Articles | Volume 16, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2083-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2083-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Glacier–permafrost relations in a high-mountain environment: 5 decades of kinematic monitoring at the Gruben site, Swiss Alps
Isabelle Gärtner-Roer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich,
Switzerland
Nina Brunner
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich,
Switzerland
Reynald Delaloye
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
Wilfried Haeberli
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich,
Switzerland
Andreas Kääb
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
Patrick Thee
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
(WSL), 8903 Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Giulio Saibene, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Jan Beutel, and Andreas Vieli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3029, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3029, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are bodies of frozen ground found in mountain regions. They move downslope and are mainly studied at the surface. Here, we analyze deformation data from a rock glacier borehole, providing continuous data for almost eight years. The data shows that the acceleration in the summer movement happens in the uppermost layer, while long-term movement is mostly occurring in a deeper layer. This is important for the interpretation of surface movements, which are used as climate indicators.
Alessandro Cicoira, Samuel Weber, Andreas Biri, Ben Buchli, Reynald Delaloye, Reto Da Forno, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Raphael Mayoraz, Matthias Meyer, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Eric Pointner, Hugo Raetzo, Cristian Scapozza, Tazio Strozzi, Lothar Thiele, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, Vanessa Wirz, and Jan Beutel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5061–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents a monitoring network of 54 positions, located on different periglacial landforms in the Swiss Alps: rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls. The data serve basic research but also decision-making and mitigation of natural hazards. It is the largest dataset of its kind, comprising over 209 000 daily positions and additional weather data.
Ethan Welty, Michael Zemp, Francisco Navarro, Matthias Huss, Johannes J. Fürst, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Johannes Landmann, Horst Machguth, Kathrin Naegeli, Liss M. Andreassen, Daniel Farinotti, Huilin Li, and GlaThiDa Contributors
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3039–3055, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3039-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3039-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing the thickness of glacier ice is critical for predicting the rate of glacier loss and the myriad downstream impacts. To facilitate forecasts of future change, we have added 3 million measurements to our worldwide database of glacier thickness: 14 % of global glacier area is now within 1 km of a thickness measurement (up from 6 %). To make it easier to update and monitor the quality of our database, we have used automated tools to check and track changes to the data over time.
Giulio Saibene, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Jan Beutel, and Andreas Vieli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3029, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3029, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are bodies of frozen ground found in mountain regions. They move downslope and are mainly studied at the surface. Here, we analyze deformation data from a rock glacier borehole, providing continuous data for almost eight years. The data shows that the acceleration in the summer movement happens in the uppermost layer, while long-term movement is mostly occurring in a deeper layer. This is important for the interpretation of surface movements, which are used as climate indicators.
Line Rouyet, Tobias Bolch, Francesco Brardinoni, Rafael Caduff, Diego Cusicanqui, Margaret Darrow, Reynald Delaloye, Thomas Echelard, Christophe Lambiel, Cécile Pellet, Lucas Ruiz, Lea Schmid, Flavius Sirbu, and Tazio Strozzi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4125–4157, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4125-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4125-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are landforms generated by the creep of frozen ground (permafrost) in cold-climate mountains. Mapping rock glaciers contributes to documenting the distribution and the dynamics of mountain permafrost. We compiled inventories documenting the location, the characteristics, and the extent of rock glaciers in 12 mountain regions around the world. In each region, a team of operators performed the work following common rules and agreed on final solutions when discrepancies were identified.
Hanne Hendrickx, Melanie Elias, Xabier Blanch, Reynald Delaloye, and Anette Eltner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 705–721, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-705-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-705-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel AI-based method for tracking and analysing the movement of rock glaciers and landslides, key landforms in high mountain regions. By utilising time-lapse images, our approach generates detailed velocity data, uncovering movement patterns often missed by traditional methods. This cost-effective tool enhances geohazard monitoring, providing insights into environmental drivers, improving process understanding, and contributing to better safety in alpine areas.
Diego Cusicanqui, Pascal Lacroix, Xavier Bodin, Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Andreas Kääb, and Shelley MacDonell
The Cryosphere, 19, 2559–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2559-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2559-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a robust methodological approach to detect and analyse rock glacier kinematics using Landsat 7/Landsat 8 imagery. In the semiarid Andes, 382 landforms were monitored, showing an average velocity of 0.37 ± 0.07 m yr⁻¹ over 24 years, with rock glaciers moving 23 % faster. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using medium-resolution optical imagery, combined with radar interferometry, to monitor rock glacier kinematics with widely available satellite datasets.
Juditha Aga, Livia Piermattei, Luc Girod, Kristoffer Aalstad, Trond Eiken, Andreas Kääb, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1049–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal rock cliffs on Svalbard are considered to be fairly stable; however, long-term trends in coastal-retreat rates remain unknown. This study examines changes in the coastline position along Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, using aerial images from 1970, 1990, 2010, and 2021. Our analysis shows that coastal-retreat rates accelerate during the period 2010–2021, which coincides with increasing storminess and retreating sea ice.
Livia Piermattei, Michael Zemp, Christian Sommer, Fanny Brun, Matthias H. Braun, Liss M. Andreassen, Joaquín M. C. Belart, Etienne Berthier, Atanu Bhattacharya, Laura Boehm Vock, Tobias Bolch, Amaury Dehecq, Inés Dussaillant, Daniel Falaschi, Caitlyn Florentine, Dana Floricioiu, Christian Ginzler, Gregoire Guillet, Romain Hugonnet, Matthias Huss, Andreas Kääb, Owen King, Christoph Klug, Friedrich Knuth, Lukas Krieger, Jeff La Frenierre, Robert McNabb, Christopher McNeil, Rainer Prinz, Louis Sass, Thorsten Seehaus, David Shean, Désirée Treichler, Anja Wendt, and Ruitang Yang
The Cryosphere, 18, 3195–3230, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellites have made it possible to observe glacier elevation changes from all around the world. In the present study, we compared the results produced from two different types of satellite data between different research groups and against validation measurements from aeroplanes. We found a large spread between individual results but showed that the group ensemble can be used to reliably estimate glacier elevation changes and related errors from satellite data.
