Articles | Volume 15, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Comment on “Exceptionally high heat flux needed to sustain the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream” by Smith-Johnsen et al. (2020)
School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen,
Tübingen, Germany
Tamara de Riese
Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen,
Tübingen, Germany
Steven Franke
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Maria-Gema Llorens
Geosciences Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
Till Sachau
Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen,
Tübingen, Germany
Nicolas Stoll
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Ilka Weikusat
Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen,
Tübingen, Germany
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Julien Westhoff
Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen,
Tübingen, Germany
Related authors
Steven Franke, Daniel Steinhage, Veit Helm, Alexandra M. Zuhr, Julien A. Bodart, Olaf Eisen, and Paul Bons
The Cryosphere, 19, 1153–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1153-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1153-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study presents internal reflection horizons (IRHs) over an area of 450 000 km² from western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, spanning 4.8–91 ka. Using radar and ice core data, nine IRHs were dated and correlated with volcanic events. The data enhance our understanding of the ice sheet's age–depth architecture, accumulation, and dynamics. The findings inform ice flow models and contribute to Antarctic-wide comparisons of IRHs, supporting efforts toward a 3D age–depth ice sheet model.
Paul Dirk Bons, Yuanbang Hu, Maria-Gema Llorens, Steven Franke, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, Julien Wetshoff, and Yu Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3817, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3817, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
What causes folds in ice layers from the km-scale down to the scale visible in drill core? Classical buckle folding due to variations in viscosity between layers, or the effect of mechanical anisotropy of ice due to an alignment of the crystal-lattice planes? Comparison of power spectra of folds in ice, a biotite schist, and numerical simulations show that folding in ice is due to the mechanical anisotropy, as there is no characteristic fold scale that would result from buckle folding.
Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, Daniela Jansen, Paul Bons, Kyra Darányi, Julien Westhoff, Mária-Gema Llorens, David Wallis, Jan Eichler, Tomotaka Saruya, Tomoyuki Homma, Martyn Drury, Frank Wilhelms, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Johanna Kerch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2653, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of ice flow requires more observational data. The EastGRIP core is the first ice core through an active ice stream. We discuss crystal orientation data to determine the present deformation regimes. A comparison with other deep ice cores shows the unique properties of EastGRIP and that deep ice originates from the Eemian. We further show that the overall plug flow of NEGIS is characterised by many small-scale variations, which remain to be considered in ice-flow models.
Till Sachau, Haibin Yang, Justin Lang, Paul D. Bons, and Louis Moresi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8749–8764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8749-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8749-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of the internal structures of the major continental ice sheets is improving, thanks to new investigative techniques. These structures are an essential indication of the flow behavior and dynamics of ice transport, which in turn is important for understanding the actual impact of the vast amounts of water trapped in continental ice sheets on global sea-level rise. The software studied here is specifically designed to simulate such structures and their evolution.
Maria-Gema Llorens, Albert Griera, Paul D. Bons, Ilka Weikusat, David J. Prior, Enrique Gomez-Rivas, Tamara de Riese, Ivone Jimenez-Munt, Daniel García-Castellanos, and Ricardo A. Lebensohn
The Cryosphere, 16, 2009–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Polar ice is formed by ice crystals, which form fabrics that are utilised to interpret how ice sheets flow. It is unclear whether fabrics result from the current flow regime or if they are inherited. To understand the extent to which ice crystals can be reoriented when ice flow conditions change, we simulate and evaluate multi-stage ice flow scenarios according to natural cases. We find that second deformation regimes normally overprint inherited fabrics, with a range of transitional fabrics.
Steven Franke, Mara Neudert, Veit Helm, Arttu Jutila, Océane Hames, Niklas Neckel, Stefanie Arndt, and Christian Haas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2657, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2657, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explored how icebergs affect the distribution of snow and flooding on Antarctic coastal sea ice. Using aircraft-based radar and laser scanning, we found that icebergs create thick snow drifts on their wind-facing sides and leave snow-free zones in their lee. The weight of these snow drifts often causes the ice below to flood, forming slush. These patterns, driven by wind and iceberg placement, are crucial for understanding sea ice changes and improving climate models.
