Articles | Volume 14, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4653-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4653-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Dec 2020
Research article |
| 21 Dec 2020
| 21 Dec 2020
The role of vadose zone physics in the ecohydrological response of a Tibetan meadow to freeze–thaw cycles
Lianyu Yu
Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation
(ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
Simone Fatichi
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation
(ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
Zhongbo Su
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation
(ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological
Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, School of Water and
Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
Related authors
Mostafa Gomaa Daoud, Fakhereh Alidoost, Yijian Zeng, Bart Schilperoort, Christiaan Van der Tol, Maciek W. Lubczynski, Mhd Suhyb Salama, Eric D. Morway, Christian D. Langevin, Prajwal Khanal, Zengjing Song, Lianyu Yu, Hong Zhao, Gualbert Oude Essink, Victor F. Bense, Michiel van der Molen, and Zhongbo Su
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4179, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4179, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the groundwater role in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. An integrated ecohydrological modelling approach was developed by coupling STEMMUS-SCOPE to MODFLOW 6 and applied at three sites over 8 years. The coupled model improved simulations of soil moisture and temperature, evapotranspiration, carbon fluxes and fluorescence. The findings highlight the groundwater critical role in ecosystem dynamics and its contribution to advancing water, energy and carbon cycle modelling.
Lianyu Yu, Yijian Zeng, Huanjie Cai, Mengna Li, Yuanyuan Zha, Jicai Zeng, Hui Qian, and Zhongbo Su
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-221, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-221, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a coupled soil water-groundwater (SW-GW) model, which is verified as physically accurate and applicable in large-scale groundwater problems. The role of vadose zone processes, coupling approach, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of SW-GW interactions were highlighted as essential to represent the SW-GW system. Given the relevant dataset, the developed SW-GW modeling framework has the potential to portray the processes "from bedrock to atmosphere" in a physically consistent manner.
Lianyu Yu, Yijian Zeng, and Zhongbo Su
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7345–7376, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an integrated soil–snow–atmosphere model (STEMMUS-UEB) dedicated to the physical description of snow and soil processes with various complexities. With STEMMUS-UEB, we demonstrated that the snowpack affects not only the soil surface moisture conditions (in the liquid and ice phase) and energy-related states (albedo, LE) but also the subsurface soil water and vapor transfer, which contributes to a better understanding of the hydrothermal implications of the snowpack in cold regions.
Mengna Li, Yijian Zeng, Maciek W. Lubczynski, Jean Roy, Lianyu Yu, Hui Qian, Zhenyu Li, Jie Chen, Lei Han, Han Zheng, Tom Veldkamp, Jeroen M. Schoorl, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Kai Hou, Qiying Zhang, Panpan Xu, Fan Li, Kai Lu, Yulin Li, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4727–4757, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4727-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4727-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau is the source of most of Asia's major rivers and has been called the Asian Water Tower. Due to its remoteness and the harsh environment, there is a lack of field survey data to investigate its hydrogeology. Borehole core lithology analysis, an altitude survey, soil thickness measurement, hydrogeological surveys, and hydrogeophysical surveys were conducted in the Maqu catchment within the Yellow River source region to improve a full–picture understanding of the water cycle.
Yunfei Wang, Yijian Zeng, Lianyu Yu, Peiqi Yang, Christiaan Van der Tol, Qiang Yu, Xiaoliang Lü, Huanjie Cai, and Zhongbo Su
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1379–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study integrates photosynthesis and transfer of energy, mass, and momentum in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum system, via a simplified 1D root growth model. The results indicated that the simulation of land surface fluxes was significantly improved by considering the root water uptake, especially when vegetation was experiencing severe water stress. This finding highlights the importance of enhanced soil heat and moisture transfer in simulating ecosystem functioning.
Jianning Ren, Zhaoyang Luo, Xiangzhong Luo, Stefano Galelli, Athanasios Paschalis, Valeriy Ivanov, Shanti Shwarup Mahto, and Simone Fatichi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4570, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4570, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Southeast Asia’s water and carbon fluxes remain poorly understood due to limited field observations and modelling. Using available data and computer models, we show the region is mostly energy-limited: evapotranspiration is controlled by relative humidity, while plant productivity is driven by solar radiation. In some particular areas, such as the Tibetan Plateau, savannas, and dry deciduous forests, water availability is the main limiting factor.
Mostafa Gomaa Daoud, Fakhereh Alidoost, Yijian Zeng, Bart Schilperoort, Christiaan Van der Tol, Maciek W. Lubczynski, Mhd Suhyb Salama, Eric D. Morway, Christian D. Langevin, Prajwal Khanal, Zengjing Song, Lianyu Yu, Hong Zhao, Gualbert Oude Essink, Victor F. Bense, Michiel van der Molen, and Zhongbo Su
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4179, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4179, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the groundwater role in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. An integrated ecohydrological modelling approach was developed by coupling STEMMUS-SCOPE to MODFLOW 6 and applied at three sites over 8 years. The coupled model improved simulations of soil moisture and temperature, evapotranspiration, carbon fluxes and fluorescence. The findings highlight the groundwater critical role in ecosystem dynamics and its contribution to advancing water, energy and carbon cycle modelling.
Yue Zhu, Paolo Burlando, Puay Yok Tan, Christian Geiß, and Simone Fatichi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2271–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2271-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2271-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the challenge of accurately predicting floods in regions with limited terrain data. By utilising a deep learning model, we developed a method that improves the resolution of digital elevation data by fusing low-resolution elevation data with high-resolution satellite imagery. This approach not only substantially enhances flood prediction accuracy, but also holds potential for broader applications in simulating natural hazards that require terrain information.
Shanti Shwarup Mahto, Simone Fatichi, and Stefano Galelli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2693–2712, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2693-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The MSEA-Res database offers an open-access dataset tracking absolute water storage for 186 large reservoirs across Mainland Southeast Asia from 1985 to 2023. It provides valuable insights into how reservoir storage grew by 130 % between 2008 and 2017, driven by dams in key river basins. Our data also reveal how droughts, like the 2019–2020 event, significantly impacted water reservoirs. This resource can aid water management, drought planning, and research globally.