Andreas Kääb and Luc Girod
The Cryosphere, 17, 2533–2541, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2533-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2533-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Following the detachment of the 130 × 106 m3 Sedongpu Glacier (south-eastern Tibet) in 2018, the Sedongpu Valley underwent massive large-volume landscape changes. An enormous volume of in total around 330 × 106 m3 was rapidly eroded, forming a new canyon of up to 300 m depth, 1 km width, and almost 4 km length. Such consequences of glacier change in mountains have so far not been considered at this magnitude and speed.
Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Johanna Scheer, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Nitin Chaudhary, Bernd Etzelmüller, Simon Filhol, Andreas Kääb, Cas Renette, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Robin B. Zweigel, Léo Martin, Sarah Morard, Matan Ben-Asher, Michael Angelopoulos, Julia Boike, Brian Groenke, Frederieke Miesner, Jan Nitzbon, Paul Overduin, Simone M. Stuenzi, and Moritz Langer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
Fuming Xie, Shiyin Liu, Yongpeng Gao, Yu Zhu, Tobias Bolch, Andreas Kääb, Shimei Duan, Wenfei Miao, Jianfang Kang, Yaonan Zhang, Xiran Pan, Caixia Qin, Kunpeng Wu, Miaomiao Qi, Xianhe Zhang, Ying Yi, Fengze Han, Xiaojun Yao, Qiao Liu, Xin Wang, Zongli Jiang, Donghui Shangguan, Yong Zhang, Richard Grünwald, Muhammad Adnan, Jyoti Karki, and Muhammad Saifullah
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 847–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, first we generated inventories which allowed us to systematically detect glacier change patterns in the Karakoram range. We found that, by the 2020s, there were approximately 10 500 glaciers in the Karakoram mountains covering an area of 22 510.73 km2, of which ~ 10.2 % is covered by debris. During the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2020), the total glacier cover area in Karakoram remained relatively stable, with a slight increase in area of 23.5 km2.
Alessandro Cicoira, Samuel Weber, Andreas Biri, Ben Buchli, Reynald Delaloye, Reto Da Forno, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Raphael Mayoraz, Matthias Meyer, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Eric Pointner, Hugo Raetzo, Cristian Scapozza, Tazio Strozzi, Lothar Thiele, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, Vanessa Wirz, and Jan Beutel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5061–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents a monitoring network of 54 positions, located on different periglacial landforms in the Swiss Alps: rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls. The data serve basic research but also decision-making and mitigation of natural hazards. It is the largest dataset of its kind, comprising over 209 000 daily positions and additional weather data.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries, Shashank Bhushan, Mylène Jacquemart, César Deschamps-Berger, Etienne Berthier, Simon Gascoin, David E. Shean, Dan H. Shugar, and Andreas Kääb
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3309–3327, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
On 7 February 2021, a large rock–ice avalanche occurred in Chamoli, Indian Himalaya. The resulting debris flow swept down the nearby valley, leaving over 200 people dead or missing. We use a range of satellite datasets to investigate how the collapse area changed prior to collapse. We show that signs of instability were visible as early 5 years prior to collapse. However, it would likely not have been possible to predict the timing of the event from current satellite datasets.
Aldo Bertone, Chloé Barboux, Xavier Bodin, Tobias Bolch, Francesco Brardinoni, Rafael Caduff, Hanne H. Christiansen, Margaret M. Darrow, Reynald Delaloye, Bernd Etzelmüller, Ole Humlum, Christophe Lambiel, Karianne S. Lilleøren, Volkmar Mair, Gabriel Pellegrinon, Line Rouyet, Lucas Ruiz, and Tazio Strozzi
The Cryosphere, 16, 2769–2792, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the guidelines developed by the IPA Action Group and within the ESA Permafrost CCI project to include InSAR-based kinematic information in rock glacier inventories. Nine operators applied these guidelines to 11 regions worldwide; more than 3600 rock glaciers are classified according to their kinematics. We test and demonstrate the feasibility of applying common rules to produce homogeneous kinematic inventories at global scale, useful for hydrological and climate change purposes.
Frank Paul, Livia Piermattei, Désirée Treichler, Lin Gilbert, Luc Girod, Andreas Kääb, Ludivine Libert, Thomas Nagler, Tazio Strozzi, and Jan Wuite
The Cryosphere, 16, 2505–2526, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier surges are widespread in the Karakoram and have been intensely studied using satellite data and DEMs. We use time series of such datasets to study three glacier surges in the same region of the Karakoram. We found strongly contrasting advance rates and flow velocities, maximum velocities of 30 m d−1, and a change in the surge mechanism during a surge. A sensor comparison revealed good agreement, but steep terrain and the two smaller glaciers caused limitations for some of them.
Bas Altena, Andreas Kääb, and Bert Wouters
The Cryosphere, 16, 2285–2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2285-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2285-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Repeat overflights of satellites are used to estimate surface displacements. However, such products lack a simple error description for individual measurements, but variation in precision occurs, since the calculation is based on the similarity of texture. Fortunately, variation in precision manifests itself in the correlation peak, which is used for the displacement calculation. This spread is used to make a connection to measurement precision, which can be of great use for model inversion.
