Articles | Volume 15, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2357-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2357-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 May 2021
Research article |
| 20 May 2021
| 20 May 2021
Environmental drivers of circum-Antarctic glacier and ice shelf front retreat over the last two decades
German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center
(DLR), 82234 Weßling, Germany
Andreas J. Dietz
German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center
(DLR), 82234 Weßling, Germany
Christof Kneisel
Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
Heiko Paeth
Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
Claudia Kuenzer
German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center
(DLR), 82234 Weßling, Germany
Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
Related authors
Erik Loebel, Celia A. Baumhoer, Andreas Dietz, Mirko Scheinert, and Martin Horwath
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-535, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-535, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier calving front positions are important for understanding glacier dynamics and constrain ice modelling. We apply a deep learning framework on multispectral Landsat imagery to create a calving front record for 19 key outlet glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula. The resulting data product includes 2064 calving front locations from 2013 to 2023 and achieves sub-seasonal temporal resolution.
Zacharie Barrou Dumont, Simon Gascoin, Jordi Inglada, Andreas Dietz, Jonas Köhler, Matthieu Lafaysse, Diego Monteiro, Carlo Carmagnola, Arthur Bayle, Jean-Pierre Dedieu, Olivier Hagolle, and Philippe Choler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3505, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3505, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We generated annual maps of snow melt-out day at 20 m resolution over a period of 38 years from ten different satellites. This study fills a knowledge gap on the evolution of mountain snow in Europe by covering a much longer period and by characterizing trends at much higher resolution than previous studies. We found a trend for earlier melt-out with an average reduction of 5.51 days per decade over the French Alps and of 4.04 day per decade over the Pyrenees over the period 1986–2023.
Erik Loebel, Celia A. Baumhoer, Andreas Dietz, Mirko Scheinert, and Martin Horwath
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-535, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-535, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier calving front positions are important for understanding glacier dynamics and constrain ice modelling. We apply a deep learning framework on multispectral Landsat imagery to create a calving front record for 19 key outlet glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula. The resulting data product includes 2064 calving front locations from 2013 to 2023 and achieves sub-seasonal temporal resolution.
Johannes Buckel, Jan Mudler, Rainer Gardeweg, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Regula Frauenfelder, Christof Kneisel, Sebastian Buchelt, Jan Henrik Blöthe, Andreas Hördt, and Matthias Bücker
The Cryosphere, 17, 2919–2940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals permafrost degradation by repeating old geophysical measurements at three Alpine sites. The compared data indicate that ice-poor permafrost is highly affected by temperature warming. The melting of ice-rich permafrost could not be identified. However, complex geomorphic processes are responsible for this rather than external temperature change. We suspect permafrost degradation here as well. In addition, we introduce a new current injection method for data acquisition.
Thorsten Hoeser, Stefanie Feuerstein, and Claudia Kuenzer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4251–4270, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The DeepOWT (Deep-learning-derived Offshore Wind Turbines) data set provides offshore wind energy infrastructure locations and their temporal deployment dynamics from July 2016 until June 2021 on a global scale. It differentiates between offshore wind turbines, platforms under construction, and offshore wind farm substations. It is derived by applying deep-learning-based object detection to Sentinel-1 imagery.
Mariel C. Dirscherl, Andreas J. Dietz, and Claudia Kuenzer
The Cryosphere, 15, 5205–5226, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5205-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5205-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We provide novel insight into the temporal evolution of supraglacial lakes across six major Antarctic ice shelves in 2015–2021. For Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves, we observe extensive meltwater ponding during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 summers. Over East Antarctica, lakes were widespread during 2016–2019 and at a minimum in 2020–2021. We investigate environmental controls, revealing lake ponding to be coupled to atmospheric modes, the near-surface climate and the local glaciological setting.
Daniel Abel, Felix Pollinger, and Heiko Paeth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-420, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-420, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The results of this paper indicate a strong catchment based influence of snow water equivalent on droughts in the southwestern USA with a prediction skill for drought in spring and early summer. Additionally, it has been shown that drought indices with even simple potential evapotranspiration schemes are able to capture the effect of snow water equivalent and its melt on soil moisture and, thus, on evapotranspiration and temperature and, consequently, on droughts.
Heiko Paeth, Christian Steger, Jingmin Li, Sebastian G. Mutz, and Todd A. Ehlers
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-111, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-111, 2017
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We use a high-resolution regional climate model to investigate various episodes of distinct climate states over the Tibetan Plateau region during the Cenozoic rise of the Plateau and Quaternary glacial/interglacial cycles. The simulated changes are in good agreement with available paleo-climatic reconstructions from proxy data. It is shown that in some regions of the Tibetan Plateau the climate anomalies during the Quaternary have been as strong as the changes occurring during the uplift period.
Adrian Emmert and Christof Kneisel
The Cryosphere, 11, 841–855, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-841-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-841-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the internal structure of two alpine rock glaciers to derive information on their development. Through a 3-D mapping of the electrical resistivity distribution of the subsurface, we could detect variations of ice content and delimit frozen and unfrozen structures. Our study shows that the development of the investigated rock glaciers is influenced by not only creep processes and remnant ice from past glaciations but also recently buried ice patches and refreezing meltwater.
Related subject area
Discipline: Ice sheets | Subject: Antarctic
Thwaites Glacier thins and retreats fastest where ice-shelf channels intersect its grounding zone
Melt sensitivity of irreversible retreat of Pine Island Glacier
A model framework for atmosphere–snow water vapor exchange and the associated isotope effects at Dome Argus, Antarctica – Part 1: The diurnal changes
The long-term sea-level commitment from Antarctica
The influence of present-day regional surface mass balance uncertainties on the future evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
How well can satellite altimetry and firn models resolve Antarctic firn thickness variations?
Feedback mechanisms controlling Antarctic glacial-cycle dynamics simulated with a coupled ice sheet–solid Earth model
The effect of ice shelf rheology on shelf edge bending
Hysteresis of idealized, instability-prone outlet glaciers in response to pinning-point buttressing variation
A physics-based Antarctic melt detection technique: combining Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2, radiative-transfer modeling, and firn modeling
Brief communication: Precision measurement of the index of refraction of deep glacial ice at radio frequencies at Summit Station, Greenland
Widespread increase in discharge from west Antarctic Peninsula glaciers since 2018
Surface dynamics and history of the calving cycle of Astrolabe Glacier (Adélie Coast, Antarctica) derived from satellite imagery
Detecting Holocene retreat and readvance in the Amundsen Sea sector of Antarctica: assessing the suitability of sites near Pine Island Glacier for subglacial bedrock drilling
Weak relationship between remotely detected crevasses and inferred ice rheological parameters on Antarctic ice shelves
A history-matching analysis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet since the last interglacial – Part 1: Ice sheet evolution
Extensive palaeo-surfaces beneath the Evans–Rutford region of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet control modern and past ice flow
Towards the systematic reconnaissance of seismic signals from glaciers and ice sheets – Part 1: Event detection for cryoseismology
Towards the systematic reconnaissance of seismic signals from glaciers and ice sheets – Part 2: Unsupervised learning for source process characterization
Geometric amplification and suppression of ice-shelf basal melt in West Antarctica
Alpine topography of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, Antarctica, mapped from ice sheet surface morphology
A fast and unified subglacial hydrological model applied to Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica
Impact of boundary conditions on the modeled thermal regime of the Antarctic ice sheet
The staggered retreat of grounded ice in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
The effect of landfast sea ice buttressing on ice dynamic speedup in the Larsen B embayment, Antarctica
ISMIP6-based Antarctic Projections to 2100: simulations with the BISICLES ice sheet model
Meteoric water and glacial melt in the southeastern Amundsen Sea: a time series from 1994 to 2020
Evaporative controls on Antarctic precipitation: an ECHAM6 model study using innovative water tracer diagnostics
Disentangling the drivers of future Antarctic ice loss with a historically calibrated ice-sheet model
Modelling GNSS-observed seasonal velocity changes of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, using the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM)
Insights into the vulnerability of Antarctic glaciers from the ISMIP6 ice sheet model ensemble and associated uncertainty
Evaluation of four calving laws for Antarctic ice shelves
Oceanic gateways in Antarctica – Impact of relative sea-level change on sub-shelf melt
Englacial architecture of Lambert Glacier, East Antarctica
Mass changes of the northern Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet derived from repeat bi-static synthetic aperture radar acquisitions for the period 2013–2017
The evolution of future Antarctic surface melt using PISM-dEBM-simple
Characteristics and rarity of the strong 1940s westerly wind event over the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica
Sensitivity of the MAR regional climate model snowpack to the parameterization of the assimilation of satellite-derived wet-snow masks on the Antarctic Peninsula
Stratigraphic noise and its potential drivers across the plateau of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Modes of Antarctic tidal grounding line migration revealed by Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) laser altimetry
Evaluating the impact of enhanced horizontal resolution over the Antarctic domain using a variable-resolution Earth system model
Statistically parameterizing and evaluating a positive degree-day model to estimate surface melt in Antarctica from 1979 to 2022
Widespread slowdown in thinning rates of West Antarctic ice shelves
Seasonal variability in Antarctic ice shelf velocities forced by sea surface height variations
Revisiting temperature sensitivity: how does Antarctic precipitation change with temperature?