Qianqian Han, Yijian Zeng, Yunfei Wang, Fakhereh Sarah Alidoost, Francesco Nattino, Yang Liu, and Bob Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-183, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-183, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how land interacts with the atmosphere is crucial for studying climate change, yet global high-resolution data on energy, water, and carbon exchanges remain limited. This study introduces a new dataset that estimates these exchanges hourly from 2000 to 2020 by combining physical process model, field measurements, and machine learning with satellite and meteorological data. Our dataset provides valuable insights into how ecosystems respond to climate extremes worldwide.
Jordi Buckley Paules, Simone Fatichi, Bonnie Warring, and Athanasios Paschalis
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1287–1305, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1287-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1287-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present and validate enhancements to the process-based T&C model aimed at improving its representation of crop growth and management practices. The updated model, T&C-CROP, enables applications such as analysing the hydrological and carbon storage impacts of land use transitions (e.g. conversions between crops, forests, and pastures) and optimizing irrigation and fertilization strategies in response to climate change.
Paolo Nasta, Günter Blöschl, Heye R. Bogena, Steffen Zacharias, Roland Baatz, Gabriëlle De Lannoy, Karsten H. Jensen, Salvatore Manfreda, Laurent Pfister, Ana M. Tarquis, Ilja van Meerveld, Marc Voltz, Yijian Zeng, William Kustas, Xin Li, Harry Vereecken, and Nunzio Romano
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 465–483, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-465-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-465-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Unsolved Problems in Hydrology (UPH) initiative has emphasized the need to establish networks of multi-decadal hydrological observatories to tackle catchment-scale challenges on a global scale. This opinion paper provocatively discusses two endmembers of possible future hydrological observatory (HO) networks for a given hypothesized community budget: a comprehensive set of moderately instrumented observatories or, alternatively, a small number of highly instrumented supersites.
Yiran Wang, Naika Meili, and Simone Fatichi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 381–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-381-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-381-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use climate model simulations and process-based ecohydrological modeling to assess the effects of solar radiation changes on hydrological variables. Results show that direct changes in solar radiation without the land–atmosphere feedback primarily affects sensible heat with limited effects on hydrology and vegetation. However, including land–atmosphere feedbacks exacerbates the effects of radiation changes on evapotranspiration and modifies vegetation productivity.
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Zengjing Song, Yijian Zeng, Yunfei Wang, Enting Tang, Danyang Yu, Fakhereh Alidoost, Mingguo Ma, Xujun Han, Xuguang Tang, Zhongjing Zhu, Yao Xiao, Debing Kong, and Zhongbo Su
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2940, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2940, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of water and carbon between the plant and the atmosphere is affected under water stress conditions. In this study, a leaf-water-potential-based water stress factor is considered in the STEMMUS-SCOPE (hereafter STEMMUS-SCOPE-PHS), to replace the conventional soil-moisture-based water stress factor. The results show that leaf water potential reflects the plant water stress well, and the STEMMUS-SCOPE-PHS outperforms STEMMUS-SCOPE in the dynamics of the water, energy and carbon fluxes.
Tobias Karl David Weber, Lutz Weihermüller, Attila Nemes, Michel Bechtold, Aurore Degré, Efstathios Diamantopoulos, Simone Fatichi, Vilim Filipović, Surya Gupta, Tobias L. Hohenbrink, Daniel R. Hirmas, Conrad Jackisch, Quirijn de Jong van Lier, John Koestel, Peter Lehmann, Toby R. Marthews, Budiman Minasny, Holger Pagel, Martine van der Ploeg, Shahab Aldin Shojaeezadeh, Simon Fiil Svane, Brigitta Szabó, Harry Vereecken, Anne Verhoef, Michael Young, Yijian Zeng, Yonggen Zhang, and Sara Bonetti
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3391–3433, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are used to predict parameters of models describing the hydraulic properties of soils. The appropriateness of these predictions critically relies on the nature of the datasets for training the PTFs and the physical comprehensiveness of the models. This roadmap paper is addressed to PTF developers and users and critically reflects the utility and future of PTFs. To this end, we present a manifesto aiming at a paradigm shift in PTF research.
Yunfei Wang, Yijian Zeng, Zengjing Song, Danyang Yu, Qianqian Han, Enting Tang, Henk de Bruin, and Zhongbo Su
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1321, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1321, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Various methods were proposed to estimate irrigation water requirements (IWR). However, the simulated IWR exhibits large differences. This study evaluates six potential evapotranspiration (PET) methods and proposes a practical approach to estimate IWR. The radiation-based methods show promise in approximating daily PET accurately, and the STEMMUS-SCOPE model can reliably estimate IWR. This research enhances our understanding of different PET methods and their implications for water management.
Enting Tang, Yijian Zeng, Yunfei Wang, Zengjing Song, Danyang Yu, Hongyue Wu, Chenglong Qiao, Christiaan van der Tol, Lingtong Du, and Zhongbo Su
Biogeosciences, 21, 893–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that planting shrubs in a semiarid grassland reduced the soil moisture and increased plant water uptake and transpiration. Notably, the water used by the ecosystem exceeded the rainfall received during the growing seasons, indicating an imbalance in the water cycle. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the STEMMUS–SCOPE model as a tool to represent ecohydrological processes and highlight the need to consider energy and water budgets for future revegetation projects.
Qianqian Han, Yijian Zeng, Lijie Zhang, Calimanut-Ionut Cira, Egor Prikaziuk, Ting Duan, Chao Wang, Brigitta Szabó, Salvatore Manfreda, Ruodan Zhuang, and Bob Su
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5825–5845, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5825-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5825-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using machine learning, we estimated global surface soil moisture (SSM) to aid in understanding water, energy, and carbon exchange. Ensemble models outperformed individual algorithms in predicting SSM under different climates. The best-performing ensemble included K-neighbours Regressor, Random Forest Regressor, and Extreme Gradient Boosting. This is important for hydrological and climatological applications such as water cycle monitoring, irrigation management, and crop yield prediction.
