Articles | Volume 18, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Jun 2024
Research article |
| 25 Jun 2024
| 25 Jun 2024
Multi-scale variations of subglacial hydro-mechanical conditions at Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard
Coline Bouchayer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
The Njord Centre, Departments of Geosciences and Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Ugo Nanni
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Pierre-Marie Lefeuvre
Department of Glaciology, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
John Hult
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Louise Steffensen Schmidt
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Jack Kohler
Department of Glaciology, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
François Renard
The Njord Centre, Departments of Geosciences and Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
ISTerre, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, 38000 Grenoble, France
Thomas V. Schuler
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Related authors
No articles found.
Henning Åkesson, Kamilla Hauknes Sjursen, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Thorben Dunse, Liss Marie Andreassen, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Thomas Schellenberger, and Jacob Clement Yde
The Cryosphere, 19, 5871–5902, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5871-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5871-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We model the historical and future evolution of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap in Norway, projecting substantial and largely irreversible mass loss for the 21st century, and that the ice cap will split into three parts. Further mass loss is in the pipeline, with a disappearance during the 22nd century under high emissions. Our study demonstrates an approach to model complex ice masses, highlights uncertainties due to precipitation, and calls for further research on long-term future glacier change.
Chloé Bouscary, Georgina E. King, Melanie Kranz-Bartz, Maxime Bernard, Rabiul H. Biswas, Lily Bossin, Arnaud Duverger, Benny Guralnik, Frédéric Herman, Ugo Nanni, Nadja Stalder, Pierre G. Valla, Vjeran Visnjevic, and Xiaoxia Wen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5474, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5474, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geochronology (GChron).
Short summary
Short summary
The OSLThermo and ESRThermo MATLAB libraries simulate how luminescence signals in feldspar and electron spin resonance signals in quartz minerals accumulate and fade over time, enabling reconstruction of recent rock cooling and surface temperature changes. By sharing these tools openly, we hope to promote collaboration, reproducibility, and broader use and development of these ultra-low-temperature thermochronology methods.
Alouette van Hove, Kristoffer Aalstad, Vibeke Lind, Claudia Arndt, Vincent Odongo, Rodolfo Ceriani, Francesco Fava, John Hulth, and Norbert Pirk
Biogeosciences, 22, 4163–4186, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4163-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4163-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Research on methane emissions from African livestock is limited. We used a probabilistic method fusing drone and flux tower observations with an atmospheric model to estimate emissions from various herds. This approach proved robust under non-stationary wind conditions and effective in estimating emissions as low as 100 g h-1. We also detected spectral anomalies in satellite data associated with the herds. Our method can be used for diverse point sources, thereby improving emission inventories.
Thomas James Barnes, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Karianne Staalesen Lilleøren, and Louise Steffensen Schmidt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-108, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-108, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Ribbed moraines are a common, but poorly understood landform within formerly glaciated regions. There are many competing theories for their formation. As such, this paper addresses some of these theories by taking modelled ice conditions and physical characteristics of the landscapes in which they form and, then comparing them to the location of ribbed moraines. Using this we can identify conditions where ribbed moraines are more often present, and therefore we identify the most likely theories.
Thomas J. Barnes, Thomas V. Schuler, Simon Filhol, and Karianne S. Lilleøren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 801–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use machine learning to automatically outline landforms based on their characteristics. We test several methods to identify the most accurate and then proceed to develop the most accurate to improve its accuracy further. We manage to outline landforms with 65 %–75 % accuracy, at a resolution of 10 m, thanks to high-quality/high-resolution elevation data. We find that it is possible to run this method at a country scale to quickly produce landform inventories for future studies.
Andrea Spolaor, Federico Scoto, Catherine Larose, Elena Barbaro, Francois Burgay, Mats P. Bjorkman, David Cappelletti, Federico Dallo, Fabrizio de Blasi, Dmitry Divine, Giuliano Dreossi, Jacopo Gabrieli, Elisabeth Isaksson, Jack Kohler, Tonu Martma, Louise S. Schmidt, Thomas V. Schuler, Barbara Stenni, Clara Turetta, Bartłomiej Luks, Mathieu Casado, and Jean-Charles Gallet
The Cryosphere, 18, 307–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the impact of the increased snowmelt on the preservation of the oxygen isotope (δ18O) signal in firn records recovered from the top of the Holtedahlfonna ice field located in the Svalbard archipelago. Thanks to a multidisciplinary approach we demonstrate a progressive deterioration of the isotope signal in the firn core. We link the degradation of the δ18O signal to the increased occurrence and intensity of melt events associated with the rapid warming occurring in the archipelago.