Tazio Strozzi, Andreas Wiesmann, Andreas Kääb, Thomas Schellenberger, and Frank Paul
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-44, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-44, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge on surface velocity of glaciers and ice caps contributes to a better understanding of a wide range of processes related to glacier dynamics, mass change and response to climate. Based on the release of historical satellite radar data from various space agencies we compiled nearly complete mosaics of winter ice surface velocities for the 1990's over the Eastern Arctic. Compared to the present state, we observe a general increase of ice velocities along with a retreat of glacier fronts.
Paul Willem Leclercq, Andreas Kääb, and Bas Altena
The Cryosphere, 15, 4901–4907, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4901-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4901-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present a novel method to detect glacier surge activity. Surges are relevant as they disturb the link between glacier change and climate, and studying surges can also increase understanding of glacier flow. We use variations in Sentinel-1 radar backscatter strength, calculated with the use of Google Earth Engine, to detect surge activity. In our case study for the year 2018–2019 we find 69 cases of surging glaciers globally. Many of these were not previously known to be surging.
Andreas Kääb, Mylène Jacquemart, Adrien Gilbert, Silvan Leinss, Luc Girod, Christian Huggel, Daniel Falaschi, Felipe Ugalde, Dmitry Petrakov, Sergey Chernomorets, Mikhail Dokukin, Frank Paul, Simon Gascoin, Etienne Berthier, and Jeffrey S. Kargel
The Cryosphere, 15, 1751–1785, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1751-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hardly recognized so far, giant catastrophic detachments of glaciers are a rare but great potential for loss of lives and massive damage in mountain regions. Several of the events compiled in our study involve volumes (up to 100 million m3 and more), avalanche speeds (up to 300 km/h), and reaches (tens of kilometres) that are hard to imagine. We show that current climate change is able to enhance associated hazards. For the first time, we elaborate a set of factors that could cause these events.
Andreas Kääb, Tazio Strozzi, Tobias Bolch, Rafael Caduff, Håkon Trefall, Markus Stoffel, and Alexander Kokarev
The Cryosphere, 15, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a map of rock glacier motion over parts of the northern Tien Shan and time series of surface speed for six of them over almost 70 years.
This is by far the most detailed investigation of this kind available for central Asia.
We detect a 2- to 4-fold increase in rock glacier motion between the 1950s and present, which we attribute to atmospheric warming.
Relative to the shrinking glaciers in the region, this implies increased importance of periglacial sediment transport.
Sebastián Vivero, Reynald Delaloye, and Christophe Lambiel
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-8, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-8, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We use repeated drone flights to measure the velocities of a rock glacier located in the western Swiss Alps. The results are validated by comparing with simultaneous GPS measurements. Between 2016 and 2019, the rock glacier doubled its overall frontal velocity, from 5 m to more than 10 m per year. These high velocities and the development of a scarp feature indicate a rock glacier destabilisation phase. Finally, this work highlights the use of drones for rock glacier monitoring.
Andreas Alexander, Jaroslav Obu, Thomas V. Schuler, Andreas Kääb, and Hanne H. Christiansen
The Cryosphere, 14, 4217–4231, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present subglacial air, ice and sediment temperatures from within the basal drainage systems of two cold-based glaciers on Svalbard during late spring and the summer melt season. We put the data into the context of air temperature and rainfall at the glacier surface and show the importance of surface events on the subglacial thermal regime and erosion around basal drainage channels. Observed vertical erosion rates thereby reachup to 0.9 m d−1.
Ethan Welty, Michael Zemp, Francisco Navarro, Matthias Huss, Johannes J. Fürst, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Johannes Landmann, Horst Machguth, Kathrin Naegeli, Liss M. Andreassen, Daniel Farinotti, Huilin Li, and GlaThiDa Contributors
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3039–3055, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3039-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3039-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing the thickness of glacier ice is critical for predicting the rate of glacier loss and the myriad downstream impacts. To facilitate forecasts of future change, we have added 3 million measurements to our worldwide database of glacier thickness: 14 % of global glacier area is now within 1 km of a thickness measurement (up from 6 %). To make it easier to update and monitor the quality of our database, we have used automated tools to check and track changes to the data over time.
Cited articles
Amschwand, D., Ivy-Ochs, S., Frehner, M., Steinemann, O., Christl, M., and Vockenhuber, C.: Deciphering the evolution of the Bleis Marscha rock glacier (Val d'Err, eastern Switzerland) with cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating, aerial image correlation, and finite element modeling, The Cryosphere, 15, 2057–2081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2057-2021, 2021.
Arenson, L., Hoelzle M., and Springman, S.: Borehole deformation
measurements and internal structure of some rock glaciers in Switzerland,
Permafrost Periglac., 13, 117–135, 2002.
Ayala, A., Pellicciotti, F., MacDonell, S., McPhee, J., Vivero, S., Campos,
C., and Egli, P.: Modelling the hydrological response of debris-free and
debris-covered glaciers to present climatic conditions in the semiarid
high-elevation Andes, Hydrol. Process., 30, 4036–4058, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10971, 2016.
Ballantyne, C. K.: Paraglacial geomorphology, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21,
1935–2017, 2002.
Barboux, C., Strozzi, T., Delaloye, R., Wegmüller, U., and Collet, C.:
Mapping slope movements in Alpine environments using TerraSAR-X
interferometric methods, ISPRS J. Photogramm.,
109, 178–192, 2015.
Barsch, D., Fierz, H., and Haeberli, W.: Shallow core drilling and borehole
measurements in permafrost of an active rock glacier near the
Grubengletscher, Wallis, Swiss Alps, Arctic Alpine Res., 11,
215–228, 1979.
