojärvi, A. and Tuhkuri, J.: On modeling cohesive ridge keel punch
through tests with a combined finite-discrete element method, Cold Reg. Sci.
Technol., 85, 191–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.09.013, 2013.
Repetto-Llamazares, A. H. V., Høyland, K. V., and Kim, E.: Experimental
studies on shear failure of freeze-bonds in saline ice:. Part II: Ice-ice
friction after failure and failure energy, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 65,
298–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.12.002, 2011a.
Repetto-Llamazares, A. H. V., Høyland, K. V., and Evers, K. U.:
Experimental studies on shear failure of freeze-bonds in saline ice: Part I.
Set-up, failure mode and freeze-bond strength, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.,
65, 286–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.12.001, 2011b.
Schulson, E. M. and Fortt, A. L.: Friction of ice on ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
117, B12204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009219, 2012.
Schulson, E. M., Lim, P. N., and Lee, R. W.: A brittle to ductile transition
in ice under tension, Philos. Mag. A, 49, 353–363,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01418618408233279, 1984.
Serré, N.: Mechanical properties of model ice ridge keels, Cold Reg.
Sci. Technol., 67, 89–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.02.007, 2011a.
Serré, N.: Numerical modelling of ice ridge keel action on subsea
structures, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 67, 107–119,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.02.011, 2011b.
Serré, N., Repetto-Llamazares, A. H. V., and Høyland, K.: Experiments
on the relation between freezebond and ice rubble strength, part I: shear
box experiments, in: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Port
and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Montreal, Canada, 1–18,
2011.
Shackleton, E. H.: South: The Story of Shackleton's Last Expedition,
1914–17, Macmillian, USA, 1982.
Shafrova, S. and Høyland, K. V.: The freeze-bond strength in first-year
ice ridges. Small-scale field and laboratory experiments, Cold Reg. Sci.
Technol., 54, 54–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.11.005, 2008.
Shen, H. H.: Wave-Ice Interactions, in: Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore
Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2017.
Sims, C. T.: A History of Superalloy Metallurgy for Superalloy
Metallurgists, in: Superalloys 1984 (Fifth International Symposium),
The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA, 399–419, 1984.
Smith, T. R. and Schulson, E. M.: The brittle compressive failure of
fresh-water columnar ice under biaxial loading, Acta Metall. Mater., 41,
153–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(93)90347-U, 1993.
Snyder, S. A., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: Effects of prestrain on
the ductile-to-brittle transition of ice, Acta Mater., 108, 110–127,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.01.062, 2016.
Squire, V. A.: Ocean Wave Interactions with Sea Ice: A Reappraisal, Annu.
Rev. Fluid Mech., 52, 37–60, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060301,
2020.
Szabo, D. and Schneebeli, M.: Subsecond sintering of ice, Appl. Phys. Lett.,
90, 1–3, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2721391, 2007.
Timco, G. W. and O'Brien, S.: Flexural strength equation for sea ice, Cold
Reg. Sci. Technol., 22, 285–298, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(94)90006-X, 1994.
Timco, G. W. and Weeks, W. F.: A review of the engineering properties of sea
ice, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 60, 107–129,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLDREGIONS.2009.10.003, 2010.
Weeks, W. F. and Ackley, S. F.: The Growth, Structure, and Properties of Sea
Ice, in: The Geophysics of Sea Ice, Springer US, Boston, MA, 9–164,
1986.
Short summary
The strength of refrozen floes or piles of ice rubble is an important factor in assessing ice-structure interactions, as well as the integrity of an ice cover itself. The results of this paper provide unique data on the tensile strength of freeze bonds and are the first measurements to be reported. The provided information can lead to a better understanding of the behavior of refrozen ice floes and better estimates of the strength of an ice rubble pile.
The strength of refrozen floes or piles of ice rubble is an important factor in assessing...