Thomas Frank, Ward J. J. van Pelt, and Jack Kohler
The Cryosphere, 17, 4021–4045, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4021-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4021-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Since the ice thickness of most glaciers worldwide is unknown, and since it is not feasible to visit every glacier and observe their thickness directly, inverse modelling techniques are needed that can calculate ice thickness from abundant surface observations. Here, we present a new method for doing that. Our methodology relies on modelling the rate of surface elevation change for a given glacier, compare this with observations of the same quantity and change the bed until the two are in line.
Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Erin Emily Thomas, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 17, 2941–2963, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we present high-resolution simulations of glacier mass balance (the gain and loss of ice over a year) and runoff on Svalbard from 1991–2022, one of the fastest warming regions in the Arctic. The simulations are created using the CryoGrid community model. We find a small overall loss of mass over the simulation period of −0.08 m yr−1 but with no statistically significant trend. The average runoff was found to be 41 Gt yr−1, with a significant increasing trend of 6.3 Gt per decade.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien A. Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesidio Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Detlef Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Andrew O. Hoffman, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Annika N. Horlings, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlighem, Jérémie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andrés Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Anotonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed elevation, and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Johanna Scheer, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Nitin Chaudhary, Bernd Etzelmüller, Simon Filhol, Andreas Kääb, Cas Renette, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Robin B. Zweigel, Léo Martin, Sarah Morard, Matan Ben-Asher, Michael Angelopoulos, Julia Boike, Brian Groenke, Frederieke Miesner, Jan Nitzbon, Paul Overduin, Simone M. Stuenzi, and Moritz Langer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
Ugo Nanni, Dirk Scherler, Francois Ayoub, Romain Millan, Frederic Herman, and Jean-Philippe Avouac
The Cryosphere, 17, 1567–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1567-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1567-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface melt is a major factor driving glacier movement. Using satellite images, we have tracked the movements of 38 glaciers in the Pamirs over 7 years, capturing their responses to rapid meteorological changes with unprecedented resolution. We show that in spring, glacier accelerations propagate upglacier, while in autumn, they propagate downglacier – all resulting from changes in meltwater input. This provides critical insights into the interplay between surface melt and glacier movement.
Anirudha Mahagaonkar, Geir Moholdt, and Thomas V. Schuler
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-4, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-4, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Surface meltwater lakes along the margins of the Antarctic Ice Sheet can be important for ice shelf dynamics and stability. We used optical satellite imagery to study seasonal evolution of meltwater lakes in Dronning Maud Land. We found large interannual variability in lake extents, but with consistent seasonal patterns. Although correlation with summer air temperature was strong locally, other climatic and environmental factors need to be considered to explain the large regional variability.
Johannes Oerlemans, Jack Kohler, and Adrian Luckman
The Cryosphere, 16, 2115–2126, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2115-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2115-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tunabreen is a 26 km long tidewater glacier. It is the most frequently surging glacier in Svalbard, with four documented surges in the past 100 years. We have modelled this glacier to find out how it reacts to future climate change. Careful calibration was done against the observed length record for the past 100 years. For a 50 m increase in the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) the length of the glacier will be shortened by 10 km after about 100 years.
Chao Yue, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Liyun Zhao, Michael Wolovick, and John C. Moore
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-318, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-318, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We use the ice sheet model PISM to estimate Vatnajökull mass balance under solar geoengineering. We find that Stratospheric aerosol injection at the rate of 5 Tg yr−1 reduces ice cap mass loss by 4 percentage points relative to the RCP4.5 scenario. Dynamic mass loss is a significant component of mass balance, but insensitive to climate forcing.
Chloé Scholzen, Thomas V. Schuler, and Adrien Gilbert
The Cryosphere, 15, 2719–2738, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a two-dimensional model of water flow below the glaciers in Kongsfjord, Svalbard, to investigate how different processes of surface-to-bed meltwater transfer affect subglacial hydraulic conditions. The latter are important for the sliding motion of glaciers, which in some cases exhibit huge variations. Our findings indicate that the glaciers in our study area undergo substantial sliding because water is poorly evacuated from their base, with limited influence from the surface hydrology.
Juditha Undine Schmidt, Bernd Etzelmüller, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Florence Magnin, Julia Boike, Moritz Langer, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 15, 2491–2509, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents rock surface temperatures (RSTs) of steep high-Arctic rock walls on Svalbard from 2016 to 2020. The field data show that coastal cliffs are characterized by warmer RSTs than inland locations during winter seasons. By running model simulations, we analyze factors leading to that effect, calculate the surface energy balance and simulate different future scenarios. Both field data and model results can contribute to a further understanding of RST in high-Arctic rock walls.
