Articles | Volume 9, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1229-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1229-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jun 2015
Research article |
| 17 Jun 2015
Weak precipitation, warm winters and springs impact glaciers of south slopes of Mt. Everest (central Himalaya) in the last 2 decades (1994–2013)
Ev-K2-CNR Committee, Via San Bernardino, 145, Bergamo 24126, Italy
National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Brugherio (IRSA-CNR), Italy
N. Guyennon
National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Roma (IRSA-CNR), Italy
S. Thakuri
Ev-K2-CNR Committee, Via San Bernardino, 145, Bergamo 24126, Italy
National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Brugherio (IRSA-CNR), Italy
G. Viviano
National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Brugherio (IRSA-CNR), Italy
E. Romano
National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Roma (IRSA-CNR), Italy
E. Vuillermoz
Ev-K2-CNR Committee, Via San Bernardino, 145, Bergamo 24126, Italy
P. Cristofanelli
Ev-K2-CNR Committee, Via San Bernardino, 145, Bergamo 24126, Italy
National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC-CNR) Bologna, Italy
P. Stocchi
National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC-CNR) Bologna, Italy
G. Agrillo
National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC-CNR) Bologna, Italy
Y. Ma
Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
G. Tartari
Ev-K2-CNR Committee, Via San Bernardino, 145, Bergamo 24126, Italy
National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Brugherio (IRSA-CNR), Italy
Related authors
Franco Salerno, Sudeep Thakuri, Nicolas Guyennon, Gaetano Viviano, and Gianni Tartari
The Cryosphere, 10, 1433–1448, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1433-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1433-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This contribution shows that the surface area variations of unconnected glacial ponds, i.e. ponds not directly connected to glacier ice, can be considered as suitable proxies for detecting past changes in the main hydrological components of the water balance (glacier melt, precipitation, evaporation) on the south side of Mt Everest.
James S. Douglas, Matthias Huss, Darrel A. Swift, Julie M. Jones, and Franco Salerno
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-116, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-116, 2016
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier behaviour in high-mountain Asia is different from other regions due to debris cover and ice stagnation. This study incorporates these factors into a glacio-hydrological model for the first time at the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal. We show that including debris provides a more realistic representation of the Khumbu Glacier than in previous runoff models, and that changes to the debris surface significantly influence glacier and runoff evolution, with impacts on downstream water resources.
S. Thakuri, F. Salerno, C. Smiraglia, T. Bolch, C. D'Agata, G. Viviano, and G. Tartari
The Cryosphere, 8, 1297–1315, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1297-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1297-2014, 2014
N. Guyennon, E. Romano, I. Portoghese, F. Salerno, S. Calmanti, A. B. Petrangeli, G. Tartari, and D. Copetti
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 705–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-705-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-705-2013, 2013
Cunbo Han, Yaoming Ma, Weiqiang Ma, Fanglin Sun, Yunshuai Zhang, Wei Hu, Hanying Xu, Chunhui Duan, and Zhenhua Xi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1963, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wind speed spectra analysis is very important for understanding boundary layer turbulence characteristics, atmospheric numerical model development, and wind energy assessment. However, wind speed spectra studies in mountainous areas are extremely scarce. In this study, using a 15-year time series of wind speed observed by a PBL tower and eddy-covariance tower at a site on the north slope of Mt. Everest, we investigated the characteristics of wind speed and wind speed spectrum.
Yaoming Ma, Zhipeng Xie, Yingying Chen, Shaomin Liu, Tao Che, Ziwei Xu, Lunyu Shang, Xiaobo He, Xianhong Meng, Weiqiang Ma, Baiqing Xu, Huabiao Zhao, Junbo Wang, Guangjian Wu, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3017–3043, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current models and satellites struggle to accurately represent the land–atmosphere (L–A) interactions over the Tibetan Plateau. We present the most extensive compilation of in situ observations to date, comprising 17 years of data on L–A interactions across 12 sites. This quality-assured benchmark dataset provides independent validation to improve models and remote sensing for the region, and it enables new investigations of fine-scale L–A processes and their mechanistic drivers.
Ling Yuan, Xuelong Chen, Yaoming Ma, Cunbo Han, Binbin Wang, and Weiqiang Ma
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 775–801, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately monitoring and understanding the spatial–temporal variability of evapotranspiration (ET) components over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remains difficult. Here, 37 years (1982–2018) of monthly ET component data for the TP was produced, and the data are consistent with measurements. The annual average ET for the TP was about 0.93 (± 0.037) × 103 Gt yr−1. The rate of increase of the ET was around 0.96 mm yr−1. The increase in the ET can be explained by warming and wetting of the climate.
Davide Putero, Paolo Cristofanelli, Kai-Lan Chang, Gaëlle Dufour, Gregory Beachley, Cédric Couret, Peter Effertz, Daniel A. Jaffe, Dagmar Kubistin, Jason Lynch, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Melissa Puchalski, Timothy Sharac, Barkley C. Sive, Martin Steinbacher, Carlos Torres, and Owen R. Cooper
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15693–15709, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the impact of societal restriction measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on surface ozone at 41 high-elevation sites worldwide. Negative ozone anomalies were observed for spring and summer 2020 for all of the regions considered. In 2021, negative anomalies continued for Europe and partially for the eastern US, while western US sites showed positive anomalies due to wildfires. IASI satellite data and the Carbon Monitor supported emission reductions as a cause of the anomalies.
Paolo Cristofanelli, Cosimo Fratticioli, Lynn Hazan, Mali Chariot, Cedric Couret, Orestis Gazetas, Dagmar Kubistin, Antti Laitinen, Ari Leskinen, Tuomas Laurila, Matthias Lindauer, Giovanni Manca, Michel Ramonet, Pamela Trisolino, and Martin Steinbacher
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5977–5994, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5977-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5977-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the application of two automatic methods for detecting spikes due to local emissions in greenhouse gas (GHG) observations at a subset of sites from the ICOS Atmosphere network. We analysed the sensitivity to the spike frequency of using different methods and settings. We documented the impact of the de-spiking on different temporal aggregations (i.e. hourly, monthly and seasonal averages) of CO2, CH4 and CO 1 min time series.
Peizhen Li, Lei Zhong, Yaoming Ma, Yunfei Fu, Meilin Cheng, Xian Wang, Yuting Qi, and Zixin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9265–9285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9265-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9265-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, all-sky downwelling shortwave radiation (DSR) over the entire Tibetan Plateau (TP) at a spatial resolution of 1 km was estimated using an improved parameterization scheme. The influence of topography and different radiative attenuations were comprehensively taken into account. The derived DSR showed good agreement with in situ measurements. The accuracy was better than six other DSR products. The derived DSR also provided more reasonable and detailed spatial patterns.
Pei Zhang, Donghai Zheng, Rogier van der Velde, Jun Wen, Yaoming Ma, Yijian Zeng, Xin Wang, Zuoliang Wang, Jiali Chen, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5513–5542, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture and soil temperature (SMST) are important state variables for quantifying the heat–water exchange between land and atmosphere. Yet, long-term, regional-scale in situ SMST measurements at multiple depths are scarce on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The presented dataset would be valuable for the evaluation and improvement of long-term satellite- and model-based SMST products on the TP, enhancing the understanding of TP hydrometeorological processes and their response to climate change.
Maoshan Li, Wei Fu, Na Chang, Ming Gong, Pei Xu, Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Yaoxian Yang, and Fanglin Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-257, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Compared with the plain area, the land-atmosphere interaction on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is intense and complex, which affects the structure of the boundary layer. The observed height of the convective boundary layer on the TP under the influence of the southern branch of the westerly wind was higher than that during the Asian monsoon season. The height of the boundary layer was positively correlated with the sensible heat flux and negatively correlated with latent heat flux.
Erika Coppola, Paolo Stocchi, Emanuela Pichelli, Jose Abraham Torres Alavez, Russell Glazer, Graziano Giuliani, Fabio Di Sante, Rita Nogherotto, and Filippo Giorgi
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7705–7723, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7705-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7705-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we describe the development of a non-hydrostatic version of the regional climate model RegCM4-NH, implemented to allow simulations at convection-permitting scales of <4 km for climate applications. The new core is described, and three case studies of intense convection are carried out to illustrate the model performances. Comparison with observations is much improved with respect to with coarse grid runs. RegCM4-NH offers a promising tool for climate investigations at a local scale.
Yunshuai Zhang, Qian Huang, Yaoming Ma, Jiali Luo, Chan Wang, Zhaoguo Li, and Yan Chou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15949–15968, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15949-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15949-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The source region of the Yellow River has an important role in issues related to water resources, ecological environment, and climate changes in China. We utilized large eddy simulation to understand whether the surface heterogeneity promotes or inhibits the boundary-layer turbulence, the great contribution of the thermal circulations induced by surface heterogeneity to the water and heat exchange between land/lake and air. Moreover, the turbulence in key locations is characterized.
Federico Dallo, Daniele Zannoni, Jacopo Gabrieli, Paolo Cristofanelli, Francescopiero Calzolari, Fabrizio de Blasi, Andrea Spolaor, Dario Battistel, Rachele Lodi, Warren Raymond Lee Cairns, Ann Mari Fjæraa, Paolo Bonasoni, and Carlo Barbante
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6005–6021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our work showed how the adoption of low-cost technology could be useful in environmental research and monitoring. We focused our work on tropospheric ozone, but we also showed how to make a general purpose low-cost sensing system which may be adapted and optimised to be used in many other case studies. Given the importance of providing quality data, we put a lot of effort in the sensor's calibration, and we believe that our results show how to exploit the potential of the low-cost technology.
Lian Liu, Yaoming Ma, Massimo Menenti, Rongmingzhu Su, Nan Yao, and Weiqiang Ma
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4967–4981, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Albedo is a key factor in land surface energy balance, which is difficult to successfully reproduce by models. Here, we select eight snow events on the Tibetan Plateau to evaluate the universal improvements of our improved albedo scheme. The RMSE relative reductions for temperature, albedo, sensible heat flux and snow depth reach 27%, 32%, 13% and 21%, respectively, with remarkable increases in the correlation coefficients. This presents a strong potential of our scheme for modeling snow events.
