Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4873-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4873-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Oct 2024
Research article |
| 29 Oct 2024
| 29 Oct 2024
The organization of subglacial drainage during the demise of the Finnish Lake District Ice Lobe
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
European Space Astronomy Centre, European Space Agency, Madrid, Spain
Christine F. Dow
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Antti Ojala
Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Joni Mäkinen
Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Elina Ahokangas
Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Jussi Hovikoski
Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland
Jukka-Pekka Palmu
Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland
Kari Kajuutti
Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Related authors
No articles found.
Laura Boyall, Andrew C. Parnell, Paul Lincoln, Antti Ojala, Armand Hernández, and Celia Martin-Puertas
Clim. Past, 21, 1465–1480, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1465-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1465-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new approach to reconstructing annual mean temperature using geochemical data from lake sediments. This paper uses Bayesian inference, a type of statistical approach, and creates a model called Simulating Climate Using Bayesian Inference with proxy Data Observations (SCUBIDO), which takes the high-resolution geochemical data and transforms them into quantitative climate information at an annual resolution. We show the results from two lakes in England and Finland to produce temperature reconstructions for the past 8000 years with data every year.
Laurane Charrier, Amaury Dehecq, Lei Guo, Fanny Brun, Romain Millan, Nathan Lioret, Luke Copland, Nathan Maier, Christine Dow, and Paul Halas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3409, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3409, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
While global annual glacier velocities are openly accessible, sub-annual velocity time series are still lacking. This hinders our ability to understand flow processes and the integration of these observations in numerical models. We introduce an open source Python package called TICOI to fuses multi-temporal and multi-sensor image-pair velocities produced by different processing chains to produce standardized sub-annual velocity products.
Robert G. Bingham, Julien A. Bodart, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Ailsa Chung, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Johannes C. R. Sutter, Olaf Eisen, Nanna B. Karlsson, Joseph A. MacGregor, Neil Ross, Duncan A. Young, David W. Ashmore, Andreas Born, Winnie Chu, Xiangbin Cui, Reinhard Drews, Steven Franke, Vikram Goel, John W. Goodge, A. Clara J. Henry, Antoine Hermant, Benjamin H. Hills, Nicholas Holschuh, Michelle R. Koutnik, Gwendolyn J.-M. C. Leysinger Vieli, Emma J. Mackie, Elisa Mantelli, Carlos Martín, Felix S. L. Ng, Falk M. Oraschewski, Felipe Napoleoni, Frédéric Parrenin, Sergey V. Popov, Therese Rieckh, Rebecca Schlegel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Xueyuan Tang, Thomas O. Teisberg, Kate Winter, Shuai Yan, Harry Davis, Christine F. Dow, Tyler J. Fudge, Tom A. Jordan, Bernd Kulessa, Kenichi Matsuoka, Clara J. Nyqvist, Maryam Rahnemoonfar, Matthew R. Siegfried, Shivangini Singh, Verjan Višnjević, Rodrigo Zamora, and Alexandra Zuhr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2593, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2593, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ice sheets covering Antarctica have built up over millenia through successive snowfall events which become buried and preserved as internal surfaces of equal age detectable with ice-penetrating radar. This paper describes an international initiative to work together on this archival data to build a comprehensive 3-D picture of how old the ice is everywhere across Antarctica, and how this will be used to reconstruct past and predict future ice and climate behaviour.
Siobhan F. Killingbeck, Anja Rutishauser, Martyn J. Unsworth, Ashley Dubnick, Alison S. Criscitiello, James Killingbeck, Christine F. Dow, Tim Hill, Adam D. Booth, Brittany Main, and Eric Brossier
The Cryosphere, 18, 3699–3722, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A subglacial lake was proposed to exist beneath Devon Ice Cap in the Canadian Arctic based on the analysis of airborne data. Our study presents a new interpretation of the subglacial material beneath the Devon Ice Cap from surface-based geophysical data. We show that there is no evidence of subglacial water, and the subglacial lake has likely been misidentified. Re-evaluation of the airborne data shows that overestimation of a critical processing parameter has likely occurred in prior studies.
