Articles | Volume 14, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4145-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4145-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Nov 2020
Research article |
| 19 Nov 2020
| 19 Nov 2020
Proglacial icings as records of winter hydrological processes
Hydrology, Climate and Climate Change Laboratory, École de
technologie supérieure, Montréal, H3C 1K3, Canada
Geography Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince
George, V2N 4Z9, Canada
Michel Baraër
Hydrology, Climate and Climate Change Laboratory, École de
technologie supérieure, Montréal, H3C 1K3, Canada
Émilie Bouchard
Hydrology, Climate and Climate Change Laboratory, École de
technologie supérieure, Montréal, H3C 1K3, Canada
Related authors
Sara E. Darychuk, Joseph M. Shea, Brian Menounos, Anna Chesnokova, Georg Jost, and Frank Weber
The Cryosphere, 17, 1457–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1457-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1457-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) and optical observations to map snowmelt timing and duration on the watershed scale. We found that Sentinel-1 SAR time series can be used to approximate snowmelt onset over diverse terrain and land cover types, and we present a low-cost workflow for SAR processing over large, mountainous regions. Our approach provides spatially distributed observations of the snowpack necessary for model calibration and can be used to monitor snowmelt in ungauged basins.
Sara E. Darychuk, Joseph M. Shea, Brian Menounos, Anna Chesnokova, Georg Jost, and Frank Weber
The Cryosphere, 17, 1457–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1457-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1457-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) and optical observations to map snowmelt timing and duration on the watershed scale. We found that Sentinel-1 SAR time series can be used to approximate snowmelt onset over diverse terrain and land cover types, and we present a low-cost workflow for SAR processing over large, mountainous regions. Our approach provides spatially distributed observations of the snowpack necessary for model calibration and can be used to monitor snowmelt in ungauged basins.
Vasana Dharmadasa, Christophe Kinnard, and Michel Baraër
The Cryosphere, 17, 1225–1246, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1225-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1225-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the successful usage of UAV lidar to monitor small-scale snow depth distribution. Our results show that underlying topography and wind redistribution of snow along forest edges govern the snow depth variability at agro-forested sites, while forest structure variability dominates snow depth variability in the coniferous environment. This emphasizes the importance of including and better representing these processes in physically based models for accurate snowpack estimates.
Eole Valence, Michel Baraer, Eric Rosa, Florent Barbecot, and Chloe Monty
The Cryosphere, 16, 3843–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3843-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3843-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The internal properties of the snow cover shape the annual hygrogram of northern and alpine regions. This study develops a multi-method approach to measure the evolution of snowpack internal properties. The snowpack hydrological property evolution was evaluated with drone-based ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. In addition, the combination of GPR observations and time domain reflectometry measurements is shown to be able to be adapted to monitor the snowpack moisture over winter.
Emilio I. Mateo, Bryan G. Mark, Robert Å. Hellström, Michel Baraer, Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Thomas Condom, Alejo Cochachín Rapre, Gilber Gonzales, Joe Quijano Gómez, and Rolando Cesai Crúz Encarnación
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2865–2882, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2865-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2865-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents detailed and comprehensive hydrological and meteorological datasets collected over the past two decades throughout the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. With four weather stations and six streamflow gauges ranging from 3738 to 4750 m above sea level, this network displays a vertical breadth of data and enables detailed research of atmospheric and hydrological processes in a tropical high mountain region.
Leila Saberi, Rachel T. McLaughlin, G.-H. Crystal Ng, Jeff La Frenierre, Andrew D. Wickert, Michel Baraer, Wei Zhi, Li Li, and Bryan G. Mark
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 405–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-405-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-405-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The relationship among glacier melt, groundwater, and streamflow remains highly uncertain, especially in tropical glacierized watersheds in response to climate. We implemented a multi-method approach and found that melt contribution varies considerably and may drive streamflow variability at hourly to multi-year timescales, rather than buffer it, as commonly thought. Some of the melt contribution occurs through groundwater pathways, resulting in longer timescale interactions with streamflow.