Zhipeng Xie, Yaoming Ma, Weiqiang Ma, Zeyong Hu, and Genhou Sun
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-260, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-260, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Wind-driven snow transport greatly influences spatial-temporal distribution of snow in mountainous areas. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal variability of blowing snow is in its infancy because of inaccuracies in satellite-based blowing snow algorithms and the absence of quantitative assessments. Here, we present the spatiotemporal variability and magnitude of blowing snow events, and explore the potential links with ambient meteorological conditions using near surface blowing snow observations.
Cunbo Han, Yaoming Ma, Binbin Wang, Lei Zhong, Weiqiang Ma, Xuelong Chen, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3513–3524, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Actual terrestrial evapotranspiration (ETa) is a key parameter controlling the land–atmosphere interaction processes and water cycle. However, the spatial distribution and temporal changes in ETa over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remain very uncertain. Here we estimate the multiyear (2001–2018) monthly ETa and its spatial distribution on the TP by a combination of meteorological data and satellite products. Results have been validated at six eddy-covariance monitoring sites and show high accuracy.
Zhipeng Xie, Weiqiang Ma, Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Genhou Sun, Yizhe Han, Wei Hu, Rongmingzhu Su, and Yixi Fan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3783–3804, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3783-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3783-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ground information on the occurrence of blowing snow has been sorely lacking because direct observations of blowing snow are sparse in time and space. In this paper, we investigated the potential capability of the decision tree model to detect blowing snow events in the European Alps. Trained with routine meteorological observations, the decision tree model can be used as an efficient tool to detect blowing snow occurrences across different regions requiring limited meteorological variables.
Yanbin Lei, Tandong Yao, Kun Yang, Lazhu, Yaoming Ma, and Broxton W. Bird
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3163–3177, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lake evaporation from Paiku Co on the TP is low in spring and summer and high in autumn and early winter. There is a ~ 5-month lag between net radiation and evaporation due to large lake heat storage. High evaporation and low inflow cause significant lake-level decrease in autumn and early winter, while low evaporation and high inflow cause considerable lake-level increase in summer. This study implies that evaporation can affect the different amplitudes of lake-level variations on the TP.
Maoshan Li, Xiaoran Liu, Lei Shu, Shucheng Yin, Lingzhi Wang, Wei Fu, Yaoming Ma, Yaoxian Yang, and Fanglin Sun
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2915–2930, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, using MODIS satellite data and site atmospheric turbulence observation data in the Nagqu area of the northern Tibetan Plateau, with the Massman-retrieved model and a single height observation to determine aerodynamic surface roughness, temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the surface roughness were analyzed. The result is feasible, and it can be applied to improve the model parameters of the land surface model and the accuracy of model simulation in future work.
Ziyu Huang, Lei Zhong, Yaoming Ma, and Yunfei Fu
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2827–2841, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2827-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2827-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Spectral nudging is an effective dynamical downscaling method used to improve precipitation simulations of regional climate models (RCMs). However, the biases of the driving fields over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) would possibly introduce extra biases when spectral nudging is applied. The results show that the precipitation simulations were significantly improved when limiting the application of spectral nudging toward the potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio over the TP.
Camille Yver-Kwok, Carole Philippon, Peter Bergamaschi, Tobias Biermann, Francescopiero Calzolari, Huilin Chen, Sebastien Conil, Paolo Cristofanelli, Marc Delmotte, Juha Hatakka, Michal Heliasz, Ove Hermansen, Kateřina Komínková, Dagmar Kubistin, Nicolas Kumps, Olivier Laurent, Tuomas Laurila, Irene Lehner, Janne Levula, Matthias Lindauer, Morgan Lopez, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, Per Marklund, Jean-Marc Metzger, Meelis Mölder, Stephen M. Platt, Michel Ramonet, Leonard Rivier, Bert Scheeren, Mahesh Kumar Sha, Paul Smith, Martin Steinbacher, Gabriela Vítková, and Simon Wyss
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 89–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-89-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-89-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European research infrastructure which provides harmonized and high-precision scientific data on the carbon cycle and the greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. All stations have to undergo a rigorous assessment before being labeled, i.e., receiving approval to join the network. In this paper, we present the labeling process for the ICOS atmospheric network through the 23 stations that were labeled between November 2017 and November 2019.
Genhou Sun, Zeyong Hu, Yaoming Ma, Zhipeng Xie, Jiemin Wang, and Song Yang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5937–5951, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the influence of soil conditions on the planetary boundary layer (PBL) thermodynamics and convective cloud formations over a typical underlying surface, based on a series of simulations on a sunny day in the Tibetan Plateau, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The real-case simulation and sensitivity simulations indicate that the soil moisture could have a strong impact on PBL thermodynamics, which may be favorable for the convective cloud formations.
Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Zhipeng Xie, Weiqiang Ma, Binbin Wang, Xuelong Chen, Maoshan Li, Lei Zhong, Fanglin Sun, Lianglei Gu, Cunbo Han, Lang Zhang, Xin Liu, Zhangwei Ding, Genhou Sun, Shujin Wang, Yongjie Wang, and Zhongyan Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2937–2957, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In comparison with other terrestrial regions of the world, meteorological observations are scarce over the Tibetan Plateau.
This has limited our understanding of the mechanisms underlying complex interactions between the different earth spheres with heterogeneous land surface conditions.
The release of this continuous and long-term dataset with high temporal resolution is expected to facilitate broad multidisciplinary communities in understanding key processes on the
Third Pole of the world.
Felix Nieberding, Christian Wille, Gerardo Fratini, Magnus O. Asmussen, Yuyang Wang, Yaoming Ma, and Torsten Sachs
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2705–2724, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2705-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2705-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first long-term eddy covariance CO2 and H2O flux measurements from the large but underrepresented alpine steppe ecosystem on the central Tibetan Plateau. We applied careful corrections and rigorous quality filtering and analyzed the turbulent flow regime to provide meaningful fluxes. This comprehensive data set allows potential users to put the gas flux dynamics into context with ecosystem properties and potential flux drivers and allows for comparisons with other data sets.
Yanbin Lei, Tandong Yao, Kun Yang, Zhu La, Yaoming Ma, and Broxton W. Bird
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-421, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-421, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
X. Chen, Z. Su, and Y. Ma
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2-W13, 1729–1733, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-1729-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-1729-2019, 2019
Lei Zhong, Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Yunfei Fu, Yuanyuan Hu, Xian Wang, Meilin Cheng, and Nan Ge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5529–5541, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5529-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5529-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Fine-temporal-resolution turbulent heat fluxes at the plateau scale have significant importance for studying diurnal variation characteristics of atmospheric boundary and weather systems in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its surroundings. Time series of land surface heat fluxes with high temporal resolution over the entire TP were derived. The derived surface heat fluxes proved to be in good agreement with in situ measurements and were superior to GLDAS flux products.
Khadak Singh Mahata, Maheswar Rupakheti, Arnico Kumar Panday, Piyush Bhardwaj, Manish Naja, Ashish Singh, Andrea Mues, Paolo Cristofanelli, Deepak Pudasainee, Paolo Bonasoni, and Mark G. Lawrence
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14113–14132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14113-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14113-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first-time simultaneous measurement of CO and O3 at multiple sites in the Kathmandu Valley bottom, its mountain rim and a river outlet, providing their spatial, temporal and seasonal–diurnal variations. Our study reveals that high O3, especially during premonsoon, in observed sites is of high concern for human health and ecosystems in the region. We also estimated CO emission flux to be 2–14 times higher than widely used emission databases (EDGAR HTAP, REAS and INTEX-B).
Luca Naitza, Davide Putero, Angela Marinoni, Francescopiero Calzolari, Fabrizio Roccato, Maurizio Busetto, Damiano Sferlazzo, Eleonora Aruffo, Piero Di Carlo, Mariantonia Bencardino, Francesco D'Amore, Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone, Federico Dallo, Jacopo Gabrieli, Massimiliano Vardè, Carlo Barbante, Paolo Bonasoni, and Paolo Cristofanelli
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-245, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-245, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented a prototype of a centralized system to support atmospheric observatories in data production and submission. By using the “R” Language, for several near-surface ECVs, we developed specific routines for data filtering, flagging, formatting, and creation of data products for detecting instrumental problems or special atmospheric events. Our effort would improve atmospheric data quality, accelerate the process of data submission and make the data flagging more “objective".
Xintong Chen, Shichang Kang, Zhiyuan Cong, Junhua Yang, and Yaoming Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12859–12875, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12859-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12859-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the impact of transboundary atmospheric black carbon on the Mt. Everest region and depict the transport pathways in different spatiotemporal scales, we first investigated the concentration level, temporal variation, and sources of black carbon based on high-resolution (2-year) measurements at Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) Station (4276 m a.s.l.). Next, the WRF-Chem simulations were used to reveal the transport mechanisms of black carbon from southern Asia to the Mt. Everest region.
Xiufeng Yin, Shichang Kang, Benjamin de Foy, Yaoming Ma, Yindong Tong, Wei Zhang, Xuejun Wang, Guoshuai Zhang, and Qianggong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10557–10574, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10557-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10557-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Total gaseous mercury concentrations were measured at Nam Co Station on the inland Tibetan Plateau for ~ 3 years. The mean concentration of TGM during the entire monitoring period was 1.33 ± 0.24 ngm-3, ranking it the lowest in China and indicating the pristine atmospheric environment of the inland Tibetan Plateau. Variation of TGM at Nam Co was affected by regional surface reemission, vertical mixing and long-range transported atmospheric mercury, which was associated with the Indian monsoon.
Silvia Bucci, Paolo Cristofanelli, Stefano Decesari, Angela Marinoni, Silvia Sandrini, Johannes Größ, Alfred Wiedensohler, Chiara F. Di Marco, Eiko Nemitz, Francesco Cairo, Luca Di Liberto, and Federico Fierli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5371–5389, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5371-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5371-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper analyses some of the processes affecting PM levels over the Po Valley, one of the most polluted regions of Europe, during the 2012 summer campaigns. Under conditions of air transport from the Sahara, data show that desert dust can rapidly penetrate into the lower atmosphere, directly affecting the PM concentration at the ground. Processes of particles growth in high relative humidity and uplift of local soil particles, potentially affecting PM level, are also analysed.
Xiufeng Yin, Shichang Kang, Benjamin de Foy, Zhiyuan Cong, Jiali Luo, Lang Zhang, Yaoming Ma, Guoshuai Zhang, Dipesh Rupakheti, and Qianggong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11293–11311, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11293-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11293-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We presented 5-year surface ozone measurements at Nam Co in the inland Tibetan Plateau and made a synthesis comparison of diurnal and seasonal patterns on regional and hemispheric scales. Surface ozone at Nam Co is mainly dominated by natural processes and is less influenced by stratospheric intrusions and human activities than on the rim of the Tibetan Plateau. Ozone at Nam Co is representative of background that is valuable for studying ozone-related effects on large scales.