Christine F. Dow, Derek Mueller, Peter Wray, Drew Friedrichs, Alexander L. Forrest, Jasmin B. McInerney, Jamin Greenbaum, Donald D. Blankenship, Choon Ki Lee, and Won Sang Lee
The Cryosphere, 18, 1105–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelves are a key control on Antarctic contribution to sea level rise. We examine the Nansen Ice Shelf in East Antarctica using a combination of field-based and satellite data. We find the basal topography of the ice shelf is highly variable, only partially visible in satellite datasets. We also find that the thinnest region of the ice shelf is altered over time by ice flow rates and ocean melting. These processes can cause fractures to form that eventually result in large calving events.
Koi McArthur, Felicity S. McCormack, and Christine F. Dow
The Cryosphere, 17, 4705–4727, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using subglacial hydrology model outputs for Denman Glacier, East Antarctica, we investigated the effects of various friction laws and effective pressure inputs on ice dynamics modeling over the same glacier. The Schoof friction law outperformed the Budd friction law, and effective pressure outputs from the hydrology model outperformed a typically prescribed effective pressure. We propose an empirical prescription of effective pressure to be used in the absence of hydrology model outputs.
Felicity S. McCormack, Jason L. Roberts, Bernd Kulessa, Alan Aitken, Christine F. Dow, Lawrence Bird, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Katharina Hochmuth, Richard S. Jones, Andrew N. Mackintosh, and Koi McArthur
The Cryosphere, 17, 4549–4569, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in Antarctic surface elevation can cause changes in ice and basal water flow, impacting how much ice enters the ocean. We find that ice and basal water flow could divert from the Totten to the Vanderford Glacier, East Antarctica, under only small changes in the surface elevation, with implications for estimates of ice loss from this region. Further studies are needed to determine when this could occur and if similar diversions could occur elsewhere in Antarctica due to climate change.
Whyjay Zheng, Shashank Bhushan, Maximillian Van Wyk De Vries, William Kochtitzky, David Shean, Luke Copland, Christine Dow, Renette Jones-Ivey, and Fernando Pérez
The Cryosphere, 17, 4063–4078, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4063-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4063-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We design and propose a method that can evaluate the quality of glacier velocity maps. The method includes two numbers that we can calculate for each velocity map. Based on statistics and ice flow physics, velocity maps with numbers close to the recommended values are considered to have good quality. We test the method using the data from Kaskawulsh Glacier, Canada, and release an open-sourced software tool called GLAcier Feature Tracking testkit (GLAFT) to help users assess their velocity maps.
Tim Hill and Christine F. Dow
The Cryosphere, 17, 2607–2624, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water flow across the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet controls the rate of water flow to the glacier bed. Here, we simulate surface water flow for a small catchment on the southwestern Greenland Ice Sheet. Our simulations predict significant differences in the form of surface water flow in high and low melt years depending on the rate and intensity of surface melt. These model outputs will be important in future work assessing the impact of surface water flow on subglacial water pressure.
Cited articles
Abatzoglou, J. T., Dobrowski, S. Z., Parks, S. A., and Hegewisch, K. C.: TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958–2015, Sci. Data, 5, 1–12, 2018. a
Ahokangas, E., Ojala, A. E., Tuunainen, A., Valkama, M., Palmu, J.-P., Kajuutti, K., and Mäkinen, J.: The distribution of glacial meltwater routes and associated murtoo fields in Finland, Geomorphology, 389, 107854, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107854, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x
Amon, L., Wagner-Cremer, F., Vassiljev, J., and Veski, S.: Spring onset and seasonality patterns during the Late Glacial period in the eastern Baltic region, Clim. Past, 18, 2143–2153, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2143-2022, 2022. a