Related subject area
Discipline: Other | Subject: Freshwater Ice
Fusion of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Geostationary Ocean Color Imager for hourly monitoring surface morphology of lake ice with high resolution in Chagan Lake of Northeast China
Mechanisms and effects of under-ice warming water in Ngoring Lake of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Tricentennial trends in spring ice break-ups on three rivers in northern Europe
Climate warming shortens ice durations and alters freeze and break-up patterns in Swedish water bodies
Sunlight penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in arid climate
Dam type and lake location characterize ice-marginal lake area change in Alaska and NW Canada between 1984 and 2019
River ice phenology and thickness from satellite altimetry: potential for ice bridge road operation and climate studies
Giant ice rings in southern Baikal: multi-satellite data help to study ice cover dynamics and eddies under ice
Ice roughness estimation via remotely piloted aircraft and photogrammetry
Analyses of Peace River Shallow Water Ice Profiling Sonar data and their implications for the roles played by frazil ice and in situ anchor ice growth in a freezing river
Creep and fracture of warm columnar freshwater ice
Climate change and Northern Hemisphere lake and river ice phenology from 1931–2005
Methane pathways in winter ice of a thermokarst lake–lagoon–coastal water transect in north Siberia
Continuous in situ measurements of anchor ice formation, growth, and release
Investigation of spatial and temporal variability of river ice phenology and thickness across Songhua River Basin, northeast China
Observation-derived ice growth curves show patterns and trends in maximum ice thickness and safe travel duration of Alaskan lakes and rivers
Qian Yang, Xiaoguang Shi, Weibang Li, Kaishan Song, Zhijun Li, Xiaohua Hao, Fei Xie, Nan Lin, Zhidan Wen, Chong Fang, and Ge Liu
The Cryosphere, 17, 959–975, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-959-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-959-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A large-scale linear structure has repeatedly appeared on satellite images of Chagan Lake in winter, which was further verified as being ice ridges in the field investigation. We extracted the length and the angle of the ice ridges from multi-source remote sensing images. The average length was 21 141.57 ± 68.36 m. The average azimuth angle was 335.48° 141.57 ± 0.23°. The evolution of surface morphology is closely associated with air temperature, wind, and shoreline geometry.
Mengxiao Wang, Lijuan Wen, Zhaoguo Li, Matti Leppäranta, Victor Stepanenko, Yixin Zhao, Ruijia Niu, Liuyiyi Yang, and Georgiy Kirillin
The Cryosphere, 16, 3635–3648, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The under-ice water temperature of Ngoring Lake has been rising based on in situ observations. We obtained results showing that strong downward shortwave radiation is the main meteorological factor, and precipitation, wind speed, downward longwave radiation, air temperature, ice albedo, and ice extinction coefficient have an impact on the range and rate of lake temperature rise. Once the ice breaks, the lake body releases more energy than other lakes, whose water temperature remains horizontal.
Stefan Norrgård and Samuli Helama
The Cryosphere, 16, 2881–2898, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2881-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2881-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We examined changes in the dates of ice break-ups in three Finnish rivers since the 1700s. The analyses show that ice break-ups nowadays occur earlier in spring than in previous centuries. The changes are pronounced in the south, and both rivers had their first recorded years without a complete ice cover in the 21st century. These events occurred during exceptionally warm winters and show that climate extremes affect the river-ice regime in southwest Finland differently than in the north.
Sofia Hallerbäck, Laurie S. Huning, Charlotte Love, Magnus Persson, Katarina Stensen, David Gustafsson, and Amir AghaKouchak
The Cryosphere, 16, 2493–2503, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2493-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2493-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using unique data, some dating back to the 18th century, we show a significant trend in shorter ice duration, later freeze, and earlier break-up dates across Sweden. In recent observations, the mean ice durations have decreased by 11–28 d and the chance of years with an extremely short ice cover duration (less than 50 d) have increased by 800 %. Results show that even a 1 °C increase in air temperatures can result in a decrease in ice duration in Sweden of around 8–23 d.
Wenfeng Huang, Wen Zhao, Cheng Zhang, Matti Leppäranta, Zhijun Li, Rui Li, and Zhanjun Lin
The Cryosphere, 16, 1793–1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thermal regimes of seasonally ice-covered lakes in an arid region like Central Asia are not well constrained despite the unique climate. We observed annual and seasonal dynamics of thermal stratification and energetics in a shallow arid-region lake. Strong penetrated solar radiation and high water-to-ice heat flux are the predominant components in water heat balance. The under-ice stratification and convection are jointly governed by the radiative penetration and salt rejection during freezing.
Brianna Rick, Daniel McGrath, William Armstrong, and Scott W. McCoy
The Cryosphere, 16, 297–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-297-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-297-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial lakes impact societies as both resources and hazards. Lakes form, grow, and drain as glaciers thin and retreat, and understanding lake evolution is a critical first step in assessing their hazard potential. We map glacial lakes in Alaska between 1984 and 2019. Overall, lakes grew in number and area, though lakes with different damming material (ice, moraine, bedrock) behaved differently. Namely, ice-dammed lakes decreased in number and area, a trend lost if dam type is not considered.