Kai-Gao Ouyang, Xiao-Wei Jiang, Gang Mei, Hong-Bin Yan, Ran Niu, Li Wan, and Yijian Zeng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2579–2590, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2579-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2579-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our knowledge on sources and dynamics of rock moisture is limited. By using frequency domain reflectometry (FDR), we monitored rock moisture in a cave. The results of an explainable deep learning model reveal that the direct source of rock moisture responsible for weathering in the studied cave is vapour, not infiltrating precipitation. A physics-informed deep learning model, which uses variables controlling vapor condensation as model inputs, leads to accurate rock water content predictions.
Lianyu Yu, Yijian Zeng, Huanjie Cai, Mengna Li, Yuanyuan Zha, Jicai Zeng, Hui Qian, and Zhongbo Su
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-221, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-221, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a coupled soil water-groundwater (SW-GW) model, which is verified as physically accurate and applicable in large-scale groundwater problems. The role of vadose zone processes, coupling approach, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of SW-GW interactions were highlighted as essential to represent the SW-GW system. Given the relevant dataset, the developed SW-GW modeling framework has the potential to portray the processes "from bedrock to atmosphere" in a physically consistent manner.
Pei Zhang, Donghai Zheng, Rogier van der Velde, Jun Wen, Yaoming Ma, Yijian Zeng, Xin Wang, Zuoliang Wang, Jiali Chen, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5513–5542, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture and soil temperature (SMST) are important state variables for quantifying the heat–water exchange between land and atmosphere. Yet, long-term, regional-scale in situ SMST measurements at multiple depths are scarce on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The presented dataset would be valuable for the evaluation and improvement of long-term satellite- and model-based SMST products on the TP, enhancing the understanding of TP hydrometeorological processes and their response to climate change.
Hong Zhao, Yijian Zeng, Jan G. Hofste, Ting Duan, Jun Wen, and Zhongbo Su
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-333, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-333, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrated the capability of our developed platform for simulating microwave emission and backscatter signals at multi-frequency. The results of associated investigations on impacts of vegetation water (VW) and temperature (T) imply the need to first disentangle the impact of T for the use of high-frequency signals as its variation is more due to dynamic T. Estimated vegetation optical depth is frequency-dependent, while its diurnal variation depends on that of VW despite frequency.
Stefano Manzoni, Simone Fatichi, Xue Feng, Gabriel G. Katul, Danielle Way, and Giulia Vico
Biogeosciences, 19, 4387–4414, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4387-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4387-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) causes leaves to close their stomata (through which water evaporates) but also promotes leaf growth. Even if individual leaves save water, how much will be consumed by a whole plant with possibly more leaves? Using different mathematical models, we show that plant stands that are not very dense and can grow more leaves will benefit from higher CO2 by photosynthesizing more while adjusting their stomata to consume similar amounts of water.
Stefan Fugger, Catriona L. Fyffe, Simone Fatichi, Evan Miles, Michael McCarthy, Thomas E. Shaw, Baohong Ding, Wei Yang, Patrick Wagnon, Walter Immerzeel, Qiao Liu, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 1631–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The monsoon is important for the shrinking and growing of glaciers in the Himalaya during summer. We calculate the melt of seven glaciers in the region using a complex glacier melt model and weather data. We find that monsoonal weather affects glaciers that are covered with a layer of rocky debris and glaciers without such a layer in different ways. It is important to take so-called turbulent fluxes into account. This knowledge is vital for predicting the future of the Himalayan glaciers.
Shaoning Lv, Clemens Simmer, Yijian Zeng, Jun Wen, Yuanyuan Guo, and Zhongbo Su
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-369, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-369, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The freeze-thaw of the ground is an interesting topic to climatology, hydrology, and other earth sciences. The global freeze-thaw distribution is available by passive microwave remote sensing technique. However, the remote sensing technique indirectly detects freeze-thaw states by measuring the brightness temperature difference between frozen and unfrozen soil. Thus, we present different interprets of the brightness signals to the FT-state by using its sub-daily character.
Lianyu Yu, Yijian Zeng, and Zhongbo Su
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7345–7376, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an integrated soil–snow–atmosphere model (STEMMUS-UEB) dedicated to the physical description of snow and soil processes with various complexities. With STEMMUS-UEB, we demonstrated that the snowpack affects not only the soil surface moisture conditions (in the liquid and ice phase) and energy-related states (albedo, LE) but also the subsurface soil water and vapor transfer, which contributes to a better understanding of the hydrothermal implications of the snowpack in cold regions.
Wouter Dorigo, Irene Himmelbauer, Daniel Aberer, Lukas Schremmer, Ivana Petrakovic, Luca Zappa, Wolfgang Preimesberger, Angelika Xaver, Frank Annor, Jonas Ardö, Dennis Baldocchi, Marco Bitelli, Günter Blöschl, Heye Bogena, Luca Brocca, Jean-Christophe Calvet, J. Julio Camarero, Giorgio Capello, Minha Choi, Michael C. Cosh, Nick van de Giesen, Istvan Hajdu, Jaakko Ikonen, Karsten H. Jensen, Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Ileen de Kat, Gottfried Kirchengast, Pankaj Kumar Rai, Jenni Kyrouac, Kristine Larson, Suxia Liu, Alexander Loew, Mahta Moghaddam, José Martínez Fernández, Cristian Mattar Bader, Renato Morbidelli, Jan P. Musial, Elise Osenga, Michael A. Palecki, Thierry Pellarin, George P. Petropoulos, Isabella Pfeil, Jarrett Powers, Alan Robock, Christoph Rüdiger, Udo Rummel, Michael Strobel, Zhongbo Su, Ryan Sullivan, Torbern Tagesson, Andrej Varlagin, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Jeffrey Walker, Jun Wen, Fred Wenger, Jean Pierre Wigneron, Mel Woods, Kun Yang, Yijian Zeng, Xiang Zhang, Marek Zreda, Stephan Dietrich, Alexander Gruber, Peter van Oevelen, Wolfgang Wagner, Klaus Scipal, Matthias Drusch, and Roberto Sabia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5749–5804, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) is a community-based open-access data portal for soil water measurements taken at the ground and is accessible at https://ismn.earth. Over 1000 scientific publications and thousands of users have made use of the ISMN. The scope of this paper is to inform readers about the data and functionality of the ISMN and to provide a review of the scientific progress facilitated through the ISMN with the scope to shape future research and operations.
