Articles | Volume 17, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4007-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4007-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Sep 2023
Research article |
| 15 Sep 2023
| 15 Sep 2023
Early Holocene ice on the Begguya plateau (Mt. Hunter, Alaska) revealed by ice core 14C age constraints
Ling Fang
Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute,
5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
present address: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and
Environmental Carrying Capacity, Urban and Environmental Sciences
Department, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute,
5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern,
3012 Bern, Switzerland
Dominic Winski
Climate Change Institute and School of Earth and Climate Science,
University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
Karl Kreutz
Climate Change Institute and School of Earth and Climate Science,
University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
Hanna L. Brooks
Climate Change Institute and School of Earth and Climate Science,
University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
Emma Erwin
Climate Change Institute and School of Earth and Climate Science,
University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
Erich Osterberg
Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
Seth Campbell
Climate Change Institute and School of Earth and Climate Science,
University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
Cameron Wake
Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New
Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
Margit Schwikowski
Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute,
5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012
Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern,
3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Michelle Marie Worek, David Wachs, Anja Eichler, Matthias Huss, Raphael Moser, Sabina Brütsch, Sönke Szidat, Margit Schwikowski, and Theo Manuel Jenk
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3356, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3356, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
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To assess whether current glacier loss in the Alps is unprecedented, we drilled ice cores from the Tödi summit glacier in Switzerland. We dated the ice with radionuclides and modelling, finding that the surface ice is from about 1960, and the deepest ice is 10,000 years old. Our results show that summit glaciers can preserve very old ice through warm periods, indicating local factors matter more than elevation, and some cold-based glaciers at risk of melting may preserve ancient climate data.
Ingalise Kindstedt, Andrew Johnson, Kristin M. Schild, Luke Copland, Christine Dow, Alison Criscitiello, Dominic Winski, Karl Kreutz, and Seth Campbell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2431, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2431, 2026
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Mountain snow at high elevations is changing as warming causes more melting and water to linger within it. We use satellite radar images from 2015 to 2024 to track when melting starts and when snow refreezes across the Wrangell and St. Elias Mountains on the border of Alaska and Yukon. We find that melting now reaches nearly all elevations, and water often remains trapped well into fall. Only the highest areas stay fully dry, showing widespread impacts of warming on mountain snowpacks.
Paolo Gabrielli, Theo M. Jenk, Michele Bertó, Giuliano Dreossi, Daniela Festi, Werner Kofler, Mai Winstrup, Klaus Oeggl, Margit Schwikowski, Barbara Stenni, and Carlo Barbante
Clim. Past, 22, 1037–1055, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-1037-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-1037-2026, 2026
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A low latitude-high altitude Alpine ice core record was obtained in 2011 from the glacier Alto dell’Ortles (Eastern Alps, Italy) and provided evidence of one of the oldest Alpine ice core records spanning the last ~7000 years, back to the last Northern Hemisphere Climatic Optimum. Here we provide a new Alto dell’Ortles chronology of improved accuracy that will allow to constrain Holocene climatic and environmental histories emerging from this high-altitude glacial archive of Central Europe.
Abigail Hudak, Asmita Banerjee, Christo Buizert, Edward Brook, Michael Kalk, Lindsey Davidge, Andrew J. Schauer, Eric J. Steig, Noah Brown, Liam Kirkpatrick, John-Morgan Manos, Jacob I. Chalif, Erich Osterberg, Miranda Helena Miranda, Eric Saltzman, Yuzhen Yan, Valens Hishamunda, and John Higgins
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2045, 2026
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The Allan Hills contains the oldest known ice, extending records millions of years, however, this area along the Transantarctic Mountains margin results in stratigraphically discontinuous ice core records. Here, we investigate high-resolution geochemical records to better constrain biases and stratigraphic complexities, and find these records exhibit reduced variance, some degree of interglacial bias, with varying behaviours across ice cores at the Allan Hills.