Cosmogenic-nuclide data from Antarctic nunataks can constrain past ice sheet instabilities
Exploring ice sheet model sensitivity to ocean thermal forcing and basal sliding using the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM)
High mid-Holocene accumulation rates over West Antarctica inferred from a pervasive ice-penetrating radar reflector
Seasonal and interannual variability of the landfast ice mass balance between 2009 and 2018 in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
Megadunes in Antarctica: migration and characterization from remote and in situ observations
Allison M. Chartrand, Ian M. Howat, Ian R. Joughin, and Benjamin E. Smith
The Cryosphere, 18, 4971–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses high-resolution remote-sensing data to show that shrinking of the West Antarctic Thwaites Glacier’s ice shelf (floating extension) is exacerbated by several sub-ice-shelf meltwater channels that form as the glacier transitions from full contact with the seafloor to fully floating. In mapping these channels, the position of the transition zone, and thinning rates of the Thwaites Glacier, this work elucidates important processes driving its rapid contribution to sea level rise.
Brad Reed, J. A. Mattias Green, Adrian Jenkins, and G. Hilmar Gudmundsson
The Cryosphere, 18, 4567–4587, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical ice-flow model to simulate the response of a 1940s Pine Island Glacier to changes in melting beneath its ice shelf. A decadal period of warm forcing is sufficient to push the glacier into an unstable, irreversible retreat from its long-term position on a subglacial ridge to an upstream ice plain. This retreat can only be stopped when unrealistic cold forcing is applied. These results show that short warm anomalies can lead to quick and substantial increases in ice flux.
Tianming Ma, Zhuang Jiang, Minghu Ding, Pengzhen He, Yuansheng Li, Wenqian Zhang, and Lei Geng
The Cryosphere, 18, 4547–4565, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a box model to evaluate the isotope effects of atmosphere–snow water vapor exchange at Dome A, Antarctica. The results show clear and invisible diurnal changes in surface snow isotopes under summer and winter conditions, respectively. The model also predicts that the annual net effects of atmosphere–snow water vapor exchange would be overall enrichments in snow isotopes since the effects in summer appear to be greater than those in winter at the study site.
Ann Kristin Klose, Violaine Coulon, Frank Pattyn, and Ricarda Winkelmann
The Cryosphere, 18, 4463–4492, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We systematically assess the long-term sea-level response from Antarctica to warming projected over the next centuries, using two ice-sheet models. We show that this committed Antarctic sea-level contribution is substantially higher than the transient sea-level change projected for the coming decades. A low-emission scenario already poses considerable risk of multi-meter sea-level increase over the next millennia, while additional East Antarctic ice loss unfolds under the high-emission pathway.
Christian Wirths, Thomas F. Stocker, and Johannes C. R. Sutter
The Cryosphere, 18, 4435–4462, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4435-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4435-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the influence of several regional climate models on the Antarctic Ice Sheet when applied as forcing for the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). Our study shows that the choice of regional climate model forcing results in uncertainties of around a tenth of those in future sea level rise projections and also affects the extent of grounding line retreat in West Antarctica.
Maria T. Kappelsberger, Martin Horwath, Eric Buchta, Matthias O. Willen, Ludwig Schröder, Sanne B. M. Veldhuijsen, Peter Kuipers Munneke, and Michiel R. van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 18, 4355–4378, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4355-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4355-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The interannual variations in the height of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) are mainly due to natural variations in snowfall. Precise knowledge of these variations is important for the detection of any long-term climatic trends in AIS surface elevation. We present a new product that spatially resolves these height variations over the period 1992–2017. The product combines the strengths of atmospheric modeling results and satellite altimetry measurements.
Torsten Albrecht, Meike Bagge, and Volker Klemann
The Cryosphere, 18, 4233–4255, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4233-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4233-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed coupled ice sheet–solid Earth simulations and discovered a positive (forebulge) feedback mechanism for advancing grounding lines, supporting a larger West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. During deglaciation we found that the stabilizing glacial isostatic adjustment feedback dominates grounding-line retreat in the Ross Sea, with a weak Earth structure. This may have consequences for present and future ice sheet stability and potential rates of sea-level rise.
W. Roger Buck
The Cryosphere, 18, 4165–4176, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Standard theory predicts that the edge of an ice shelf should bend downward. Satellite observations show that the edges of many ice shelves bend upward. A new theory for ice shelf bending is developed that, for the first time, includes the kind of vertical variations in ice flow properties expected for ice shelves. Upward bending of shelf edges is predicted as long as the ice surface is very cold and the ice flow properties depend strongly on temperature.
Johannes Feldmann, Anders Levermann, and Ricarda Winkelmann
The Cryosphere, 18, 4011–4028, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4011-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4011-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here we show in simplified simulations that the (ir)reversibility of the retreat of instability-prone, Antarctica-type glaciers can strongly depend on the depth of the bed depression they rest on. If it is sufficiently deep, then the destabilized glacier does not recover from its collapsed state. Our results suggest that glaciers resting on a wide and deep bed depression, such as Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier, are particularly susceptible to irreversible retreat.
Marissa E. Dattler, Brooke Medley, and C. Max Stevens
The Cryosphere, 18, 3613–3631, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an algorithm based on combining models and satellite observations to identify the presence of surface melt on the Antarctic Ice Sheet. We find that this method works similarly to previous methods by assessing 13 sites and the Larsen C ice shelf. Unlike previous methods, this algorithm is based on physical parameters, and updates to this method could allow the meltwater present on the Antarctic Ice Sheet to be quantified instead of simply detected.
Christoph Welling and The RNO-G Collaboration
The Cryosphere, 18, 3433–3437, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We report on the measurement of the index of refraction in glacial ice at radio frequencies. We show that radio echoes from within the ice can be associated with specific features of the ice conductivity and use this to determine the wave velocity. This measurement is especially relevant for the Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G), a neutrino detection experiment currently under construction at Summit Station, Greenland.
Benjamin J. Davison, Anna E. Hogg, Carlos Moffat, Michael P. Meredith, and Benjamin J. Wallis
The Cryosphere, 18, 3237–3251, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3237-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3237-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using a new dataset of ice motion, we observed glacier acceleration on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The speed-up began around January 2021, but some glaciers sped up earlier or later. Using a combination of ship-based ocean temperature observations and climate models, we show that the speed-up coincided with a period of unusually warm air and ocean temperatures in the region.
Floriane Provost, Dimitri Zigone, Emmanuel Le Meur, Jean-Philippe Malet, and Clément Hibert
The Cryosphere, 18, 3067–3079, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The recent calving of Astrolabe Glacier in November 2021 presents an opportunity to better understand the processes leading to ice fracturing. Optical-satellite imagery is used to retrieve the calving cycle of the glacier ice tongue and to measure the ice velocity and strain rates in order to document fracture evolution. We observed that the presence of sea ice for consecutive years has favoured the glacier extension but failed to inhibit the growth of fractures that accelerated in June 2021.
Joanne S. Johnson, John Woodward, Ian Nesbitt, Kate Winter, Seth Campbell, Keir A. Nichols, Ryan A. Venturelli, Scott Braddock, Brent M. Goehring, Brenda Hall, Dylan H. Rood, and Greg Balco
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1452, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Determining where and when the Antarctic ice sheet was smaller than present requires recovery and exposure dating of subglacial bedrock. Here we use ice sheet model outputs and field data (geological and glaciological observations, bedrock samples and ground-penetrating radar from subglacial ridges) to assess the suitability for drilling of sites in the Hudson Mountains, West Antarctica. We find that no sites are perfect, but two are feasible, with the most suitable being Winkie Nunatak.
Cristina Gerli, Sebastian Rosier, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, and Sainan Sun
The Cryosphere, 18, 2677–2689, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2677-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2677-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent efforts have focused on using AI and satellite imagery to track crevasses for assessing ice shelf damage and informing ice flow models. Our study reveals a weak connection between these observed products and damage maps inferred from ice flow models. While there is some improvement in crevasse-dense regions, this association remains limited. Directly mapping ice damage from satellite observations may not significantly improve the representation of these processes within ice flow models.