Archer, R., Ely, J. C., Heaton, T., Butcher, F. E., Hughes, A. L., and Clark, C. D.: Assessing ice sheet models against the landform record: The Likelihood of Accordant Lineations Analysis (LALA) tool, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 48, 2754–2771, 2023. a
Banwell, A. F., Willis, I. C., and Arnold, N. S.: Modeling subglacial water routing at Paakitsoq, W Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 1282–1295, 2013. a
Beaud, F., Flowers, G. E., and Pimentel, S.: Seasonal-scale abrasion and quarrying patterns from a two-dimensional ice-flow model coupled to distributed and channelized subglacial drainage, Geomorphology, 219, 176–191, 2014. a
Beaud, F., Flowers, G. E., and Venditti, J. G.: Modeling sediment transport in ice-walled subglacial channels and its implications for esker formation and proglacial sediment yields, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 3206–3227, 2018. a
Bingham, R. G., King, E. C., Smith, A. M., and Pritchard, H. D.: Glacial geomorphology: towards a convergence of glaciology and geomorphology, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 34, 327–355, 2010. a
Boswell, S. M., Toucanne, S., Pitel-Roudaut, M., Creyts, T. T., Eynaud, F., and Bayon, G.: Enhanced surface melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during periods of North Atlantic cooling, Geology, 47, 664–668, 2019. a
Boulton, G. and Hagdorn, M.: Glaciology of the British Isles Ice Sheet during the last glacial cycle: form, flow, streams and lobes, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3359–3390, 2006. a
Boulton, G. and Jones, A.: Stability of temperate ice caps and ice sheets resting on beds of deformable sediment, J. Glaciol., 24, 29–43, 1979. a
Boulton, G., Lunn, R., Vidstrand, P., and Zatsepin, S.: Subglacial drainage by groundwater-channel coupling, and the origin of esker systems: part 1 – glaciological observations, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1067–1090, 2007a. a
Boulton, G., Lunn, R., Vidstrand, P., and Zatsepin, S.: Subglacial drainage by groundwater–channel coupling, and the origin of esker systems: part II – theory and simulation of a modern system, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1091–1105, 2007b. a
Braithwaite, R. J. and Olesen, O. B.: Calculation of glacier ablation from air temperature, West Greenland, in: Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change: Proceedings of the Symposium on Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, held in Amsterdam, 1–5 June 1987, Springer, 219–233, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7823-3_15, 1989. a
Budd, W., Keage, P., and Blundy, N.: Empirical studies of ice sliding, J. Glaciol., 23, 157–170, 1979. a
Chandler, D. M., Wadham, J. L., Nienow, P. W., Doyle, S. H., Tedstone, A. J., Telling, J., Hawkings, J., Alcock, J. D., Linhoff, B., and Hubbard, A.: Rapid development and persistence of efficient subglacial drainage under 900 m-thick ice in Greenland, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 566, 116982, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116982, 2021. a
Chu, V. W.: Greenland ice sheet hydrology: A review, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 38, 19–54, 2014. a
Clark, P. U. and Walder, J. S.: Subglacial drainage, eskers, and deforming beds beneath the Laurentide and Eurasian ice sheets, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 304–314, 1994. a
Cook, S. J., Christoffersen, P., Todd, J., Slater, D., and Chauché, N.: Coupled modelling of subglacial hydrology and calving-front melting at Store Glacier, West Greenland , The Cryosphere, 14, 905–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-905-2020, 2020. a
Cook, S. J., Christoffersen, P., and Todd, J.: A fully-coupled 3D model of a large Greenlandic outlet glacier with evolving subglacial hydrology, frontal plume melting and calving, J. Glaciol., 68, 486–502, 2022. a
Copernicus: Copernicus DEM – Global and European Digital Elevation Model, https://doi.org/10.5270/ESA-c5d3d65, 2023. a
Coughlan, M., Tóth, Z., Van Landeghem, K. J., Mccarron, S., and Wheeler, A. J.: Formational history of the Wicklow Trough: a marine-transgressed tunnel valley revealing ice flow velocity and retreat rates for the largest ice stream draining the late-Devensian British–Irish Ice Sheet, J. Quaternary Sci., 35, 907–919, 2020. a
Cuffey, K. M. and Paterson, W. S. B.: The physics of glaciers, Academic Press, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-14802-X, 2010. a