Elena Zakharova, Svetlana Agafonova, Claude Duguay, Natalia Frolova, and Alexei Kouraev
The Cryosphere, 15, 5387–5407, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5387-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5387-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper investigates the performance of altimetric satellite instruments to detect river ice onset and melting dates and to retrieve ice thickness of the Ob River. This is a first attempt to use satellite altimetry for monitoring ice in the challenging conditions restrained by the object size. A novel approach permitted elaboration of the spatiotemporal ice thickness product for the 400 km river reach. The potential of the product for prediction of ice road operation was demonstrated.
Alexei V. Kouraev, Elena A. Zakharova, Andrey G. Kostianoy, Mikhail N. Shimaraev, Lev V. Desinov, Evgeny A. Petrov, Nicholas M. J. Hall, Frédérique Rémy, and Andrey Ya. Suknev
The Cryosphere, 15, 4501–4516, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Giant ice rings are a beautiful and puzzling natural phenomenon. Our data show that ice rings are generated by lens-like warm eddies below the ice. We use multi-satellite data to analyse lake ice cover in the presence of eddies in April 2020 in southern Baikal. Unusual changes in ice colour may be explained by the competing influences of atmosphere above and the warm eddy below the ice. Tracking ice floes also helps to estimate eddy currents and their influence on the upper water layer.
James Ehrman, Shawn Clark, and Alexander Wall
The Cryosphere, 15, 4031–4046, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This research proposes and tests new methods for the estimation of the surface roughness of newly formed river ice covers. The hypothesis sought to determine if surface ice roughness was indicative of the subsurface. Ice roughness has consequences for winter flow characteristics of rivers and can greatly impact river ice jams. Remotely piloted aircraft and photogrammetry were used, and good correlation was found between the observed surface ice roughness and estimated subsurface ice roughness.
John R. Marko and David R. Topham
The Cryosphere, 15, 2473–2489, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Acoustic backscattering data from Peace River frazil events are interpreted to develop a quantitative model of interactions between ice particles in the water column and riverbed ice layers. Two generic behaviours, evident in observed time variability, are linked to differences in the relative stability of in situ anchor ice layers which develop at the beginning of each frazil interval and are determined by cooling rates. Changes in these layers are shown to control water column frazil content.
Iman E. Gharamti, John P. Dempsey, Arttu Polojärvi, and Jukka Tuhkuri
The Cryosphere, 15, 2401–2413, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2401-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2401-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study the creep and fracture behavior of 3 m × 6 m floating edge-cracked rectangular plates of warm columnar freshwater S2 ice under creep/cyclic-recovery loading and monotonic loading to fracture. Under the testing conditions, the ice response was elastic–viscoplastic; no significant viscoelasticity or major recovery was detected. There was no clear effect of the creep/cyclic loading on the fracture properties: failure load and crack opening displacements at crack growth initiation.
Andrew M. W. Newton and Donal J. Mullan
The Cryosphere, 15, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates changes in the dates of ice freeze-up and breakup for 678 Northern Hemisphere lakes and rivers from 1931–2005. From 3510 time series, the results show that breakup dates have gradually occurred earlier through time, whilst freeze-up trends have tended to be significantly more variable. These data combined show that the number of annual open-water days has increased through time for most sites, with the magnitude of change at its largest in more recent years.
Ines Spangenberg, Pier Paul Overduin, Ellen Damm, Ingeborg Bussmann, Hanno Meyer, Susanne Liebner, Michael Angelopoulos, Boris K. Biskaborn, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, and Guido Grosse
The Cryosphere, 15, 1607–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Thermokarst lakes are common on ice-rich permafrost. Many studies have shown that they are sources of methane to the atmosphere. Although they are usually covered by ice, little is known about what happens to methane in winter. We studied how much methane is contained in the ice of a thermokarst lake, a thermokarst lagoon and offshore. Methane concentrations differed strongly, depending on water body type. Microbes can also oxidize methane in ice and lower the concentrations during winter.
Tadros R. Ghobrial and Mark R. Loewen
The Cryosphere, 15, 49–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-49-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-49-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Anchor ice typically forms on riverbeds during freeze-up and can alter the river ice regime. Most of the knowledge on anchor ice mechanisms has been attributed to lab experiments. This study presents for the first time insights into anchor ice initiation, growth, and release in rivers using an underwater camera system. Three stages of growth and modes of release have been identified. These results will improve modelling capabilities in predicting the effect of anchor ice on river ice regimes.
Qian Yang, Kaishan Song, Xiaohua Hao, Zhidan Wen, Yue Tan, and Weibang Li
The Cryosphere, 14, 3581–3593, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using daily ice records of 156 hydrological stations across Songhua River Basin, we examined the spatial variability in the river ice phenology and river ice thickness from 2010 to 2015 and explored the role of snow depth and air temperature on the ice thickness. Snow cover correlated with ice thickness significantly and positively when the freshwater was completely frozen. Cumulative air temperature of freezing provides a better predictor than the air temperature for ice thickness modeling.