Benoit S. Lecavalier and Lev Tarasov
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1291, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1291, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) over the last 200 ka by means of a history-matching analysis where an updated observational database constrained ~10,000 model simulations. During peak glaciation at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the best-fitting sub-ensemble of AIS simulations reached an excess grounded ice volume relative to present of 9.2 to 26.5 meters equivalent sea-level relative to present. The LGM AIS volume can help resolve the LGM missing ice problem.
Charlotte M. Carter, Michael J. Bentley, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Guy J. G. Paxman, Tom A. Jordan, Julien A. Bodart, Neil Ross, and Felipe Napoleoni
The Cryosphere, 18, 2277–2296, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use radio-echo sounding data to investigate the presence of flat surfaces beneath the Evans–Rutford region in West Antarctica. These surfaces may be what remains of laterally continuous surfaces, formed before the inception of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and we assess two hypotheses for their formation. Tectonic structures in the region may have also had a control on the growth of the ice sheet by focusing ice flow into troughs adjoining these surfaces.
Rebecca B. Latto, Ross J. Turner, Anya M. Reading, and J. Paul Winberry
The Cryosphere, 18, 2061–2079, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2061-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2061-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study of icequakes allows for investigation of many glacier processes that are unseen by typical reconnaissance methods. However, detection of such seismic signals is challenging due to low signal-to-noise levels and diverse source mechanisms. Here we present a novel algorithm that is optimized to detect signals from a glacier environment. We apply the algorithm to seismic data recorded in the 2010–2011 austral summer from the Whillans Ice Stream and evaluate the resulting event catalogue.
Rebecca B. Latto, Ross J. Turner, Anya M. Reading, Sue Cook, Bernd Kulessa, and J. Paul Winberry
The Cryosphere, 18, 2081–2101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2081-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2081-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic catalogues are potentially rich sources of information on glacier processes. In a companion study, we constructed an event catalogue for seismic data from the Whillans Ice Stream. Here, we provide a semi-automated workflow for consistent catalogue analysis using an unsupervised cluster analysis. We discuss the defining characteristics of identified signal types found in this catalogue and possible mechanisms for the underlying glacier processes and noise sources.
Jan De Rydt and Kaitlin Naughten
The Cryosphere, 18, 1863–1888, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1863-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1863-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is losing ice at an accelerating pace. This is largely due to the presence of warm ocean water around the periphery of the Antarctic continent, which melts the ice. It is generally assumed that the strength of this process is controlled by the temperature of the ocean. However, in this study we show that an equally important role is played by the changing geometry of the ice sheet, which affects the strength of the ocean currents and thereby the melt rates.
Edmund J. Lea, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, and Michael J. Bentley
The Cryosphere, 18, 1733–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use the ice surface expression of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains in East Antarctica to map the horizontal pattern of valleys and ridges in finer detail than possible from previous methods. In upland areas, valleys are spaced much less than 5 km apart, with consequences for the distribution of melting at the bed and hence the likelihood of ancient ice being preserved. Automated mapping techniques were tested alongside manual approaches, with a hybrid approach recommended for future work.
Elise Kazmierczak, Thomas Gregov, Violaine Coulon, and Frank Pattyn
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-466, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-466, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new fast model for the water flow beneath the ice sheet capable of handling in a unified way various hydrological and bed conditions. Applying this model to Thwaites Glacier, we show that accounting for this water flow in ice-sheet model projections has the potential to greatly increase the contribution to future sea-level rise. We also demonstrate that the sensitivity of the ice sheet in response to external changes depends on both the efficiency of the drainage and the bed type.
In-Woo Park, Emilia Kyung Jin, Mathieu Morlighem, and Kang-Kun Lee
The Cryosphere, 18, 1139–1155, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1139-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1139-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study conducted 3D thermodynamic ice sheet model experiments, and modeled temperatures were compared with 15 observed borehole temperature profiles. We found that using incompressibility of ice without sliding agrees well with observed temperature profiles in slow-flow regions, while incorporating sliding in fast-flow regions captures observed temperature profiles. Also, the choice of vertical velocity scheme has a greater impact on the shape of the modeled temperature profile.
Matthew A. Danielson and Philip J. Bart
The Cryosphere, 18, 1125–1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1125-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1125-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Ross Sea was more significant than for any other Antarctic sector. Here we combined the available dates of retreat with new mapping of sediment deposited by the ice sheet during overall retreat. Our work shows that the post-LGM retreat through the Ross Sea was not uniform. This uneven retreat can cause instability in the present-day Antarctic ice sheet configuration and lead to future runaway retreat.
Trystan Surawy-Stepney, Anna E. Hogg, Stephen L. Cornford, Benjamin J. Wallis, Benjamin J. Davison, Heather L. Selley, Ross A. W. Slater, Elise K. Lie, Livia Jakob, Andrew Ridout, Noel Gourmelen, Bryony I. D. Freer, Sally F. Wilson, and Andrew Shepherd
The Cryosphere, 18, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-977-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-977-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we use satellite observations and an ice flow model to quantify the impact of sea ice buttressing on ice streams on the Antarctic Peninsula. The evacuation of 11-year-old landfast sea ice in the Larsen B embayment on the East Antarctic Peninsula in January 2022 was closely followed by major changes in the calving behaviour and acceleration (30 %) of the ocean-terminating glaciers. Our results show that sea ice buttressing had a negligible direct role in the observed dynamic changes.
James F. O'Neill, Tamsin L. Edwards, Daniel F. Martin, Courtney Shafer, Stephen L. Cornford, Helene L. Seroussi, Sophie Nowicki, and Mira Adhikari
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-441, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-441, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use an ice sheet model to simulate the Antarctic contribution to sea level over the 21st century, under a range of future climates, varying how sensitive the ice sheet is to different processes. We find that, under stronger warming scenarios, ocean temperatures increases and more snow falls on the ice sheet. When the ice sheet is sensitive to ocean warming, ocean melting driven loss exceeds snowfall driven gains, so that the sea level contribution is greater with more climate warming.
Andrew N. Hennig, David A. Mucciarone, Stanley S. Jacobs, Richard A. Mortlock, and Robert B. Dunbar
The Cryosphere, 18, 791–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-791-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-791-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A total of 937 seawater paired oxygen isotope (δ18O)–salinity samples collected during seven cruises on the SE Amundsen Sea between 1994 and 2020 reveal a deep freshwater source with δ18O − 29.4±1.0‰, consistent with the signature of local ice shelf melt. Local mean meteoric water content – comprised primarily of glacial meltwater – increased between 1994 and 2020 but exhibited greater interannual variability than increasing trend.
Qinggang Gao, Louise C. Sime, Alison J. McLaren, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Emilie Capron, Rachael H. Rhodes, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Xiaoxu Shi, and Martin Werner
The Cryosphere, 18, 683–703, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic precipitation is a crucial component of the climate system. Its spatio-temporal variability impacts sea level changes and the interpretation of water isotope measurements in ice cores. To better understand its climatic drivers, we developed water tracers in an atmospheric model to identify moisture source conditions from which precipitation originates. We find that mid-latitude surface winds exert an important control on moisture availability for Antarctic precipitation.
Violaine Coulon, Ann Kristin Klose, Christoph Kittel, Tamsin Edwards, Fiona Turner, Ricarda Winkelmann, and Frank Pattyn
The Cryosphere, 18, 653–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-653-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-653-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present new projections of the evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet until the end of the millennium, calibrated with observations. We show that the ocean will be the main trigger of future ice loss. As temperatures continue to rise, the atmosphere's role may shift from mitigating to amplifying Antarctic mass loss already by the end of the century. For high-emission scenarios, this may lead to substantial sea-level rise. Adopting sustainable practices would however reduce the rate of ice loss.
Francesca Baldacchino, Nicholas R. Golledge, Huw Horgan, Mathieu Morlighem, Alanna V. Alevropoulos-Borrill, Alena Malyarenko, Alexandra Gossart, Daniel P. Lowry, and Laurine van Haastrecht
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2793, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how the Ross Ice Shelf flow is changing in a warming world is important for monitoring mass changes. The flow displays an intra-annual variation; however, it is unclear what mechanisms drive this variability. Sensitivity maps are modelled showing areas of the ice shelf where changes in basal melt most influence the ice flow. We suggest that basal melting partly drives the flow variability along the calving front of the ice shelf and will continue to do so in a warming world.
Hélène Seroussi, Vincent Verjans, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Peter Van Katwyk, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 17, 5197–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mass loss from Antarctica is a key contributor to sea level rise over the 21st century, and the associated uncertainty dominates sea level projections. We highlight here the Antarctic glaciers showing the largest changes and quantify the main sources of uncertainty in their future evolution using an ensemble of ice flow models. We show that on top of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, Totten and Moscow University glaciers show rapid changes and a strong sensitivity to warmer ocean conditions.