Mengna Li, Yijian Zeng, Maciek W. Lubczynski, Jean Roy, Lianyu Yu, Hui Qian, Zhenyu Li, Jie Chen, Lei Han, Han Zheng, Tom Veldkamp, Jeroen M. Schoorl, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Kai Hou, Qiying Zhang, Panpan Xu, Fan Li, Kai Lu, Yulin Li, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4727–4757, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4727-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4727-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau is the source of most of Asia's major rivers and has been called the Asian Water Tower. Due to its remoteness and the harsh environment, there is a lack of field survey data to investigate its hydrogeology. Borehole core lithology analysis, an altitude survey, soil thickness measurement, hydrogeological surveys, and hydrogeophysical surveys were conducted in the Maqu catchment within the Yellow River source region to improve a full–picture understanding of the water cycle.
Hong-Yu Xie, Xiao-Wei Jiang, Shu-Cong Tan, Li Wan, Xu-Sheng Wang, Si-Hai Liang, and Yijian Zeng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4243–4257, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Freezing-induced groundwater migration and water table decline are widely observed, but quantitative understanding of these processes is lacking. By considering wintertime atmospheric conditions and occurrence of lateral groundwater inflow, a model coupling soil water and groundwater reproduced field observations of soil temperature, soil water content, and groundwater level well. The model results led to a clear understanding of the balance of the water budget during the freezing–thawing cycle.
Cunbo Han, Yaoming Ma, Binbin Wang, Lei Zhong, Weiqiang Ma, Xuelong Chen, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3513–3524, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Actual terrestrial evapotranspiration (ETa) is a key parameter controlling the land–atmosphere interaction processes and water cycle. However, the spatial distribution and temporal changes in ETa over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remain very uncertain. Here we estimate the multiyear (2001–2018) monthly ETa and its spatial distribution on the TP by a combination of meteorological data and satellite products. Results have been validated at six eddy-covariance monitoring sites and show high accuracy.
Pei Zhang, Donghai Zheng, Rogier van der Velde, Jun Wen, Yijian Zeng, Xin Wang, Zuoliang Wang, Jiali Chen, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3075–3102, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3075-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3075-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on the status of the Tibet-Obs and presents a 10-year (2009–2019) surface soil moisture (SM) dataset produced based on in situ measurements taken at a depth of 5 cm collected from the Tibet-Obs. This surface SM dataset includes the original 15 min in situ measurements collected by multiple SM monitoring sites of three networks (i.e. the Maqu, Naqu, and Ngari networks) and the spatially upscaled SM records produced for the Maqu and Shiquanhe networks.
Jan G. Hofste, Rogier van der Velde, Jun Wen, Xin Wang, Zuoliang Wang, Donghai Zheng, Christiaan van der Tol, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2819–2856, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2819-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2819-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The dataset reported in this paper concerns the measurement of microwave reflections from an alpine meadow over the Tibetan Plateau. These microwave reflections were measured continuously over 1 year. With it, variations in soil water content due to evaporation, precipitation, drainage, and soil freezing/thawing can be seen. A better understanding of the effects aforementioned processes have on microwave reflections may improve methods for estimating soil water content used by satellites.
Martina Botter, Matthias Zeeman, Paolo Burlando, and Simone Fatichi
Biogeosciences, 18, 1917–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1917-2021, 2021
Yunfei Wang, Yijian Zeng, Lianyu Yu, Peiqi Yang, Christiaan Van der Tol, Qiang Yu, Xiaoliang Lü, Huanjie Cai, and Zhongbo Su
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1379–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study integrates photosynthesis and transfer of energy, mass, and momentum in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum system, via a simplified 1D root growth model. The results indicated that the simulation of land surface fluxes was significantly improved by considering the root water uptake, especially when vegetation was experiencing severe water stress. This finding highlights the importance of enhanced soil heat and moisture transfer in simulating ecosystem functioning.
María P. González-Dugo, Xuelong Chen, Ana Andreu, Elisabet Carpintero, Pedro J. Gómez-Giraldez, Arnaud Carrara, and Zhongbo Su
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 755–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drought is a devastating natural hazard and difficult to define, detect and quantify. Global meteorological data and remote-sensing products present new opportunities to characterize drought in an objective way. In this paper, we applied the surface energy balance model SEBS to estimate monthly evapotranspiration (ET) from 2001 to 2018 over the dehesa area of the Iberian Peninsula. ET anomalies were used to identify the main drought events and analyze their impacts on dehesa vegetation.
Rogier van der Velde, Andreas Colliander, Michiel Pezij, Harm-Jan F. Benninga, Rajat Bindlish, Steven K. Chan, Thomas J. Jackson, Dimmie M. D. Hendriks, Denie C. M. Augustijn, and Zhongbo Su
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 473–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
NASA’s SMAP satellite provides estimates of the amount of water in the soil. With measurements from a network of 20 monitoring stations, the accuracy of these estimates has been studied for a 4-year period. We found an agreement between satellite and in situ estimates in line with the mission requirements once the large mismatches associated with rapidly changing water contents, e.g. soil freezing and rainfall, are excluded.
Xu Yuan, Xiaolong Yu, and Zhongbo Su
Ocean Sci., 16, 1285–1296, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1285-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1285-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the variabilities of the barrier layer thickness (BLT) in the tropical Indian Ocean with the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation version 3 ocean reanalysis data. Our results show that the seasonal variation of the BLT is in relation to the changes of thermocline and sea surface salinity. In terms of the interannual timescale, BLT presents a clear seasonal phase locking dominated by different drivers during the Indian Dipole and El Niño–Southern Oscillation events.