Christopher D. Arp, Jessica E. Cherry, Dana R. N. Brown, Allen C. Bondurant, and Karen L. Endres
The Cryosphere, 14, 3595–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3595-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3595-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
River and lake ice thickens at varying rates geographically and from year to year. We took a closer look at ice growth across a large geographic region experiencing rapid climate change, the State of Alaska, USA. Slower ice growth was most pronounced in northern Alaskan lakes over the last 60 years. Western and interior Alaska ice showed more variability in thickness and safe travel duration. This analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of changing freshwater ice in Alaska.
Cited articles
Åkerman, J.: Studies on naledi (icings) in West Spitsbergen, Fourth Can.
Permafr. Conf., 189–202, 1982.
Alekseyev, V. R.: Naledi, Nauka, Moscow, 1987.
Alekseyev, V. R.: Cryogenesis and geodynamics of icing valleys, Geodyn.
Tectonophys., 6, 171–224, https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2015-6-2-0177, 2015.
Arendt, A. A, Echelmeyer, K. a, Harrison, W. D., Lingle, C. S., and
Valentine, V. B.: Rapid wastage of Alaska glaciers and their contribution to
rising sea level, Science, 297, 382–6, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072497,
2002.
Bælum, K. and Benn, D. I.: Thermal structure and drainage system of a small valley glacier (Tellbreen, Svalbard), investigated by ground penetrating radar, The Cryosphere, 5, 139–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-139-2011, 2011.
Baraer, M., Mckenzie, J., Mark, B. G., Gordon, R., Bury, J., Condom, T.,
Gomez, J., Knox, S., and Fortner, S. K.: Contribution of groundwater to the
outflow from ungauged glacierized catchments: A multi-site study in the
tropical Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Hydrol. Process., 29, 2561–2581,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10386, 2015.
Barrand, N. E. and Sharp, M. J.: Sustained rapid shrinkage of Yukon glaciers
since the 1957–1958 International Geophysical Year, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
37, L07501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042030, 2010.
Beylich, A. A. and Laute, K.: Seasonal and annual variations of surface
water chemistry, solute fl uxes and chemical denudation in a steep and
glacier-fed mountain catchment in western Norway (Erdalen, Nordfjord),
Catena, 96, 12–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.04.004, 2012.
Bonnaventure, P. P. and Lewkowicz, A. G.: Mountain permafrost probability
mapping using the BTS method in two climatically dissimilar locations,
northwest Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 45, 443–455, https://doi.org/10.1139/E08-013,
2008.
Brabets, T. P. and Walvoord, M. A.: Trends in streamflow in the Yukon River
Basin from 1944 to 2005 and the influence of the Pacific Decadal
Oscillation, J. Hydrol., 371, 108–119,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.018, 2009.
Brown, J., Ferrians, O., Heginbottom, J., and Melnikov, E.: Circum-Arctic Map
of Permafrost and Gound-Ice Conditions, version 2, Natl. Snow Ice Data
Cent., Boulder, CO, 2002.
Bukowska-jania, E. and Szafraniec, J.: Distribution and morphometric
characteristics of icing fields in Svalbard, Polar Res., 24, 41–53, 2005.
Bukowska-Jania, E.: The role of glacier system in migration of calcium
carbonate on Svalbard, Polish Polar Res., 28, 137–155, 2007.
Carey, K. L.: Icings developed from surface water and ground water, 1973.
Carey, S. K.: Dissolved organic carbon fluxes in a discontinuous permafrost
subarctic alpine catchment, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 14, 161–171,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.444, 2003.
Chesnokova, A., Baraër, M., Laperrière-Robillard, T., and Huh, K.:
Linking Mountain Glacier Retreat and Hydrological Changes in Southwestern
Yukon, Water Resour. Res., 56, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025706, 2020.
Clarke, G. K. C., Schmok, J. P., Simon, C., Ommanney, L., and Collins, S. G.:
Characteristics of Surge-Type Glaciers, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 7165–7180,
1986.
Connon, R., Devoie, É., Hayashi, M., Veness, T., and Quinton, W. L.: The
Influence of Shallow Taliks on Permafrost Thaw and Active Layer Dynamics in
Subarctic Canada, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 123, 281–297,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004469, 2018.
Cooper, R., Hodgkins, R., Wadham, J., and Tranter, M.: The hydrology of the
proglacial zone of a high-Arctic glacier(Finsterwalderbreen, Svalbard):
Sub-surface water fluxes and complete water budget, J. Hydrol., 406,
88–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.06.008, 2011.
Coplen, T. B.: New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 3359–3360, 1996.