Charlotte M. Carter, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, Chris R. Stokes, Veit Helm, John Paden, and Olaf Eisen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1743, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1743, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The landscapes beneath actively fast-flowing ice in Greenland have not been explored in detail, as digital elevation models do not have a high enough resolution to see these subglacial features. We use swath radar imaging to visualise these landforms at a high resolution, revealing a landscape that would usually be assumed to be indicative of faster ice flow than the current velocities. Interpretation of the landscape also gives an indication of the properties of the bed beneath the ice stream.
Piers Larkman, Rachael H. Rhodes, Nicolas Stoll, Carlo Barbante, and Pascal Bohleber
The Cryosphere, 19, 1373–1390, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1373-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1373-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Impurities in ice cores can be preferentially located at the boundaries between crystals of ice, impacting the interpretation of high-resolution data collected from ice core samples. Through use of a modelling framework, we demonstrate that one-dimensional signals can be significantly affected by this association, meaning high-resolution measurements must be carefully designed. Accounting for this effect is important for interpreting ice core data, especially for deep ice samples.
Steven Franke, Daniel Steinhage, Veit Helm, Alexandra M. Zuhr, Julien A. Bodart, Olaf Eisen, and Paul Bons
The Cryosphere, 19, 1153–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1153-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1153-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study presents internal reflection horizons (IRHs) over an area of 450 000 km² from western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, spanning 4.8–91 ka. Using radar and ice core data, nine IRHs were dated and correlated with volcanic events. The data enhance our understanding of the ice sheet's age–depth architecture, accumulation, and dynamics. The findings inform ice flow models and contribute to Antarctic-wide comparisons of IRHs, supporting efforts toward a 3D age–depth ice sheet model.
Florian Painer, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Martyn Drury, Tsutomu Uchida, Johannes Freitag, and Ilka Weikusat
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-633, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-633, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Air clathrate hydrates trap ancient air in the deeper part of ice sheets. We use digital microscopy and automated image analysis to investigate the evolution of number, size and shape of air clathrate hydrates from 1250 m depth to the bottom of the ice sheet. We confirm the previously found relation of changes in number and size with past climate and find a connection of their shape to changes in ice deformation. The results will help to better understand air clathrate hydrates in deep ice.
Pascal Bohleber, Nicolas Stoll, Piers Larkman, Rachael H. Rhodes, and David Clases
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-355, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-355, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To avoid misinterpretation of impurity signals in ice cores, post-depositional changes need to be identified. Peak broadening with depth observed especially for S was previously related to diffusion in ice veins, but the exact physical mechanisms remain unclear. Our two-dimensional impurity maps by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were extended for the first time to S and Cl and support a view on diffusion not only through veins but also along grain boundaries.
Nicolas Angelo Stoll, David Clases, Raquel Gonzalez de Vega, Matthias Elinkmann, Piers Michael Larkman, and Pascal Bohleber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-61, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-61, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse nine samples from the EGRIP ice core, Greenland, using an underexplored method: single particle time of flight analysis. For the first time, we investigated thousands of particles from different climatic stages while applying a new approach to estimate particle sizes based on previous measurements. We characterise particles and provide new insights on trace elements in the Greenland Ice Sheet. This approach has an enormous potential for analysing million-year-old ice from Antarctica.
Paul Dirk Bons, Yuanbang Hu, Maria-Gema Llorens, Steven Franke, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, Julien Wetshoff, and Yu Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3817, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3817, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
What causes folds in ice layers from the km-scale down to the scale visible in drill core? Classical buckle folding due to variations in viscosity between layers, or the effect of mechanical anisotropy of ice due to an alignment of the crystal-lattice planes? Comparison of power spectra of folds in ice, a biotite schist, and numerical simulations show that folding in ice is due to the mechanical anisotropy, as there is no characteristic fold scale that would result from buckle folding.