Cited articles
Bittelli, M., Ventura, F., Campbell, G. S., Snyder, R. L., Gallegati, F.,
and Pisa, P. R.: Coupling of heat, water vapor, and liquid water fluxes to
compute evaporation in bare soils, J. Hydrol., 362, 191–205,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.08.014, 2008.
Boike, J., Hagedorn, B., and Roth, K.: Heat and Water Transfer Processes in
Permafrost Affected Soils: A Review of Field and Modeling Based Studies for
the Arctic and Antarctic, Plenary Paper, in: Proceedings of the 9th
International Conference on Permafrost, 29 June–3 July 2008, University of Alaska, Fairbanks,
USA, 149–154, 2008.
Boone, A., Masson, V., Meyers, T., and Noilhan, J.: The Influence of the
Inclusion of Soil Freezing on Simulations by a Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere
Transfer Scheme, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1544–1569,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<1544:TIOTIO>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Campbell, J. L. and Laudon, H.: Carbon response to changing winter
conditions in northern regions: Current understanding and emerging research
needs, Environ. Rev., 27, 545–566,
https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0097, 2019.
Chen, L., Fortier, D., McKenzie, J. M., and Sliger, M.: Impact of heat
advection on the thermal regime of roads built on permafrost, Hydrol.
Process., 34, 1647–1664, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13688, 2020.
Chen, X., Su, Z., Ma, Y., Yang, K., Wen, J., and Zhang, Y.: An Improvement
of Roughness Height Parameterization of the Surface Energy Balance System
(SEBS) over the Tibetan Plateau, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Clim., 52, 607–622, https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-056.1, 2013.
Cheng, G. and Wu, T.: Responses of permafrost to climate change and their
environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 112, F02S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000631,
2007.
Cuntz, M. and Haverd, V.: Physically Accurate Soil Freeze-Thaw Processes in
a Global Land Surface Scheme, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy.,
10, 54–77, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001100, 2018.
Dall'Amico, M., Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S., and Rigon, R.: A robust and energy-conserving model of freezing variably-saturated soil, The Cryosphere, 5, 469–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-469-2011, 2011.
Dente, L., Vekerdy, Z., Wen, J., and Su, Z.: Maqu network for validation of
satellite-derived soil moisture products, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf.,
17, 55–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.11.004, 2012.
Druel, A., Ciais, P., Krinner, G., and Peylin, P.: Modeling the Vegetation
Dynamics of Northern Shrubs and Mosses in the ORCHIDEE Land Surface Model,
J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 2020–2035,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001531, 2019.
Ekici, A., Beer, C., Hagemann, S., Boike, J., Langer, M., and Hauck, C.: Simulating high-latitude permafrost regions by the JSBACH terrestrial ecosystem model, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-631-2014, 2014.
Farouki, O. T.: The thermal properties of soils in cold regions, Cold
Regions Sci. Tech., 5, 67–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(81)90041-0,
1981.
Fatichi, S. and Ivanov, V. Y.: Interannual variability of
evapotranspiration and vegetation productivity, Water Resour. Res., 50,
3275–3294, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013wr015044, 2014.
Fatichi, S. and Pappas, C.: Constrained variability of modeled T:ET ratio
across biomes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6795–6803,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074041, 2017.
Fatichi, S., Ivanov, V. Y., and Caporali, E.: A mechanistic ecohydrological
model to investigate complex interactions in cold and warm water-controlled
environments: 2. Spatiotemporal analyses, J. Adv. Model.
Earth Sy., 4, M05003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011ms000087, 2012a.
Fatichi, S., Ivanov, V. Y., and Caporali, E.: A mechanistic ecohydrological
model to investigate complex interactions in cold and warm water-controlled
environments: 1. Theoretical framework and plot-scale analysis, J.
Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 4, M05002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011ms000086, 2012b.
Fatichi, S., Leuzinger, S., Paschalis, A., Langley, J. A., Donnellan
Barraclough, A., and Hovenden, M. J.: Partitioning direct and indirect
effects reveals the response of water-limited ecosystems to elevated
CO2 , P.
Natl. Acad. Sci., 113, 12757–12762,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605036113, 2016a.
Fatichi, S., Pappas, C., and Ivanov, V. Y.: Modeling plant-water
interactions: an ecohydrological overview from the cell to the global scale,
WIREs Water, 3, 327–368, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1125, 2016b.
Fisher, J. B., Huntzinger, D. N., Schwalm, C. R., and Sitch, S.: Modeling
the Terrestrial Biosphere, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 39,
91–123, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012913-093456, 2014.
Flerchinger, G. N. and Saxton, K. E.: Simultaneous heat and water model of
a freezing snow-residue-soil system. I. Theory and development, Transactions
of the American Society of Transactions
of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 32, 565–571,
https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.31040, 1989.
Fuchs, M., Campbell, G. S., and Papendick, R. I.: An Analysis of Sensible
and Latent Heat Flow in a Partially Frozen Unsaturated Soil, Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. J., 42, 379–385,
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030001x, 1978.
Gao, B., Yang, D., Qin, Y., Wang, Y., Li, H., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, T.: Change in frozen soils and its effect on regional hydrology, upper Heihe basin, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, The Cryosphere, 12, 657–673, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-657-2018, 2018.
Gouttevin, I., Krinner, G., Ciais, P., Polcher, J., and Legout, C.: Multi-scale validation of a new soil freezing scheme for a land-surface model with physically-based hydrology, The Cryosphere, 6, 407–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-407-2012, 2012.
Grenier, C., Anbergen, H., Bense, V., Chanzy, Q., Coon, E., Collier, N.,
Costard, F., Ferry, M., Frampton, A., Frederick, J., Gonçalvès, J.,
Holmén, J., Jost, A., Kokh, S., Kurylyk, B., McKenzie, J., Molson, J.,
Mouche, E., Orgogozo, L., Pannetier, R., Rivière, A., Roux, N.,
Rühaak, W., Scheidegger, J., Selroos, J. O., Therrien, R., Vidstrand,
P., and Voss, C.: Groundwater flow and heat transport for systems undergoing
freeze-thaw: Intercomparison of numerical simulators for 2D test cases, Adv.