Cuzzone, J. K., Schlegel, N.-J., Morlighem, M., Larour, E., Briner, J. P., Seroussi, H., and Caron, L.: The impact of model resolution on the simulated Holocene retreat of the southwestern Greenland ice sheet using the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM), The Cryosphere, 13, 879–893, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-879-2019, 2019. a, b
Davison, B. J., Sole, A. J., Livingstone, S. J., Cowton, T. R., and Nienow, P. W.: The influence of hydrology on the dynamics of land-terminating sectors of the Greenland ice sheet, Front. Earth Sci., 7, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00010, 2019. a
De Fleurian, B., Morlighem, M., Seroussi, H., Rignot, E., van den Broeke, M. R., Kuipers Munneke, P., Mouginot, J., Smeets, P. C., and Tedstone, A. J.: A modeling study of the effect of runoff variability on the effective pressure beneath Russell Glacier, West Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 1834–1848, 2016. a
Dewald, N., Lewington, E. L., Livingstone, S. J., Clark, C. D., and Storrar, R. D.: Distribution, characteristics and formation of esker enlargements, Geomorphology, 392, 107919, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107919, 2021. a, b, c
Donner, J.: The Younger Dryas age of the Salpausselkä moraines in Finland, Bull. Geol. So. Finl., 82, 69–80, 2010. a
Dow, C. F., Werder, M. A., Nowicki, S., and Walker, R. T.: Modeling Antarctic subglacial lake filling and drainage cycles, The Cryosphere, 10, 1381–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1381-2016, 2016. a, b, c
Dow, C. F.: The role of subglacial hydrology in Antarctic ice sheet dynamics and stability: a modelling perspective, Ann. Glaciol., 63, 49–54, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.9, 2023. a, b, c, d
Dow, C. F., Lee, W. S., Greenbaum, J. S., Greene, C. A., Blankenship, D. D., Poinar, K., Forrest, A. L., Young, D. A., and Zappa, C. J.: Basal channels drive active surface hydrology and transverse ice shelf fracture, Sci. Adv., 4, eaao7212, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao7212, 2018b. a, b
Dow, C. F., Werder, M., Babonis, G., Nowicki, S., Walker, R. T., Csathó, B., and Morlighem, M.: Dynamics of active subglacial lakes in Recovery Ice Stream, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 837–850, 2018c. a
Doyle, S. H., Hubbard, B., Christoffersen, P., Young, T. J., Hofstede, C., Bougamont, M., Box, J., and Hubbard, A.: Physical conditions of fast glacier flow: 1. Measurements from boreholes drilled to the bed of Store Glacier, West Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 324–348, 2018. a
Doyle, S. H., Hubbard, B., Christoffersen, P., Law, R., Hewitt, D. R., Neufeld, J. A., Schoonman, C. M., Chudley, T. R., and Bougamont, M.: Water flow through sediments and at the ice-sediment interface beneath Sermeq Kujalleq (Store Glacier), Greenland, J. Glaciol., 68, 665–684, 2022. a
Ehrenfeucht, S., Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Dow, C. F., and Mouginot, J.: Seasonal acceleration of Petermann Glacier, Greenland, from changes in subglacial hydrology, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL098009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098009, 2023. a, b, c
Fausto, R. S., Ahlstrøm, A. P., Van As, D., and Steffen, K.: Present-day temperature standard deviation parameterization for Greenland, J. Glaciol., 57, 1181–1183, 2011. a
Felden, A. M., Martin, D. F., and Ng, E. G.: SUHMO: an adaptive mesh refinement SUbglacial Hydrology MOdel v1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-407-2023, 2023. a
Flowers, G. E.: Hydrology and the future of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Nat. Commun., 9, 2729, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05002-0, 2018. a, b
Gandy, N., Gregoire, L. J., Ely, J. C., Cornford, S. L., Clark, C. D., and Hodgson, D. M.: Exploring the ingredients required to successfully model the placement, generation, and evolution of ice streams in the British-Irish Ice Sheet, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 223, 105915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105915, 2019. a
Gandy, N., Gregoire, L. J., Ely, J. C., Cornford, S. L., Clark, C. D., and Hodgson, D. M.: Collapse of the last Eurasian Ice Sheet in the North Sea modulated by combined processes of ice flow, surface melt, and marine ice sheet instabilities, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2020JF005755, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005755, 2021. a
García-Ruiz, J. M., Hughes, P. D., Palacios, D., and Andrés, N.: The European glacial landscapes from the main deglaciation, in: European Glacial Landscapes, Elsevier, 243–259, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91899-2.00032-2, 2023. a