Benn, D. I., Bolch, T., Hands, K., Gully, J., Luckmann, A., Nicholson, L. I.,
Quincy, D., Thompson, S., Toumi, R., and Wiseman, S.: Response of
debris-covered glaciers in the Mount Everest region to recent warming, and
implications for outburst flood hazards, Earth Sci. Rev., 14, 156–174,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.008, 2012.
Beutel, J., Biri, A., Buchli, B., Cicoira, A., Delaloye, R., Da Forno, R., Gaertner-Roer, I., Gruber, S., Gsell, T., Hasler, A., Lim, R., Limpach, P., Mayoraz, R., Meyer, M., Noetzli, J., Phillips, M., Pointner, E., Raetzo, H., Scapoza, C., Strozzi, T., Thiele, L., Vieli, A., Vonder Mühll, D., Weber, S., and Wirz, V.: Kinematic observations of the mountain cryosphere using in-situ GNSS instruments, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-176, in review, 2021.
Bodin, X., Thibert, E., Fabre, D., Ribolini, A., Schoeneich, P.,
Francou, B., Reynaud, L., and Fort, M.: Two Decades of Responses (1986–2006)
to Climate by the Laurichard Rock Glacier, French Alps, Permafrost
Periglac., 20, 331–344, https://doi10.1002/ppp.665,
2009.
Boeckli, L., Brenning, A., Gruber, S., and Noetzli, J.: Permafrost distribution in the European Alps: calculation and evaluation of an index map and summary statistics, The Cryosphere, 6, 807–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-807-2012, 2012.
Bolch, T., Rohrbach, N., Kutiusov, S., Robson, B. A., and Osmonov, A.:
Occurrence, evolution and ice content of ice-debris complexes in the
Ak-Shiirak, Central Tien Shan, revealed by geophysical and remotely-sensed
investigations, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 129–143,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4487, 2019.
Bosson, J.-B., Deline, P., Bodin, X., Schoeneich, P., Baron, L., Gardent,
M., and Lambiel, C.: The influence of ground ice distribution on geomorphic
dynamics since the Little Ice Age in proglacial areas of two cirque glacier
systems, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 40, 666–680, 2014.
Brunner, N.: Gletscher-Blockgletscher Beziehung beim Grubengletscher,
Fletschhorngebiet, Wallis, Masterthesis, University of Zurich, 78 pp.,
2020.
Carrivick, J. L. and Heckmann, T.: Short-term geomorphological evolution of
proglacial systems, Geomorphology, 287, 3–28, 2017.
Cicoira, A., Beutel, J., Faillettaz, J., and Vieli, A.: Water controls the
seasonal rhythm of rock glacier flow, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
528, 115844, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115844, 2019.
Cicoira, A., Marcer, M., Gärtner-Roer, I., Bodin, X., Arenson, L. U., and
Vieli, A.: A general theory of rock glacier creep based on in situ and
remote sensing observations, Permafrost Periglac., 32,
139–153, 2021.
Curry, A., Cleasby, V., and Zukowskyj, P.: Paraglacial response to steep,
sediment-mantled slopes to post-“Little Ice Age” glacier recession in the
central Swiss Alps, J. Quaternary Sci., 21, 211–225, 2006.
Cusicanqui, D., Rabatel, A., Vincent, C., Bodin, X., Thibert, E., and
Francou, B.: Interpretation of volume and flux changes of the Laurichard
rock glacier between 1952 and 2019, French Alps, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 126, e2021JF006161, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006161, 2021.
Darrow, M. M., Gyswyt, N. L., Simpson, J. M., Daanen, R. P., and Hubbard, T. D.: Frozen debris lobe morphology and movement: an overview of eight dynamic features, southern Brooks Range, Alaska, The Cryosphere, 10, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-977-2016, 2016.
Delaloye, R., Lambiel, C., and Gärtner-Roer, I.: Overview of rock glacier kinematics research in the Swiss Alps, Geogr. Helv., 65, 135–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-65-135-2010, 2010.
Deline, P., Gruber, S., Amann, F., Bodin, X., Delaloye, R., Faillettaz, J.,
Fischer, L., Geertsema, M., Giardino, M., Hasler, A., Kirkbride, M.,
Krautblatter, M., Magnin, F., McColl, S., Ravanel, L., Schoeneich, P., and
Weber, S.: Ice loss from glaciers and permafrost and related slope
instability in high-mountain regions, in:
Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, edited by: Haeberli, W. and Whiteman, C., Elsevier, pp. 501–540, ISBN 978-0-12-394849-6,
2021.
Eriksen, H. Ø., Rouyet, L., Laukness, T. R., Berthling, I., Isaksen, K.,
Hindberg, H., Larsen, Y., and Corner D. G.: Recent Acceleration of a Rock
Glacier Complex, Ádjet, Norway, Documented by 62 Years of Remote Sensing
Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 8314–8323,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077605, 2018.
Falatkova, K., Šobr, M., Neureiter, A., Schöner, W., Janský, B., Häusler, H., Engel, Z., and Beneš, V.: Development of proglacial lakes and evaluation of related outburst susceptibility at the Adygine ice-debris complex, northern Tien Shan, Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 301–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-301-2019, 2019.
Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN): Map of potential permafrost
distribution, https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/naturgefahren/fachinformationen/naturgefahrensituation-und-raumnutzung/gefahrengrundlagen/hinweiskarte-der-permafrostverbreitung-in-der-schweiz.html (last access: 22 May 2022),
2005.
Fey, C. and Krainer, K.: Analyses of UAV and GNSS based flow velocity
variations of the rock glacier Lazaun (Ötztal Alps, South Tyrol, Italy),
Geomorphology, 365, 107261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107261, 2020.