Christian Vincent, Diego Cusicanqui, Bruno Jourdain, Olivier Laarman, Delphine Six, Adrien Gilbert, Andrea Walpersdorf, Antoine Rabatel, Luc Piard, Florent Gimbert, Olivier Gagliardini, Vincent Peyaud, Laurent Arnaud, Emmanuel Thibert, Fanny Brun, and Ugo Nanni
The Cryosphere, 15, 1259–1276, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ glacier point mass balance data are crucial to assess climate change in different regions of the world. Unfortunately, these data are rare because huge efforts are required to conduct in situ measurements on glaciers. Here, we propose a new approach from remote sensing observations. The method has been tested on the Argentière and Mer de Glace glaciers (France). It should be possible to apply this method to high-spatial-resolution satellite images and on numerous glaciers in the world.
Elena Barbaro, Krystyna Koziol, Mats P. Björkman, Carmen P. Vega, Christian Zdanowicz, Tonu Martma, Jean-Charles Gallet, Daniel Kępski, Catherine Larose, Bartłomiej Luks, Florian Tolle, Thomas V. Schuler, Aleksander Uszczyk, and Andrea Spolaor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3163–3180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows the most comprehensive seasonal snow chemistry survey to date, carried out in April 2016 across 22 sites on 7 glaciers across Svalbard. The dataset consists of the concentration, mass loading, spatial and altitudinal distribution of major ion species (Ca2+, K+,
Na2+, Mg2+,
NH4+, SO42−,
Br−, Cl− and
NO3−), together with its stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition (δ18O and
δ2H) in the snowpack. This study was part of the larger Community Coordinated Snow Study in Svalbard.
Christian Zdanowicz, Jean-Charles Gallet, Mats P. Björkman, Catherine Larose, Thomas Schuler, Bartłomiej Luks, Krystyna Koziol, Andrea Spolaor, Elena Barbaro, Tõnu Martma, Ward van Pelt, Ulla Wideqvist, and Johan Ström
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3035–3057, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3035-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3035-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) aerosols are soot-like particles which, when transported to the Arctic, darken snow surfaces, thus indirectly affecting climate. Information on BC in Arctic snow is needed to measure their impact and monitor the efficacy of pollution-reduction policies. This paper presents a large new set of BC measurements in snow in Svalbard collected between 2007 and 2018. It describes how BC in snow varies across the archipelago and explores some factors controlling these variations.
Andreas Alexander, Jaroslav Obu, Thomas V. Schuler, Andreas Kääb, and Hanne H. Christiansen
The Cryosphere, 14, 4217–4231, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present subglacial air, ice and sediment temperatures from within the basal drainage systems of two cold-based glaciers on Svalbard during late spring and the summer melt season. We put the data into the context of air temperature and rainfall at the glacier surface and show the importance of surface events on the subglacial thermal regime and erosion around basal drainage channels. Observed vertical erosion rates thereby reachup to 0.9 m d−1.
Cited articles
Alley, R.: Water-pressure coupling of sliding and bed deformation: II. Velocity-depth profiles, J. Glaciol., 35, 119–129, 1989. a
Bælum, K. and Benn, D. I.: Thermal structure and drainage system of a small valley glacier (Tellbreen, Svalbard), investigated by ground penetrating radar, The Cryosphere, 5, 139–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-139-2011, 2011. a
Benn, D., Gulley, J., Luckman, A., Adamek, A., and Glowacki, P. S.: Englacial drainage systems formed by hydrologically driven crevasse propagation, J. Glaciol., 55, 513–523, 2009. a
Beyreuther, M., Barsch, R., Krischer, L., Megies, T., Behr, Y., and Wassermann, J.: ObsPy: A Python toolbox for seismology, Seismol. Res. Lett., 81, 530–533, 2010. a
Björnsson, H., Gjessing, Y., Hamran, S.-E., Hagen, J. O., LiestøL, O., Pálsson, F., and Erlingsson, B.: The thermal regime of sub-polar glaciers mapped by multi-frequency radio-echo sounding, J. Glaciol., 42, 23–32, 1996. a
Bouchayer, C.: Dataset at a 3h resolution used in the paper “The MAMMAMIA project: A multi-scale multi- method approach to understand runoff-induced changes in the subglacial environment and consequences for surge dynamic in Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7648444, 2023a. a
Bouchayer, C.: Colinebouch/mammamia_alldata_processing: mammamia_all_data_processing (v1.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7648470, 2023b. a