Joel A. Wilner, Mathieu Morlighem, and Gong Cheng
The Cryosphere, 17, 4889–4901, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4889-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4889-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical modeling to study iceberg calving off of ice shelves in Antarctica. We examine four widely used mathematical descriptions of calving (
calving laws), under the assumption that Antarctic ice shelf front positions should be in steady state under the current climate forcing. We quantify how well each of these calving laws replicates the observed front positions. Our results suggest that the eigencalving and von Mises laws are most suitable for Antarctic ice shelves.
Moritz Kreuzer, Torsten Albrecht, Lena Nicola, Ronja Reese, and Ricarda Winkelmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2737, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2737, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study investigates how changing sea levels around Antarctica can potentially affect the floating ice shelves. It utilizes numerical models for both the Antarctic Ice Sheet and the solid Earth, investigating features like troughs and sills that control the flow of ocean water onto the continental shelf. The research finds that variations in sea level alone can significantly impact the melting rates of ice shelves.
Rebecca J. Sanderson, Kate Winter, S. Louise Callard, Felipe Napoleoni, Neil Ross, Tom A. Jordan, and Robert G. Bingham
The Cryosphere, 17, 4853–4871, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4853-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4853-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-penetrating radar allows us to explore the internal structure of glaciers and ice sheets to constrain past and present ice-flow conditions. In this paper, we examine englacial layers within the Lambert Glacier in East Antarctica using a quantitative layer tracing tool. Analysis reveals that the ice flow here has been relatively stable, but evidence for former fast flow along a tributary suggests that changes have occurred in the past and could change again in the future.
Thorsten Seehaus, Christian Sommer, Thomas Dethinne, and Philipp Malz
The Cryosphere, 17, 4629–4644, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Existing mass budget estimates for the northern Antarctic Peninsula (>70° S) are affected by considerable limitations. We carried out the first region-wide analysis of geodetic mass balances throughout this region (coverage of 96.4 %) for the period 2013–2017 based on repeat pass bi-static TanDEM-X acquisitions. A total mass budget of −24.1±2.8 Gt/a is revealed. Imbalanced high ice discharge, particularly at former ice shelf tributaries, is the main driver of overall ice loss.
Julius Garbe, Maria Zeitz, Uta Krebs-Kanzow, and Ricarda Winkelmann
The Cryosphere, 17, 4571–4599, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We adopt the novel surface module dEBM-simple in the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) to investigate the impact of atmospheric warming on Antarctic surface melt and long-term ice sheet dynamics. As an enhancement compared to traditional temperature-based melt schemes, the module accounts for changes in ice surface albedo and thus the melt–albedo feedback. Our results underscore the critical role of ice–atmosphere feedbacks in the future sea-level contribution of Antarctica on long timescales.
Gemma K. O'Connor, Paul R. Holland, Eric J. Steig, Pierre Dutrieux, and Gregory J. Hakim
The Cryosphere, 17, 4399–4420, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4399-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4399-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in West Antarctica are rapidly melting, but the causes are unknown due to limited observations. A leading hypothesis is that an unusually large wind event in the 1940s initiated the ocean-driven melting. Using proxy reconstructions (e.g., using ice cores) and climate model simulations, we find that wind events similar to the 1940s event are relatively common on millennial timescales, implying that ocean variability or climate trends are also necessary to explain the start of ice loss.
Thomas Dethinne, Quentin Glaude, Ghislain Picard, Christoph Kittel, Patrick Alexander, Anne Orban, and Xavier Fettweis
The Cryosphere, 17, 4267–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4267-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4267-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the sensitivity of the regional climate model
Modèle Atmosphérique Régional(MAR) to the assimilation of wet-snow occurrence estimated by remote sensing datasets. The assimilation is performed by nudging the MAR snowpack temperature. The data assimilation is performed over the Antarctic Peninsula for the 2019–2021 period. The results show an increase in the melt production (+66.7 %) and a decrease in surface mass balance (−4.5 %) of the model for the 2019–2020 melt season.
Nora Hirsch, Alexandra Zuhr, Thomas Münch, Maria Hörhold, Johannes Freitag, Remi Dallmayr, and Thomas Laepple
The Cryosphere, 17, 4207–4221, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4207-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4207-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stable water isotopes from firn cores provide valuable information on past climates, yet their utility is hampered by stratigraphic noise, i.e. the irregular deposition and wind-driven redistribution of snow. We found stratigraphic noise on the Antarctic Plateau to be related to the local accumulation rate, snow surface roughness and slope inclination, which can guide future decisions on sampling locations and thus increase the resolution of climate reconstructions from low-accumulation areas.
Bryony I. D. Freer, Oliver J. Marsh, Anna E. Hogg, Helen Amanda Fricker, and Laurie Padman
The Cryosphere, 17, 4079–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4079-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4079-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a method using ICESat-2 data to measure how Antarctic grounding lines (GLs) migrate across the tide cycle. At an ice plain on the Ronne Ice Shelf we observe 15 km of tidal GL migration, the largest reported distance in Antarctica, dominating any signal of long-term migration. We identify four distinct migration modes, which provide both observational support for models of tidal ice flexure and GL migration and insights into ice shelf–ocean–subglacial interactions in grounding zones.
Rajashree Tri Datta, Adam Herrington, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, David P. Schneider, Luke Trusel, Ziqi Yin, and Devon Dunmire
The Cryosphere, 17, 3847–3866, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation over Antarctica is one of the greatest sources of uncertainty in sea level rise estimates. Earth system models (ESMs) are a valuable tool for these estimates but typically run at coarse spatial resolutions. Here, we present an evaluation of the variable-resolution CESM2 (VR-CESM2) for the first time with a grid designed for enhanced spatial resolution over Antarctica to achieve the high resolution of regional climate models while preserving the two-way interactions of ESMs.
Yaowen Zheng, Nicholas R. Golledge, Alexandra Gossart, Ghislain Picard, and Marion Leduc-Leballeur
The Cryosphere, 17, 3667–3694, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Positive degree-day (PDD) schemes are widely used in many Antarctic numerical ice sheet models. However, the PDD approach has not been systematically explored for its application in Antarctica. We have constructed a novel grid-cell-level spatially distributed PDD (dist-PDD) model and assessed its accuracy. We suggest that an appropriately parameterized dist-PDD model can be a valuable tool for exploring Antarctic surface melt beyond the satellite era.
Fernando S. Paolo, Alex S. Gardner, Chad A. Greene, Johan Nilsson, Michael P. Schodlok, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, and Helen A. Fricker
The Cryosphere, 17, 3409–3433, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We report on a slowdown in the rate of thinning and melting of West Antarctic ice shelves. We present a comprehensive assessment of the Antarctic ice shelves, where we analyze at a continental scale the changes in thickness, flow, and basal melt over the past 26 years. We also present a novel method to estimate ice shelf change from satellite altimetry and a time-dependent data set of ice shelf thickness and basal melt rates at an unprecedented resolution.
Cyrille Mosbeux, Laurie Padman, Emilie Klein, Peter D. Bromirski, and Helen A. Fricker
The Cryosphere, 17, 2585–2606, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2585-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2585-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctica's ice shelves (the floating extension of the ice sheet) help regulate ice flow. As ice shelves thin or lose contact with the bedrock, the upstream ice tends to accelerate, resulting in increased mass loss. Here, we use an ice sheet model to simulate the effect of seasonal sea surface height variations and see if we can reproduce observed seasonal variability of ice velocity on the ice shelf. When correctly parameterised, the model fits the observations well.
Lena Nicola, Dirk Notz, and Ricarda Winkelmann
The Cryosphere, 17, 2563–2583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2563-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2563-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For future sea-level projections, approximating Antarctic precipitation increases through temperature-scaling approaches will remain important, as coupled ice-sheet simulations with regional climate models remain computationally expensive, especially on multi-centennial timescales. We here revisit the relationship between Antarctic temperature and precipitation using different scaling approaches, identifying and explaining regional differences.
Anna Ruth W. Halberstadt, Greg Balco, Hannah Buchband, and Perry Spector
The Cryosphere, 17, 1623–1643, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1623-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the use of multimillion-year exposure ages from Antarctic bedrock outcrops to benchmark ice sheet model predictions and thereby infer ice sheet sensitivity to warm climates. We describe a new approach for model–data comparison, highlight an example where observational data are used to distinguish end-member models, and provide guidance for targeted sampling around Antarctica that can improve understanding of ice sheet response to climate warming in the past and future.