Akash M. Patil, Christoph Mayer, Theo M. Jenk, Astrid Lambrecht, Thorsten Seehaus, Alexander R. Groos, and Michelle Worek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1721, 2026
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Our study focused on understanding how a warming climate affects the Aletsch glacier accumulation area. We used multi-year radar measurements and direct firn‑core analyses to estimate changes in density, layering, and compaction of snow-to-ice over a year. Our results show that the upper layers of the glacier are changing faster due to stronger summer melt in the lower parts of the accumulation zone. Our findings help to improve firn densification models and glacier mass-balance estimation.
Steven Bernsen, Christopher Gerbi, Senthil Vel, Knut Christianson, and Seth Campbell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1357, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1357, 2026
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We developed open-source software that simulates how elastic and electromagnetic waves travel through snow and ice with the aim to advance and make accessible ice and snow imaging methods. This helps researchers test survey designs and interpret field measurements without expensive or risky expeditions. Parameters influencing the mechanics of snow and ice are easily input from JSON files, and geometries can be generated using an image editor allowing for time effective production of models.
David Wachs, Azzurra Spagnesi, Pascal Bohleber, Andrea Fischer, Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Alexander Junkermann, Carl Kindermann, Linus Langenbacher, Niclas Mandaric, Joshua Marks, Florian Meienburg, Theo M. Jenk, Markus K. Oberthaler, and Werner Aeschbach
Clim. Past, 22, 173–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-173-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-173-2026, 2026
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This study presents an age profile of the summit glacier of Weißseespitze in the Austrian Alps. The ages were obtained by combining 14C dating with the novel atom trap trace analysis for 39Ar. The data was used to constrain glacier age models. The results show that the surface ice is ~400 a old due to recent ice loss. The remaining ice continuously covers ages up to 6000 a. This work underscores the utility of 39Ar dating in glaciology, enabling precise reconstruction of age-depth relationships.
Annika N. Horlings, Juliana Ruef, C. Max Stevens, Mikaila Mannello, Keegan Bellamy, Tahi Wiggins, Bradley Markle, and Seth Campbell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5750, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5750, 2026
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Firn, the permeable and porous material through which snow compacts into glacier ice, plays an important role in glacier hydrology, mass balance, and dynamics. We investigated seasonal to decadal evolution of firn on the Juneau Icefield using field measurements and firn modeling, and found that the firn is thinning and warming. Our study offers insights into consequent changes in firn hydrology, including declining refreezing capacity and inter-seasonal shifts in liquid water retention.
Ingalise Kindstedt, Dominic Winski, C. Max Stevens, Emma Skelton, Luke Copland, Karl Kreutz, Mikaila Mannello, Renée Clavette, Jacob Holmes, Mary Albert, and Scott N. Williamson
The Cryosphere, 19, 3655–3680, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3655-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3655-2025, 2025
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Atmospheric warming over mountain glaciers is leading to increased warming and melting of snow as it compresses into glacier ice. This affects both regional hydrology and climate records contained in the ice. Here we use field observations and modeling to show that surface melting and percolation at Eclipse Icefield (Yukon, Canada) are increasing with an increase in extreme melt events and that compressing snow at Eclipse is likely to continue warming even if air temperatures remain stable.
Aaron Chesler, Dominic Winski, Karl Kreutz, Bess Koffman, Erich Osterberg, David Ferris, Zayta Thundercloud, Jihong Cole-Dai, Mark Wells, Aaron Putnam, and Katherine Anderson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1897, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1897, 2025
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The Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds impact global climate and Antarctic ice sheet stability; however, there are few complete records over the past 12,000 years. We use a new mineral dust record from a South Pole ice core and identify a decrease in particle concentration and an increase in coarse particle percentage over the past ~11,000 years. Together with other records, our data suggests a southward shift in the winds starting ~6,500 years ago related to warming in the Southern Hemisphere.
Ursula A. Jongebloed, Jacob I. Chalif, Linia Tashmim, William C. Porter, Kelvin H. Bates, Qianjie Chen, Erich C. Osterberg, Bess G. Koffman, Jihong Cole-Dai, Dominic A. Winski, David G. Ferris, Karl J. Kreutz, Cameron P. Wake, and Becky Alexander
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4083–4106, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4083-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4083-2025, 2025
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Marine phytoplankton emit dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which forms methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfate. MSA concentrations in ice cores decreased over the industrial era, which has been attributed to pollution-driven changes in DMS chemistry. We use a model to investigate DMS chemistry compared to observations of DMS, MSA, and sulfate. We find that modeled DMS, MSA, and sulfate are influenced by pollution-sensitive oxidant concentrations, characterization of DMS chemistry, and other variables.