Boulton, G. and Hindmarsh, R.: Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: rheology and geological consequences, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 92, 9059–9082, 1987. a
Clyne, E., Alley, R. B., Vore, M., Gräff, D., Anandakrishnan, S., Walter, F., and Sergeant, A.: Glacial hydraulic tremor on Rhonegletscher, Switzerland, J. Glaciol., 69, 370–380, 2023. a
Creyts, T. T. and Schoof, C. G.: Drainage through subglacial water sheets, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, F04008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001215, 2009. a
Damsgaard, A., Egholm, D. L., Piotrowski, J. A., Tulaczyk, S., Larsen, N. K., and Tylmann, K.: Discrete element modeling of subglacial sediment deformation, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 2230–2242, 2013. a
Damsgaard, A., Egholm, D. L., Beem, L. H., Tulaczyk, S., Larsen, N. K., Piotrowski, J. A., and Siegfried, M. R.: Ice flow dynamics forced by water pressure variations in subglacial granular beds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12–165, 2016. a
Damsgaard, A., Goren, L., and Suckale, J.: Water pressure fluctuations control variability in sediment flux and slip dynamics beneath glaciers and ice streams, Communications Earth & Environment, 1, 66, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00074-7, 2020. a
de Fleurian, B., Gagliardini, O., Zwinger, T., Durand, G., Le Meur, E., Mair, D., and Råback, P.: A double continuum hydrological model for glacier applications, The Cryosphere, 8, 137–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-137-2014, 2014. a
Downs, J. Z., Johnson, J. V., Harper, J. T., Meierbachtol, T., and Werder, M. A.: Dynamic hydraulic conductivity reconciles mismatch between modeled and observed winter subglacial water pressure, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 818–836, 2018. a
Doyle, S. H., Hubbard, B., Christoffersen, P., Young, T. J., Hofstede, C., Bougamont, M., Box, J., and Hubbard, A.: Physical conditions of fast glacier flow: 1. Measurements from boreholes drilled to the bed of Store Glacier, West Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 324–348, 2018. a
Fischer, U. H. and Clarke, G. K.: Stick–slip sliding behaviour at the base of a glacier, Ann. Glaciol., 24, 390–396, 1997. a
Fischer, U. H., Clarke, G. K., and Blatter, H.: Evidence for temporally varying “sticky spots” at the base of Trapridge Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada, J. Glaciol., 45, 352–360, 1999. a
Flowers, G. E.: Modelling water flow under glaciers and ice sheets, P. R. Soc. A, 471, 20140907, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0907, 2015. a
Flowers, G. E. and Clarke, G. K.: A multicomponent coupled model of glacier hydrology 1. Theory and synthetic examples, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107, ECV 9-1–ECV 9-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001122, 2002a. a
Flowers, G. E. and Clarke, G. K.: A multicomponent coupled model of glacier hydrology 2. Application to Trapridge Glacier, Yukon, Canada, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107, ECV 10-1–ECV 10-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001124, 2002b. a
Fudge, T., Humphrey, N. F., Harper, J. T., and Pfeffer, W. T.: Diurnal fluctuations in borehole water levels: configuration of the drainage system beneath Bench Glacier, Alaska, USA, J. Glaciol., 54, 297–306, 2008. a
Gilbert, A., Gagliardini, O., Vincent, C., and Wagnon, P.: A 3-D thermal regime model suitable for cold accumulation zones of polythermal mountain glaciers, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 1876–1893, 2014. a
Gilbert, A., Gimbert, F., Thøgersen, K., Schuler, T. V., and Kääb, A.: A Consistent Framework for Coupling Basal Friction With Subglacial Hydrology on Hard-Bedded Glaciers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL097507, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097507, 2022. a, b, c
Gillet-Chaulet, F., Durand, G., Gagliardini, O., Mosbeux, C., Mouginot, J., Rémy, F., and Ritz, C.: Assimilation of surface velocities acquired between 1996 and 2010 to constrain the form of the basal friction law under Pine Island Glacier, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10–311, 2016. a
Gimbert, F., Gilbert, A., Gagliardini, O., Vincent, C., and Moreau, L.: Do existing theories explain seasonal to multi-decadal changes in glacier basal sliding speed?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL092858, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092858, 2021a. a