Davide Putero, Paolo Cristofanelli, Michael Sprenger, Bojan Škerlak, Laura Tositti, and Paolo Bonasoni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14203–14217, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14203-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14203-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to present STEFLUX, a tool to obtain a fast-computing identification of the stratospheric intrusion (SI) events occurring at a specific location and during a specified time window. STEFLUX results are compared to the SI observations at two high-mountain WMO/GAW global stations in Nepal and Italy, representative of two hot spots for climate change. Furthermore, the climatology of SI at the two stations is assessed, and the impact of several climate factors investigated.
Jian Peng, Alexander Loew, Xuelong Chen, Yaoming Ma, and Zhongbo Su
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3167–3182, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3167-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3167-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau plays a major role in regional and global climate. The knowledge of latent heat flux can help to better describe the complex interactions between land and atmosphere. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed cross-comparison of existing latent heat flux products over the TP. The results highlight the recently developed latent heat product – High Resolution Land Surface Parameters from Space (HOLAPS).
Franco Salerno, Sudeep Thakuri, Nicolas Guyennon, Gaetano Viviano, and Gianni Tartari
The Cryosphere, 10, 1433–1448, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1433-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1433-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This contribution shows that the surface area variations of unconnected glacial ponds, i.e. ponds not directly connected to glacier ice, can be considered as suitable proxies for detecting past changes in the main hydrological components of the water balance (glacier melt, precipitation, evaporation) on the south side of Mt Everest.
James S. Douglas, Matthias Huss, Darrel A. Swift, Julie M. Jones, and Franco Salerno
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-116, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2016-116, 2016
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier behaviour in high-mountain Asia is different from other regions due to debris cover and ice stagnation. This study incorporates these factors into a glacio-hydrological model for the first time at the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal. We show that including debris provides a more realistic representation of the Khumbu Glacier than in previous runoff models, and that changes to the debris surface significantly influence glacier and runoff evolution, with impacts on downstream water resources.
P. Stocchi and S. Davolio
Adv. Sci. Res., 13, 7–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-7-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-7-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Three heavy rain events over NE Alps were simulated using a high-resolution model to evaluate the effect of the SST of the Adriatic Sea.
These preliminary results show that SST influences the surface heat fluxes over the sea, but does not necessary affect the vertical integrated water vapour flux across the coast.
The response of heavy precipitation to a SST change is complex: SST affects the PBL characteristics and thus the flow dynamics and its interaction with orography.
A. Wagner, A.-M. Blechschmidt, I. Bouarar, E.-G. Brunke, C. Clerbaux, M. Cupeiro, P. Cristofanelli, H. Eskes, J. Flemming, H. Flentje, M. George, S. Gilge, A. Hilboll, A. Inness, J. Kapsomenakis, A. Richter, L. Ries, W. Spangl, O. Stein, R. Weller, and C. Zerefos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 14005–14030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-14005-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-14005-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate project (MACC) operationally produces global analyses and forecasts of reactive gases and aerosol fields. We have investigated the ability of the model to simulate concentrations of reactive gases (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone) between 2009 and 2012. The model reproduced reactive gas concentrations with consistent quality, however, with a seasonally dependent bias compared to surface and satellite observations.
D. Putero, P. Cristofanelli, A. Marinoni, B. Adhikary, R. Duchi, S. D. Shrestha, G. P. Verza, T. C. Landi, F. Calzolari, M. Busetto, G. Agrillo, F. Biancofiore, P. Di Carlo, A. K. Panday, M. Rupakheti, and P. Bonasoni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13957–13971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13957-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13957-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to present a full-year analysis of simultaneous measurements of ozone, black carbon, and aerosol number concentration at Paknajol, in the Kathmandu Valley, one of the global “hot spots” in terms of air pollution. Results indicate persisting poor air quality conditions throughout the measurement period, and suggest that the pollutants' variability is mainly driven by local pollution source activity, local- and large-scale dynamics, photochemistry, and vegetation fires.
C. Xu, Y. M. Ma, C. You, and Z. K. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12065–12078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12065-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12065-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Different monthly variation patterns of aerosol optical depth are observed over the southern and northern Tibetan Plateau (TP). A dividing line of higher dust occurrence in the northern TP and lower dust occurrence in the southern TP can be observed clearly at an altitude of 6-8km. The different seasonal variation patterns between the northern and southern TP are due to many factors, including the emission sources, high-altitude terrain and atmospheric circulation.
M. Rinaldi, S. Gilardoni, M. Paglione, S. Sandrini, S. Fuzzi, P. Massoli, P. Bonasoni, P. Cristofanelli, A. Marinoni, V. Poluzzi, and S. Decesari
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11327–11340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11327-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11327-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This work highlights the important contribution of organic aerosols to the composition of submicron particles at remote mountain sites. Moreover, it confirms the importance of regional-scale physical and chemical processes and of transboundary transport in determining the background aerosol composition at rural European sites.
T. Gerken, W. Babel, M. Herzog, K. Fuchs, F. Sun, Y. Ma, T. Foken, and H.-F. Graf
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4023–4040, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4023-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4023-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Surface moisture is an important control for the development of clouds and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau. While dry surface conditions do not provided enough water for the development of precipitation and convection, wet surface conditions lead to increased cloud cover and a decrease in solar irradiation, which also reduces convection development. It was found that intermediate soil moistures are associated with the strongest convection.
W. Yu, L. Tian, Y. Ma, B. Xu, and D. Qu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10251–10262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10251-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10251-2015, 2015
H.-W. Jacobi, S. Lim, M. Ménégoz, P. Ginot, P. Laj, P. Bonasoni, P. Stocchi, A. Marinoni, and Y. Arnaud
The Cryosphere, 9, 1685–1699, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1685-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1685-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We detected up to 70 ppb of black carbon (BC) in surface snow in the upper Khumbu Valley, Nepal. With an upgraded snowpack model, including radiative transfer inside the snow, we studied the impact of BC on snow albedo, melting and radiative forcing for the sensitive high altitude regions of the Himalayas. We found that due to BC, the melting of the snow can be shifted by several days up to several weeks depending on meteorological conditions. The impact of BC is larger in dirty snow.
G. Curci, L. Ferrero, P. Tuccella, F. Barnaba, F. Angelini, E. Bolzacchini, C. Carbone, H. A. C. Denier van der Gon, M. C. Facchini, G. P. Gobbi, J. P. P. Kuenen, T. C. Landi, C. Perrino, M. G. Perrone, G. Sangiorgi, and P. Stocchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2629–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2629-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2629-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate matter (PM) at ground level is of primary concern for the quality of the air we breathe. Most direct sources of PM are near the ground, but an important fraction of PM is produced by photochemical processes happening also in the upper atmospheric layers. We investigated the contribution of those layers to the PM near the ground and found a significant impact. Nitrate is a major player in the “vertical direction”, owing to its sensitivity to ambient temperature and relative humidity.
X. Chen, Z. Su, Y. Ma, S. Liu, Q. Yu, and Z. Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13097–13117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13097-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13097-2014, 2014
W. Babel, T. Biermann, H. Coners, E. Falge, E. Seeber, J. Ingrisch, P.-M. Schleuß, T. Gerken, J. Leonbacher, T. Leipold, S. Willinghöfer, K. Schützenmeister, O. Shibistova, L. Becker, S. Hafner, S. Spielvogel, X. Li, X. Xu, Y. Sun, L. Zhang, Y. Yang, Y. Ma, K. Wesche, H.-F. Graf, C. Leuschner, G. Guggenberger, Y. Kuzyakov, G. Miehe, and T. Foken
Biogeosciences, 11, 6633–6656, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6633-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6633-2014, 2014
A. Senese, M. Maugeri, E. Vuillermoz, C. Smiraglia, and G. Diolaiuti
The Cryosphere, 8, 1921–1933, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1921-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1921-2014, 2014
S. Thakuri, F. Salerno, C. Smiraglia, T. Bolch, C. D'Agata, G. Viviano, and G. Tartari
The Cryosphere, 8, 1297–1315, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1297-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1297-2014, 2014
R. van der Velde, M. S. Salama, T. Pellarin, M. Ofwono, Y. Ma, and Z. Su
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1323–1337, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1323-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1323-2014, 2014
C. Xu, Y. M. Ma, A. Panday, Z. Y. Cong, K. Yang, Z. K. Zhu, J. M. Wang, P. M. Amatya, and L. Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3133–3149, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3133-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3133-2014, 2014
Y. Ma, Z. Zhu, L. Zhong, B. Wang, C. Han, Z. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Lu, P. M. Amatya, W. Ma, and Z. Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1507–1515, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1507-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1507-2014, 2014
S. Sandrini, L. Giulianelli, S. Decesari, S. Fuzzi, P. Cristofanelli, A. Marinoni, P. Bonasoni, M. Chiari, G. Calzolai, S. Canepari, C. Perrino, and M. C. Facchini
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1075–1092, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1075-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1075-2014, 2014
P. Wagnon, C. Vincent, Y. Arnaud, E. Berthier, E. Vuillermoz, S. Gruber, M. Ménégoz, A. Gilbert, M. Dumont, J. M. Shea, D. Stumm, and B. K. Pokhrel
The Cryosphere, 7, 1769–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1769-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1769-2013, 2013
U. Minora, D. Bocchiola, C. D'Agata, D. Maragno, C. Mayer, A. Lambrecht, B. Mosconi, E. Vuillermoz, A. Senese, C. Compostella, C. Smiraglia, and G. Diolaiuti
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2891-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2891-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
N. Guyennon, E. Romano, I. Portoghese, F. Salerno, S. Calmanti, A. B. Petrangeli, G. Tartari, and D. Copetti
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 705–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-705-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-705-2013, 2013
P. Cristofanelli, F. Fierli, A. Marinoni, F. Calzolari, R. Duchi, J. Burkhart, A. Stohl, M. Maione, J. Arduini, and P. Bonasoni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 15–30, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-15-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-15-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Climate Interactions
Arctic glacier snowline altitudes rise 150 m over the last 4 decades
Triggers of the 2022 Larsen B multi-year landfast sea ice breakout and initial glacier response
Projection of snowfall extremes in the French Alps as a function of elevation and global warming level
Assessing the glacier projection uncertainties in the Patagonian Andes (40–56° S) from a catchment perspective
Forced and internal components of observed Arctic sea-ice changes
Changes in March mean snow water equivalent since the mid-20th century and the contributing factors in reanalyses and CMIP6 climate models
Climatic control of the surface mass balance of the Patagonian Icefields
Spatio-temporal reconstruction of winter glacier mass balance in the Alps, Scandinavia, Central Asia and western Canada (1981–2019) using climate reanalyses and machine learning
Impacts of snow assimilation on seasonal snow and meteorological forecasts for the Tibetan Plateau
The Antarctic contribution to 21st-century sea-level rise predicted by the UK Earth System Model with an interactive ice sheet
A probabilistic framework for quantifying the role of anthropogenic climate change in marine-terminating glacier retreats
Synoptic control over winter snowfall variability observed in a remote site of Apennine Mountains (Italy), 1884–2015
Network connectivity between the winter Arctic Oscillation and summer sea ice in CMIP6 models and observations
Land–atmosphere interactions in sub-polar and alpine climates in the CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study Land Use and Climate Across Scales (LUCAS) models – Part 2: The role of changing vegetation
How does a change in climate variability impact the Greenland ice-sheet surface mass balance?