Mira Berdahl, Gunter Leguy, William H. Lipscomb, Nathan M. Urban, and Matthew J. Hoffman
The Cryosphere, 17, 1513–1543, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1513-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1513-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Contributions to future sea level from the Antarctic Ice Sheet remain poorly constrained. One reason is that ice sheet model initialization methods can have significant impacts on how the ice sheet responds to future forcings. We investigate the impacts of two key parameters used during model initialization. We find that these parameter choices alone can impact multi-century sea level rise by up to 2 m, emphasizing the need to carefully consider these choices for sea level rise predictions.
Julien A. Bodart, Robert G. Bingham, Duncan A. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, David W. Ashmore, Enrica Quartini, Andrew S. Hein, David G. Vaughan, and Donald D. Blankenship
The Cryosphere, 17, 1497–1512, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1497-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1497-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating how West Antarctica will change in response to future climatic change depends on our understanding of past ice processes. Here, we use a reflector widely visible on airborne radar data across West Antarctica to estimate accumulation rates over the past 4700 years. By comparing our estimates with current atmospheric data, we find that accumulation rates were 18 % greater than modern rates. This has implications for our understanding of past ice processes in the region.
Na Li, Ruibo Lei, Petra Heil, Bin Cheng, Minghu Ding, Zhongxiang Tian, and Bingrui Li
The Cryosphere, 17, 917–937, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-917-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-917-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The observed annual maximum landfast ice (LFI) thickness off Zhongshan (Davis) was 1.59±0.17 m (1.64±0.08 m). Larger interannual and local spatial variabilities for the seasonality of LFI were identified at Zhongshan, with the dominant influencing factors of air temperature anomaly, snow atop, local topography and wind regime, and oceanic heat flux. The variability of LFI properties across the study domain prevailed at interannual timescales, over any trend during the recent decades.
Giacomo Traversa, Davide Fugazza, and Massimo Frezzotti
The Cryosphere, 17, 427–444, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-427-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-427-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Megadunes are fields of huge snow dunes present in Antarctica and on other planets, important as they present mass loss on the leeward side (glazed snow), on a continent characterized by mass gain. Here, we studied megadunes using remote data and measurements acquired during past field expeditions. We quantified their physical properties and migration and demonstrated that they migrate against slope and wind. We further proposed automatic detections of the glazed snow on their leeward side.
Cited articles
Alley, R. B., Horgan, H. J., Joughin, I., Cuffey, K. M., Dupont, T. K.,
Parizek, B. R., Anandakrishnan, S., and Bassis, J.: A simple law for
ice-shelf calving, Science, 322, 1344–1344, 2008.
Arthur, J. F., Stokes, C. R., Jamieson, S. S. R., Carr, J. R., and Leeson, A. A.: Distribution and seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on Shackleton Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 14, 4103–4120, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4103-2020, 2020.
Banwell, A.: Glaciology: Ice-shelf stability questioned, Nature, 544,
306–307, https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1038/544306a, 2017.
Banwell, A. F., MacAyeal, D. R., and Sergienko, O. V.: Breakup of the Larsen
B Ice Shelf triggered by chain reaction drainage of supraglacial lakes,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5872–5876, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057694,
2013.
Bassis, J. N.: The statistical physics of iceberg calving and the emergence
of universal calving laws, J. Glaciol., 57, 3–16, 2011.
Bassis, J. N. and Walker, C. C.: Upper and lower limits on the stability of
calving glaciers from the yield strength envelope of ice, Proc. R. Soc.-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 468, 913–931,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0422, 2012.
Bassis, J. N., Fricker, H. A., Coleman, R., and Minster, J.-B.: An
investigation into the forces that drive ice-shelf rift propagation on the
Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 54, 17–27, 2008.
Baumhoer, C. A: IceLines Antarctic Coastline 2018, available at: https://download.geoservice.dlr.de/icelines/files/, last access: 17 May 2021.
Baumhoer, C. A., Dietz, A., Dech, S., and Kuenzer, C.: Remote Sensing of Antarctic
Glacier and Ice-Shelf Front Dynamics – A Review, Remote Sens., 10, 1445,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091445, 2018.
Baumhoer, C. A., Dietz, A. J., Kneisel, C., and Kuenzer, C.: Automated
Extraction of Antarctic Glacier and Ice Shelf Fronts from Sentinel-1 Imagery
Using Deep Learning, Remote Sens., 11, 2529,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11212529, 2019.
Belmonte Rivas, M. and Stoffelen, A.: Characterizing ERA-Interim and ERA5 surface wind biases using ASCAT, Ocean Sci., 15, 831–852, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-831-2019, 2019.
Benn, D. I., Warren, C. R., and Mottram, R. H.: Calving processes and the
dynamics of calving glaciers, Earth-Sci. Rev., 82, 143–179, 2007.
Bindschadler, R. A.: History of lower Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica,
from Landsat imagery, J. Glaciol., 48, 536–544,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756502781831052, 2002.
Bindschadler, R. A., Vornberger, P., Fleming, A., Fox, A., Mullins, J.,
Binnie, D., Paulsen, S. J., Granneman, B., and Gorodetzky, D.: The Landsat
image mosaic of Antarctica, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 4214–4226, 2008.
Brandt-Kreiner, M., Lavelle, J., Tonboe, R., Howe, E., Lavergne, T., Killie,
M. A., Sorensen, A., Eastwood, S., and Neuville, A.: Global Sea Ice
ConcentrationClimate Data RecordValidation Report, Climate Data Store, OSI-450 and OSI-430-b, Version 1.1,
available at: http://osisaf.met.no/docs/osisaf_cdop3_ss2_valrep_sea-ice-conc-climate-data-record_v1p1.pdf (last access: 20 March 2020),
2019.
Braun, M. and Humbert, A.: Recent Retreat of Wilkins Ice Shelf Reveals New
Insights in Ice Shelf Breakup Mechanisms, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett.,
6, 263–267, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2008.2011925, 2009.
Braun, M., Humbert, A., and Moll, A.: Changes of Wilkins Ice Shelf over the past 15 years and inferences on its stability, The Cryosphere, 3, 41–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-3-41-2009, 2009.
Budge, J. S. and Long, D. G.: A Comprehensive Database for Antarctic Iceberg
Tracking Using Scatterometer Data, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 11, 434–442, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2784186, 2018.
Cape, M. R., Vernet, M., Skvarca, P., Marinsek, S., Scambos, T. A., and
Domack, E.: Foehn winds link climate-driven warming to ice shelf evolution
in Antarctica: Foehn winds link climate driven warming, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 11037–11057, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023465, 2015.
Catania, G. A., Stearns, L. A., Sutherland, D. A., Fried, M. J.,
Bartholomaus, T. C., Morlighem, M., Shroyer, E., and Nash, J.: Geometric
Controls on Tidewater Glacier Retreat in Central Western Greenland, J.
Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 2024–2038,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004499, 2018.
Christianson, K., Bushuk, M., Dutrieux, P., Parizek, B. R., Joughin, I. R.,
Alley, R. B., Shean, D. E., Abrahamsen, E. P., Anandakrishnan, S., Heywood,
K. J., Kim, T.-W., Lee, S. H., Nicholls, K., Stanton, T., Truffer, M.,
Webber, B. G. M., Jenkins, A., Jacobs, S., Bindschadler, R. A., and Holland,
D. M.: Sensitivity of Pine Island Glacier to observed ocean forcing: PIG
response to ocean forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10817–10825,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070500, 2016.
Christie, F. D. W., Bingham, R. G., Gourmelen, N., Tett, S. F. B., and Muto,
A.: Four-decade record of pervasive grounding line retreat along the
Bellingshausen margin of West Antarctica: West Antarctic Ice Retreat,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5741–5749, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068972,
2016.
Christie, F. D. W., Bingham, R. G., Gourmelen, N., Steig, E. J., Bisset, R. R., Pritchard, H. D., Snow, K., and Tett, S. F. B.: Glacier change along West Antarctica's Marie Byrd Land Sector and links to inter-decadal atmosphere–ocean variability, The Cryosphere, 12, 2461–2479, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2461-2018, 2018.
Chuter, S. J., Martín-Español, A., Wouters, B., and Bamber, J. L.:
Mass balance reassessment of glaciers draining into the Abbot and Getz Ice
Shelves of West Antarctica: Getz and Abbot Mass Balance Reassessment,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 7328–7337, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073087,
2017.
Cook, A. J. and Vaughan, D. G.: Overview of areal changes of the ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years, The Cryosphere, 4, 77–98, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-77-2010, 2010.
Cook, A. J., Holland, P. R., Meredith, M. P., Murray, T., Luckman, A., and
Vaughan, D. G.: Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic
Peninsula, Science, 353, 283–286, 2016.
Copernicus Climate Change Service: ERA5 monthly averaged data on single
levels from 1979 to present, Climate Data Store, https://doi.org/10.24381/CDS.F17050D7, 2019a.