Joanne S. Johnson, John Woodward, Ian Nesbitt, Kate Winter, Seth Campbell, Keir A. Nichols, Ryan A. Venturelli, Scott Braddock, Brent M. Goehring, Brenda Hall, Dylan H. Rood, and Greg Balco
The Cryosphere, 19, 303–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-303-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-303-2025, 2025
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Determining where and when the Antarctic ice sheet was smaller than present requires recovery and exposure dating of subglacial bedrock. Here we use ice sheet model outputs and field data (geological and glaciological observations, bedrock samples, and ground-penetrating radar) to assess the suitability for subglacial drilling of sites in the Hudson Mountains, West Antarctica. We find that no sites are perfect, but two are feasible, with the most suitable being Winkie Nunatak (74.86°S, 99.77°W).
Johanna Schäfer, Anja Beschnitt, François Burgay, Thomas Singer, Margit Schwikowski, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 421–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-421-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-421-2025, 2025
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Glaciers preserve organic compounds from atmospheric aerosols, which can serve as markers for emission sources. Most studies overlook the enantiomers of chiral compounds. We developed a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method to determine the chiral ratios of the monoterpene oxidation products cis-pinic acid and cis-pinonic acid in ice-core samples. Applied to samples from the Belukha Glacier (1870–1970 CE), the method revealed fluctuating chiral ratios for the analytes.
Murat Aydin, Melinda R. Nicewonger, Gregory L. Britten, Dominic Winski, Mary Whelan, John D. Patterson, Erich Osterberg, Christopher F. Lee, Tara Harder, Kyle J. Callahan, David Ferris, and Eric S. Saltzman
Clim. Past, 20, 1885–1917, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1885-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1885-2024, 2024
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We present a new ice core carbonyl sulfide (COS) record from the South Pole, Antarctica, yielding a 52 000-year atmospheric record after correction for production in the ice sheet. The results display a large increase in atmospheric COS concurrent with the last deglaciation. The deglacial COS rise results from an overall strengthening of atmospheric COS sources, implying a large increase in ocean sulfur gas emissions. Atmospheric sulfur gases have negative climate feedbacks.
Elena Di Stefano, Giovanni Baccolo, Massimiliano Clemenza, Barbara Delmonte, Deborah Fiorini, Roberto Garzonio, Margit Schwikowski, and Valter Maggi
The Cryosphere, 18, 2865–2874, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2865-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2865-2024, 2024
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Rising temperatures are impacting the reliability of glaciers as environmental archives. This study reports how meltwater percolation affects the distribution of tritium and cesium, which are commonly used as temporal markers in dating ice cores, in a temperate glacier. Our findings challenge the established application of radionuclides for dating mountain ice cores and indicate tritium as the best choice.
Ian E. McDowell, Kaitlin M. Keegan, S. McKenzie Skiles, Christopher P. Donahue, Erich C. Osterberg, Robert L. Hawley, and Hans-Peter Marshall
The Cryosphere, 18, 1925–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1925-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1925-2024, 2024
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Accurate knowledge of firn grain size is crucial for many ice sheet research applications. Unfortunately, collecting detailed measurements of firn grain size is difficult. We demonstrate that scanning firn cores with a near-infrared imager can quickly produce high-resolution maps of both grain size and ice layer distributions. We map grain size and ice layer stratigraphy in 14 firn cores from Greenland and document changes to grain size and ice layer content from the extreme melt summer of 2012.