Julien Westhoff, Grant Vernon Boeckmann, Nicholas Mossor Rathmann, and Steffen Bo Hansen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3081, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3081, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We report on the successful test of a new replicate drilling system for ice cores. This system allows us to deviate the ice core drill from the parent, the original, borehole, and drill into the side of the wall. Thus, we can produce a second ice core from any desired depth, increasing the amount of sample available for scientific purposes. In the manuscript, we present the results from the first field tests and the challenges we encountered.
Robert G. Bingham, Julien A. Bodart, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Ailsa Chung, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Johannes C. R. Sutter, Olaf Eisen, Nanna B. Karlsson, Joseph A. MacGregor, Neil Ross, Duncan A. Young, David W. Ashmore, Andreas Born, Winnie Chu, Xiangbin Cui, Reinhard Drews, Steven Franke, Vikram Goel, John W. Goodge, A. Clara J. Henry, Antoine Hermant, Benjamin H. Hills, Nicholas Holschuh, Michelle R. Koutnik, Gwendolyn J.-M. C. Leysinger Vieli, Emma J. Mackie, Elisa Mantelli, Carlos Martín, Felix S. L. Ng, Falk M. Oraschewski, Felipe Napoleoni, Frédéric Parrenin, Sergey V. Popov, Therese Rieckh, Rebecca Schlegel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Xueyuan Tang, Thomas O. Teisberg, Kate Winter, Shuai Yan, Harry Davis, Christine F. Dow, Tyler J. Fudge, Tom A. Jordan, Bernd Kulessa, Kenichi Matsuoka, Clara J. Nyqvist, Maryam Rahnemoonfar, Matthew R. Siegfried, Shivangini Singh, Verjan Višnjević, Rodrigo Zamora, and Alexandra Zuhr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2593, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2593, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ice sheets covering Antarctica have built up over millenia through successive snowfall events which become buried and preserved as internal surfaces of equal age detectable with ice-penetrating radar. This paper describes an international initiative to work together on this archival data to build a comprehensive 3-D picture of how old the ice is everywhere across Antarctica, and how this will be used to reconstruct past and predict future ice and climate behaviour.
Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, Daniela Jansen, Paul Bons, Kyra Darányi, Julien Westhoff, Mária-Gema Llorens, David Wallis, Jan Eichler, Tomotaka Saruya, Tomoyuki Homma, Martyn Drury, Frank Wilhelms, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Johanna Kerch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2653, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of ice flow requires more observational data. The EastGRIP core is the first ice core through an active ice stream. We discuss crystal orientation data to determine the present deformation regimes. A comparison with other deep ice cores shows the unique properties of EastGRIP and that deep ice originates from the Eemian. We further show that the overall plug flow of NEGIS is characterised by many small-scale variations, which remain to be considered in ice-flow models.
Julien Westhoff, Johannes Freitag, Anaïs Orsi, Patricia Martinerie, Ilka Weikusat, Michael Dyonisius, Xavier Faïn, Kevin Fourteau, and Thomas Blunier
The Cryosphere, 18, 4379–4397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4379-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4379-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the EastGRIP area, Greenland, in detail with traditional and novel techniques. Due to the compaction of the ice, at a certain depth, atmospheric gases can no longer exchange, and the atmosphere is trapped in air bubbles in the ice. We find this depth by pumping air from a borehole, modeling, and using a new technique based on the optical appearance of the ice. Our results suggest that the close-off depth lies at around 58–61 m depth and more precisely at 58.3 m depth.
Nicolas Stoll, Matthias Wietz, Stephan Juricke, Franziska Pausch, Corina Peter, Miriam Seifert, Jana C. Massing, Moritz Zeising, Rebecca A. McPherson, Melissa Käß, and Björn Suckow
Polarforschung, 91, 31–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-31-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-31-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Global crises, such as climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, show the importance of communicating science to the public. We introduce the YouTube channel "Wissenschaft fürs Wohnzimmer", which livestreams presentations on climate-related topics weekly and is accessible to all. The project encourages interaction between scientists and the public and has been running successfully for over 2 years. We present the concept, what we have learnt, and the challenges after 100 streamed episodes.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien A. Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesidio Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Detlef Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Andrew O. Hoffman, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Annika N. Horlings, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlighem, Jérémie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andrés Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Anotonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed elevation, and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
Nicolas Stoll, Julien Westhoff, Pascal Bohleber, Anders Svensson, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Carlo Barbante, and Ilka Weikusat
The Cryosphere, 17, 2021–2043, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2021-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2021-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Impurities in polar ice play a role regarding its climate signal and internal deformation. We bridge different scales using different methods to investigate ice from the Last Glacial Period derived from the EGRIP ice core in Greenland. We characterise different types of cloudy bands, i.e. frequently occurring milky layers in the ice, and analyse their chemistry with Raman spectroscopy and 2D imaging. We derive new insights into impurity localisation and deposition conditions.