Copernicus Climate Change Service: ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1981
to present, Climate Data Store, https://doi.org/10.24381/CDS.68D2BB30, 2019b.
Cowton, T. R., Sole, A. J., Nienow, P. W., Slater, D. A., and
Christoffersen, P.: Linear response of east Greenland's tidewater glaciers
to ocean/atmosphere warming, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 7907–7912,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1801769115, 2018.
Darelius, E., Fer, I., and Nicholls, K. W.: Observed vulnerability of
Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf to wind-driven inflow of warm deep water, Nat.
Commun., 7, 12300, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12300, 2016.
De Angelis, H. and Skvarca, P.: Glacier Surge After Ice Shelf Collapse,
Science, 299, 1560–1562, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077987, 2003.
Depoorter, M. A., Bamber, J. L., Griggs, J. A., Lenaerts, J. T. M.,
Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Van den Broeke, M. R., and Moholdt, G.: Calving fluxes
and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves, Nature, 502, p. 89,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12567, 2013.
De Rydt, J., Gudmundsson, G. H., Rott, H., and Bamber, J. L.: Modeling the
instantaneous response of glaciers after the collapse of the Larsen B Ice
Shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5355–5363,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064355, 2015.
Dirscherl, M., Dietz, A. J., Kneisel, C., and Kuenzer, C.: Automated Mapping
of Antarctic Supraglacial Lakes Using a Machine Learning Approach, Remote
Sens., 12, 1203, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071203, 2020.
Domack, E., Duran, D., Leventer, A., Ishman, S., Doane, S., McCallum, S.,
Amblas, D., Ring, J., Gilbert, R., and Prentice, M.: Stability of the Larsen
B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch, Nature,
436, 681–685, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03908, 2005.
Dutrieux, P., De Rydt, J., Jenkins, A., Holland, P. R., Ha, H. K., Lee, S.
H., Steig, E. J., Ding, Q., Abrahamsen, E. P., and Schroder, M.: Strong
Sensitivity of Pine Island Ice-Shelf Melting to Climatic Variability,
Science, 343, 174–178, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244341, 2014.
Embury, O.: Product Quality Assessment Report, Sea Surface Temperature, available at:
https://datastore.copernicus-climate.eu/documents/satellite-sea-surface-temperature/v2.0/D2.SST.2-v2.2_PQAR_of_v2SST_products_v4.1_APPROVED_Ver1.pdf (last access: 17 May 2021), 28 September 2019.
Feldmann, J. and Levermann, A.: Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
after local destabilization of the Amundsen Basin, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
112, 14191–14196, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512482112, 2015.
Ferrigno, J., Foley, K. M., Swithinbank, C., Williams Jr., R. S., and Dailide,
L.: Coastal-Change And Glaciological Map Of The Ronne Ice Shelf
Area, Antarctica: 1974–2002, USGS Coast. Change Maps, I-2600-D, 1–11, 2005.
Ferrigno, J., Foley, K. M., Swithinbank, C., and Williams Jr., R. S.:
Coastal-Change and Glaciological Mapof the Northern Ross Ice Shelf
Area,Antarctica: 1962–2004, USGS Coast. Change Maps, 1–11, 2007.
Fountain, A. G., Glenn, B., and Scambos, T. A.: The changing extent of the
glaciers along the western Ross Sea, Antarctica, Geology, 45, 927–930,
2017.
Fricker, H. A., Young, N. W., Allison, I., and Coleman, R.: Iceberg calving
from the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 34,
241–246, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817581, 2002.
Friedl, P., Seehaus, T. C., Wendt, A., Braun, M. H., and Höppner, K.: Recent dynamic changes on Fleming Glacier after the disintegration of Wordie Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, The Cryosphere, 12, 1347–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1347-2018, 2018.
Fürst, J. J., Durand, G., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Tavard, L., Rankl, M.,
Braun, M., and Gagliardini, O.: The safety band of Antarctic ice shelves,
Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 479–482, 2016.
Gagliardini, O., Durand, G., Zwinger, T., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Le Meur,
E.: Coupling of ice-shelf melting and buttressing is a key process in
ice-sheets dynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl043334, 2010.
Gardner, A. S., Moholdt, G., Scambos, T., Fahnstock, M., Ligtenberg, S., van den Broeke, M., and Nilsson, J.: Increased West Antarctic and unchanged East Antarctic ice discharge over the last 7 years, The Cryosphere, 12, 521–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-521-2018, 2018.
Giles, A. B.: The Mertz Glacier Tongue, East Antarctica. Changes in the past
100 years and its cyclic nature – Past, present and future, Remote Sens.
Environ., 191, 30–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.003, 2017.
Goel, V., Matsuoka, K., Berger, C. D., Lee, I., Dall, J., and Forsberg, R.:
Characteristics of ice rises and ice rumples in Dronning Maud Land and
Enderby Land, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 66, 1064–1078,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.77, 2020.
Gossart, A., Helsen, S., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Broucke, S. V., van Lipzig, N.
P. M., and Souverijns, N.: An Evaluation of Surface Climatology in
State-of-the-Art Reanalyses over the Antarctic Ice Sheet, J. Climate, 32,
6899–6915, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0030.1, 2019.
Haran, T., Bohlander, J., Scambos, T., Painter, T., and Fahnestock, M.:
MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica 2008–2009 (MOA2009) Image Map, Version 1,
[Antarctic Coastline 2009], NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center,
Boulder, Colorado USA, https://doi.org/10.7265/N5KP8037, 2014.
Hazel, J. E. and Stewart, A. L.: Are the Near-Antarctic Easterly Winds
Weakening in Response to Enhancement of the Southern Annular Mode?, J.
Climate, 32, 1895–1918, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0402.1, 2019.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková,
M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., Rosnay, P.,
Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.: The ERA5 global
reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hogg, A. E. and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Impacts of the Larsen-C Ice Shelf
calving event, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 540–542,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3359, 2017.
Holt, T. O., Glasser, N. F., Quincey, D. J., and Siegfried, M. R.: Speedup and fracturing of George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, The Cryosphere, 7, 797–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-797-2013, 2013.
Howat, I. M., Joughin, I., Fahnestock, M., Smith, B. E., and Scambos, T. A.:
Synchronous retreat and acceleration of southeast Greenland outlet glaciers
2000–06: ice dynamics and coupling to climate, J. Glaciol., 54, 646–660,
https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570908, 2008.
Hughes, T.: The weak underbelly of the West Antarctic ice sheet, J.
Glaciol., 27, 518–525, 1981.
Humbert, A., Gross, D., Müller, R., Braun, M., van de Wal, R. S. W., van
den Broeke, M. R., Vaughan, D. G., and van de Berg, W. J.: Deformation and
failure of the ice bridge on the Wilkins Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Ann.
Glaciol., 51, 49–55, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410791392709,
2010.
IMBIE: Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017, Nature,
558, 219–222, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y, 2018.
Jacobs, S. S., Jenkins, A., Giulivi, C. F., and Dutrieux, P.: Stronger ocean
circulation and increased melting under Pine Island Glacier ice shelf, Nat.
Geosci., 4, 519–523, 2011.
Jenkins, A., Shoosmith, D., Dutrieux, P., Jacobs, S., Kim, T. W., Lee, S.
H., Ha, H. K., and Stammerjohn, S.: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the
Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variability, Nat. Geosci., 11,
733–738, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0207-4, 2018.
Jezek, K. C.: RADARSAT-1 Antarctic Mapping Project: change-detection and
surface velocity campaign, Ann. Glaciol., 34, 263–268, 2002.
Jezek, K. C., Curlander, J. C., Carsey, F., Wales, C., and Barry, R. G.:
RAMP AMM-1 SAR Image Mosaic of Antarctica, Version 2, [Antarctic Coastline
1997], NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive
Center, Boulder, Colorado, https://doi.org/10.5067/8AF4ZRPULS4H, 2013.
Joughin, I. and Alley, R. B.: Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a
warming world, Nat. Geosci., 4, 506–513, 2011.
Joughin, I. and MacAyeal, D. R.: Calving of large tabular icebergs from ice
shelf rift systems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02501,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020978, 2005.
Joughin, I., Smith, B. E., and Medley, B.: Marine Ice Sheet Collapse
Potentially Under Way for the Thwaites Glacier Basin, West Antarctica,
Science, 344, 735–738, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1249055, 2014.
Khazendar, A., Rignot, E., and Larour, E.: Larsen B Ice Shelf rheology
preceding its disintegration inferred by a control method, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 34, L19503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030980, 2007.
Kim, K. T., Jezek, K. C., and Sohn, H. G.: Ice shelf advance and retreat
rates along the coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 106, 7097–7106,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000317, 2001.