Crites, H., Kokelj, S. V., and Lacelle, D.: Icings and groundwater conditions
in permafrost catchments of northwestern Canada, Sci. Rep., 10, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60322-w, 2020.
Danilovich, I., Zhuravlev, S., Kurochkina, L., and Groisman, P.: The Past and Future Estimates of Climate and Streamflow Changes in the Western Dvina River Basin, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00204, 2019.
Drever, J. I.: The Geochemistry of Natural Waters: Surface and Groundwater
Environments, 3rd edn., Prentice Hall, New jersey, USA, 1997.
Ensom, T., Makarieva, O., Morse, P., Kane, D. Alekseev, V., and Marsh, P.:
The distribution and dynamics of aufeis in permafrost regions, Permafr.
Periglac. Process., 31, 383–395, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2051, 2020.
Flowers, G. E., Copland, L., and Schoof, C. G.: Contemporary Glacier
Processes and Global Change: Recent Observations from Kaskawulsh Glacier and
the Donjek Range, St. Elias Mountains, ARCTIC, 1–13, available
at:
http://arctic.synergiesprairies.ca/arctic/index.php/arctic/article/view/4356
(last access: 30 October 2014), 2014.
French, H. M. and Heginbottom, J. A.: Guidebook to permafrost and related
features of the Northern Yukon territory and Mackenzie Delta, Canada, Fourth
Int. Conf. Permafr., 194 pp., 1983.
Ge, S., McKenzie, J., Voss, C., and Wu, Q.: Exchange of groundwater and
surface-water mediated by permafrost response to seasonal and long term air
temperature variation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14402,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047911, 2011.
Gokhman, V. V.: Distribution and conditions of formation of glacial icings
on spitsbergen, Polar Geogr. Geol., 11, 249–260,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10889378709377334, 1987.
Hagedorn, F., Saurer, M., and Blaser, P.: A 13C tracer study to identify the
origin of dissolved organic carbon in forested mineral soils, Eur. J. Soil
Sci., 55, 91–100, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00578.x, 2004.
Hambrey, M. J.: Sedimentary processes and buried ice phenomena in the
pro-glacial areas of Spitsbergen glaciers, J. Glaciol., 30, 116–119,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S002214300000856X, 1984.
Hinzman, L. D., Bettez, N. D., Bolton, W. R., Chapin, F. S., Dyurgerov, M.
B., Fastie, C. L., Griffith, B., Hollister, R. D., Hope, A., Huntington, H.
P., Jensen, A. M., Gensuo, J. J., Jorgenson, T., Kane, D. L., Klein, D.
R., Kofinas, G., Lynch, A. H., Lloyd, A. H., Mcguire, a D., Nelson, F. E.,
Oechel, W. C., Racine, C. H., Romanovsky, V. E., Stone, R. S., Stow, D. a,
Sturm, M., Tweedie, C. E., Vourlitis, G. L., Walker, M. D., Walker, D. a,
Webber, P. J., Welker, J. M., and Winker, K. S.: Evidence and Implications of
Recent Climate Change in Northern Alaska and Other Arctic Regions, Clim.
Change, 72, 251–298, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5352-2, 2005.
Hodgkins, R., Tranter, M., and Dowdeswell, J. A.: The hydrochemistry of
runoff from a “cold-based” glacier in the High Artic (Scott Turnerbreen,
Svalbard), Hydrol. Process., 12, 87–103,
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199801)12:1<87::AID-HYP565>3.0.CO;2-C, 1998.
Hodgkins, R., Tranter, M., and Dowdeswell, J.: The characteristics and
formation of a high-arctic proglacial icing, Geogr. Ann., 86, 265–275,
2004.
Hu, X. and Pollard, W. H.: The hydrologic analysis and modelling of river
icing growth, North Fork Pass, Yukon Territory, Canada, Permafr. Periglac.
Process., 8, 279–294, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199709)8:3<279::AID-PPP260>3.3.CO;2-Z, 1997.
Johnson, P. G.: Ice Cored Moraine Formation and Degradation, Donjek Glacier,
Yukon Territory, Canada, Geogr. Ann. Ser. A, Phys. Geogr., 53, 198,
https://doi.org/10.2307/520789, 1971.
Johnson, P. G.: Rock glacier types and their drainage systems, Grizzly
Creek, Yukon Territory, Can. J. Earth Sci., 15, 1496–1507,
https://doi.org/10.1139/e78-155, 1978.
Johnson, P. G.: Holocene paleohydrology of the St. Elias Mountains, British
Columbia and Yukon, Geogr. Phys. Quat., 40, 47–53, https://doi.org/10.7202/032622ar,
1986.
Johnson, P. G.: Stagnant glacier ice, St Elias Mountains, Yukon, Geogr. Ann.