Gimbert, F., Nanni, U., Roux, P., Helmstetter, A., Garambois, S., Lecointre, A., Walpersdorf, A., Jourdain, B., Langlais, M., Laarman, O., Lindner, F., Sergeant, A., Vincent, C., and Walter, F.: A multi-physics experiment with a temporary dense seismic array on the Argentière glacier, French Alps: The RESOLVE project, Seismological Society of America, 92, 1185–1201, 2021b. a
Goldberg, D., Schoof, C., and Sergienko, O.: Supporting Material for Stick-slip motion of an Antarctic Ice Stream: the effects of viscoelasticity, https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/~cschoof/stickslip-supplementary.pdf (last access: 18 June 2024), 2014. a
Gräff, D., Köpfli, M., Lipovsky, B. P., Selvadurai, P. A., Farinotti, D., and Walter, F.: Fine structure of microseismic glacial stick-slip, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL096043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096043, 2021. a
Hagen, J. O., Liestøl, O., Roland, E., and Jørgensen, T.: Glacier atlas of Svalbard and jan mayen, vol. 129, Norsk Polarinstitutt Oslo, http://hdl.handle.net/11250/173065 (last access: 18 June 2024), 1993. a
Hansen, D. and Zoet, L.: Characterizing sediment flux of deforming glacier beds, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 127, e2021JF006544, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006544, 2022. a
Hjelle, A.: Geology of Svalbard, http://hdl.handle.net/11250/216668 (last access: 18 June 2024), 1993. a
Hoffman, M. J., Andrews, L. C., Price, S. F., Catania, G. A., Neumann, T. A., Lüthi, M. P., Gulley, J., Ryser, C., Hawley, R. L., and Morriss, B.: Greenland subglacial drainage evolution regulated by weakly connected regions of the bed, Nat. Commun., 7, 13903, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13903, 2016. a, b
Hoffmann, K.: Applying the wheatstone bridge circuit, HBM Germany, http://eln.teilam.gr/sites/default/files/Wheatstone bridge.pdf (last access: 18 June 2024), 1974. a
Hubbard, B., Sharp, M., Willis, I., Nielsen, M., and Smart, C.: Borehole water-level variations and the structure of the subglacial hydrological system of Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Valais, Switzerland, J. Glaciol., 41, 572–583, 1995. a
Hudson, T., Kufner, S., Brisbourne, A., Kendall, J., Smith, A., Alley, R., Arthern, R., and Murray, T.: Highly variable friction and slip observed at Antarctic ice stream bed, Nat. Geosci., 16, 612–618, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01204-4, 2023. a
Humphrey, N., Kamb, B., Fahnestock, M., and Engelhardt, H.: Characteristics of the bed of the lower Columbia Glacier, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 98, 837–846, 1993. a
Iken, A.: The effect of the subglacial water pressure on the sliding velocity of a glacier in an idealized numerical model, J. Glaciol., 27, 407–421, 1981. a
Iken, A. and Bindschadler, R. A.: Combined measurements of subglacial water pressure and surface velocity of Findelengletscher, Switzerland: conclusions about drainage system and sliding mechanism, J. Glaciol., 32, 101–119, 1986. a
Iken, A. and Truffer, M.: The relationship between subglacial water pressure and velocity of Findelengletscher, Switzerland, during its advance and retreat, J. Glaciol., 43, 328–338, 1997. a
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, in press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021. a
Irvine-Fynn, T. D., Hodson, A. J., Moorman, B. J., Vatne, G., and Hubbard, A. L.: Polythermal glacier hydrology: A review, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RG000350, 2011. a
Iverson, N. R.: Shear resistance and continuity of subglacial till: hydrology rules, J. Glaciol., 56, 1104–1114, 2010. a
Iverson, N. R. and Iverson, R. M.: Distributed shear of subglacial till due to Coulomb slip, J. Glaciol., 47, 481–488, 2001. a
Iverson, N. R., Jansson, P., and Hooke, R. L.: In-situ measurement of the strength of deforming subglacial till, J. Glaciol., 40, 497–503, 1994. a
Javed, A., Hamshaw, S. D., Lee, B. S., and Rizzo, D. M.: Multivariate event time series analysis using hydrological and suspended sediment data, J. Hydrol., 593, 125802, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125802, 2021. a
Kavanaugh, J. L. and Clarke, G. K.: Discrimination of the flow law for subglacial sediment using in situ measurements and an interpretation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 111, F01002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000346, 2006. a, b, c
Köhler, A., Chapuis, A., Nuth, C., Kohler, J., and Weidle, C.: Autonomous detection of calving-related seismicity at Kronebreen, Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 6, 393–406, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-393-2012, 2012. a