Fischer, M., Huss, M., Barboux, C., and Hoelzle, M.: The new Swiss Glacier
Inventory SGI2010: Relevance of using high-resolution source data in areas
dominated by very small glaciers, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res.,
46, 933–945, 2014.
Fleischer, F., Haas, F., Piermattei, L., Pfeiffer, M., Heckmann, T., Altmann, M., Rom, J., Stark, M., Wimmer, M. H., Pfeifer, N., and Becht, M.: Multi-decadal (1953–2017) rock glacier kinematics analysed by high-resolution topographic data in the upper Kaunertal, Austria, The Cryosphere, 15, 5345–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5345-2021, 2021.
Florentine, C., Skidmore, M., Speece, M., Link, C., and Shaw, C. A.:
Geophysical analysis of transverse ridges and internal structure at Lone
Peak Rock Glacier, Big Sky, Montana, USA, J. Glaciol., 60,
453–462, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J160, 2014.
Frauenfelder, R.: Rock Glaciers, Fletschhorn Area, Valais, Switzerland.
Techniques for detecting and quantifying mountain permafrost creep,
International Permafrost Association, Data and Information Working Group,
NSIDC, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, CD-ROM, 1998.
Frey, H., Haeberli, W., Linsbauer, A., Huggel, C., and Paul, F.: A multi-level strategy for anticipating future glacier lake formation and associated hazard potentials, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 339–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-339-2010, 2010.
Fuchs, M. C., Böhlert, R., Krbetschek, M., Preusser, F., and Egli, M.:
Exploring the potential of luminescence methods for dating Alpine rock
glaciers, Quat. Geochronol., 18, 17–33,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2013.07.001, 2013.
Glacier and Permafrost Hazards in Mountains (GAPHAZ): Assessment of Glacier and Permafrost Hazards in Mountain Regions,
Technical Guidance Document, prepared by: Allen, S., Frey, H., Huggel, C.,
Bründl, M., Chiarle, M., Clague, J. J., Cochachin, A., Cook, S., Deline,
P., Geertsema, M., Giardino, M., Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Kargel, J.,
Klimes, J., Krautblatter, M., McArdell, B., Mergili, M., Petrakov, D.,
Portocarrero, C., Reynolds, J., and Schneider, D., Standing Group on Glacier
and Permafrost Hazards in Mountains (GAPHAZ) of the International
Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) and the International Permafrost
Association (IPA), Zurich, Switzerland/Lima, Peru, 72 pp., 2017.
GLAMOS: Homepage, Glacier Monitoring Switzerland, http://www.glamos.ch/, last access: 22 May 2022.
Gruber, S.: Derivation and analysis of a high-resolution estimate of global permafrost zonation, The Cryosphere, 6, 221–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-221-2012, 2012.
Haeberli, W.: Die Basis-Temperatur der winterlichen Schneedecke als
möglicher Indikator für die Verbreitung von Permafrost in den Alpen,
Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, IX/1–2, 221–227,
1973.
Haeberli, W.: Eistemperaturen in den Alpen, Zeitschrift für
Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, XI/2, 203–220, 1976.
Haeberli, W.: Holocene push-moraines in Alpine permafrost, Geogr.
Ann., 61A/1-2, 43–48, 1979.
Haeberli, W.: Creep of mountain permafrost, Mitt. VAW ETHZ, 77, 119 pp., 1985.
Haeberli, W.: Investigating glacier-permafrost relationships in
high-mountain areas: historical background, selected examples and research
needs, in: Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers
and Permafrost, edited by: Harris, C. and Murton, J. B., The Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 242,
29–37, 2005.
Haeberli, W.: Mountain permafrost – research frontiers and a special
long-term challenge, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 96, 71–76,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.02.004, 2013.
Haeberli, W.: Community
Comment 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-88-CC1, 2021.
Haeberli, W. and Fisch, W.: Electrical resistivity soundings of glacier
beds: a test study on Grubengletscher, Wallis, Swiss Alps, J.
Glaciol., 30, 373–376, 1984.
Haeberli, W. and Röthlisberger, H.: Beobachtungen zum Mechanismus und zu
den Auswirkungen von Kalbungen am Grubengletscher (Saastal, Schweiz),
Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, XI/2, 221–228,
1976.
Haeberli, W., King, L., and Flotron, A.: Surface movement and lichen-cover
studies at the active rock glacier near the Grubengletscher, Wallis, Swiss
Alps, Arctic Alpine Res., 11, 421–441, 1979.
Haeberli, W., Evin, M., Tenthorey, G., Keusen, H. R., Hoelzle, M., Keller,
F., Vonder Mühll, D., Wagner, S., Pelfini, M., and Smiraglia, C.:
Permafrost research sites in the Alps: excursion of the international
workshop on permafrost and periglacial environments in mountain areas,
Field Report, Permafrost Periglac., 3, 189–202, 1992.
Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M. Kääb, A., Keller, F., Vonder Mühll,
D., and Wagner, S.: Ten years after drilling through the permafrost of the
active rock glacier Murtèl, eastern Swiss Alps: answered questions and
new perspectives, in: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on
Permafrost, Yellowknife, Canada, 23–27 June 1998, Collection Nordicana, 57, 403–410, 1998.
Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Vonder Mühll, D., and Teysseire, P.:
Prevention of debris flows from outbursts of periglacial lakes at Gruben,
Valais, Swiss Alps, J. Glaciol., 47, 111–122, 2001.