Konrad, H., Shepherd, A., Gilbert, L., Hogg, A. E., McMillan, M., Muir, A.,
and Slater, T.: Net retreat of Antarctic glacier grounding lines, Nat.
Geosci., 11, 258–258, 2018.
Kopp, R. E., DeConto, R. M., Bader, D. A., Hay, C. C., Horton, R. M., Kulp,
S., Oppenheimer, M., Pollard, D., and Strauss, B. H.: Evolving Understanding
of Antarctic Ice-Sheet Physics and Ambiguity in Probabilistic Sea-Level
Projections, Earths Future, 5, 1217–1233,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000663, 2017.
Kwok, R. and Comiso, J. C.: Spatial patterns of variability in Antarctic
surface temperature: Connections to the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode and
the Southern Oscillation: Antarctic Surface Temperature, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 29, 50-1–50-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015415, 2002.
Larour, E.: Modelling of rift propagation on Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica,
and sensitivity to climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16404,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020077, 2004.
Lavergne, T., Sørensen, A. M., Kern, S., Tonboe, R., Notz, D., Aaboe, S., Bell, L., Dybkjær, G., Eastwood, S., Gabarro, C., Heygster, G., Killie, M. A., Brandt Kreiner, M., Lavelle, J., Saldo, R., Sandven, S., and Pedersen, L. T.: Version 2 of the EUMETSAT OSI SAF and ESA CCI sea-ice concentration climate data records, The Cryosphere, 13, 49–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019, 2019.
Leeson, A. A., Van Wessem, J. M., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Shepherd, A., Van
Den Broeke, M. R., Killick, R., Skvarca, P., Marinsek, S., and Colwell, S.:
Regional climate of the Larsen B embayment 1980–2014, J. Glaciol., 63,
683–690, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.39, 2017.
Leeson, A. A., Forster, E., Rice, A., Gourmelen, N., and Wessem, J. M.:
Evolution of Supraglacial Lakes on the Larsen B Ice Shelf in the Decades
Before it Collapsed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL085591,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085591, 2020.
Lipovsky, B. P.: Ice shelf rift propagation: stability, three-dimensional effects, and the role of marginal weakening, The Cryosphere, 14, 1673–1683, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1673-2020, 2020.
Liu, H. and Jezek, K. C.: A complete high-resolution coastline of Antarctica
extracted from orthorectified Radarsat SAR imagery, Photogramm. Eng. Rem.
S., 70, 605–616, https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.70.5.605, 2004.
Liu, Y., Moore, J. C., Cheng, X., Gladstone, R. M., Bassis, J. N., Liu, H.,
Wen, J., and Hui, F.: Ocean-driven thinning enhances iceberg calving and
retreat of Antarctic ice shelves, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 3263–3268,
2015.
Lovell, A. M., Stokes, C. R., and Jamieson, S. S. R.: Sub-decadal variations
in outlet glacier terminus positions in Victoria Land, Oates Land and George
V Land, East Antarctica (1972–2013), Antarct. Sci., 29, 468–483,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102017000074, 2017.
Lucchitta, B. K. and Rosanova, C. E.: Retreat of northern margins of George
VI and Wilkins Ice Shelves, Antarctic Peninsula, Ann. Glaciol.,
27, 41–46, 1998.
Luckman, A., Benn, D. I., Cottier, F., Bevan, S., Nilsen, F., and Inall, M.:
Calving rates at tidewater glaciers vary strongly with ocean temperature,
Nat. Commun., 6, 8566, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9566, 2015.
Ludescher, J., Yuan, N., and Bunde, A.: Detecting the statistical
significance of the trends in the Antarctic sea ice extent: an indication
for a turning point, Clim. Dynam., 53, 237–244,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4579-3, 2019.
MacAyeal, D. R., Padman, L., Drinkwater, M., Fahnestock, M., Gotis, T. T.,
A., Gray, L., Kerman, B., Lazzara, M., Rignot, E., Scambos, T., and Stearns,
C.: Effects of Rigid Body Collisions and Tide-Forced Drift on Large Tabular
Icebergs of the Antarctic, The University of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences,
available at: http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~drm7/research/Icebergs_of_Y2k.pdf (last access: 2 December 2020), 2001.
Marshall, G. J.: Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from Observations and
Reanalyses, J. Climate, 16, 4134–4143, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<4134:TITSAM>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Marshall, G. J.: Half-century seasonal relationships between the Southern
Annular mode and Antarctic temperatures, Int. J. Climatol., 27, 373–383,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1407, 2007.
Marshall, G. J.: The Climate Data Guide: Marshall Southern Annular Mode
(SAM) Index (Station-based), edited by: National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff, available at: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/marshall-southern-annular-mode-sam-index-station-based (last access: 5 March 2020),
2018.
Massom, R., Reid, P., Stammerjohn, S., Raymond, B., Fraser, A., and Ushio,
S.: Change and Variability in East Antarctic Sea Ice Seasonality,
1979/80–2009/10, PLoS ONE, 8, e64756,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064756, 2013.
Massom, R. A., Giles, A. B., Warner, R. C., Fricker, H. A., Legresy, B.,
Hyland, G., Lescarmontier, L., and Young, N.: External influences on the
Mertz Glacier Tongue (East Antarctica) in the decade leading up to its
calving in 2010, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 490–506,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003223, 2015.
Massom, R. A., Scambos, T. A., Bennetts, L. G., Reid, P., Squire, V. A., and
Stammerjohn, S. E.: Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice
loss and ocean swell, Nature, 558, 383–389,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0212-1, 2018.
Matsuoka, K., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Moholdt, G., Bentley, M. J., Pritchard,
H. D., Brown, J., Conway, H., Drews, R., Durand, G., Goldberg, D.,
Hattermann, T., Kingslake, J., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Martín, C.,
Mulvaney, R., Nicholls, K. W., Pattyn, F., Ross, N., Scambos, T., and
Whitehouse, P. L.: Antarctic ice rises and rumples: Their properties and
significance for ice-sheet dynamics and evolution, Earth-Sci. Rev., 150,
724–745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.09.004, 2015.
Mercer, J. H.: West Antarctic ice sheet and CO2 greenhouse effect: a threat
of disaster, Nature, 271, 321–325, 1978.
Miles, B. W. J., Stokes, C. R., and Jamieson, S. S. R.: Pan–ice-sheet
glacier terminus change in East Antarctica reveals sensitivity of Wilkes
Land to sea-ice changes, Sci. Adv., 2, e1501350,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501350, 2016.
Miles, B. W. J., Stokes, C. R., Jenkins, A., Jordan, J. R., Jamieson, S. S.
R., and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Intermittent structural weakening and
acceleration of the Thwaites Glacier Tongue between 2000 and 2018, J.
Glaciol., 66, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.20, 2020.
Milillo, P., Rignot, E., Rizzoli, P., Scheuchl, B., Mouginot, J.,
Bueso-Bello, J., and Prats-Iraola, P.: Heterogeneous retreat and ice melt of
Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, Sci. Adv., 5, eaau3433,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3433, 2019.
Mosbeux, C., Wagner, T. J. W., Becker, M. K., and Fricker, H. A.: Viscous
and elastic buoyancy stresses as drivers of ice-shelf calving, J. Glaciol.,
1–15, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.35, 2020.
Mouginot, J.: MEaSURES Antarctic Boundaries for IPY 2007–2009 from Satellite
Radar, Version 2, https://doi.org/10.5067/AXE4121732AD, 2017.
Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., and Scheuchl, B.: Continent-Wide, Interferometric
SAR Phase, Mapping of Antarctic Ice Velocity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46,
9710–9718, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083826, 2019.
Nakamura, K., Doi, K., and Shibuya, K.: Why is Shirase Glacier turning its
flow direction eastward?, Polar Sci., 1, 63–71,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2007.09.003, 2007.
OSI SAF: OSI-450 Global Sea Ice Concentration Climate Data Record v2.0 –
Multimission (2.0), https://doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_OSI_0008, 2017.
Paeth, H. and Pollinger, F.: Enhanced evidence in climate models for changes
in extratropical atmospheric circulation, Tellus Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr.,
62, 647–660, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00455.x, 2010.
Paolo, F. S., Fricker, H. A., and Padman, L.: Volume loss from Antarctic ice
shelves is accelerating, Science, 348, 327–331, 2015.
Parizek, B. R., Christianson, K., Anandakrishnan, S., Alley, R. B., Walker,
R. T., Edwards, R. A., Wolfe, D. S., Bertini, G. T., Rinehart, S. K.,
Bindschadler, R. A., and Nowicki, S. M. J.: Dynamic (in)stability of
Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica: Thwaites Dynamics, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 638–655, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20044, 2013.
Parkinson, C. L.: A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases
followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 14414–14423,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906556116, 2019.