Gardner, A. S., Sharp, M. J., Koerner, R. M., Labine, C., Boon, S., Marshall, S. J., Burgess, D. O., and Lewis, D.: Near-surface temperature lapse rates over Arctic glaciers and their implications for temperature downscaling, J. Climate, 22, 4281–4298, 2009. a
Greenwood, S. L., Clason, C. C., Nyberg, J., Jakobsson, M., and Holmlund, P.: The Bothnian Sea ice stream: early Holocene retreat dynamics of the south-central Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, Boreas, 46, 346–362, 2017. a
Harper, J., Meierbachtol, T., Humphrey, N., Saito, J., and Stansberry, A.: Generation and fate of basal meltwater during winter, western Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 15, 5409–5421, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5409-2021, 2021. a
Hayden, A.-M. and Dow, C. F.: Examining the effect of ice dynamic changes on subglacial hydrology through modelling of a synthetic Antarctic glacier, J. Glaciol., 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.65, 2023. a, b
Hepburn, A., Dow, C., Ojala, A., Mäkinen, J., Ahokangas, E., Hovikoski, J., Jukka-Pekka, P., and Kajuutti, K.: Supplementary material for Reorganisation of subglacial drainage processes during rapid melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8344208, 2023. a, b
Hewitt, I. J. and Creyts, T. T.: A model for the formation of eskers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6673–6680, 2019. a
Hill, T., Flowers, G. E., Hoffman, M. J., Bingham, D., and Werder, M. A.: Improved representation of laminar and turbulent sheet flow in subglacial drainage models, J. Glaciol., 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.103, 2023. a
Hoffman, M. J., Andrews, L. C., Price, S. F., Catania, G. A., Neumann, T. A., Lüthi, M. P., Gulley, J., Ryser, C., Hawley, R. L., and Morriss, B.: Greenland subglacial drainage evolution regulated by weakly connected regions of the bed, Nat. Commun., 7, 13903, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13903, 2016. a
Hooke, R. L.: Englacial and subglacial hydrology: a qualitative review, Arc. Alp. Res., 21, 221–233, 1989. a
Hovikoski, J., Mäkinen, J., Winsemann, J., Soini, S., Kajuutti, K., Hepburn, A., and Ojala, A.: Upper-flow regime bedforms in a subglacial triangular-shaped landform (murtoo), late Pleistocene, SW Finland: Implications for flow dynamics and sediment transport in (semi-) distributed subglacial meltwater drainage systems, Sediment. Geol., 454, 106448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2023.106448, 2023. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v
Hughes, A. L., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, Ø. S., Mangerud, J., and Svendsen, J. I.: The last Eurasian ice sheets–a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1, Boreas, 45, 1–45, 2016. a
Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dansgaard, W., Gundestrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., Andersen, U., Andersen, K. K., Hvidberg, C. S., Dahl‐Jensen, D., Steffensen, J. P., and Shoji, H.: The δ18O record along the Greenland Ice Core Project deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 26397–26410, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00167, 1997. a
Karlsson, N. B. and Dahl-Jensen, D.: Response of the large-scale subglacial drainage system of Northeast Greenland to surface elevation changes, The Cryosphere, 9, 1465–1479, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1465-2015, 2015. a
Karlsson, N. B., Solgaard, A. M., Mankoff, K. D., Gillet-Chaulet, F., MacGregor, J. A., Box, J. E., Citterio, M., Colgan, W. T., Larsen, S. H., Kjeldsen, K. K., and Korsgaard, N. J.: A first constraint on basal melt-water production of the Greenland ice sheet, Nat. Commun., 12, 3461, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23739-z, 2021. a
Kazmierczak, E., Sun, S., Coulon, V., and Pattyn, F.: Subglacial hydrology modulates basal sliding response of the Antarctic ice sheet to climate forcing, The Cryosphere, 16, 4537–4552, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4537-2022, 2022. a
Kirkham, J. D., Hogan, K. A., Larter, R. D., Arnold, N. S., Ely, J. C., Clark, C. D., Self, E., Games, K., Huuse, M., Stewart, M. A., and Ottesen, D.: Tunnel valley formation beneath deglaciating mid-latitude ice sheets: Observations and modelling, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 107680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107680, 2022. a, b