Evidence of elevation-dependent warming from the Chinese Tian Shan
The contribution of melt ponds to enhanced Arctic sea-ice melt during the Last Interglacial
Significant additional Antarctic warming in atmospheric bias-corrected ARPEGE projections with respect to control run
On the attribution of industrial-era glacier mass loss to anthropogenic climate change
Snow conditions in northern Europe: the dynamics of interannual variability versus projected long-term change
Diverging responses of high-latitude CO2 and CH4 emissions in idealized climate change scenarios
Distributed summer air temperatures across mountain glaciers in the south-east Tibetan Plateau: temperature sensitivity and comparison with existing glacier datasets
Analyzing links between simulated Laptev Sea sea ice and atmospheric conditions over adjoining landmasses using causal-effect networks
Anthropogenic climate change versus internal climate variability: impacts on snow cover in the Swiss Alps
Clouds damp the radiative impacts of polar sea ice loss
Historical Northern Hemisphere snow cover trends and projected changes in the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble
Glacier runoff variations since 1955 in the Maipo River basin, in the semiarid Andes of central Chile
CMIP5 model selection for ISMIP6 ice sheet model forcing: Greenland and Antarctica
Optimization of over-summer snow storage at midlatitudes and low elevation
Effect of prescribed sea surface conditions on the modern and future Antarctic surface climate simulated by the ARPEGE atmosphere general circulation model
Impact of warming shelf waters on ice mélange and terminus retreat at a large SE Greenland glacier
A long-term dataset of climatic mass balance, snow conditions, and runoff in Svalbard (1957–2018)
An efficient surface energy–mass balance model for snow and ice
Brief communication: Understanding solar geoengineering's potential to limit sea level rise requires attention from cryosphere experts
Spring snow albedo feedback over northern Eurasia: Comparing in situ measurements with reanalysis products
The influence of atmospheric grid resolution in a climate model-forced ice sheet simulation
Future snowfall in the Alps: projections based on the EURO-CORDEX regional climate models
Complex principal component analysis of mass balance changes on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Sonar gas flux estimation by bubble insonification: application to methane bubble flux from seep areas in the outer Laptev Sea
Brief communication: The global signature of post-1900 land ice wastage on vertical land motion
Simulating the evolution of Hardangerjøkulen ice cap in southern Norway since the mid-Holocene and its sensitivity to climate change
Atmospheric forcing of sea ice anomalies in the Ross Sea polynya region
Brief communication: Impacts of a developing polynya off Commonwealth Bay, East Antarctica, triggered by grounding of iceberg B09B
A simple equation for the melt elevation feedback of ice sheets
Glacier melting and precipitation trends detected by surface area changes in Himalayan ponds
Analyzing airflow in static ice caves by using the calcFLOW method
ENSO influence on surface energy and mass balance at Shallap Glacier, Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Projected changes of snow conditions and avalanche activity in a warming climate: the French Alps over the 2020–2050 and 2070–2100 periods
The effect of snow/sea ice type on the response of albedo and light penetration depth (e-folding depth) to increasing black carbon
Sensitivity of lake ice regimes to climate change in the Nordic region
Laura J. Larocca, James M. Lea, Michael P. Erb, Nicholas P. McKay, Megan Phillips, Kara A. Lamantia, and Darrell S. Kaufman
The Cryosphere, 18, 3591–3611, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3591-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3591-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present summer snowline altitude (SLA) time series for 269 Arctic glaciers. Between 1984 and 2022, SLAs rose ∼ 150 m, equating to a ∼ 127 m shift per 1 °C of summer warming. SLA is most strongly correlated with annual temperature variables, highlighting their dual effect on ablation and accumulation processes. We show that SLAs are rising fastest on low-elevation glaciers and that > 50 % of the studied glaciers could have SLAs that exceed the maximum ice elevation by 2100.
Naomi E. Ochwat, Ted A. Scambos, Alison F. Banwell, Robert S. Anderson, Michelle L. Maclennan, Ghislain Picard, Julia A. Shates, Sebastian Marinsek, Liliana Margonari, Martin Truffer, and Erin C. Pettit
The Cryosphere, 18, 1709–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the Antarctic Peninsula, there is a small bay that had sea ice fastened to the shoreline (
fast ice) for over a decade. The fast ice stabilized the glaciers that fed into the ocean. In January 2022, the fast ice broke away. Using satellite data we found that this was because of low sea ice concentrations and a high long-period ocean wave swell. We find that the glaciers have responded to this event by thinning, speeding up, and retreating by breaking off lots of icebergs at remarkable rates.
Erwan Le Roux, Guillaume Evin, Raphaëlle Samacoïts, Nicolas Eckert, Juliette Blanchet, and Samuel Morin
The Cryosphere, 17, 4691–4704, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4691-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4691-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess projected changes in snowfall extremes in the French Alps as a function of elevation and global warming level for a high-emission scenario. On average, heavy snowfall is projected to decrease below 3000 m and increase above 3600 m, while extreme snowfall is projected to decrease below 2400 m and increase above 3300 m. At elevations in between, an increase is projected until +3 °C of global warming and then a decrease. These results have implications for the management of risks.
Rodrigo Aguayo, Fabien Maussion, Lilian Schuster, Marius Schaefer, Alexis Caro, Patrick Schmitt, Jonathan Mackay, Lizz Ultee, Jorge Leon-Muñoz, and Mauricio Aguayo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2325, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2325, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting how much water will come from glaciers in the future is a complex task, and there are many factors that make it uncertain. Using a glacier model, we explored 1,920 scenarios for each glacier in the Patagonian Andes. We found that the choice of climate data was the most important factor, while other factors such as different data sources, climate models and emission scenarios played a smaller role.
Jakob Simon Dörr, David B. Bonan, Marius Årthun, Lea Svendsen, and Robert C. J. Wills
The Cryosphere, 17, 4133–4153, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4133-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4133-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic sea-ice cover is retreating due to climate change, but this retreat is influenced by natural (internal) variability in the climate system. We use a new statistical method to investigate how much internal variability has affected trends in the summer and winter Arctic sea-ice cover using observations since 1979. Our results suggest that the impact of internal variability on sea-ice retreat might be lower than what climate models have estimated.
Jouni Räisänen
The Cryosphere, 17, 1913–1934, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1913-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1913-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in snow amount since the mid-20th century are studied, focusing on the mechanisms that have changed the water equivalent of the snowpack (SWE). Both reanalysis and climate model data show a decrease in SWE in most of the Northern Hemisphere. The total winter precipitation has increased in most areas, but this has been compensated for by reduced snowfall-to-precipitation ratio and enhanced snowmelt. However, the details and magnitude of these trends vary between different data sets.
Tomás Carrasco-Escaff, Maisa Rojas, René Darío Garreaud, Deniz Bozkurt, and Marius Schaefer
The Cryosphere, 17, 1127–1149, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the interplay between climate and the Patagonian Icefields. By modeling the glacioclimatic conditions of the southern Andes, we found that the annual variations in net surface mass change experienced by these icefields are mainly controlled by annual variations in the air pressure field observed near the Drake Passage. Little dependence on main modes of variability was found, suggesting the Drake Passage as a key region for understanding the Patagonian Icefields.
Matteo Guidicelli, Matthias Huss, Marco Gabella, and Nadine Salzmann
The Cryosphere, 17, 977–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-977-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-977-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Spatio-temporal reconstruction of winter glacier mass balance is important for assessing long-term impacts of climate change. However, high-altitude regions significantly lack reliable observations, which is limiting the calibration of glaciological and hydrological models. We aim at improving knowledge on the spatio-temporal variations in winter glacier mass balance by exploring the combination of data from reanalyses and direct snow accumulation observations on glaciers with machine learning.
Wei Li, Jie Chen, Lu Li, Yvan J. Orsolini, Yiheng Xiang, Retish Senan, and Patricia de Rosnay
The Cryosphere, 16, 4985–5000, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4985-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow assimilation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) may influence seasonal forecasts over this region. To investigate the impacts of snow assimilation on the seasonal forecasts of snow, temperature and precipitation, twin ensemble reforecasts are initialized with and without snow assimilation above 1500 m altitude over the TP for spring and summer in 2018. The results show that snow assimilation can improve seasonal forecasts over the TP through the interaction between land and atmosphere.
Antony Siahaan, Robin S. Smith, Paul R. Holland, Adrian Jenkins, Jonathan M. Gregory, Victoria Lee, Pierre Mathiot, Antony J. Payne, Jeff K. Ridley, and Colin G. Jones
The Cryosphere, 16, 4053–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4053-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4053-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The UK Earth System Model is the first to fully include interactions of the atmosphere and ocean with the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Under the low-greenhouse-gas SSP1–1.9 (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway) scenario, the ice sheet remains stable over the 21st century. Under the strong-greenhouse-gas SSP5–8.5 scenario, the model predicts strong increases in melting of large ice shelves and snow accumulation on the surface. The dominance of accumulation leads to a sea level fall at the end of the century.