Ser. A Phys. Geogr., 74, 13–19, 1992.
Kane, D. L.: Physical mechanics of aufeis growth, Can. J. Civ. Eng., 8,
186–195, https://doi.org/10.1139/l81-026, 1981.
Kane, D. L. and Slaughter, C. W.: Seasonal regime and hydrological significance of stream icings in central Alaska, Role snow ice Hydrol. Proc. Banff Symp., 528–540, available at: http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a107/107041.pdf (last access: 10 December 2019), 1973.
McKenzie, J. M. and Voss, C. I.: Permafrost thaw in a nested groundwater-flow system, Hydrogeol. J., 21, 299–316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0942-3, 2013.
Kuo, M. H., Moussa, S. G., and McNeill, V. F.: Modeling interfacial liquid layers on environmental ices, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9971–9982, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9971-2011, 2011.
Lacelle, D.: On the δ18O, δD and D-excess relations in
meteoric precipitation and during equilibrium freezing: Theoretical approach
and field examples, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 22, 13–25,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.712, 2011.
Lacelle, D., Lauriol, B., and Clark, I. D.: Formation of seasonal ice bodies
and associated cryogenic carbonates in caverne de l'ours, Québec,
Canada: Kinetic isotope effects and pseudo-biogenic crystal structures, J.
Cave Karst Stud., 71, 48–62, 2009.
Lammers, R. B., Shiklomanov, A. I., Vörösmarty, C. J., Fekete, B. M.,
and Peterson, B. J.: Assessment of contemporary Arctic river runoff based on
observational discharge records, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106,
3321–3334, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900444, 2001.
Lamontagne-Hallé, P., McKenzie, J. M., Kurylyk, B. L., and Zipper, S. C.:
Changing groundwater discharge dynamics in permafrost regions, Environ. Res.
Lett., 13, 084017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aad404, 2018.
Lauriol, B. and Clark, J.: Localisation, Genèse et Fonte de
Quelques Naleds du Nord du Yukon (Canada), Permafr. Periglac. Process.,
2, 225–236, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.3430020306, 1991.
Liljedahl, A., Gaedeke, A., O'Neel, S., Gatesman, T. and Douglas, T.:
Glacierized headwater streams as aquifer recharge corridors, subarctic
Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6876–6885, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073834, 2016.
Lyon, S. W., Destouni, G., Giesler, R., Humborg, C., Mörth, M., Seibert, J., Karlsson, J., and Troch, P. A.: Estimation of permafrost thawing rates in a sub-arctic catchment using recession flow analysis, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 595–604, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-595-2009, 2009.
Ma, Q., Jin, H., Yu, C., and Bense, V. F.: Dissolved organic carbon in
permafrost regions: A review, Sci. China Earth Sci., 62, 349–364,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-018-9309-6, 2019.
MacLean, R., Oswood, M. W., Irons, J. G., and McDowell, W. H.: The effect of
permafrost on stream biogeochemistry: A case study of two streams in the
Alaskan (USA) taiga, Biogeochemistry, 47, 239–267, 1999.
Makarieva, O., Nesterova, N., Post, D. A., Sherstyukov, A., and Lebedeva, L.: Warming temperatures are impacting the hydrometeorological regime of Russian rivers in the zone of continuous permafrost, The Cryosphere, 13, 1635–1659, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1635-2019, 2019.
Mark, B. G. and Seltzer, G. O.: Tropical glacier meltwater contribution to
stream discharge: A case study in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, J. Glaciol.,
49, 271–281, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830746, 2003.
Markov, M. L., Vasilenko, N. G., and Gurevich, E. V: Icing fields of the BAM
zone: expeditionary investigations, in Nestor-History, Saint Petersburg,
Russia, 2016.
McClelland, J. W., Holmes, R. M., Peterson, B. J., and Stieglitz, M.:
Increasing river discharge in the Eurasian Arctic: Consideration of dams,
permafrost thaw, and fires as potential agents of change, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D18102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004583, 2004.
Moorman, B. J.: Glacier-permafrost hydrology interactions, Bylot Island,
Canada, Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Permafr., 783–788, 2003.
Moorman, B. J. and Michel, F.: Glacial hydrological system characterization
using ground-penetrating radar, Hydrol. Process., 14, 2645–2667,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2645::AID-HYP84>3.0.CO;2-2, 2000.
Naegeli, K., Lovell, H., Zemp, M., and Benn, D. I.: Dendritic subglacial
drainage systems in cold glaciers formed by cut-and-closure processes,
Geogr. Ann. Ser. A Phys. Geogr., 96, 591–608, https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12059,
2014.
Neal, E. G., Todd Walter, M., and Coffeen, C.: Linking the pacific decadal
oscillation to seasonal stream discharge patterns in Southeast Alaska, J.