Kirkham, J. D., Hogan, K. A., Larter, R. D., Self, E., Games, K., Huuse, M., Stewart, M. A., Ottesen, D., Le Heron, D. P., Lawrence, A., and Kane, I., Arnold, N. S., and Dowdeswell, J. A.: The infill of tunnel valleys in the central North Sea: Implications for sedimentary processes, geohazards, and ice-sheet dynamics, Mar. Geol., 467, 107185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107185, 2024. a
Kleman, J., Hättestrand, C., Borgström, I., and Stroeven, A.: Fennoscandian palaeoglaciology reconstructed using a glacial geological inversion model, J. Glaciol., 43, 283–299, 1997. a
Kleman, J., Hättestrand, C., Stroeven, A. P., Jansson, K. N., De Angelis, H., and Borgström, I.: Reconstruction of Palaeo-Ice Sheets-Inversion of their Glacial Geomorphological Record, in: Glacier science and environmental change, 192–198, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470750636.ch38, 2006. a, b
Larour, E., Seroussi, H., Morlighem, M., and Rignot, E.: Continental scale, high order, high spatial resolution, ice sheet modeling using the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM), J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002140 2012 (data available at: https://issm.jpl.nasa.gov/, last access: 6 September 2023). a, b, c
Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P. A., and Ramo, O.: Precambrian Geology of Finland, Elsevier, 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002140, 2005. a
Lewington, E. L. M., Livingstone, S. J., Clark, C. D., Sole, A. J., and Storrar, R. D.: A model for interaction between conduits and surrounding hydraulically connected distributed drainage based on geomorphological evidence from Keewatin, Canada, The Cryosphere, 14, 2949–2976, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2949-2020, 2020. a
Livingstone, S. J., Clark, C. D., Woodward, J., and Kingslake, J.: Potential subglacial lake locations and meltwater drainage pathways beneath the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, The Cryosphere, 7, 1721–1740, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1721-2013, 2013a. a
Livingstone, S. J., Clark, C. D., and Tarasov, L.: Modelling North American palaeo-subglacial lakes and their meltwater drainage pathways, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 375, 13–33, 2013b. a
Livingstone, S. J., Storrar, R. D., Hillier, J. K., Stokes, C. R., Clark, C. D., and Tarasov, L.: An ice-sheet scale comparison of eskers with modelled subglacial drainage routes, Geomorphology, 246, 104–112, 2015. a
MacAyeal, D. R.: Large-scale ice flow over a viscous basal sediment: Theory and application to ice stream B, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 94, 4071–4087, 1989. a
Mäkinen, J.: Time-transgressive deposits of repeated depositional sequences within interlobate glaciofluvial (esker) sediments in Köyliö, SW Finland, Sedimentology, 50, 327–360, 2003. a
Mäkinen, J., Kajuutti, K., Ojala, A. E., Ahokangas, E., Tuunainen, A., Valkama, M., and Palmu, J.-P.: Genesis of subglacial triangular-shaped landforms (murtoos) formed by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 48, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5606, 2023. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l
Mangerud, J., Hughes, A. L., Johnson, M. D., and Lunkka, J. P.: The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas Stadial, in: European Glacial landscapes, Elsevier, 437–452, 2023. a
Marshall, S. J. and Sharp, M. J.: Temperature and melt modeling on the Prince of Wales ice field, Canadian High Arctic, J. Climate, 22, 1454–1468, 2009. a
McArthur, K., McCormack, F. S., and Dow, C. F.: Basal conditions of Denman Glacier from glacier hydrology and ice dynamics modeling, The Cryosphere, 17, 4705–4727, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4705-2023, 2023. a
Nick, F. M., Vieli, A., Andersen, M. L., Joughin, I., Payne, A., Edwards, T. L., Pattyn, F., and van de Wal, R. S.: Future sea-level rise from Greenland’s main outlet glaciers in a warming climate, Nature, 497, 235–238, 2013. a
Nye, J.: Water at the bed of a glacier, in: International Glaciological Society, 189–194, 1972. a
Ojala, A. E., Palmu, J.-P., Åberg, A., Åberg, S., and Virkki, H.: Development of an ancient shoreline database to reconstruct the Litorina Sea maximum extension and the highest shoreline of the Baltic Sea basin in Finland, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finl., 85, 127–144, https://doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/85.2.002, 2013. a