Water Resour., 114, 196–218,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.02.001, 2018.
Hansson, K., Šimůnek, J., Mizoguchi, M., Lundin, L. C., and van
Genuchten, M. T.: Water flow and heat transport in frozen soil: Numerical
solution and freeze-thaw applications, Vadose Zone J., 3, 693–704,
https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2004.0693, 2004.
Hinzman, L. D., Deal, C. J., McGuire, A. D., Mernild, S. H., Polyakov, I.
V., and Walsh, J. E.: Trajectory of the Arctic as an integrated system,
Ecol. Appl., 23, 1837–1868, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1498.1,
2013.
Jiang, Y., Zhuang, Q., and O'Donnell, J. A.: Modeling thermal dynamics of
active layer soils and near-surface permafrost using a fully coupled water
and heat transport model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117,
D11110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017512, 2012.
Johansen, O.: Thermal conductivity of soils, PhD thesis, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway,
236 pp., 1975.
Kane, D. L., Hinkel, K. M., Goering, D. J., Hinzman, L. D., and Outcalt, S.
I.: Non-conductive heat transfer associated with frozen soils, Glob. Planet.
Change, 29, 275–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00095-9, 2001.
Kurylyk, B. L. and Watanabe, K.: The mathematical representation of
freezing and thawing processes in variably-saturated, non-deformable soils,
Adv. Water Resour., 60, 160–177,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.07.016, 2013.
Lamontagne-Hallé, P., McKenzie, J. M., Kurylyk, B. L., Molson, J., and
Lyon, L. N.: Guidelines for cold-regions groundwater numerical modeling,
WIREs Water, 7, e1467, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1467, 2020.
Lasslop, G.,
Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Richardson, A. D., Arneth, A., Barr, A., Stoy,
P., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Separation of net ecosystem exchange into
assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical
issues and global evaluation, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 187–208,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x, 2010.
Lawrence, D., Fisher, R., Koven, C., Oleson, K., Swenson, S., and
Vertenstein, M.: Technical description of version 5.0 of the Community Land
Model (CLM), available at:
http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm2/land/CLM50<Tech>Note.pdf (last access: 27 July 2020), 2018.
Lee, H. S., Matthews, C. J., Braddock, R. D., Sander, G. C., and Gandola,
F.: A MATLAB method of lines template for transport equations, Environ.
Model Softw., 19, 603–614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.08.017,
2004.
Leuning, R., van Gorsel, E., Massman, W. J., and Isaac, P. R.: Reflections
on the surface energy imbalance problem, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 156, 65–74,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.12.002, 2012.
Li, H., Zhang, F., Li, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, L., Zhao, L., Cao, G., Zhao, X.,
and Du, M.: Seasonal and inter-annual variations in CO2 fluxes over 10 years
in an alpine shrubland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 228/229, 95–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.020,
2016.
Liu, X. and Chen, B.: Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent
decades, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1729–1742,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1729::AID-JOC556>3.0.CO;2-Y, 2000.
Lyu, Z. and Zhuang, Q.: Quantifying the Effects of Snowpack on Soil Thermal
and Carbon Dynamics of the Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems, J.
Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123, 1197–1212,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003864, 2018.
Mastrotheodoros, T., Pappas, C., Molnar, P., Burlando, P., Keenan, T. F.,
Gentine, P., Gough, C. M., and Fatichi, S.: Linking plant functional trait
plasticity and the large increase in forest water use efficiency, J.
Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 2393–2408,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jg003890, 2017.
Milly, P. C. D.: Moisture and heat transport in hysteretic, inhomogeneous
porous media: A matric head-based formulation and a numerical model, Water
Resour. Res., 18, 489–498, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i003p00489, 1982.
Myneni, R., Knyazikhin, Y., and Park, T.: MCD15A3H MODIS/Terra+Aqua Leaf
Area Index/FPAR 4-Day L4 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006, NASA EOSDIS Land
Processes DAAC, https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD15A3H.006, 2015.
Painter, S. L.: Three-phase numerical model of water migration in partially
frozen geological media: Model formulation, validation, and applications,
Comput. Geosci., 15, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-010-9197-z, 2011.
Painter, S. L. and Karra, S.: Constitutive model for unfrozen water content
in subfreezing unsaturated soils, Vadose Zone J., 13, 1–8,
https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.04.0071, 2014.
Painter, S. L., Coon, E. T., Atchley, A. L., Berndt, M., Garimella, R.,
Moulton, J. D., Svyatskiy, D., and Wilson, C. J.: Integrated
surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology: Model formulation and
proof-of-concept simulations, Water Resour. Res., 52, 6062–6077,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018427, 2016.
Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, 3, 571–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-571-2006, 2006.
Pappas, C., Fatichi, S., and Burlando, P.: Modeling terrestrial carbon and
water dynamics across climatic gradients: does plant trait diversity
matter?, New Phytol., 209, 137–151, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13590,
2016.
Peng, X., Zhang, T., Frauenfeld, O. W., Wang, K., Cao, B., Zhong, X., Su, H., and Mu, C.: Response of seasonal soil freeze depth to climate change across China, The Cryosphere, 11, 1059–1073, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1059-2017, 2017.
Qin, Y., Lei, H., Yang, D., Gao, B., Wang, Y., Cong, Z., and Fan, W.:
Long-term change in the depth of seasonally frozen ground and its
ecohydrological impacts in the Qilian Mountains, northeastern Tibetan
Plateau, J. Hydrol., 542, 204–221,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.008, 2016.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M.,
Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A.,
Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl,
A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T.,
Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E.,
Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and
Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation
and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change
Biol., 11, 1424–1439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x,
2005.
Running, S., Mu, Q., and Zhao, M.: MOD17A2H MODIS/Terra Gross Primary
Productivity 8-Day L4 Global 500 m SIN GridRep., NASA LP DAAC, https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD17A2H.006, 2015.