Pattyn, F., Ritz, C., Hanna, E., Asay-Davis, X., DeConto, R., Durand, G.,
Favier, L., Fettweis, X., Goelzer, H., Golledge, N. R., Munneke, P. K.,
Lenaerts, J. T. M., Nowicki, S., Payne, A. J., Robinson, A., Seroussi, H.,
Trusel, L. D., and Broeke, M. van den: The Greenland and Antarctic ice
sheets under 1.5 ∘C global warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 1,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0305-8, 2018.
Pollard, D., DeConto, R. M., and Alley, R. B.: Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet
retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 412, 112–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.035, 2015.
Rack, W. and Rott, H.: Pattern of retreat and disintegration of the Larsen B
ice shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, Ann. Glaciol., 39, 505–510, 2004.
Rankl, M., Fürst, J. J., Humbert, A., and Braun, M. H.: Dynamic changes on the Wilkins Ice Shelf during the 2006–2009 retreat derived from satellite observations, The Cryosphere, 11, 1199–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1199-2017, 2017.
Rignot, E.: Ice-shelf changes in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica, 1947–2000, J.
Glaciol., 48, 247–256, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756502781831386, 2002.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: Ice Flow of the Antarctic Ice
Sheet, Science, 333, 1427–1430, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208336,
2011.
Rignot, E., Jacobs, S., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: Ice-Shelf Melting
Around Antarctica, Science, 341, 266–270,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235798, 2013.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Morlighem, M., Seroussi, H., and Scheuchl, B.:
Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith,
and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 41, 3502–3509, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060140, 2014.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., van den Broeke, M., van Wessem, M.
J., and Morlighem, M.: Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from
1979–2017, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 1095–1103,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812883116, 2019.
Robel, A. A., Seroussi, H., and Roe, G. H.: Marine ice sheet instability
amplifies and skews uncertainty in projections of future sea-level rise,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 14887–14892,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904822116, 2019.
Rosier, S. H. R., Green, J. A. M., Scourse, J. D., and Winkelmann, R.:
Modeling Antarctic tides in response to ice shelf thinning and retreat, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 87–97, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009240,
2014.
Rott, H., Müller, F., Nagler, T., and Floricioiu, D.: The imbalance of glaciers after disintegration of Larsen-B ice shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, The Cryosphere, 5, 125–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-125-2011, 2011.
Royston, S. and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Changes in ice-shelf buttressing
following the collapse of Larsen A Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and the resulting
impact on tributaries, J. Glaciol., 62, 905–911, 2016.
Scambos, T. A., Hulbe, C., Fahnestock, M., and Bohlander, J.: The link
between climate warming and break-up of ice shelves in the Antarctic
Peninsula, J. Glaciol., 46, 516–530,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833043, 2000.
Scambos, T. A., Haran, T. M., Fahnestock, M. A., Painter, T. H., and
Bohlander, J.: MODIS-based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) data sets:
Continent-wide surface morphology and snow grain size, Remote Sens.
Environ., 111, 242–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.020, 2007.
Scambos, T. A., Fricker, H. A., Liu, C.-C., Bohlander, J., Fastook, J.,
Sargent, A., Massom, R., and Wu, A.-M.: Ice shelf disintegration by plate
bending and hydro-fracture: Satellite observations and model results of the
2008 Wilkins ice shelf break-ups, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 280, 51–60,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.027, 2009.
Scambos, T. A., Bell, R. E., Alley, R. B., Anandakrishnan, S., Bromwich, D. H., Brunt, K., Christianson, K., Creyts, T., Das, S. B., DeConto, R., Dutrieux, P., Fricker, H. A., Holland, D., MacGregor, J., Medley, B., Nicolas, J. P., Pollard, D., Siegfried, M. R., Smith, A. M., Steig, E. J., Trusel, L. D., Vaughan, D. G., and Yager, P. L.: How much, how fast?: A science review and outlook for research on the instability of Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier in the 21st century, Global Planet. Change, 153, 16–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.04.008, 2017.
Scheuchl, B., Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., Morlighem, M., and Khazendar, A.:
Grounding line retreat of Pope, Smith, and Kohler Glaciers, West Antarctica,
measured with Sentinel-1a radar interferometry data, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
43, 8572–8579, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069287, 2016.
Seehaus, T., Marinsek, S., Helm, V., Skvarca, P., and Braun, M.: Changes in
ice dynamics, elevation and mass discharge of
Dinsmoor–Bombardier–Edgeworth glacier system, Antarctic Peninsula, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 427, 125–135,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.047, 2015.
Spence, P., Griffies, S. M., England, M. H., Hogg, A. McC., Saenko, O. A.,
and Jourdain, N. C.: Rapid subsurface warming and circulation changes of
Antarctic coastal waters by poleward shifting winds: Antarctic subsurface
ocean warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 4601–4610,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060613, 2014.
Stewart, A. L., Klocker, A., and Menemenlis, D.: Circum-Antarctic Shoreward
Heat Transport Derived From an Eddy- and Tide-Resolving Simulation, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 45, 834–845, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075677, 2018.
Tedesco, M. and Monaghan, A. J.: An updated Antarctic melt record through
2009 and its linkages to high-latitude and tropical climate variability,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039186, 2009.
Tetzner, D., Thomas, E., and Allen, C.: A Validation of ERA5 Reanalysis Data
in the Southern Antarctic Peninsula – Ellsworth Land Region, and Its
Implications for Ice Core Studies, Geosciences, 9, 289,
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070289, 2019.
Thoma, M., Jenkins, A., Holland, D., and Jacobs, S.: Modelling Circumpolar
Deep Water intrusions on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf, Antarctica,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034939, 2008.
Trusel, L. D., Frey, K. E., Das, S. B., Munneke, P. K., and van den Broeke,
M. R.: Satellite-based estimates of Antarctic surface meltwater fluxes:
Satellite-Based Antarctic Melt Fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 6148–6153,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058138, 2013.
Vaughan, D. G. and Doake, C. S. M.: Recent atmospheric warming and retreat
of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula, Nature, 379, 328–328, 1996.
Verdy, A., Marshall, J., and Czaja, A.: Sea surface temperature variability
along the path of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
36, 1317–1331, 2006.
Walker, C. C. and Gardner, A. S.: Rapid drawdown of Antarctica's Wordie Ice
Shelf glaciers in response to ENSO/Southern Annular Mode-driven warming in
the Southern Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 476, 100–110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.08.005, 2017.
Walker, C. C., Bassis, J. N., Fricker, H. A., and Czerwinski, R. J.:
Structural and environmental controls on Antarctic ice shelf rift
propagation inferred from satellite monitoring: Antarctic Ice Shelf Rifting,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 2354–2364,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002742, 2013.
Walker, C. C., Gardner, A. S., Neumann, T., Fricker, H. A., Bassis, J. N.,
and Paolo, F. S.: Iceberg, right ahead!: The surprising and ongoing collapse
of an East Antarctic ice shelf in response to changes in the ocean
environment, in: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, C13A-06, 2019.
Wang, G., Cai, W., and Purich, A.: Trends in Southern Hemisphere wind-driven
circulation in CMIP5 models over the 21st century: Ozone recovery versus
greenhouse forcing, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 2974–2986,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009589, 2014.
Wessel, B., Huber, M., Wohlfart, C., Bertram, A., Osterkamp, N., Marschalk, U., Gruber, A., Reuß, F., Abdullahi, S., Georg, I., and Roth, A.: TanDEM-X PolarDEM 90 m of Antarctica: Generation and error characterization, The Cryosphere Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-19, in review, 2021.
Wouters, B., Martin-Espanol, A., Helm, V., Flament, T., van Wessem, J. M.,
Ligtenberg, S. R. M., van den Broeke, M. R., and Bamber, J. L.: Dynamic
thinning of glaciers on the Southern Antarctic Peninsula, Science, 348,
899–903, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5727, 2015.
Wuite, J., Nagler, T., Gourmelen, N., Escorihuela, M. J., Hogg, A. E., and
Drinkwater, M. R.: Sub-Annual Calving Front Migration, Area Change and
Calving Rates from Swath Mode CryoSat-2 Altimetry, on Filchner-Ronne Ice
Shelf, Antarctica, Remote Sens., 11, 2761,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232761, 2019.
Short summary
We present a record of circum-Antarctic glacier and ice shelf front change over the last two decades in combination with potential environmental variables forcing frontal retreat. Along the Antarctic coastline, glacier and ice shelf front retreat dominated between 1997–2008 and advance between 2009–2018. Decreasing sea ice days, intense snowmelt, weakening easterly winds, and relative changes in sea surface temperature were identified as enabling factors for glacier and ice shelf front retreat.
We present a record of circum-Antarctic glacier and ice shelf front change over the last two...