Ole Zeising, Tamara Annina Gerber, Olaf Eisen, M. Reza Ershadi, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 17, 1097–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The flow of glaciers and ice streams is influenced by crystal fabric orientation. Besides sparse ice cores, these can be investigated by radar measurements. Here, we present an improved method which allows us to infer the horizontal fabric asymmetry using polarimetric phase-sensitive radar data. A validation of the method on a deep ice core from the Greenland Ice Sheet shows an excellent agreement, which is a large improvement over previously used methods.
Steven Franke, Alfons Eckstaller, Tim Heitland, Thomas Schaefer, and Jölund Asseng
Polarforschung, 90, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For over 45 years, teams composed of scientists, technicians, doctors, and cooks have been wintering in Antarctica in the service of German Antarctic research. They thus form a cornerstone of long-term scientific measurements in this remote and unique place with regard to future scientific investigations. In this article, we highlight the research being conducted at the permanently crewed Neumayer Station III and its predecessors and the role of the overwinterers in this research endeavour.
Till Sachau, Haibin Yang, Justin Lang, Paul D. Bons, and Louis Moresi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8749–8764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8749-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8749-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of the internal structures of the major continental ice sheets is improving, thanks to new investigative techniques. These structures are an essential indication of the flow behavior and dynamics of ice transport, which in turn is important for understanding the actual impact of the vast amounts of water trapped in continental ice sheets on global sea-level rise. The software studied here is specifically designed to simulate such structures and their evolution.
Vjeran Višnjević, Reinhard Drews, Clemens Schannwell, Inka Koch, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 16, 4763–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simple way to model the internal layers of an ice shelf and apply the method to the Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf in East Antarctica. Modeled results are compared to measurements obtained by radar. We distinguish between ice directly formed on the shelf and ice transported from the ice sheet, and we map the spatial changes in the volume of the locally accumulated ice. In this context, we discuss the sensitivity of the ice shelf to future changes in surface accumulation and basal melt.
Alfons Eckstaller, Jölund Asseng, Erich Lippmann, and Steven Franke
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 235–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-235-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a mobile and self-sufficient seismometer station concept for operation in polar regions. The energy supply can be adapted as required using the modular cascading of battery boxes, wind generators, solar cells, or backup batteries, which enables optimum use of limited resources. Our system concept is not limited to the applications using seismological stations. It is a suitable system for managing the power supply of all types of self-sufficient measuring systems in polar regions.
Maria-Gema Llorens, Albert Griera, Paul D. Bons, Ilka Weikusat, David J. Prior, Enrique Gomez-Rivas, Tamara de Riese, Ivone Jimenez-Munt, Daniel García-Castellanos, and Ricardo A. Lebensohn
The Cryosphere, 16, 2009–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Polar ice is formed by ice crystals, which form fabrics that are utilised to interpret how ice sheets flow. It is unclear whether fabrics result from the current flow regime or if they are inherited. To understand the extent to which ice crystals can be reoriented when ice flow conditions change, we simulate and evaluate multi-stage ice flow scenarios according to natural cases. We find that second deformation regimes normally overprint inherited fabrics, with a range of transitional fabrics.
Julien Westhoff, Giulia Sinnl, Anders Svensson, Johannes Freitag, Helle Astrid Kjær, Paul Vallelonga, Bo Vinther, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Ilka Weikusat
Clim. Past, 18, 1011–1034, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1011-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1011-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a melt event record from an ice core from central Greenland, which covers the past 10 000 years. Our record displays warm summer events, which can be used to enhance our understanding of the past climate. We compare our data to anomalies in tree ring width, which also represents summer temperatures, and find a good correlation. Furthermore, we investigate an outstandingly warm event in the year 986 AD or 991 AD, which has not been analyzed before.