Köhler, A., Nuth, C., Schweitzer, J., Weidle, C., and Gibbons, S. J.: Regional passive seismic monitoring reveals dynamic glacier activity on Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Polar Res., 34, 26178, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v34.26178, 2015. a
Köpfli, M., Gräff, D., Lipovsky, B. P., Selvadurai, P. A., Farinotti, D., and Walter, F.: Hydraulic Conditions for Stick-Slip Tremor Beneath an Alpine Glacier, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL100286, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100286, 2022. a
Labedz, C. R., Bartholomaus, T. C., Amundson, J. M., Gimbert, F., Karplus, M. S., Tsai, V. C., and Veitch, S. A.: Seismic mapping of subglacial hydrology reveals previously undetected pressurization event, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 127, e2021JF006406, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006406, 2022. a, b, c, d, e
Lappegard, G., Kohler, J., Jackson, M., and Hagen, J. O.: Characteristics of subglacial drainage systems deduced from load-cell measurements, J. Glaciol., 52, 137–148, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828908, 2006. a
Liestøl, O.: The glaciers in the Kongsfjorden area, Spitsbergen, Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr., 42, 231–238, 1988. a
Lüthi, M., Funk, M., Iken, A., Gogineni, S., and Truffer, M.: Mechanisms of fast flow in Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland: Part III. Measurements of ice deformation, temperature and cross-borehole conductivity in boreholes to the bedrock, J. Glaciol., 48, 369–385, 2002. a
Maier, N., Gimbert, F., and Gillet-Chaulet, F.: Threshold response to melt drives large-scale bed weakening in Greenland, Nature, 607, 714–720, 2022. a
Mair, D., Nienow, P., Willis, I., and Sharp, M.: Spatial patterns of glacier motion during a high-velocity event: Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, J. Glaciol., 47, 9–20, 2001. a
Melvold, K. and Hagen, J. O.: Evolution of a surge-type glacier in its quiescent phase: Kongsvegen, Spitsbergen, 1964–95, J. Glaciol., 44, 394–404, 1998. a
Minchew, B., Simons, M., Björnsson, H., Pálsson, F., Morlighem, M., Seroussi, H., Larour, E., and Hensley, S.: Plastic bed beneath Hofsjökull Ice Cap, central Iceland, and the sensitivity of ice flow to surface meltwater flux, J. Glaciol., 62, 147–158, 2016. a
Mitchell, J. K. and Soga, K.: Fundamentals of soil behavior, vol. 3, John Wiley & Sons New York, ISBN-13: 978-0-471-46302-7, 2005. a
Müller, M., Homleid, M., Ivarsson, K. I., Køltzow, M. A., Lindskog, M., Midtbø, K. H., Andrae, U., Aspelien, T., Berggren, L., Bjørge, D., Dahlgren, P., Kristiansen, J., Randriamampianina, R., Ridal, M., and Vignes, O.: AROME-MetCoOp: A nordic convective-scale operational weather prediction model, Weather Forecast., 32, 609–627, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-16-0099.1, 2017. a
Murray, T. and Booth, A. D.: Imaging glacial sediment inclusions in 3-D using ground-penetrating radar at Kongsvegen, Svalbard, J. Quaternary Sci., 25, 754–761, 2010. a
Nanni, U., Gimbert, F., Vincent, C., Gräff, D., Walter, F., Piard, L., and Moreau, L.: Quantification of seasonal and diurnal dynamics of subglacial channels using seismic observations on an Alpine glacier, The Cryosphere, 14, 1475–1496, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1475-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q
Nanni, U., Roux, P., Gimbert, F., and Lecointre, A.: Dynamic Imaging of Glacier Structures at High-Resolution Using Source Localization With a Dense Seismic Array, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL095996, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095996, 2022. a
Nanni, U., Scherler, D., Ayoub, F., Millan, R., Herman, F., and Avouac, J.-P.: Climatic control on seasonal variations in mountain glacier surface velocity, The Cryosphere, 17, 1567–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1567-2023, 2023. a, b
Ng, F. S.: Canals under sediment-based ice sheets, Ann. Glaciol., 30, 146–152, 2000. a
Nuth, C., Schuler, T. V., Kohler, J., Altena, B., and Hagen, J. O.: Estimating the long-term calving flux of Kronebreen, Svalbard, from geodetic elevation changes and mass-balance modeling, J. Glaciol., 58, 119–133, 2012. a
Podolskiy, E. A. and Walter, F.: Cryoseismology, Rev. Geophys., 54, 708–758, 2016. a
Pramanik, A., Kohler, J., Lindbäck, K., How, P., Van Pelt, W., Liston, G., and Schuler, T. V.: Hydrology and runoff routing of glacierized drainage basins in the Kongsfjord area, northwest Svalbard, The Cryosphere Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-197, 2020. a