Ojala, A. E., Peterson Becher, G., Mäkinen, J., Johnson, M. D., Kajuutti, K., Palmu, J.-P., Ahokangas, E., and Öhrling, C.: Ice-sheet scale distribution and morphometry of triangular-shaped hummocks (murtoos): a subglacial landform produced during rapid retreat of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, Ann. Glaciol., 60, 115–126, 2019. a, b, c, d
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Andreassen, K., Auriac, A., Whitehouse, P. L., Stroeven, A. P., Shackleton, C., Winsborrow, M., Heyman, J., and Hall, A. M.: Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 169, 148–172, 2017. a
Peterson, G., Johnson, M. D., and Smith, C. A.: Glacial geomorphology of the south Swedish uplands–focus on the spatial distribution of hummock tracts, J. Maps, 13, 534–544, 2017. a
Poinar, K., Dow, C. F., and Andrews, L. C.: Long-term support of an active subglacial hydrologic system in Southeast Greenland by firn aquifers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 4772–4781, 2019. a
Putkinen, N., Eyles, N., Putkinen, S., Ojala, A. E., Palmu, J.-P., Sarala, P., Väänänen, T., Räisänen, J., Saarelainen, J., Ahtonen, N., Rönty, H., Kiiskinen, A., Rauhaniemi T., and Tervo, T.: High-resolution LiDAR mapping of glacial landforms and ice stream lobes in Finland, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finl., 89, 64–81, https://doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/89.2.001, 2017. a, b
Rada, C. and Schoof, C.: Channelized, distributed, and disconnected: subglacial drainage under a valley glacier in the Yukon, The Cryosphere, 12, 2609–2636, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2609-2018, 2018. a
Rada Giacaman, C. A. and Schoof, C.: Channelized, distributed, and disconnected: spatial structure and temporal evolution of the subglacial drainage under a valley glacier in the Yukon, The Cryosphere, 17, 761–787, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-761-2023, 2023. a
Rampton, V.: Large-scale effects of subglacial meltwater flow in the southern Slave Province, Northwest Territories, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 81–93, 2000. a
Regnéll, C., Mangerud, J., and Svendsen, J. I.: Tracing the last remnants of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet: Ice-dammed lakes and a catastrophic outburst flood in northern Sweden, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 221, 105862, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105862, 2019. a
Rosentau, A., Klemann, V., Bennike, O., Steffen, H., Wehr, J., Latinović, M., Bagge, M., Ojala, A., Berglund, M., Peterson Becher, G., Schoning, K., Hansson, A., Nielsen, L., Clemmensen, L. B., Hede, M. U., Kroon, A., Pejrup, M., Sander, L., Stattegger, K., Schwarzer, K., Lampe, R., Lampe, M., Uścinowicz, S., Bitinas, A., Grudzinska, I., Vassiljev, J., Nirgi, T., Kublitskiy, Y., and Subetto, D.: A Holocene relative sea-level database for the Baltic Sea, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 266, 107071, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107071, 2021. a
Röthlisberger, H.: Water pressure in intra-and subglacial channels, J. Glaciol., 11, 177–203, 1972. a
Schenk, F., Väliranta, M., Muschitiello, F., Tarasov, L., Heikkilä, M., Björck, S., Brandefelt, J., Johansson, A. V., Näslund, J.-O., and Wohlfarth, B.: Warm summers during the Younger Dryas cold reversal, Nat. Commun., 9, 1634, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04071-5, 2018. a
Scholzen, C., Schuler, T. V., and Gilbert, A.: Sensitivity of subglacial drainage to water supply distribution at the Kongsfjord basin, Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 15, 2719–2738, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2719-2021, 2021. a, b
Shackleton, C., Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Winsborrow, M., Kingslake, J., Esteves, M., Andreassen, K., and Greenwood, S. L.: Subglacial water storage and drainage beneath the Fennoscandian and Barents Sea ice sheets, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 201, 13–28, 2018. a
Sommers, A., Meyer, C., Morlighem, M., Rajaram, H., Poinar, K., Chu, W., and Mejia, J.: Subglacial hydrology modeling predicts high winter water pressure and spatially variable transmissivity at Helheim Glacier, Greenland, J. Glaciol., 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.39, 2022. a
Stokes, C. R., Tarasov, L., Blomdin, R., Cronin, T. M., Fisher, T. G., Gyllencreutz, R., Hättestrand, C., Heyman, J., Hindmarsh, R. C., Hughes, A. L., Jakobsson, M., Kirchner, N., Livingstone, S. J., Margold, M., Murton, J. B., Noormets, R., Peltier, W. R., Peteet, D. M., Piper, D. J. W., Preusser, F., Renssen, H., Robets, D. H., Roche, D. M., Saint-Ange, F., Stroeven, A. P., and Teller, J. T.: On the reconstruction of palaeo-ice sheets: Recent advances and future challenges, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 125, 15–49, 2015. a, b, c, d