John Erich Christian, Alexander A. Robel, and Ginny Catania
The Cryosphere, 16, 2725–2743, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2725-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2725-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine-terminating glaciers have recently retreated dramatically, but the role of anthropogenic forcing remains uncertain. We use idealized model simulations to develop a framework for assessing the probability of rapid retreat in the context of natural climate variability. Our analyses show that century-scale anthropogenic trends can substantially increase the probability of retreats. This provides a roadmap for future work to formally assess the role of human activity in recent glacier change.
Vincenzo Capozzi, Carmela De Vivo, and Giorgio Budillon
The Cryosphere, 16, 1741–1763, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1741-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1741-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work documents the snowfall variability observed from late XIX century to recent years in Montevergine (southern Italy) and discusses its relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation. The main results lie in the absence of a trend until mid-1970s, in the strong reduction of the snowfall quantity and frequency from mid-1970s to 1990s and in the increase of both variables from early 2000s. In the past 50 years, the nivometric regime has been strongly modulated by AO and NAO indices.
William Gregory, Julienne Stroeve, and Michel Tsamados
The Cryosphere, 16, 1653–1673, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1653-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1653-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research was conducted to better understand how coupled climate models simulate one of the large-scale interactions between the atmosphere and Arctic sea ice that we see in observational data, the accurate representation of which is important for producing reliable forecasts of Arctic sea ice on seasonal to inter-annual timescales. With network theory, this work shows that models do not reflect this interaction well on average, which is likely due to regional biases in sea ice thickness.
Priscilla A. Mooney, Diana Rechid, Edouard L. Davin, Eleni Katragkou, Natalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Anne Sophie Daloz, Peter Hoffmann, Daniela C. A. Lima, Ronny Meier, Pedro M. M. Soares, Giannis Sofiadis, Susanna Strada, Gustav Strandberg, Merja H. Toelle, and Marianne T. Lund
The Cryosphere, 16, 1383–1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1383-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1383-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use multiple regional climate models to show that afforestation in sub-polar and alpine regions reduces the radiative impact of snow albedo on the atmosphere, reduces snow cover, and delays the start of the snowmelt season. This is important for local communities that are highly reliant on snowpack for water resources and winter tourism. However, models disagree on the amount of change particularly when snow is melting. This shows that more research is needed on snow–vegetation interactions.
Tobias Zolles and Andreas Born
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-379, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-379, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for TC
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland ice-sheet largely depends on the climate state. The uncertainties associated with the year-to-year variability have only a marginal impact on our simulated surface mass budget, this increases our confidence in projections and reconstructions. Basing the simulations based on proxies for, f.ex., temperature, overestimates the surface mass balance, as climatologies lead to small amounts of snowfall every day. This can be reduced by including sub-monthly precipitation variability.
Lu Gao, Haijun Deng, Xiangyong Lei, Jianhui Wei, Yaning Chen, Zhongqin Li, Miaomiao Ma, Xingwei Chen, Ying Chen, Meibing Liu, and Jianyun Gao
The Cryosphere, 15, 5765–5783, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5765-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5765-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
There is a widespread controversy on the existence of the elevation-dependent warming (EDW) phenomenon due to the limited observations in high mountains. This study provides new evidence of EDW from the Chinese Tian Shan based on a high-resolution (1 km, 6-hourly) air temperature dataset. The result reveals the significant EDW on a monthly scale. The warming rate of the minimum temperature in winter showed a significant elevation dependence (p < 0.01), especially above 3000 m.
Rachel Diamond, Louise C. Sime, David Schroeder, and Maria-Vittoria Guarino
The Cryosphere, 15, 5099–5114, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5099-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5099-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3) is the first coupled climate model to simulate an ice-free summer Arctic during the Last Interglacial (LIG), 127 000 years ago, and yields accurate Arctic surface temperatures. We investigate the causes and impacts of this extreme simulated ice loss and, in particular, the role of melt ponds.
Julien Beaumet, Michel Déqué, Gerhard Krinner, Cécile Agosta, Antoinette Alias, and Vincent Favier
The Cryosphere, 15, 3615–3635, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use empirical run-time bias correction (also called flux correction) to correct the systematic errors of the ARPEGE atmospheric climate model. When applying the method to future climate projections, we found a lesser poleward shift and an intensification of the maximum of westerly winds present in the southern high latitudes. This yields a significant additional warming of +0.6 to +0.9 K of the Antarctic Ice Sheet with respect to non-corrected control projections using the RCP8.5 scenario.
Gerard H. Roe, John Erich Christian, and Ben Marzeion
The Cryosphere, 15, 1889–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The worldwide retreat of mountain glaciers and consequent loss of ice mass is one of the most obvious signs of a changing climate and has significant implications for the hydrology and natural hazards in mountain landscapes. Consistent with our understanding of the human role in temperature change, we demonstrate that the central estimate of the size of the human-caused mass loss is essentially 100 % of the observed loss. This assessment resolves some important inconsistencies in the literature.
Jouni Räisänen
The Cryosphere, 15, 1677–1696, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Interannual variability of snow amount in northern Europe is studied. In the coldest areas, total winter precipitation governs snow amount variability. In warmer regions, the fraction of snowfall that survives without melting is more important. Since winter temperature and precipitation are positively correlated, there is often more snow in milder winters in the coldest areas. However, in model simulations of a warmer future climate, snow amount decreases nearly everywhere in northern Europe.
Philipp de Vrese, Tobias Stacke, Thomas Kleinen, and Victor Brovkin
The Cryosphere, 15, 1097–1130, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1097-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1097-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
With large amounts of carbon stored in frozen soils and a highly energy-limited vegetation the Arctic is very sensitive to changes in climate. Here our simulations with the land surface model JSBACH reveal a number of offsetting factors moderating the Arctic's net response to global warming. More importantly we find that the effects of climate change may not be fully reversible on decadal timescales, leading to substantially different CH4 emissions depending on whether the Arctic warms or cools.
Thomas E. Shaw, Wei Yang, Álvaro Ayala, Claudio Bravo, Chuanxi Zhao, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 15, 595–614, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Near surface air temperature (Ta) is important for simulating the melting of glaciers, though its variability in space and time on mountain glaciers is still poorly understood. We combine new Ta observations on glacier in Tibet with several glacier datasets around the world to explore the applicability of an existing method to estimate glacier Ta based upon glacier flow distance. We make a first step at generalising a method and highlight the remaining unknowns for this field of research.
Zoé Rehder, Anne Laura Niederdrenk, Lars Kaleschke, and Lars Kutzbach
The Cryosphere, 14, 4201–4215, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4201-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the connection between sea ice and permafrost, we investigate how sea ice interacts with the atmosphere over the adjacent landmass in the Laptev Sea region using a climate model. Melt of sea ice in spring is mainly controlled by the atmosphere; in fall, feedback mechanisms are important. Throughout summer, lower-than-usual sea ice leads to more southward transport of heat and moisture, but these links from sea ice to the atmosphere over land are weak.
Fabian Willibald, Sven Kotlarski, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey, and Ralf Ludwig
The Cryosphere, 14, 2909–2924, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2909-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2909-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change will significantly reduce snow cover, but the extent remains disputed. We use regional climate model data as a driver for a snow model to investigate the impacts of climate change and climate variability on snow. We show that natural climate variability is a dominant source of uncertainty in future snow trends. We show that anthropogenic climate change will change the interannual variability of snow. Those factors will increase the vulnerabilities of snow-dependent economies.
Ramdane Alkama, Patrick C. Taylor, Lorea Garcia-San Martin, Herve Douville, Gregory Duveiller, Giovanni Forzieri, Didier Swingedouw, and Alessandro Cescatti
The Cryosphere, 14, 2673–2686, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2673-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2673-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth is believed to strongly depend on clouds. Here, we investigate this relationship using satellite data and 32 climate models, showing that this relationship holds everywhere except over polar seas, where an increased reflection by clouds corresponds to an increase in absorbed solar radiation at the surface. This interplay between clouds and sea ice reduces by half the increase of net radiation at the surface that follows the sea ice retreat.
Lawrence Mudryk, María Santolaria-Otín, Gerhard Krinner, Martin Ménégoz, Chris Derksen, Claire Brutel-Vuilmet, Mike Brady, and Richard Essery
The Cryosphere, 14, 2495–2514, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2495-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2495-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze how well updated state-of-the-art climate models reproduce observed historical snow cover extent and snow mass and how they project that these quantities will change up to the year 2100. Overall the updated models better represent historical snow extent than previous models, and they simulate stronger historical trends in snow extent and snow mass. They project that spring snow extent will decrease by 8 % for each degree Celsius that the global surface air temperature increases.
Álvaro Ayala, David Farías-Barahona, Matthias Huss, Francesca Pellicciotti, James McPhee, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 14, 2005–2027, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2005-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2005-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct past glacier changes (1955–2016) and estimate the committed ice loss in the Maipo River basin (semi-arid Andes of Chile), with a focus on glacier runoff. We found that glacier volume has decreased by one-fifth since 1955 and that glacier runoff shows a sequence of decreasing maxima starting in a severe drought in 1968. As meltwater originating from the Andes plays a key role in this dry region, our results can be useful for developing adaptation or mitigation strategies.
Alice Barthel, Cécile Agosta, Christopher M. Little, Tore Hattermann, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Heiko Goelzer, Sophie Nowicki, Helene Seroussi, Fiammetta Straneo, and Thomas J. Bracegirdle
The Cryosphere, 14, 855–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-855-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-855-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We compare existing coupled climate models to select a total of six models to provide forcing to the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet simulations of the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP6). We select models based on (i) their representation of current climate near Antarctica and Greenland relative to observations and (ii) their ability to sample a diversity of projected atmosphere and ocean changes over the 21st century.
Hannah S. Weiss, Paul R. Bierman, Yves Dubief, and Scott D. Hamshaw
The Cryosphere, 13, 3367–3382, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3367-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3367-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is devastating winter tourism. High-elevation, high-latitude ski centers have turned to saving snow over the summer. We present results of two field seasons to test and optimize over-summer snow storage at a midlatitude, low-elevation nordic ski center in the northeastern USA. In 2018, we tested coverings and found success overlaying 20 cm of wet woodchips with a reflective sheet. In 2019, we employed this strategy to a large pile and stored sufficient snow to open the ski season.