Preiswerk, L. E. and Walter, F.: High-Frequency (>2 Hz) Ambient Seismic Noise on High-Melt Glaciers: Green's Function Estimation and Source Characterization, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 1667–1681, 2018. a
Rada Giacaman, C. A. and Schoof, C.: Channelized, distributed, and disconnected: spatial structure and temporal evolution of the subglacial drainage under a valley glacier in the Yukon, The Cryosphere, 17, 761–787, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-761-2023, 2023. a, b, c
RGI, C.: Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) – A dataset of Global Glacier Outlines: Version 6.0, GLIMS [data set], http://www.glims.org/RGI/randolph60.html (last access: 13 June 2024), 2017. a
Rounce, D. R., Hock, R., Maussion, F., Hugonnet, R., Kochtitzky, W., Huss, M., Berthier, E., Brinkerhoff, D., Compagno, L., Copland, L., Farinotti, D., Menounos, B., and McNabb, R. W.: Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters, Science, 379, 78–83, 2023. a
Rousselot, M. and Fischer, U. H.: A laboratory study of ploughing, J. Glaciol., 53, 225–231, 2007. a
Roux, P.-F., Marsan, D., Métaxian, J.-P., O’Brien, G., and Moreau, L.: Microseismic activity within a serac zone in an alpine glacier (Glacier d’Argentiere, Mont Blanc, France), J. Glaciol., 54, 157–168, 2008. a
Schofield, A. N. and Wroth, P.: Critical state soil mechanics, vol. 310, McGraw-hill London, ISBN-10: 0070940487, 1968. a
Scholzen, C., Schuler, T. V., and Gilbert, A.: Sensitivity of subglacial drainage to water supply distribution at the Kongsfjord basin, Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 15, 2719–2738, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2719-2021, 2021. a, b
Schoof, C.: Ice-sheet acceleration driven by melt supply variability, Nature, 468, 803–806, 2010. a
Schoof, C.: The evolution of isolated cavities and hydraulic connection at the glacier bed – Part 1: Steady states and friction laws, The Cryosphere, 17, 4797–4815, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4797-2023, 2023. a
Schuler, T., Fischer, U. H., Sterr, R., Hock, R., and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Comparison of Modeled Water Input and Measured Discharge Prior to a Release Event: Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland: Selected paper from EGS General Assembly, Nice, April-2000 (Symposium OA36), Hydrol. Res., 33, 27–46, 2002. a, b
Schyberg, H., Yang, X., Køltzow, M., Amstrup, B., Bakketun, å., Bazile, E., Bojarova, J., Box, J., Dahlgren, P., Hagelin, S., Homleid, M., Horányi, A., Høyer, J., Johansson, å., Killie, M., Körnich, H., Le Moigne, P., Lindskog, M., Manninen, T., Nielsen Englyst, P., and Wang, Z.: Arctic regional reanalysis on single levels from 1991 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.713858f6, 2020. a
Sommers, A., Meyer, C., Morlighem, M., Rajaram, H., Poinar, K., Chu, W., and Mejia, J.: Subglacial hydrology modeling predicts high winter water pressure and spatially variable transmissivity at Helheim Glacier, Greenland, J. Glaciol., 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.39, 2023. a
Sugiyama, S. and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Diurnal variations in vertical strain observed in a temperate valley glacier, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1090, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016160, 2003. a
Sugiyama, S., Skvarca, P., Naito, N., Enomoto, H., Tsutaki, S., Tone, K., Marinsek, S., and Aniya, M.: Ice speed of a calving glacier modulated by small fluctuations in basal water pressure, Nat. Geosci., 4, 597–600, 2011. a
Sugiyama, S., Navarro, F. J., Sawagaki, T., Minowa, M., Segawa, T., Onuma, Y., Otero, J., and Vasilenko, E. V.: Subglacial water pressure and ice-speed variations at Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula, J. Glaciol., 65, 689–699, 2019. a
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., and Mesri, G.: Soil mechanics in engineering practice, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN-10 0471086584 1996. a
Thøgersen, K., Gilbert, A., Schuler, T. V., and Malthe-Sørenssen, A.: Rate-and-state friction explains glacier surge propagation, Nat. Commun., 10, 2823, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10506-4, 2019. a
Thomason, J. F. and Iverson, N. R.: A laboratory study of particle ploughing and pore-pressure feedback: a velocity-weakening mechanism for soft glacier beds, J. Glaciol., 54, 169–181, 2008. a
Truffer, M.: The basal speed of valley glaciers: an inverse approach, J. Glaciol., 50, 236–242, 2004. a
Truffer, M., Harrison, W. D., and Echelmeyer, K. A.: Glacier motion dominated by processes deep in underlying till, J. Glaciol., 46, 213–221, 2000. a