Storrar, R. D. and Livingstone, S. J.: Glacial geomorphology of the northern Kivalliq region, Nunavut, Canada, with an emphasis on meltwater drainage systems, J. Maps, 13, 153–164, 2017. a
Stroeven, A. P., Hättestrand, C., Kleman, J., Heyman, J., Fabel, D., Fredin, O., Goodfellow, B. W., Harbor, J. M., Jansen, J. D., Olsen, L., Caffe, M. W., Fink, D., Lundqvist, J., Rosqvist, G. C., Strömberg, B., and Jannson, K. N.: Deglaciation of fennoscandia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 147, 91–121, 2016. a
Tarasov, L., Dyke, A. S., Neal, R. M., and Peltier, W. R.: A data-calibrated distribution of deglacial chronologies for the North American ice complex from glaciological modeling, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 315, 30–40, 2012. a
Tedstone, A. J., Nienow, P. W., Gourmelen, N., Dehecq, A., Goldberg, D., and Hanna, E.: Decadal slowdown of a land-terminating sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet despite warming, Nature, 526, 692–695, 2015. a
Utting, D. J., Ward, B. C., and Little, E. C.: Genesis of hummocks in glaciofluvial corridors near the Keewatin Ice Divide, Canada, Boreas, 38, 471–481, 2009. a
Van Boeckel, M., Van Boeckel, T., and Hall, A. M.: Late erosion pulse triggered by rapid melt in the cold-based interior of the last Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, an example from Rogen, Earth Surf. Proc. Land, 47, 3376–3394, 2022. a
van de Wal, R. S. W., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Boot, W., Stoffelen, M., van Kampen, R., Doyle, S. H., Wilhelms, F., van den Broeke, M. R., Reijmer, C. H., Oerlemans, J., and Hubbard, A.: Self-regulation of ice flow varies across the ablation area in south-west Greenland, The Cryosphere, 9, 603–611, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-603-2015, 2015. a
van den Broeke, M., Bus, C., Ettema, J., and Smeets, P.: Temperature thresholds for degree-day modelling of Greenland ice sheet melt rates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044123, 2010. a
van den Broeke, M. R., Kuipers Munneke, P., Noël, B., Reijmer, C., Smeets, P., van de Berg, W. J., and van Wessem, J. M.: Contrasting current and future surface melt rates on the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica: Lessons from in situ observations and climate models, PLOS Climate, 2, e0000203, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000203, 2023. a
Veikkolainen, T., Kukkonen, I. T., and Tiira, T.: Heat flow, seismic cut-off depth and thermal modeling of the Fennoscandian Shield, Geophys. J. Int., 211, 1414–1427, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx373, 2017 (data available at: https://hakku.gtk.fi/?locale=en, last access: 9 June 2023). a
Vérité, J., Ravier, É., Bourgeois, O., Bessin, P., Livingstone, S. J., Clark, C. D., Pochat, S., and Mourgues, R.: Formation of murtoos by repeated flooding of ribbed bedforms along subglacial meltwater corridors, Geomorphology, 408, 108248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108248, 2022. a, b, c, d, e
Walder, J. S.: Hydraulics of subglacial cavities, J. Glaciol., 32, 439–445, 1986. a
Weertman, J.: General theory of water flow at the base of a glacier or ice sheet, Rev. Geophys., 10, 287–333, 1972. a
Wright, P. J., Harper, J. T., Humphrey, N. F., and Meierbachtol, T. W.: Measured basal water pressure variability of the western Greenland Ice Sheet: Implications for hydraulic potential, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 1134–1147, 2016. a
Yang, K. and Smith, L. C.: Internally drained catchments dominate supraglacial hydrology of the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 1891–1910, 2016. a
Short summary
Terrain formerly occupied by ice sheets in the last ice age allows us to parameterize models of basal water flow using terrain and data unavailable beneath current ice sheets. Using GlaDS, a 2D basal hydrology model, we explore the origin of murtoos, a specific landform found throughout Finland that is thought to mark the upper limit of channels beneath the ice. Our results validate many of the predictions of murtoo origins and demonstrate that such models can be used to explore past ice sheets.
Terrain formerly occupied by ice sheets in the last ice age allows us to parameterize models of...