Nicolas Stoll, Maria Hörhold, Tobias Erhardt, Jan Eichler, Camilla Jensen, and Ilka Weikusat
The Cryosphere, 16, 667–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped and analysed solid inclusion in the upper 1340 m of the EGRIP ice core with Raman spectroscopy and microstructure mapping, based on bulk dust content derived via continuous flow analysis. We observe a large variety in mineralogy throughout the core and samples. The main minerals are sulfates, especially gypsum, and terrestrial dust minerals, such as quartz, mica, and feldspar. A change in mineralogy occurs around 900 m depth indicating a climate-related imprint.
Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, Tobias Binder, John D. Paden, Nils Dörr, Tamara A. Gerber, Heinrich Miller, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Veit Helm, Daniel Steinhage, Ilka Weikusat, Frank Wilhelms, and Olaf Eisen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 763–779, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) is the largest ice stream in Greenland. In order to better understand the past and future dynamics of the NEGIS, we present a high-resolution airborne radar data set (EGRIP-NOR-2018) for the onset region of the NEGIS. The survey area is centered at the location of the drill site of the East Greenland Ice-Core Project (EastGRIP), and radar profiles cover both shear margins and are aligned parallel to several flow lines.
Nicolas Stoll, Jan Eichler, Maria Hörhold, Tobias Erhardt, Camilla Jensen, and Ilka Weikusat
The Cryosphere, 15, 5717–5737, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We did a systematic analysis of the location of inclusions in the EGRIP ice core, the first ice core from an ice stream. We combine this with crystal orientation and grain size data, enabling the first overview about the microstructure of this unique ice core. Micro-inclusions show a strong spatial variability and patterns (clusters or horizontal layers); roughly one-third is located at grain boundaries. More holistic approaches are needed to understand deformation processes in the ice better.
Tamara Annina Gerber, Christine Schøtt Hvidberg, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Steven Franke, Giulia Sinnl, Aslak Grinsted, Daniela Jansen, and Dorthe Dahl-Jensen
The Cryosphere, 15, 3655–3679, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3655-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3655-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the ice flow in the onset region of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream to determine the source area and past accumulation rates of ice found in the EastGRIP ice core. This information is required to correct for bias in ice-core records introduced by the upstream flow effects. Our results reveal that the increasing accumulation rate with increasing upstream distance is predominantly responsible for the constant annual layer thicknesses observed in the upper 900 m of the ice core.
Sebastian Hellmann, Melchior Grab, Johanna Kerch, Henning Löwe, Andreas Bauder, Ilka Weikusat, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3507–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyse whether ultrasonic measurements on ice core samples could be employed to derive information about the particular ice crystal orientation in these samples. We discuss if such ultrasonic scans of ice core samples could provide similarly detailed results as the established methods, which usually destroy the ice samples. Our geophysical approach is minimally invasive and could support the existing methods with additional and (semi-)continuous data points along the ice core.
Sebastian Hellmann, Johanna Kerch, Ilka Weikusat, Andreas Bauder, Melchior Grab, Guillaume Jouvet, Margit Schwikowski, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 677–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse the orientation of ice crystals in an Alpine glacier and compare this orientation with the ice flow direction. We found that the crystals orient in the direction of the largest stress which is in the flow direction in the upper parts of the glacier and in the vertical direction for deeper zones of the glacier. The grains cluster around this maximum stress direction, in particular four-point maxima, most likely as a result of recrystallisation under relatively warm conditions.
Cited articles
Artemieva, I. M.: Lithosphere thermal thickness and geothermal heat flux in
Greenland from a new thermal isostasy method, Earth-Scie. Rev., 188,
469–481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.10.015, 2019.
Aschwanden, A., Fahnestock, M., and Truffer, M.: Complex Greenland outlet
glacier flow captured, Nat. Com., 7, 10524, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10524, 2016.