Hydrol., 263, 188–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00058-6, 2002.
O'Donnell, J. A., Aiken, G. R., Walvoord, M. A., and Butler, K. D.: Dissolved
organic matter composition of winter flow in the Yukon River basin:
Implications of permafrost thaw and increased groundwater discharge, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB0E06, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GB004341, 2012.
Pavelsky, T. M. and Zarnetske, J. P.: Rapid decline in river icings detected
in Arctic Alaska: Implications for a changing hydrologic cycle and river
ecosystems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 3228–3235,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072397, 2017.
Petrone, K. C., Jones, J. B., Hinzman, L. D., and Boone, R. D.: Seasonal
export of carbon, nitrogen, and major solutes from Alaskan catchments with
discontinuous permafrost, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G02020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000055,
2006.
Pollard, W. H.: Icing processes associated with high Arctic perennial
springs, Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada, Permafr. Periglac. Process.,
16, 51–68, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.515, 2005.
Pomortscev, O. A., Kashkarov, E. P. and Popov, B. F.: Aufeis: global warming
and processes of ice formation (rhythmic basis of long-term prognosis),
Yakutsk State Univ. Bull., 7, 2010.
Qin, J., Ding, Y., and Han, T.: Quantitative assessment of winter baseflow
variations and their causes in Eurasia over the past 100 years, Cold Reg.
Sci. Technol., 513, 734427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734427, 2020.
Raudina, T. V, Loiko, S. V, Lim, A., Manasypov, R. M., Shirokova, L. S.,
Istigechev, G. I., Kuzmina, D. M., Kulizhsky, S. P., Vorobyev, S. N., and
Pokrovsky, O. S.: Permafrost thaw and climate warming may decrease the CO2,
carbon , and metal concentration in peat soil waters of the Western Siberia
Lowland, Sci. Total Environ., 634, 1004–1023,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.059, 2018.
Reedyk, S., Woo, M.-K. K., and Prowse, T. D.: Contribution of icing ablation
to streamflow in a discontinuous permafrost area, Can. J. Earth Sci.,
32, 13–20, https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-002, 1995.
Rennermalm, A. K., Wood, E. F., and Troy, T. J.: Observed changes in
pan-arctic cold-season minimum monthly river discharge, Clim. Dynam., 35,
923–939, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0730-5, 2010.
Romanovsky, N. N.: About geological activity of aufeis, in Permafrost
studies, Moscow University, Moscow, 1973.
Smith, L. C., Pavelsky, T. M., MacDonald, G. M., Shiklomanov, A. I., and
Lammers, R. B.: Rising minimum daily flows in northern Eurasian rivers: A
growing influence of groundwater in the high-latitude hydrologic cycle, J.
Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 112, G04S47, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000327, 2007.
Smith, S. L., Burgess, M. M., Riseborough, D., and Nixon, F. M.: Recent
trends from Canadian permafrost thermal monitoring network sites, Permafr.
Periglac. Process., 16, 19–30, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.511, 2005.
Smith, S. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Lewkowicz, A. G., Burn, C. R., Allard, M.,
Clow, G. D., Yoshikawa, K., and Throop, J.: Thermal state of permafrost in
North America: A contribution to the international polar year, Permafr.
Periglac. Process., 21, 117–135, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.690, 2010.
Smith, S. L., Lewkowicz, A. G., Ednie, M., Maxime, A., and Bevington, A.: Characterization of Permafrost Thermal State in the Southern Yukon, 68e Conférence Can. Géotechnique 7e Conférence Can. sur le Pergélisol, Québec, 20–23 September 2015.
Sobota, I.: Icings and their role as an important element of the cryosphere
in High Arctic glacier forefields, Bull. Geogr. Phys. Geogr. Ser., 10,
81–93, 2016.
Stachnik, Ł., Yde, J. C., Kondracka, M., Ignatiuk, D., and Grzesik, M.:
Glacier naled evolution and relation to the subglacial drainage system based
on water chemistry and GPR surveys (Werenskioldbreen, SW Svalbard), Ann.
Glaciol., 57, 19–30, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2016.9, 2016.
St. Jacques, J.-M. and Sauchyn, D. J.: Increasing winter baseflow and mean
annual streamflow from possible permafrost thawing in the Northwest
Territories, Canada, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01401,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035822, 2009.
Tananaev, N. I., Makarieva, O. M., and Lebedeva, L. S.: Trends in annual and
extreme flows in the Lena River basin, Northern Eurasia, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 43, 10764–10772, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070796, 2016.
Tarnocai, C., Nixon, M. F., and Kutny, L.:
Circumpolar-Active-Layer-Monitoring (CALM) sites in the Mackenzie Valley,
northwestern Canada, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 15, 141–153,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.490, 2004.