Horst Machguth, Anja Eichler, Margit Schwikowski, Sabina Brütsch, Enrico Mattea, Stanislav Kutuzov, Martin Heule, Ryskul Usubaliev, Sultan Belekov, Vladimir N. Mikhalenko, Martin Hoelzle, and Marlene Kronenberg
The Cryosphere, 18, 1633–1646, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1633-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1633-2024, 2024
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In 2018 we drilled an 18 m ice core on the summit of Grigoriev ice cap, located in the Tien Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan. The core analysis reveals strong melting since the early 2000s. Regardless of this, we find that the structure and temperature of the ice have changed little since the 1980s. The probable cause of this apparent stability is (i) an increase in snowfall and (ii) the fact that meltwater nowadays leaves the glacier and thereby removes so-called latent heat.
Emma Nilsson, Carmen Paulina Vega, Dmitry Divine, Anja Eichler, Tonu Martma, Robert Mulvaney, Elisabeth Schlosser, Margit Schwikowski, and Elisabeth Isaksson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3156, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3156, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
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To project future climate change it is necessary to understand paleoclimate including past sea ice conditions. We have investigated methane sulphonic acid (MSA) in Antarctic firn and ice cores to reconstruct sea ice extent (SIE) and found that the MSA – SIE as well as the MSA – phytoplankton biomass relationship varies across the different firn and ice cores. These inconsistencies in correlations across records suggest that MSA in Fimbul Ice Shelf cores does not reliably indicate regional SIE.
Elizabeth R. Thomas, Diana O. Vladimirova, Dieter R. Tetzner, B. Daniel Emanuelsson, Nathan Chellman, Daniel A. Dixon, Hugues Goosse, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Amy C. F. King, Michael Sigl, Danielle G. Udy, Tessa R. Vance, Dominic A. Winski, V. Holly L. Winton, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Akira Hori, Chavarukonam M. Laluraj, Joseph R. McConnell, Yuko Motizuki, Kazuya Takahashi, Hideaki Motoyama, Yoichi Nakai, Franciéle Schwanck, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Filipe Gaudie Ley Lindau, Mirko Severi, Rita Traversi, Sarah Wauthy, Cunde Xiao, Jiao Yang, Ellen Mosely-Thompson, Tamara V. Khodzher, Ludmila P. Golobokova, and Alexey A. Ekaykin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2517–2532, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, 2023
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The concentration of sodium and sulfate measured in Antarctic ice cores is related to changes in both sea ice and winds. Here we have compiled a database of sodium and sulfate records from 105 ice core sites in Antarctica. The records span all, or part, of the past 2000 years. The records will improve our understanding of how winds and sea ice have changed in the past and how they have influenced the climate of Antarctica over the past 2000 years.
Anja Eichler, Michel Legrand, Theo M. Jenk, Susanne Preunkert, Camilla Andersson, Sabine Eckhardt, Magnuz Engardt, Andreas Plach, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 17, 2119–2137, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2119-2023, 2023
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We investigate how a 250-year history of the emission of air pollutants (major inorganic aerosol constituents, black carbon, and trace species) is preserved in ice cores from four sites in the European Alps. The observed uniform timing in species-dependent longer-term concentration changes reveals that the different ice-core records provide a consistent, spatially representative signal of the pollution history from western European countries.
Greg Balco, Nathan Brown, Keir Nichols, Ryan A. Venturelli, Jonathan Adams, Scott Braddock, Seth Campbell, Brent Goehring, Joanne S. Johnson, Dylan H. Rood, Klaus Wilcken, Brenda Hall, and John Woodward
The Cryosphere, 17, 1787–1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1787-2023, 2023
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Samples of bedrock recovered from below the West Antarctic Ice Sheet show that part of the ice sheet was thinner several thousand years ago than it is now and subsequently thickened. This is important because of concern that present ice thinning in this region may lead to rapid, irreversible sea level rise. The past episode of thinning at this site that took place in a similar, although not identical, climate was not irreversible; however, reversal required at least 3000 years to complete.
Aaron Chesler, Dominic Winski, Karl Kreutz, Bess Koffman, Erich Osterberg, David Ferris, Zayta Thundercloud, Joseph Mohan, Jihong Cole-Dai, Mark Wells, Michael Handley, Aaron Putnam, Katherine Anderson, and Natalie Harmon
Clim. Past, 19, 477–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-477-2023, 2023
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Ice core microparticle data typically use geometry assumptions to calculate particle mass and flux. We use dynamic particle imaging, a novel technique for ice core dust analyses, combined with traditional laser particle counting and Coulter counter techniques to assess particle shape in the South Pole Ice Core (SPC14) spanning 50–16 ka. Our results suggest that particles are dominantly ellipsoidal in shape and that spherical assumptions overestimate particle mass and flux.