Saxton, K. E. and Rawls, W. J.: Soil water characteristic estimates by texture and organic matter for hydrologic solutions, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 1569–1578, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0117, 2006.
Scanlon, B. R. and Milly, P. C. D.: Water and heat fluxes in desert soils:
2. Numerical simulations, Water Resour. Res., 30, 721–733,
https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr03252, 1994.
Schuur, E. A. G., McGuire, A. D., Schadel, C., Grosse, G., Harden, J. W.,
Hayes, D. J., Hugelius, G., Koven, C. D., Kuhry, P., Lawrence, D. M.,
Natali, S. M., Olefeldt, D., Romanovsky, V. E., Schaefer, K., Turetsky, M.
R., Treat, C. C., and Vonk, J. E.: Climate change and the permafrost carbon
feedback, Nature, 520, 171–179, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14338, 2015.
Sjöberg, Y., Coon, E., Sannel, A. B. K., Pannetier, R., Harp, D.,
Frampton, A., Painter, S. L., and Lyon, S. W.: Thermal effects of
groundwater flow through subarctic fens: A case study based on field
observations and numerical modeling, Water Resour. Res., 52, 1591–1606,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017571, 2016.
Su, Z.: The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-85-2002, 2002.
Su, Z., Wen, J., Dente, L., van der Velde, R., Wang, L., Ma, Y., Yang, K., and Hu, Z.: The Tibetan Plateau observatory of plateau scale soil moisture and soil temperature (Tibet-Obs) for quantifying uncertainties in coarse resolution satellite and model products, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2303–2316, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2303-2011, 2011.
Su, Z., de Rosnay, P., Wen, J., Wang, L., and Zeng, Y.: Evaluation of
ECMWF's soil moisture analyses using observations on the Tibetan Plateau,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5304–5318,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50468, 2013.
Su, Z., Wen, J., Zeng, Y., Zhao, H., Lv, S., van der Velde, R., Zheng, D., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Schwank, M., Kerr, Y., Yueh, S., Colliander, A., Qian, H., Drusch, M., and Mecklenburg, S.: Multiyear in-situ L-band microwave radiometry of land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau, figshare Dataset, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12058038.v1, 2020.
Tanaka, K., Tamagawa, I., Ishikawa, H., Ma, Y., and Hu, Z.: Surface energy
budget and closure of the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the GAME-Tibet IOP
1998, J. Hydrol., 283, 169–183,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00243-9, 2003.
van Genuchten, M. T.: A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898, https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSAJ1980.03615995004400050002X, 1980.
Walvoord, M. A. and Kurylyk, B. L.: Hydrologic Impacts of Thawing
Permafrost-A Review, Vadose Zone J., 15, 1–20,
https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.01.0010, 2016.
Wang, C. and Yang, K.: A New Scheme for Considering Soil Water-Heat
Transport Coupling Based on Community Land Model: Model Description and
Preliminary Validation, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10,
927–950, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ms001148, 2018.
Wang, G., Liu, G., Li, C., and Yang, Y.: The variability of soil thermal and
hydrological dynamics with vegetation cover in a permafrost region, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 162/163, 44–57,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.04.006, 2012.
Wang, L., Zhou, J., Qi, J., Sun, L., Yang, K., Tian, L., Lin, Y., Liu, W.,
Shrestha, M., Xue, Y., Koike, T., Ma, Y., Li, X., Chen, Y., Chen, D., Piao,
S., and Lu, H.: Development of a land surface model with coupled snow and
frozen soil physics, Water Resour. Res., 53, 5085–5103,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020451, 2017.
Wang, L., Liu, H., Shao, Y., Liu, Y., and Sun, J.: Water and CO2 fluxes over
semiarid alpine steppe and humid alpine meadow ecosystems on the Tibetan
Plateau, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 131, 547–556,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1997-1, 2018.
Wang, X., Yi, S., Wu, Q., Yang, K., and Ding, Y.: The role of permafrost and soil water in distribution of alpine grassland and its NDVI dynamics on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Glob. Planet. Change, 147, 40–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.10.014, 2016.
Wania, R., Ross, L., and Prentice, I. C.: Integrating peatlands and
permafrost into a dynamic global vegetation model: 1. Evaluation and
sensitivity of physical land surface processes, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
23, GB3014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003412, 2009.
Watanabe, K., Kito, T., Wake, T., and Sakai, M.: Freezing experiments on
unsaturated sand, loam and silt loam, Ann. Glaciol., 52, 37–43,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411797252220, 2011.
Wilson, K., Goldstein, A., Falge, E., Aubinet, M., Baldocchi, D., Berbigier,
P., Bernhofer, C., Ceulemans, R., Dolman, H., Field, C., Grelle, A., Ibrom,
A., Law, B. E., Kowalski, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel,
W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., and Verma, S.: Energy balance closure at
FLUXNET sites, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 223–243,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00109-0, 2002.
Wutzler, T., Lucas-Moffat, A., Migliavacca, M., Knauer, J., Sickel, K., Šigut, L., Menzer, O., and Reichstein, M.: Basic and extensible post-processing of eddy covariance flux data with REddyProc, Biogeosciences, 15, 5015–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018, 2018.
Yang, K., Koike, T., Ishikawa, H., and Ma, Y.: Analysis of the Surface
Energy Budget at a Site of GAME/Tibet using a Single-Source Model, J.
Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 82, 131–153,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.82.131, 2004.
Yao, T., Xue, Y., Chen, D., Chen, F., Thompson, L., Cui, P., Koike, T., Lau,
W. K.-M., Lettenmaier, D., Mosbrugger, V., Zhang, R., Xu, B., Dozier, J.,
Gillespie, T., Gu, Y., Kang, S., Piao, S., Sugimoto, S., Ueno, K., Wang, L.,
Wang, W., Zhang, F., Sheng, Y., Guo, W., Yang, X., Ma, Y., Shen, S. S.