Truffer, M., Kääb, A., Harrison, W. D., Osipova, G. B., Nosenko, G. A., Espizua, L., Gilbert, A., Fischer, L., Huggel, C., Craw Burns, P. A., and Lai, A. W.: Glacier surges, in: Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, Elsevier, 417–466, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817129-5.00003-2, 2021. a
Tsai, V. C., Smith, L. C., Gardner, A. S., and Seroussi, H.: A unified model for transient subglacial water pressure and basal sliding, J. Glaciol., 68, 390–400, 2022. a
Tulaczyk, S.: Ice sliding over weak, fine-grained tills: dependence of ice-till interactions on till granulometry, Special Papers – Geological Society of America, 159–178, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2337-X.159, 1999. a
Tulaczyk, S., Kamb, W. B., and Engelhardt, H. F.: Basal mechanics of ice stream B, West Antarctica: 1. Till mechanics, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 105, 463–481, 2000. a
Tulaczyk, S. M., Scherer, R. P., and Clark, C. D.: A ploughing model for the origin of weak tills beneath ice streams: a qualitative treatment, Quatern. Int., 86, 59–70, 2001. a
Vincent, C. and Moreau, L.: Sliding velocity fluctuations and subglacial hydrology over the last two decades on Argentière glacier, Mont Blanc area, J. Glaciol., 62, 805–815, 2016. a
Walder, J. S.: Stability of sheet flow of water beneath temperate glaciers and implications for glacier surging, J. Glaciol., 28, 273–293, 1982. a
Walder, J. S.: Hydraulics of subglacial cavities, J. Glaciol., 32, 439–445, 1986. a
Walder, J. S. and Fowler, A.: Channelized subglacial drainage over a deformable bed, J. Glaciol., 40, 3–15, 1994. a
Walker, R. T., Christianson, K., Parizek, B. R., Anandakrishnan, S., and Alley, R. B.: A viscoelastic flowline model applied to tidal forcing of Bindschadler Ice Stream, West Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 319, 128–132, 2012. a
Warburton, K., Hewitt, D., and Neufeld, J.: Shear dilation of subglacial till results in time-dependent sliding laws, P. R. Soc. A, 479, 20220536, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2022.0536, 2023. a
Weertman, J.: General theory of water flow at the base of a glacier or ice sheet, Rev. Geophys., 10, 287–333, 1972. a
Welch, P.: The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: a method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms, IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 15, 70–73, 1967. a
Werder, M. A., Hewitt, I. J., Schoof, C. G., and Flowers, G. E.: Modeling channelized and distributed subglacial drainage in two dimensions, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 2140–2158, 2013. a
Westermann, S., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Scheer, J., Aalstad, K., Aga, J., Chaudhary, N., Etzelmüller, B., Filhol, S., Kääb, A., Renette, C., Schmidt, L. S., Schuler, T. V., Zweigel, R. B., Martin, L., Morard, S., Ben-Asher, M., Angelopoulos, M., Boike, J., Groenke, B., Miesner, F., Nitzbon, J., Overduin, P., Stuenzi, S. M., and Langer, M.: The CryoGrid community model (version 1.0) – a multi-physics toolbox for climate-driven simulations in the terrestrial cryosphere, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023. a
Wiens, D. A., Anandakrishnan, S., Winberry, J. P., and King, M. A.: Simultaneous teleseismic and geodetic observations of the stick–slip motion of an Antarctic ice stream, Nature, 453, 770–774, 2008. a
Woodward, J., Murray, T., and McCaig, A.: Formation and reorientation of structure in the surge-type glacier Kongsvegen, Svalbard, J. Quaternary Sci., 17, 201–209, 2002. a
Yang, X., Nielsen, K. P., Amstrup, B., Peralta, C., Høyer, J., Englyst, P. N., Schyberg, H., Homleid, M., Køltzow, M. Ø., Randriamampianina, R., Dahlgren, P., Støylen, E., Valkonen, T., Palmason, B., Thorsteinsson, S., Bojarova, J., Körnich, H., Lindskog, M., Box, J., and Mankoff, K.: C3S Arctic regional reanalysis – Full system documentation, Tech. Rep., https://datastore.copernicus-climate.eu/documents/reanalysis-carra/CARRAFullSystemDocumentationFinal.pdf (last access: 18 June 2024), 2021. a
Short summary
We explore the interplay between surface runoff and subglacial conditions. We focus on Kongsvegen glacier in Svalbard. We drilled 350 m down to the glacier base to measure water pressure, till strength, seismic noise, and glacier surface velocity. In the low-melt season, the drainage system adapted gradually, while the high-melt season led to a transient response, exceeding drainage capacity and enhancing sliding. Our findings contribute to discussions on subglacial hydro-mechanical processes.
We explore the interplay between surface runoff and subglacial conditions. We focus on...