Ingalise Kindstedt, Kristin M. Schild, Dominic Winski, Karl Kreutz, Luke Copland, Seth Campbell, and Erin McConnell
The Cryosphere, 16, 3051–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3051-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3051-2022, 2022
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We show that neither the large spatial footprint of the MODIS sensor nor poorly constrained snow emissivity values explain the observed cold offset in MODIS land surface temperatures (LSTs) in the St. Elias. Instead, the offset is most prominent under conditions associated with near-surface temperature inversions. This work represents an advance in the application of MODIS LSTs to glaciated alpine regions, where we often depend solely on remote sensing products for temperature information.
Wangbin Zhang, Shugui Hou, Shuang-Ye Wu, Hongxi Pang, Sharon B. Sneed, Elena V. Korotkikh, Paul A. Mayewski, Theo M. Jenk, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 16, 1997–2008, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1997-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1997-2022, 2022
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This study proposes a quantitative method to reconstruct annual precipitation records at the millennial timescale from the Tibetan ice cores through combining annual layer identification based on LA-ICP-MS measurement with an ice flow model. The reliability of this method is assessed by comparing our results with other reconstructed and modeled precipitation series for the Tibetan Plateau. The assessment shows that the method has a promising performance.
Joanne S. Johnson, Ryan A. Venturelli, Greg Balco, Claire S. Allen, Scott Braddock, Seth Campbell, Brent M. Goehring, Brenda L. Hall, Peter D. Neff, Keir A. Nichols, Dylan H. Rood, Elizabeth R. Thomas, and John Woodward
The Cryosphere, 16, 1543–1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1543-2022, 2022
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Recent studies have suggested that some portions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet were less extensive than present in the last few thousand years. We discuss how past ice loss and regrowth during this time would leave its mark on geological and glaciological records and suggest ways in which future studies could detect such changes. Determining timing of ice loss and gain around Antarctica and conditions under which they occurred is critical for preparing for future climate-warming-induced changes.
Paolo Gabrielli, Theo Manuel Jenk, Michele Bertó, Giuliano Dreossi, Daniela Festi, Werner Kofler, Mai Winstrup, Klaus Oeggl, Margit Schwikowski, Barbara Stenni, and Carlo Barbante
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-20, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2022-20, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
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We present a methodology that reduces the chronological uncertainty of an Alpine ice core record from the glacier Alto dell’Ortles, Italy. This chronology will allow the constraint of the Holocene climatic and environmental histories emerging from this archive of Central Europe. This method will allow to obtain accurate chronologies also from other ice cores from-low latitude/high-altitude glaciers that typically suffer from larger dating uncertainties compared with well dated polar records.
Daniela Festi, Margit Schwikowski, Valter Maggi, Klaus Oeggl, and Theo Manuel Jenk
The Cryosphere, 15, 4135–4143, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4135-2021, 2021
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In our study we dated a 46 m deep ice core retrieved from the Adamello glacier (Central Italian Alps). We obtained a timescale combining the results of radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs with annual layer counting derived from pollen and refractory black carbon concentrations. Our results indicate that the surface of the glacier is older than the drilling date of 2016 by about 20 years, therefore revealing that the glacier is at high risk of collapsing under current climate warming conditions.
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Short summary
Understanding the behavior of ocean–atmosphere teleconnections in the North Pacific during warm intervals can aid in predicting future warming scenarios. However, majority ice core records from Alaska–Yukon region only provide data for the last few centuries. This study introduces a continuous chronology for Denali ice core from Begguya, Alaska, using multiple dating methods. The early-Holocene-origin Denali ice core will facilitate future investigations of hydroclimate in the North Pacific.
Understanding the behavior of ocean–atmosphere teleconnections in the North Pacific during warm...