Thomazo, C., Buoncristiani, J. F., Vennin, E., Pellenard, P., Cocquerez, T.,
Mugnier, J. L., and Gérard, E.: Geochemical processes leading to the
precipitation of subglacial carbonate crusts at bossons glacier, mont blanc
massif (French alps), Front. Earth Sci., 5, 1–16,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00070, 2017.
Toohey, R. C., Herman-Mercer, N. M., Schuster, P. F., Mutter, E. A., and
Koch, J. C.: Multidecadal increases in the Yukon River Basin of chemical
fluxes as indicators of changing flowpaths, groundwater, and permafrost,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12120–12130, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070817, 2016.
Veiette, J. J. and Thomas, R. D.: Icings and seepage in frozen glaciofluvial
deposits, District of Keewatin, N.W.T., Can. Geotech., 16, 789–798, 1979.
Vogt, T.: Cryogenic Physico-chemical Precipitations?: Iron, Silica,
Calcium Carbonate, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 1, 283–293, 1991.
Wadham, J. L., Tranter, M., and Dowdeswell, J. A.: Hydrochemistry of
meltwaters draining a polythermal-based, high-Arctic glacier, south
Svalbard: II. Winter and early Spring, Hydrol. Process., 14, 1767–1786,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200007)14:10<1767::AID-HYP103>3.0.CO;2-Q, 2000.
Wahl, H. E., Fraser, D. B., Harvey, R. C., and Maxwell, J. B.: Climate of
Yukon, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, 1987.
Wainstein, P., Moorman, B. J., and Whitehead, K.: Importance of glacier-permafrost interactions in the preservation of a proglacial icing: Fountain Glacier, Bylot Island, Canada, Ninth Int. Conf. Permafr., 1881–1886 available at: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Importance+of+Glacier-Permafrost+Interactions+in+the+Preservation+of+a+Proglacial+Icing+:+Fountain+Glacier+,+Bylot+Island+,+Canada#0 (last access: 13 January 2015), 2008.
Wainstein, P., Moorman, B. J., and Whitehead, K.: Glacial conditions that
contribute to the regeneration of Fountain Glacier proglacial icing, Bylot
Island, Canada, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2749–2760, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9787,
2014.
Walvoord, M. A. and Striegl, R. G.: Increased groundwater to stream
discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential
impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
34, L12402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030216, 2007.
Wang, S.: Freezing Temperature Controls Winter Water Discharge for Cold
Region Watershed, Water Resour. Res., 55, 10479–10493,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026030, 2019.
Wilson, N. J., Flowers, G. E., and Mingo, L.: Comparison of thermal structure
and evolution between neighboring subarctic glaciers, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth
Surf., 118, 1443–1459, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20096, 2013.
Woo, M.-K. K. and Thorne, R.: Winter flows in the Mackenzie drainage system,
Arctic, 67, 238–256, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4384, 2014.
Yang, D., Kane, D. L., Hinzman, L. D., Zhang, X., Zhang, T., and Ye, H.:
Siberian Lena River hydrologic regime and recent change, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4694, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002542, 2002.
Yde, J. C. and Knudsen, N. T.: Observations of debris-rich naled associated
with a major glacier surge event, Disko Island, West Greenland, Permafr.
Periglac. Process., 16, 319–325, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.533, 2005.
Yde, J. C., Hodson, A. J., Solovjanova, I., Steffensen, J. P., Nørnberg,
P., Heinemeier, J., and Olsen, J.: Chemical and isotopic characteristics of a
glacier-derived naled in front of Austre Grønfjordbreen, Svalbard, Polar
Res., 31, 17628, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.17628, 2012.
Yoshikawa, K., Hinzman, L. D., and Kane, D. L.: Spring and aufeis (icing)
hydrology in Brooks Range, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 112,
G04S43, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000294, 2007.
Žák, K., Onac, B. P., and Perşoiu, A.: Cryogenic carbonates in
cave environments: A review, Quat. Int., 187, 84–96,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.022, 2008.
Zarga, Y., Ben Boubaker, H., Ghaffour, N., and Elfil, H.: Study of calcium
carbonate and sulfate co-precipitation, Chem. Eng. Sci., 96, 33–41,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2013.03.028, 2013.
Short summary
In the context of a ubiquitous increase in winter discharge in cold regions, our results show that icing formations can help overcome the lack of direct observations in these remote environments and provide new insights into winter runoff generation. The multi-technique approach used in this study provided important information about the water sources active during the winter season in the headwaters of glacierized catchments.
In the context of a ubiquitous increase in winter discharge in cold regions, our results show...