Haeberli, W., Brandovà, D., Burga, C., Egli, M., Frauenfelder, R.,
Kääb, A., and Maisch, M.: Methods for absolute and relative age
dating of rock-glacier surfaces in alpine permafrost, in: Proceedings of the 8th International
Conference on Permafrost 2003, 21–25 July 2003, edited by: Phillips, M.,
Springman, S., and Arenson, L., Zurich, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse,
343–348, 2003.
Haeberli, W., Hallet, B., Arenson, L., Elconin, R., Humlum, O.,
Kääb, A., Kaufmann, V., Ladanyi, B., Matsuoka, N., Springman, S.,
and Vonder Mühll, D.: Permafrost creep and rock glacier dynamics.
Permafrost Periglac., 17, 189–214, 2006.
Haeberli, W., Schaub, Y., and Huggel, C.: Increasing risks related to
landslides from degrading permafrost into new lakes in de-glaciating
mountain ranges, Geomorphology, 293, 405–417,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.02.009, 2017.
Hanson, S. and Hoelzle, M.: The thermal regime of the active layer at the
Murtèl rock glacier based on data from 2002, Permafrost Periglac., 15, 273–282, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.499, 2004.
Heid, T. and Kääb, A.: Evaluation of existing image matching methods
for deriving glacier surface displacements globally from optical satellite
imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 118, 339–355, 2012.
Herreid, S. and Pellicciotti, F.: The state of rock debris covering Earth's
glaciers, Nat. Geosci., 13, 621–627, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0615-0,
2020.
Hoelzle, M., Vonder Mühll, D., and Haeberli, W.: Thirty years of
permafrost research in the Corvatsch Furtschellas area, Eastern Swiss Alps:
A review, Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr., 56, 137–145,
https://doi.org/10.1080/002919502760056468, 2002.
Huggel, C., Zgraggen-Oswald, S., Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Polkvoj, A., Galushkin, I., and Evans, S. G.: The 2002 rock/ice avalanche at Kolka/Karmadon, Russian Caucasus: assessment of extraordinary avalanche formation and mobility, and application of QuickBird satellite imagery, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 173–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-173-2005, 2005.
Ilyashuk, E. A., Heiri, O., Ilyashuk, B. P., Koinig, K. A., and Psenner, R.: The
Little Ice Age signature in a 700-year high-resolution chironomid record of
summer temperatures in the Central Eastern Alps, Clim. Dynam., 52,
6953–6967, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4555-y, 2019.
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N. M., in press, 2019.
Janke, J. R., Bellisario, A. C., and Ferrando, F. A.: Classification of
debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the Andes of central Chile,
Geomorphology, 241, 98–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.034, 2015.
Kääb, A.: Photogrammetric reconstruction of glacier mass-balance
using a kinematic ice-flow model. A 20-year time-series on Grubengletscher,
Swiss Alps, Ann. Glaciol., 31, 45–52, 2001.
Kääb, A.: Remote sensing of mountain glaciers and permafrost creep,
Schriftenreihe Physische Geographie, 48, 266 pp., ISBN 3855432449, 2005.
Kääb, A. and Haeberli, W.: Evolution of a high mountain thermokarst
lake in the Swiss Alps, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 33,
385–390, 2001.
Kääb, A. and Reichmuth, T.: Advance mechanisms of rock glaciers,
Permafrost Periglac., 16, 187–193, 2005.
Kääb, A. and Vollmer, M.: Surface geometry, thickness changes and
flow fields on permafrost streams: automatic extraction by digital image
analysis, Permafrost Periglac., 11, 315–326, 2000.
Kääb, A. and Weber, M.: Development of transverse ridges on rock
glaciers: field measurements and laboratory experiments, Permafrost
Periglac., 15, 379–391, 2004.
Kääb, A., Haeberli, W., and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Analysing the creep
of mountain permafrost using high precision aerial photogrammetry: 25 years
of monitoring Gruben rock glacier, Swiss Alps, Permafrost Periglac., 8, 409–426, 1997.
Kääb, A., Huggel, C., Fischer, L., Guex, S., Paul, F., Roer, I., Salzmann, N., Schlaefli, S., Schmutz, K., Schneider, D., Strozzi, T., and Weidmann, Y.: Remote sensing of glacier- and permafrost-related hazards in high mountains: an overview, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 527–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-527-2005, 2005.
Kääb, A., Frauenfelder, R., and Roer, I.: On the response of
rockglacier creep to surface temperature increase, Global Planet.
Change, 56, 172–187, 2007.
Kääb, A., Strozzi, T., Bolch, T., Caduff, R., Trefall, H., Stoffel, M., and Kokarev, A.: Inventory and changes of rock glacier creep speeds in Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too, northern Tien Shan, since the 1950s, The Cryosphere, 15, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021, 2021.
Kaufmann, V., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., and Seier, G.: Conventional and
UAV-Based Aerial Surveys for Long-Term Monitoring (1954–2020) of a Highly
Active Rock Glacier in Austria, Frontiers in Remote Sensing, 2, 732744, https://doi.org/10.3389/frsen.2021.732744, 2021.
Kenner, R., Noetzli, J., Hoelzle, M., Raetzo, H., and Phillips, M.: Distinguishing ice-rich and ice-poor permafrost to map ground temperatures and ground ice occurrence in the Swiss Alps, The Cryosphere, 13, 1925–1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1925-2019, 2019.
King, L., Fisch, W., Haeberli, W., and Waechter, H. P.: Comparison of
resistivity and radio-echo soundings on rock-glacier permafrost, Zeitschrift
für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 23, 77–97, 1987.
Kneisel, C. and Kääb, A.: Mountain permafrost dynamics within a
recently exposed glacier forefield inferred by a combined geomorphological,
geophysical and photogrammetrical approach, Earth Surf. Proc.