Julien Beaumet, Michel Déqué, Gerhard Krinner, Cécile Agosta, and Antoinette Alias
The Cryosphere, 13, 3023–3043, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3023-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3023-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric model ARPEGE is used with a stretched grid in order to reach an average horizontal resolution of 35 km over Antarctica. Over 1981–2010, we forced the model with observed and modelled sea surface conditions (SSCs). For the late 21st century, we use original and bias-corrected sea surface conditions from RCP8.5 climate projections. We assess the impact of using direct or bias-corrected SSCs for the evolution of Antarctic climate and surface mass balance.
Suzanne L. Bevan, Adrian J. Luckman, Douglas I. Benn, Tom Cowton, and Joe Todd
The Cryosphere, 13, 2303–2315, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2303-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2303-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Kangerlussuaq Glacier in Greenland retreated significantly in the early 2000s and typified the response of calving glaciers to climate change. Satellite images show that it has recently retreated even further. The current retreat follows the appearance of extremely warm surface waters on the continental shelf during the summer of 2016, which likely entered the fjord and caused the rigid mass of sea ice and icebergs, which normally inhibits calving, to melt and break up.
Ward van Pelt, Veijo Pohjola, Rickard Pettersson, Sergey Marchenko, Jack Kohler, Bartłomiej Luks, Jon Ove Hagen, Thomas V. Schuler, Thorben Dunse, Brice Noël, and Carleen Reijmer
The Cryosphere, 13, 2259–2280, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2259-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2259-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The climate in Svalbard is undergoing amplified change compared to the global mean, which has a strong impact on the climatic mass balance of glaciers and the state of seasonal snow in land areas. In this study we analyze a coupled energy balance–subsurface model dataset, which provides detailed information on distributed climatic mass balance, snow conditions, and runoff across Svalbard between 1957 and 2018.
Andreas Born, Michael A. Imhof, and Thomas F. Stocker
The Cryosphere, 13, 1529–1546, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1529-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1529-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new numerical model to simulate the surface energy and mass balance of snow and ice. While similar models exist and cover a wide range of complexity from empirical models to those that simulate the microscopic structure of individual snow grains, we aim to strike a balance between physical completeness and numerical efficiency. This new model will enable physically accurate simulations over timescales of hundreds of millennia, a key requirement of investigating ice age cycles.
Peter J. Irvine, David W. Keith, and John Moore
The Cryosphere, 12, 2501–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2501-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2501-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, a form of solar geoengineering, is a proposal to add a reflective layer of aerosol to the upper atmosphere. This would reduce sea level rise by slowing the melting of ice on land and the thermal expansion of the oceans. However, there is considerable uncertainty about its potential efficacy. This article highlights key uncertainties in the sea level response to solar geoengineering and recommends approaches to address these in future work.
Martin Wegmann, Emanuel Dutra, Hans-Werner Jacobi, and Olga Zolina
The Cryosphere, 12, 1887–1898, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1887-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1887-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
An important factor for Earth's climate is the high sunlight reflectivity of snow. By melting, it reveals darker surfaces and sunlight is converted to heat. We investigate how well this process is represented in reanalyses data sets compared to observations over Russia. We found snow processes to be well represented, but reflectivity variability needs to be improved. Our results highlight the need for a better representation of this key climate change feedback process in modelled data.
Marcus Lofverstrom and Johan Liakka
The Cryosphere, 12, 1499–1510, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1499-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1499-2018, 2018
Prisco Frei, Sven Kotlarski, Mark A. Liniger, and Christoph Schär
The Cryosphere, 12, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Snowfall is central to Alpine environments, and its future changes will be associated with pronounced impacts. We here assess future snowfall changes in the European Alps based on an ensemble of state-of-the-art regional climate model experiments and on two different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The results reveal pronounced changes in the Alpine snowfall climate with considerable snowfall reductions at low and mid-elevations but also snowfall increases at high elevations in midwinter.
Jingang Zhan, Hongling Shi, Yong Wang, and Yixin Yao
The Cryosphere, 11, 1487–1499, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1487-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1487-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The mass balance change on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the result of interactions between the atmospheric vapor and the surface water resources. We evaluated the spatial characteristics and principal components of mass balance change using CPCA and wavelet analysis. The results reflect the change in four major different atmospheric circulation patterns and their contribution percentages to mass balance. The novelty of the phase information revealed their impact area and travel route in detail.
Ira Leifer, Denis Chernykh, Natalia Shakhova, and Igor Semiletov
The Cryosphere, 11, 1333–1350, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1333-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1333-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Vast Arctic methane deposits may alter global climate and require remote sensing (RS) to map. Sonar has great promise, but quantitative inversion based on theory is challenged by multiple bubble acoustical scattering in plumes. We demonstrate use of a real-world in situ bubble plume calibration using a bubble model to correct for differences in the calibration and seep plumes. Spatial seep sonar maps were then used to improve understanding of subsurface geologic controls.
Riccardo E. M. Riva, Thomas Frederikse, Matt A. King, Ben Marzeion, and Michiel R. van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 11, 1327–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1327-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1327-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The reduction of ice masses stored on land has made an important contribution to sea-level rise over the last century, as well as changed the Earth's shape. We model the solid-earth response to ice mass changes and find significant vertical deformation signals over large continental areas. We show how deformation rates have varied strongly throughout the last century, which affects the interpretation and extrapolation of recent observations of vertical land motion and sea-level change.
Henning Åkesson, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Rianne H. Giesen, and Mathieu Morlighem
The Cryosphere, 11, 281–302, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-281-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-281-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present simulations of the history of Hardangerjøkulen ice cap in southern Norway using a dynamical ice sheet model. From mid-Holocene ice-free conditions 4000 years ago, Hardangerjøkulen grows nonlinearly in response to a linear climate forcing, reaching maximum extent during the Little Ice Age (~ 1750 AD). The ice cap exhibits spatially asymmetric growth and retreat and is highly sensitive to climate change. Our results call for reassessment of glacier reconstructions from proxy records.
Ethan R. Dale, Adrian J. McDonald, Jack H. J. Coggins, and Wolfgang Rack
The Cryosphere, 11, 267–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-267-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-267-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This work studies the affects of strong winds on sea ice within the Ross Sea polynya. We compare both automatic weather station (AWS) and reanalysis wind data with sea ice concentration (SIC) measurements based on satellite images. Due to its low resolution, the reanalysis data were unable to reproduce several relationships found between the AWS and SIC data. We find that the strongest third of wind speeds had the most significant affect on SIC and resulting sea ice production.
Christopher J. Fogwill, Erik van Sebille, Eva A. Cougnon, Chris S. M. Turney, Steve R. Rintoul, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Graeme F. Clark, E. M. Marzinelli, Eleanor B. Rainsley, and Lionel Carter
The Cryosphere, 10, 2603–2609, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2603-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2603-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Here we report new data from in situ oceanographic surveys and high-resolution ocean modelling experiments in the Commonwealth Bay region of East Antarctica, where in 2010 there was a major reconfiguration of the regional icescape due to the collision of the 97 km long iceberg B09B with the Mertz Glacier tongue. Here we compare post-calving observations with high-resolution ocean modelling which suggest that this reconfiguration has led to the development of a new polynya off Commonwealth Bay.
Anders Levermann and Ricarda Winkelmann
The Cryosphere, 10, 1799–1807, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1799-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1799-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In recent decades, the Greenland Ice Sheet has been losing mass and has thereby contributed to global sea-level rise. Here we derive the basic equations for the melt elevation feedback that can lead to self-amplifying melt of the Greenland Ice Sheet and ice sheets in general. The theory unifies the results of complex models when the feedback dominates the dynamics and it allows us to estimate the melt time of ice sheets from data in cases where ice dynamic loss can be neglected.
Franco Salerno, Sudeep Thakuri, Nicolas Guyennon, Gaetano Viviano, and Gianni Tartari
The Cryosphere, 10, 1433–1448, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1433-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1433-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This contribution shows that the surface area variations of unconnected glacial ponds, i.e. ponds not directly connected to glacier ice, can be considered as suitable proxies for detecting past changes in the main hydrological components of the water balance (glacier melt, precipitation, evaporation) on the south side of Mt Everest.
Christiane Meyer, Ulrich Meyer, Andreas Pflitsch, and Valter Maggi
The Cryosphere, 10, 879–894, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-879-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-879-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In the paper a new method to calculate airflow speeds in static ice caves by using air temperature data is presented. As most study sites are in very remote places, where it is often not possible to use sonic anemometers and other devices for the analysis of the cave climate, we show how one can use the given database for calculating airflow speeds. Understanding/quantifying all elements of the specific cave climate is indispensable for understanding the evolution of the ice body in ice caves.
F. Maussion, W. Gurgiser, M. Großhauser, G. Kaser, and B. Marzeion
The Cryosphere, 9, 1663–1683, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1663-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1663-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Using a newly developed open-source tool, we downscale the glacier surface energy and mass balance fluxes at Shallap Glacier. This allows an unprecedented quantification of the ENSO influence on a tropical glacier at climatological time scales (1980-2013). We find a stronger and steadier anti-correlation between Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) and glacier mass balance than previously reported and provide keys to understand its mechanism.
H. Castebrunet, N. Eckert, G. Giraud, Y. Durand, and S. Morin
The Cryosphere, 8, 1673–1697, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1673-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1673-2014, 2014
A. A. Marks and M. D. King
The Cryosphere, 8, 1625–1638, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1625-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1625-2014, 2014
S. Gebre, T. Boissy, and K. Alfredsen
The Cryosphere, 8, 1589–1605, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1589-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1589-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Abebe, A., Solomatine, D., and Venneker, R.: Application of adaptive fuzzy rule based models for reconstruction of missing precipitation events, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 45, 425–436, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492339, 2000.
Abudu, S., Bawazir, A. S., and King, J. P.: Infilling missing daily evapotranspiration data using neural networks, J. Irrig. Drain. E-ASCE, 136, 317–325, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000197, 2010.
Amatya, L. K., Cuccillato, E., Haack, B., Shadie, P., Sattar, N., Bajracharya, B., Shrestha, B., Caroli, P., Panzeri, D., Basani, M., Schommer, B., Flury, B., Salerno, F., and Manfredi, E. C.: Improving communication for management of social-ecological systems in high mountain areas: Development of methodologies and tools – The HKKH Partnership Project, Mt. Res. Dev., 30, 69–79, https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-09-00084.1, 2010.