Bartels, A., Nilsson, M. K. M., Klausen, M. B., and Söderlund, U.:
Mesoproterozoic dykes in the Timmiarmiit area, Southeast Greenland: evidence
for a continuous Gardar dyke swarm across Greenland's North Atlantic Craton,
GFF, 138, 255–275, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2015.1125386, 2016.
Blackwell, D. D. and Richards, M.: Geothermal Map of North America, AAPG
Map, scale 1 : 6 500 000, 2004.
Bons, P. D.: The formation of large quartz veins by rapid ascent of fluids
in mobile hydrofractures, Tectonophys., 336, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00090-7, 2001.
Bons, P. D., Dougherty-Page, J., and Elburg, M. A.: Stepwise accumulation
and ascent of magmas, J. Metamorphic Geol., 19, 627–633,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0263-4929.2001.00334.x, 2001.
Bons, P. D., Jansen, D., Mundel, F., Bauer, C. C., Binder, T., Eisen, O.,
Jessell, M. W., Llorens, M.-G., Steinbach, F., Steinhage, D., and Weikusat,
I.: Converging flow and anisotropy cause large-scale folding in Greenland
ice sheet, Nat. Com., 7, 11427, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11427, 2016.
Buchardt, S. L. and Dahl-Jensen, D.: Estimating the basal melt rate at
NorthGRIP using a Monte Carlo technique, Ann. Glaciol., 45, 137–142, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782282435, 2017.
Burton-Johnson, A., Dziadek, R., Martin, C., Halpin, J. A., Whitehouse, P.
L., Ebbing, J., Martos, Y., Martin, A., Schroeder, D., Shen, W., Ritz, C.,
Goodge, J., Van Liefferinge, B., Pattyn, F., Reading, A., Ferraccioli, F.,
and The SERCE Geothermal Heat Flow Sub-Group: SARC-SERCE White Paper on
Antarctic Geothermal Heat Flow: Future research directions,
available at: https://scar.org/scar-library/search/science-4/research-programmes/serce/5454-scar-serce-white-paper-on-antarctic-geothermal-heat-flow/ (last access: 10 March 2021),
2020a.
Burton-Johnson, A., Dziadek, R., and Martin, C.: Review article: Geothermal heat flow in Antarctica: current and future directions, The Cryosphere, 14, 3843–3873, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3843-2020, 2020b.
Connolly, J. A. D. and Thompson, A. B.: Fluid and enthalpy production during
regional metamorphism, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 102, 347–366, 1989.
Davies, J. H.: Global map of solid Earth surface heat flow, Geochem.
Geophy. Geosy., 14, 4608–4622, https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20271, 2013.
Dziadek, R., Gohl, K., Diehl, A., and Kaul, N.: Geothermal heat flux in the
Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica: New insights from temperature
measurements, depth to the bottom of the magnetic source estimation, and
thermal modeling, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 18, 2657–2672,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006755, 2017.
Fahnestock, M., Abdalati, W., Joughin, I., Brozena, J., and Gogineni, P.:
High Geothermal Heat Flow, Basal Melt, and the Origin of Rapid Ice Flow in
Central Greenland, Science, 294, 2338–2342, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065370,
2001.
Hofmeister, A. M. and Criss, R. E.: Earth's heat flux revised and linked to
chemistry, Tectonophys., 395, 159–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.09.006,
2005.
Houseman, G. A., Cull, J. P., Muir, P. M., and Paterson, H. L.: Geothermal
signatures and uranium ore deposits on the Stuart Shelf of South Australia,
Geophysics, 54, 158–170, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442640, 1989.
Jóhannesson, T., Pálmason, B., Hjartarson, Á., Jarosch, A. H.,
Magnússon, E., Belart, J. M. C., and Gudmundsson, M. T.: Non-surface
mass balance of glaciers in Iceland, J. Glaciol., 66, 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.37, 2020.
Keisling, B., Christianson, K., Alley, R. B., Peters, L. E., Christian, J.