Land., 32, 1797–1810, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1488, 2007.
Krainer, K., Bressan, D., Dietre, B. Haas, J. N., Hajdas, I., Lang, K., Mair,
V., Nickus, U., Reidl, D., Thies, H., and Tonidandel, D.: A 10,300-year-old
permafrost core from the active rock glacier Lazaun, southern Ötztal
Alps (South Tyrol, northern Italy), Quaternary Res., 83, 324–335,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.12.005, 2014.
Kulessa, B.: Hydraulic forcing of subglacial sediment properties and impact
on glacier dynamics – Final Report, NERC Geophysical Equipment Facility, https://gef.nerc.ac.uk/documents/report/846.pdf (last access: 22 May 2022), 2009.
Kunz, J. and Kneisel, C.: Glacier–permafrost interaction at a thrust
moraine complex in the glacier forefield Muragl, Swiss Alps, Geosciences,
10, 205, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060205, 2020.
Kunz, J., Ullmann, T., and Kneisel, C.: Internal structure and recent
dynamics of a moraine complex in an alpine glacier forefield revealed by
geophysical surveying and Sentinel-1 InSAR time series, Geomorphology, 398, 108052,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.108052, 2021.
Labhart, T. P.: Geologie der Schweiz, Ott Verlag, Thun, ISBN 3-7225-6760-2, 1998.
Lambiel, C. and Delaloye, R.: Contribution of real-time kinematic GPS in the
study of creeping mountain permafrost: examples from the Western Swiss Alps,
Permafrost Periglac., 15, 229–241, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.496,
2004.
Lewkovicz, A. and Ednie, M.: Probability mapping of mountain permafrost
using the BTS method, Wolf Creek, Yukon Territory, Canada, Permafrost
Periglac., 15, 67–80, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.480, 2004.
Merz, K., Green, A. G., Buchli, T., Springman, S. M., and Maurer, H.: A new
3-D thin-skinned rock glacier model based on helicopter GPR results from the
Swiss Alps, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4464–4472, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063951, 2015.
Merz, K., Maurer, H., Rabenstein, L., Buchli, T., Springman, S. M., and
Zweifel, M.: Multidisciplinary geophysical investigations over an alpine
rock glacier, Geophysics, 81, WA147–WA157, https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2015-0157.1,
2016.
Mölg, N., Ferguson, J., Bolch, T., and Vieli, A.: On the influence of
debris cover on glacier morphology: How high-relief structures evolve from
smooth surfaces, Geomorphology, 357, 107092,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107092, 2020.
Monnier, S., Kinnard, C., Surazakov, A., and Bossy, W.: Geomorphology,
internal structure, and successive development of a glacier foreland in the
semiarid Chilean Andes (Cerro Tapado, upper Elqui Valley, 30∘08′ S., 69∘55′ W.), Geomorphology, 207, 126–140,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.10.031, 2014.
Mountain Research Initiative (MRI): Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world. Mountain
Research Initiative EDW Working Group, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 424–430, https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2563, 2015.
Nakawo, M., Raymond, F. C., and Fountain, A.: Debris-covered glaciers, IAHS No. 264, IAHS Press, 288 pp., ISBN 1-901502-31-7, 2000.
Nesje, A., Matthews, J. A., Linge, H., Bredal, M., Wilson, P., and Winkler,
S.: New evidence for active talus-foot rock glaciers at Øyberget,
southern Norway, and their development during the Holocene, Holocene,
31, 1786–1796, https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836211033226, 2021.
Nuth, C. and Kääb, A.: Co-registration and bias corrections of satellite elevation data sets for quantifying glacier thickness change, The Cryosphere, 5, 271–290, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-271-2011, 2011.
Obu, J., Westermann, S. Bartsch, A., Berdnikov, N., Christiansen, H. H.,
Dashtseren, A., Delaloye, R., Elberling, B., Etzelmüller, B., Kholodov,
A., Khomutov, A., Kääb, A., Leibman, M., Lewkowicz, A. G., Panda,
S. K., Romanovsky, V., Way, R. G., Westergaard-Nielsen, A., Wu, T., Yamkhin,
J., and Zou, D.: Northern Hemisphere permafrost map based on TTOP modelling
for 2000–2016 at 1 km2 scale, Earth Sci. Rev., 193, 299–316,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.023, 2019.
PERMOS: Swiss Permafrost Bulletin 2018/2019, edited by: Pellet, C. and Noetzli, J., 20 p., Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network, https://doi.org/10.13093/permos-bull-2020, 2020.
PERMOS: PERMOS Homepage, Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network, Fribourg and Davos, Switzerland, http://www.permos.ch/, last access: 22 May 2022a.
PERMOS: PERMOS Database, Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network, Fribourg and Davos, Switzerland [data set], https://newshinypermos.geo.uzh.ch/app/DataBrowser/, last access: 22 May 2022b.
Ragettli, S., Pellicciotti, F., Immerzeel, W., Miles, E., Petersen, L.,
Heynen, M., Shea, J., Stumm, D., Joshi, S., and Shrestha, A.: Unraveling the
hydrology of a Himalayan watershed through systematic integration of high
resolution in-situ ground data and remote sensing with an advanced
simulation model, Adv. Water Resour., 78, 94–111,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013, 2015.
Reid, T. and Brock, B.: An energy-balance model for debris-covered glaciers
including heat conduction through the debris layer, J. Glaciol., 56, 903–916, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310794457218, 2010.