Bajracharya, B., Uddin, K., Chettri, N., Shrestha, B., and Siddiqui, S. A.: Understanding land cover change using a harmonized classification system in the Himalayas: A case study from Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal, Mt. Res. Dev., 30, 143–156, https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-09-00044.1, 2010.
Barros, A. P., Kim, G., Williams, E., and Nesbitt, S .W.: Probing orographic controls in the Himalayas during the monsoon using satellite imagery, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 29–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-29-2004, 2004.
Benn, D. I., Bolch, T., Hands, K., Gulley, J., Luckman, A., Nicholson, L. I., Quincey, D., Thompson, S., Toumi, R., and Wiseman, S.: Response of debris-covered glaciers in the Mount Everest region to recent warming, and implications for outburst flood hazards, Earth-Sci. Rev., 114, 156–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.008, 2012.
Bertolani L., Bollasina, M., and Tartari, G.: Recent biannual variability of meteorological features in the Eastern Highland Himalayas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2185–2188, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011198, 2000.
Bhutiyani, M. R., Kale, V. S., and Pawar, N. J.: Long-term trends in maximum, minimum and mean annual air temperatures across the Northwestern Himalaya during the twentieth century, Clim. Change, 85, 159–177, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9196-1, 2007.
Bocchiola, D. and Diolaiuti, G.: Evidence of climate change within the Adamello Glacier of Italy, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 100, 351–369, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0186-x, 2010.
Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M., Pieczonka, T., and Kunert, A.: Planimetric and volumetric glacier changes in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal, since 1962 using Corona, Landsat TM and ASTER data, J. Glaciol., 54, 592–600, https://doi.org/0.3189/002214308786570782, 2008.
Bolch, T., Kulkarni, A., Kääb, A., Huggel, C., Paul, F., Cogley, J. G., Frey, H., Kargel, J. S., Fujita, K., Scheel, M., Bajracharya, S., and Stoffel, M.: The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers, Science, 336, 310–314, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215828, 2012.
Bolch, T., Pieczonka, T., and Benn, D. I.: Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery, The Cryosphere, 5, 349–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-349-2011, 2011.
Bollasina, M. A., Ming, Y., and Ramaswamy, V.: Anthropogenic aerosols and the weakening of the south Asian summer monsoon, Science, 334, 502–505, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204994, 2011.
Bookhagen, B. and Burbank, D. W.: Topography, relief, and TRMM-derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026037, 2006.
Carraro, E., Guyennon, N., Hamilton, D., Valsecchi, L., Manfredi, E. C., Viviano, G., Salerno, F., Tartari, G., and Copetti, D.: Coupling high-resolution measurements to a three-dimensional lake model to assess the spatial and temporal dynamics of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens in a medium-sized lake, Hydrobiologia, 698, 77–95, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1096-y, 2012.
Carraro, E., Guyennon, N., Viviano, G., Manfredi, E. C., Valsecchi, L., Salerno, F., Tartari, G., and Copetti, D.: Impact of Global and Local Pressures on the Ecology of a Medium-Sized Pre-Alpine Lake, in Models of the Ecological Hierarchy, edited by: Jordan, F. and Jorgensen, S. E., Elsevier B.V., 259–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59396-2.00016-X, 2012b.
Coulibaly, P. and Evora, N.: Comparison of neural network methods for infilling missing daily weather records, J. Hydrol., 341, 27–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.04.020, 2007.
\'Déqué, M.: Frequency of precipitation and temperature extreme over France in an anthropogenic scenario: model results and statistical correction according to observed values, Global Planet. Change, 57, 16–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.030, 2007.
Duan, A. and Wu, G.: Change of cloud amount and the climate warming on the Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027946, 2006.
Dytham, C.: Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist's Guide, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Fujita, K. and Sakai, A.: Modelling runoff from a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2679–2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2679-2014, 2014.
Fujita, K., Sakai, A., Takenaka, S., Nuimura, T., Surazakov, A. B., Sawagaki, T., and Yamanokuchi T.: Potential flood volume of Himalayan glacial lakes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1827–1839, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-15-2013, 2013.
Gardelle, J., Arnaud, Y., and Berthier, E.: Contrasted evolution of glacial lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalaya mountain range between 1990 and 2009, Global Planet. Change, 75, 47–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.10.003, 2011.
Gautam, R., Hsu, N. C., and Lau, K. M.: Premonsoon aerosol characterization and radiative effects over the Indo-Gangetic plains: implications for regional climate warming, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D17208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013819, 2010.
Gerstengarbe, F. W. and Werner, P. C.: Estimation of the beginning and end of recurrent events within a climate regime, Clim. Res., 11, 97–107, 1999.
Guyennon, N., Romano, E., Portoghese, I., Salerno, F., Calmanti, S., Petrangeli, A. B., Tartari, G., and Copetti, D.: Benefits from using combined dynamical-statistical downscaling approaches – lessons from a case study in the Mediterranean region, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sc., 17, 705–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-705-2013, 2013.
Hock, R.: Glacier melt: a review of processes and their modeling, Prog. Phys. Geog., 29, 362–391, https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp453ra, 2005.
Ichiyanagi, K., Yamanaka, M. D., Muraji, Y., and Vaidya, B. K.: Precipitation in Nepal between 1987 and 1996, Int. J. Climatol., 27, 1753–1762, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1492, 2007.
Immerzeel, W. W., Petersen, L., Ragettli, S., and Pellicciotti, F.: The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepal Himalayas, Water Resour. Res., 50, 2212–2226, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014506, 2014.
James, A. L. and Oldenburg, C. M.: Linear and Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis for subsurface contaminant transport simulation, Water Resour. Res., 33, 2495–2508, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01925, 1997.
Kattel, D. B. and Yao, T.: Recent temperature trends at mountain stations on the southern slope of the central Himalayas, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 122, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-012-0257-8, 2013.
Kattel, D. B., Yao, T., Yang, K., Tian, L., Yang, G., and Joswiak, D.: Temperature lapse rate in complex mountain terrain on the southern slope of the central Himalayas, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 113, 671–682, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0816-6, 2013.
Kendall, M. G.: Rank Correlation Methods, Oxford University Press, New York, 1975.
Lami, A., Marchetto, A., Musazzi, S., Salerno, F., Tartari, G., Guilizzoni, P., Rogora, M., and Tartari, G. A.: Chemical and biological response of two small lakes in the Khumbu Valley, Himalayas (Nepal) to short-term variability and climatic change as detected by long-term monitoring and paleolimnological methods, Hydrobiologia, 648, 189–205, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0262-3, 2010.
Lau, K.-M. and Kim, K.-M.: Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21810, https://doi.org/ 10.1029/2006GL027546, 2006.
Lavagnini, I., Badocco, D., Pastore, P., and Magno, F.: Theil-Sen nonparametric regression technique on univariate calibration, inverse regression and detection limits, Talanta, 87, 180–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.059, 2011.
Levy II, H., Horowitz, L. W., Schwarzkopf, M. D., Ming, Y., Golaz, J. C., Naik, V., and Ramaswamy, V.: The roles of aerosol direct and indirect effects in past and future climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50192, 2013.
Liu, J., Yang, B., and Qin, C.: Tree-ring based annual precipitation reconstruction since AD 1480 in south central Tibet, Quatern. Int., 236, 75–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.03.020, 2010.
Liu, K., Cheng, Z., Yan, L., and Yin, Z.: Elevation dependency of recent and future minimum surface air temperature trends in the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings, Global Planet. Change, 68, 164–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.03.017, 2009.
Liu, X. D., Yin, Z. Y., Shao, X., and Qin, N.: Temporal trends and variability of daily maximum and minimum, extreme temperature events, and growing season length over the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau during 1961–2003, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006915, 2006.
Manfredi, E. C., Flury, B., Viviano, G., Thakuri, S., Khanal, S. N., Jha, P. K., Maskey, R. K., Kayastha, R. B., Kafle, K. R., Bhochhibhoya, S., Ghimire, N. P., Shrestha, B. B., Chaudhary, G., Giannino, F., Carteni, F., Mazzoleni, S., and Salerno, F.: Solid waste and water quality management models for Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal: implementation of a participatory modeling framework, Mt. Res. Dev., 30, 127–142, https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00028.1, 2010.
Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Laj, P., Putero, D., Calzolari, F., Landi, T. C., Vuillermoz, E., Maione, M., and Bonasoni, P.: High black carbon and ozone concentrations during pollution transport in the Himalayas: Five years of continuous observations at NCO-Prec global GAW station, J. Environ. Sci., 25, 1618–1625, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60242-3, 2013.
Menne, M. J., Durre, I., Vose, R. S., Gleason, B. E., and Houston, T. G.: An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network – daily database, J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 29, 897–910, 2012.
Mitchell, J. F. B. and Johns, T. C.: On the modification of global warming by sulphate aerosols, J. Climate, 10, 245–267, 1997.
Montgomery, D. R. and Stolar, D. B.: Reconsidering Himalayan river anticlines, Geomorphology, 82, 4–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.021, 2006.
Moss, R. H., Edmonds, J. A., Hibbard, K. A., Manning, M. R., Rose, S. K., van Vuuren, D. P., Carter, T. R., Emori, S., Kainuma, M., Kram, T., Meehl, G. A., Mitchell, J. F. B., Nakicenovic, N., Riahi, K., Smith, S. J., Stouffer, R. J., Thomson, A. M., Weyant, J. P., and Wilbank, T. J.: The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment, Nature, 463, 747–756, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08823, 2010.
Nuimura, T., Fujita, K., Yamaguchi, S., and Sharma, R. R.: Elevation changes of glaciers revealed by multitemporal digital elevation models calibrated by GPS survey in the Khumbu region, Nepal Himalaya, 1992–2008, J. Glaciol., 58, 648–656, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J061, 2012.
Pal, I. and Al-Tabbaa, A.: Long-term changes and variability of monthly extreme temperatures in India, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 100, 45–56, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0167-0, 2010.
Palazzi, E., von Hardenberg, J., and Provenzale, A.: Precipitation in the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalaya: Observations and future scenarios, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 85–100, 2013.
Pepin, N. C. and Lundqist, J. D.: Temperature trends at high elevations: patterns across the globe, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034026, 2008.
Peters, J., Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M. F., and Bäßler, M.: Glacier Surface Velocities in the Mount Everest Area/Nepal using ASTER and Ikonos imagery, Proceeding of 10th International Symposium on High Mountain Remote Sensing Cartography, Kathmandu, Nepal, 313–320, 2010.