P., Su, Z., Chen, F., Liang, S., Liu, Y., Singh, V. P., Yang, K., Yang, D.,
Zhao, X., Qian, Y., Zhang, Y., and Li, Q.: Recent Third Pole's Rapid Warming
Accompanies Cryospheric Melt and Water Cycle Intensification and
Interactions between Monsoon and Environment: Multidisciplinary Approach
with Observations, Modeling, and Analysis, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100,
423–444, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0057.1, 2019.
Yu, L., Zeng, Y., Su, Z., Cai, H., and Zheng, Z.: The effect of different evapotranspiration methods on portraying soil water dynamics and ET partitioning in a semi-arid environment in Northwest China, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 975–990, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-975-2016, 2016.
Yu, L., Zeng, Y., Wen, J., and Su, Z.: Liquid-Vapor-Air Flow in the Frozen
Soil, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 7393–7415,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028502, 2018.
Yu, L., Zeng, Y., and Su, Z.: Understanding the mass, momentum, and energy transfer in the frozen soil with three levels of model complexities, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4813–4830, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4813-2020, 2020.
Zeng, Y. and Su, Z.: STEMMUS: Simultaneous Transfer of Engery, Mass and
Momentum in Unsaturated Soil, University of Twente,
Faculty of Geo-Information and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands, ISBN: 978-90-6164-351-7, 2013.
Zeng, Y., Su, Z., Wan, L., Yang, Z., Zhang, T., Tian, H., Shi, X., Wang, X., and Cao, W.: Diurnal pattern of the drying front in desert and its application for determining the effective infiltration, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 703–714, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-703-2009, 2009a.
Zeng, Y., Wan, L., Su, Z., Saito, H., Huang, K., and Wang, X.: Diurnal soil
water dynamics in the shallow vadose zone (field site of China University of
Geosciences, China), Environ. Geol., 58, 11–23,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1485-8, 2009b.
Zeng, Y., Su, Z., Wan, L., and Wen, J.: A simulation analysis of the
advective effect on evaporation using a two-phase heat and mass flow model,
Water Resour. Res., 47, W10529, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010701, 2011a.
Zeng, Y., Su, Z., Wan, L., and Wen, J.: Numerical analysis of air-water-heat
flow in unsaturated soil: Is it necessary to consider airflow in land
surface models?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D20107,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015835, 2011b.
Zeng, Y., Su, Z., van der Velde, R., Wang, L., Xu, K., Wang, X., and Wen,
J.: Blending Satellite Observed, Model Simulated, and in Situ Measured Soil
Moisture over Tibetan Plateau, Remote Sens.-Basel, 8, 268, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030268, 2016.
Zhang, G., Zhang, Y., Dong, J., and Xiao, X.: Green-up dates in the Tibetan
Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci., 110, 4309–4314,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210423110, 2013.
Zhang, W., Jansson, P. E., Schurgers, G., Hollesen, J., Lund, M., Abermann,
J., and Elberling, B.: Process-Oriented Modeling of a High Arctic Tundra
Ecosystem: Long-Term Carbon Budget and Ecosystem Responses to Interannual
Variations of Climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123,
1178–1196, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003956, 2018.
Zhao, H., Zeng, Y., and Su, Z.: Soil Hydraulic and Thermal Properties for Land Surface Modelling over the Tibetan Plateau [version 1], 4TU.ResearchData, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:61db65b1-b2aa-4ada-b41e-61ef70e57e4a, 2017.
Zhao, H., Zeng, Y., Lv, S., and Su, Z.: Analysis of soil hydraulic and thermal properties for land surface modeling over the Tibetan Plateau, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1031–1061, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1031-2018, 2018.
Zhao, L., Li, J., Xu, S., Zhou, H., Li, Y., Gu, S., and Zhao, X.: Seasonal variations in carbon dioxide exchange in an alpine wetland meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Biogeosciences, 7, 1207–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1207-2010, 2010.
Zhao, L., Hu, G., Zou, D., Wu, X., Ma, L., Sun, Z., Yuan, L., Zhou, H., and
Liu, S.: Permafrost Changes and Its Effects on Hydrological Processes on
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 34,
1233–1246, https://doi.org/10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.2019.11.006, 2019.
Zheng, D., Velde, R. V. D., Su, Z., Booij, M. J., Hoekstra, A. Y., and Wen,
J.: Assessment of Roughness Length Schemes Implemented within the Noah Land
Surface Model for High-Altitude Regions, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 921–937,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-0102.1, 2014.
Zheng, D., Van der Velde, R., Su, Z., Wang, X., Wen, J., Booij, M. J.,
Hoekstra, A. Y., and Chen, Y.: Augmentations to the Noah Model Physics for
Application to the Yellow River Source Area. Part I: Soil Water Flow, J.
Hydrometeorol., 16, 2659–2676, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0198.1,
2015a.
Zheng, D., Van der Velde, R., Su, Z., Wen, J., Booij, M. J., Hoekstra, A.
Y., and Wang, X.: Under-canopy turbulence and root water uptake of a Tibetan
meadow ecosystem modeled by Noah-MP, Water Resour. Res., 51, 5735–5755,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017115, 2015b.
Zheng, D., Velde, R. V. D., Su, Z., Wen, J., Wang, X., and Yang, K.:
Evaluation of Noah Frozen Soil Parameterization for Application to a Tibetan
Meadow Ecosystem, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 1749–1763,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0199.1, 2017.
Zhuang, Q., Romanovsky, V. E., and McGuire, A. D.: Incorporation of a
permafrost model into a large-scale ecosystem model: Evaluation of temporal
and spatial scaling issues in simulating soil thermal dynamics, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 33649–33670,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900151, 2001.
Short summary
The role of soil water and heat transfer physics in portraying the function of a cold region ecosystem was investigated. We found that explicitly considering the frozen soil physics and coupled water and heat transfer is important in mimicking soil hydrothermal dynamics. The presence of soil ice can alter the vegetation leaf onset date and deep leakage. Different complexity in representing vadose zone physics does not considerably affect interannual energy, water, and carbon fluxes.
The role of soil water and heat transfer physics in portraying the function of a cold region...