Reynard, E., Delaloye, R., Baron, L., Chapellier, D., Devaud, G., Lambiel,
C., Marescot, L., and Monnet, R.: Glacier/permafrost relationships in
recently deglaciated forefields of small alpine glaciers, Penninic Alps,
Valais, Western Switzerland, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference
on Permafrost, Zurich, 21–25 July 2003, vol. 1, 947–952, 2003.
Robson, B. A., MacDonell, S., Ayala, Á., Bolch, T., Nielsen, P. R., and Vivero, S.: Glacier and rock glacier changes since the 1950s in the La Laguna catchment, Chile, The Cryosphere, 16, 647–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-647-2022, 2022.
Rock Glacier Inventories and Kinematics (RGIK): Towards standard guidelines for inventorying rock glaciers: baseline
concepts (v. 4.0), IPA Action Group rock glacier inventories and kinematics,
2020.
Roer, I.: Rockglacier kinematics in a high mountain geosystem, Bonner
Geographische Abhandlungen, 117, 217 pp., ISBN 978-3-537-87667-6, 2007.
Roer, I., Kääb, A., and Dikau, R.: Rockglacier kinematics derived
from small-scale aerial photography and digital airborne pushbroom imagery,
Z. Geomorphol., 49, 73–87, 2005a.
Roer, I., Kääb, A., and Dikau, R.: Rockglacier acceleration in the
Turtmann valley (Swiss Alps): Probable controls, Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr., 59, 157–163, 2005b.
Roer, I., Haeberli, W., Avian, M., Kaufmann, V., Delaloye, R., Lambiel, C.,
and Kääb, A.: Observations and considerations on destabilizing
active rock glaciers in the European Alps in: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, edited by: Kane, D. L. and Hinkel, K. M.,
Fairbanks, 28 June–3 July 2008, 1505–1510, https://www.permafrost.org/wp-content/uploads/ConferenceMaterials/9th-International-Conference-on-Permafrost-Vol-2.pdf (last access: 22 May 2022), 2008.
Röthlisberger, H.: Glaziologische Arbeiten im Zusammenhang mit den
Seeausbrüchen am Grubengletscher, Gemeinde Saas Balen, Wallis,
Mitt. VAW ETHZ, 44, 233–256, 1979.
Schneider, S., Daengeli, S., Hauck, C., and Hoelzle, M.: A spatial and temporal analysis of different periglacial materials by using geoelectrical, seismic and borehole temperature data at Murtèl–Corvatsch, Upper Engadin, Swiss Alps, Geogr. Helv., 68, 265–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-265-2013, 2013.
Slaymaker, O.: Criteria to distinguish between periglacial, proglacial and
paraglacial environments, Quaestiones Geographicae, 30, 85–94, 2011.
Sommer, C., Malz, P., Seehaus, T. C., Lippl, S., Zemp, M., and Braun, M. H.:
Rapid glacier retreat and downwasting throughout the European Alps in the
early 21st century, Nat. Commun., 11, 3209,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16818-0, 2020.
Strozzi, T., Caduff, R., Jones, N., Barboux, C., Delaloye, R., Bodin X.,
Kääb, A., Mätzler, E., and Schrott, L.: Monitoring Rock Glacier
Kinematics with Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar, Remote Sensing, 12,
559, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030559, 2020.
Swisstopo: A journey through time – Maps, https://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/en/maps-data-online/maps-geodata-online/journey-through-time.html, last access: 22 May 2022.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Global outlook for ice and snow, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Norway, 235, 2007.
Vivero, S., Bodin, X., Farías-Barahona, D., MacDonell, S., Schaffer,
N., Robson, B. A., and Lambiel, C.: Combination of Aerial, Satellite, and UAV
Photogrammetry for Quantifying Rock Glacier Kinematics in the Dry Andes of
Chile (30∘ S) Since the 1950s, Frontiers in Remote Sensing, 2,
784015, https://doi.org/10.3389/frsen.2021.784015, 2021.
Wahrhaftig, C. and Cox, A.: Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range, Geol.
Soc. Am. Bull., 70, 383–436, 1959.
Whalley, W. B.: The relationship of glacier ice and rock glacier at
Grubengletscher, Kanton Wallis, Switzerland, Geogr. Ann. A,
61, 49–61, 1979.
Whalley, W. B.: Gruben glacier and rock glacier, Wallis, Switzerland:
glacier ice exposures and their interpretation, Geogr. Ann. A, 102,
141–161, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.2020.1765578, 2020.
Zemp, M., Frey, H., Gärtner-Roer, I., Nussbaumer, S. U., Hoelzle, M.,
Paul, F., Haeberli, W., Denzinger, F., Ahlstroem, A. P., Anderson, B.,
Bajracharya, S., Baroni, C., Braun, L. N., Caceres, B. E., Casassa, G., Cobos,
G., Davila, L. R., Delgado Granados, H., Demuth, M. N., Espizua, L., Fischer,
A., Fujita, K., Gadek, B., Ghazanfar, A., Hagen, J. O., Holmlund, P., Karimi,
N., Li, Z., Pelto, M., Pitte, P., Popovnin, V. V., Portocarrero, C. A., Prinz,
R., Sangewar, C. V., Severskiy, I., Sigurdsson, O., Soruco, A., Usubaliev,
R., and Vincent, C.: Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in
the early 21st century, J. Glaciol., 61, 745–762, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG15J017, 2015.
Short summary
We intensely investigated the Gruben site in the Swiss Alps, where glaciers and permafrost landforms closely interact, to better understand cold-climate environments. By the interpretation of air photos from 5 decades, we describe long-term developments of the existing landforms. In combination with high-resolution positioning measurements and ground surface temperatures, we were also able to link these to short-term changes and describe different landform responses to climate forcing.
We intensely investigated the Gruben site in the Swiss Alps, where glaciers and permafrost...