Putero, D., Landi, T. C., Cristofanelli, P., Marinoni, A., Laj, P., Duchi, R., Calzolari, F., Verza, G. P., and Bonasoni, P.: Influence of open vegetation fires on black carbon and ozone variability in the southern Himalayas (NCO-P, 5079 m a.s.l.), Environ. Pollut., 184, 597–604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.035, 2013.
Qian, Y., Flanner, M., Leung, L., and Wang, W.: Sensitivity studies on the impacts of Tibetan plateau snowpack pollution on the Asian hydrological cycle and monsoon climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1929–1948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1929-2011, 2011.
Quincey, D. J., Luckman, A., and Benn, D.: Quantification of Everest region glacier velocities between 1992 and 2002, using satellite radar interferometry and feature tracking, J. Glaciol., 55, 596–606, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309789470987, 2009.
Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiehl, J. T., Washington, W. M., Fu, Q., Sikka, D. R., and Wild, M.: Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 5326–5333, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500656102, 2005.
Ramanathan, V., Li, F., Ramana, M. V., Praveen, P. S., Kim, D., Corrigan, C. E., Nguyen, H., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Carmichael, G. R., Adhikary, B., and Yoon, S. C.: Atmospheric brown clouds: Hemispherical and regional variations in long-range transport, absorbtion, and radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008124, 2007.
Rangwala, I. and Miller, J. R.: Climate change in mountains: a review of elevation-dependent warming and its possible causes, Clim. Change, 114, 527–547, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0419-3, 2012.
Rangwala, I., Barsugli, J., Cozzetto, K., Neff, J., and Prairie, J.: Mid-21st century projections in temperature extremes in the southern Colorado Rocky Mountains from regional climate models, Clim. Dynam., 39, 1823–1840, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1282-z, 2012.
Rikiishi, K. and Nakasato, H.: Height dependence of the tendency for reduction in seasonal snow cover in the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau region, 1966–2001, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 369–377, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406781811989, 2006.
Salerno, F., Buraschi, E., Bruccoleri, G., Tartari, G., and Smiraglia, C.: Glacier surface-area changes in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal, in the second half of the 20th century, by comparison of historical maps, J. Glaciol., 54, 738–752, 2008.
Salerno, F., Cuccillato, E., Caroli, P., Bajracharya, B., Manfredi, E. C., Viviano, G., Thakuri, S., Flury, B., Basani, M., Giannino, F., and Panzeri, D.: Experience with a hard and soft participatory modeling framework for social ecological system management in Mount Everest (Nepal) and K2 (Pakistan) protected areas, Mt. Res. Dev., 30, 80–93, 2010a.
Salerno, F., Gambelli, S., Viviano, G., Thakuri, S., Guyennon, N., D'Agata, C., Diolaiuti, G., Smiraglia, C., Stefani, F., Bochhiola, D., and Tartari, G.: High alpine ponds shift upwards as average temperature increase: A case study of the Ortles-Cevedale mountain group (Southern alps, Italy) over the last 50 years, Global Planet. Change,120, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.06.003, 2014.
Salerno, F., Thakuri, S., D'Agata, C., Smiraglia, C., Manfredi, E. C., Viviano, G., and Tartari, G.: Glacial lake distribution in the Mount Everest region: Uncertainty of measurement and conditions of formation, Global Planet. Change, 92–93, 30–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.04.001, 2012.
Salerno, F., Viviano, G., Mangredi, E. C., Caroli, P., Thakuri, S., and Tartari, G.: Multiple Carrying Capacities from a management-oriented perspective to operationalize sustainable tourism in protected area, J. Environ. Manage., 128, 116–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.043, 2013.
Salerno, F., Viviano, G., Thakuri, S., Flury, B., Maskey, R. K., Khanal, S. N., Bhuju, D., Carrer, M., Bhochhibhoya, S., Melis, M. T., Giannino, F., Staiano, A., Carteni, F., Mazzoleni, S., Cogo, A., Sapkota, A., Shrestha, S., Pandey, R. K., and Manfredi, E. C.: Energy, forest, and indoor air pollution models for Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer zone, Nepal: implementation of a participatory modeling framework, Mt. Res. Dev., 30, 113–126, 2010b.
Scherler, D., Bookhagen, B., and Strecker, M. R.: Spatially variable response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change affected by debris cover, Nat. Geosci., 4, 156–159, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1068, 2011.
Schneider, T.: Analysis of incomplete climate data: Estimation of mean values and covariance matrices and imputation of missing values, J. Climate, 14, 853–871, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0853:AOICDE> 2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Sen, P. K.: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's Tau, J. Am. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389, https://doi.org/10.2307/2285891, 1968.
Shekhar, M. S., Chand, H., Kumar, S., Srinivasan, K., and Ganju, A.: Climate-change studies in the western Himalaya, Ann. Glaciol., 51, 105–112, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410791386508, 2010.
Shrestha, A. B., Wake, C. P., Mayewski, P. A., and Dibb, J. E.: Maximum temperature trends in the Himalaya and its vicinity: An analysis based on temperature records from Nepal for the period 1971–94, J. Climate, 12, 2775–5561, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2775:MTTITH>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Singh, P. and Kumar, N.: Effect of orography on precipitation in the western Himalayan region, J. Hydrol., 199, 183–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03222-2, 1997.
Su, B. D., Jiang, T., and Jin, W. B.: Recent trends in observed temperature and precipitation extremes in the Yangtze River basin, China, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 83, 139–151, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-005-0139-y, 2006.
Tartari, G., Salerno, F., Buraschi, E., Bruccoleri, G., and Smiraglia, C.: Lake surface area variations in the North-Eastern sector of Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal) at the end of the 20th Century by comparison of historical maps, J. Limnol., 67, 139–154, https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2008.139, 2008.
Tartari, G., Verza, P., and Bertolami, L.: Meteorological data at PYRAMID Observatory Laboratory (Khumbu Valley, Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal), in: Limnology of high altitude lakes in the Mt. Everest Region (Nepal), edited by: Lami, A. and Giussani, G., Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol, 57, 23–40, 2002.
Tartari, G., Vuillermoz, E., Manfredi, E. C., and Toffolon, R.: CEOP High Elevations Initiative, GEWEX News, Special Issue, 19, 4–5, 2009.
Thakuri, S., Salerno, F., Smiraglia, C., Bolch, T., D'Agata, C., Viviano, G., and Tartari, G.: Tracing glacier changes since the 1960s on the south slope of Mt. Everest (central southern Himalaya) using optical satellite imagery, The Cryosphere, 8, 1297–1315, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1297-2014, 2014.
Themeßl, M. J., Gobiet, A., and Heinrich, G.: Empirical-statistical downscaling and error correction of regional climate models and its impact on the climate change signal, Clim. Change, 112, 449–468, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0224-4, 2012.
Turner, A. G. and Annamalai, H.: Climate change and the South Asian summer monsoon, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 587–595, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1495, 2012.
Ueno, K. and Aryal, R.: Impact of tropical convective activity on monthly temperature variability during non monsoon season in the Nepal Himalayas, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D18112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009524, 2008.
Ueno, K., Endoh, N., Ohata, T., Yabuki, H., Koike, M., and Zhang, Y.: Characteristics of precipitation distribution in Tangula, Monsoon, 1993, B. Glaciol. Res., 12, 39–46, 1994.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)/WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre): Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal, in: Encyclopedia of Earth, edited by: McGinley, M. and Cleveland, C. J., Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, DC, 2008.
Vuille, M.: Climate variability and high altitude temperature and precipitation, in: Encyclopedia of snow, ice and glaciers, edited by: Singh, V. P., Singh, P., and Haritashya, U. K., Springer, 153–156, 2011.
Wagnon, P., Vincent, C., Arnaud, Y., Berthier, E., Vuillermoz, E., Gruber, S., Ménégoz, M., Gilbert, A., Dumont, M., Shea, J. M., Stumm, D., and Pokhrel, B. P.: Seasonal and annual mass balances of Mera and Pokalde glaciers (Nepal Himalaya) since 2007, The Cryosphere, 7, 1769–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1769-2013, 2013.
Washington, W. M. and Parkinson, C. L.: An introduction to three-Dimensional Climate Modeling, 2nd Edn., University Science Books, Sausalito, 2005.
Wu, B.: Weakening of Indian summer monsoon in recent decades, Adv. Atmos. Sci. 22, 21–29, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02930866, 2005.
Yang, J., Tan, C., and Zhang, T.: Spatial and temporal variations in air temperature and precipitation in the Chinese Himalayas during the 1971–2007, Int. J. Climatol., 33, 2622–2632, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3609, 2012.
Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Yan, Y., Wang, Z., Ding, M., and Chu, D.: Climate change in Mt. Qomolangma region since 1971, J. Geogr. Sci., 16, 326–336, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-006-0308-7, 2006.
Yao, T., Thompson, L., Yang, W., Yu, W., Gao, Y., Guo, X., Yang, X., Duan, K., Zhao, H., Xu, B., Pu, J., Lu, A., Xiang, Y., Kattel, D. B., and Joswiak, D.: Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 663–667, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1580, 2012.
Yasutomi, N., Hamada, A., and Yatagai, A.: Development of a long-term daily gridded temperature dataset and its application to rain/snow discrimination of daily precipitation, Global Environ. Res., V15N2, 165–172, 2011.
You, Q., Kang, S., Pepin, N., Flügel, W., Yan, Y., Behrawan, H., and Huang, J.: Relationship between temperature trend magnitude, elevation and mean temperature in the Tibetan Plateau from homogenized surface stations and reanalysis data, Global Planet. Change, 71, 124–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.01.020, 2010.
Zhao, H., Xu, B., Yao, T., Wu, G., Lin, S., Gao, J., and Wang, M.: Deuterium excess record in a southern Tibetan ice core and its potential climatic implications, Clim. Dynam., 38, 1791–1803, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1161-7, 2012.
Short summary
Climate-trends data in Himalaya are completely absent at high elevation. We explore the south slopes of Mt Everest though time series reconstructed from 7 stations (2660-5600m) during 1994-2013. The main increase in temp is concentrated outside of the monsoon, minimum temp increased far more than maximum, while we note a precipitation weakening. We contribute to change the perspective on which climatic drivers (temperature vs. precipitation) led mainly the glacier responses in the last 20 yr.
Climate-trends data in Himalaya are completely absent at high elevation. We explore the south...