E. M., Anandakrishnan, S., Riverman, K. L., Muto, A., and Jacobel, R. W.:
Basal conditions and ice dynamics inferred from radar-derived internal
stratigraphy of the northeast Greenland ice stream, Ann. Glaciol., 55,
127–137, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG67A090, 2014.
Lebedev, S., Schaeffer, A. J., Fullea, J., and Pease, V.: Seismic tomography
of the Arctic region: inferences for the thermal structure and evolution of
the lithosphere, Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Pubs., 460, 419–440,
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP460.10, 2017.
Macgregor, J., Fahnestock, M., Catania, G., Aschwanden, A., Clow, G.,
Colgan, W., Gogineni, S., Morlighem, M., Nowicki, S., Paden, J., Price, S.,
and Seroussi, H.: A synthesis of the basal thermal state of the Greenland
Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 121, 1328–1350,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003803, 2016.
Martos, Y. M., Jordan, T. A., Catalán, M., Jordan, T. M., Bamber, J. L.,
and Vaughan, D. G.: Geothermal heat flux reveals the Iceland hotspot track
underneath Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 8214–8222,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078289, 2018.
Morgan, P. J. and Holtzman, B. K.: Vug waves: A mechanism for coupled rock
deformation and fluid migration, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 6, Q08002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000818, 2005.
Oliver, N. H. S., McLellan, J. G., Hobbs, B. E., Cleverley, J. S., Ord, A.,
and Feltrin, L.: Numerical models of extensional deformation, heat transfer,
and fluid flow across basement cover interfaces during basin-related
mineralization, Econ. Geol., 101, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.1.1,
2006.
Rezvanbehbahani, S., Stearns, L. A., Kadivar, A., Walker, J. D., and van der
Veen, C. J.: Predicting the geothermal heat flux in Greenland: A machine
learning approach, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12271–12279,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075661, 2017.
Rignot, E. and Mouginot, J.: Ice flow in Greenland for the International
Polar Year 2008–2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051634, 2012.
Rogozhina, I., Petrunin, A. G., Vaughan, A. P. M., Steinberger, B., Johnson,
J. V., Kaban, M. K., Calov, R., Rickers, F., Thomas, M., and Koulakov, I.:
Melting at the base of the Greenland ice sheet explained by Iceland hotspot
history, Nat. Geosci., 9, 366–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2689, 2016.
Sandiford, M., Hand, M., and McLaren, S.: High geothermal gradient
metamorphism during thermal subsidence, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 163,
149–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00183-6, 1998.
Schoonman, C. M., White, N. J., and Pritchard, D.: Radial viscous fingering
of hot asthenosphere within the Icelandic plume beneath the North Atlantic
Ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 468, 51–61,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.03.036, 2017
Schroeder, D. M., Blankenship, D. D., Young, D. A., and Quartini, E.:
Evidence for elevated and spatially variable geothermal flux beneath the
West Antarctic Ice Sheet, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 9070–9072,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405184111, 2014.
Shen, W., Wiens, D., Lloyd, A., and Nyblade, A.: A geothermal heat flux map
of Antarctica empirically constrained by seismic structure, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 47, e2020GL086955, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL086955, 2020.
Smith-Johnsen, S., de Fleurian, B., Schlegel, N., Seroussi, H., and Nisancioglu, K.: Exceptionally high heat flux needed to sustain the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, The Cryosphere, 14, 841–854, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-841-2020, 2020.
Stevens, N. T., Parizek, B. R., and Alley, R. B.: Enhancement of volcanism
and geothermal heat flux by ice-age cycling: A stress modeling study of
Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 121, 1456–1471,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003855, 2016.
Weisheit, A., Bons, P. D., Danisik, M., and Elburg, M. A.: Crustal-scale
folding: Palaeozoic deformation of the Mt. Painter Inlier, South Australia,
Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Pubs., 394, 53–77, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP394.9, 2013.
Short summary
The modelling of Smith-Johnson et al. (The Cryosphere, 14, 841–854, 2020) suggests that a very large heat flux of more than 10 times the usual geothermal heat flux is required to have initiated or to control the huge Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. Our comparison with known hotspots, such as Iceland and Yellowstone, shows that such an exceptional heat flux would be unique in the world and is incompatible with known geological processes that can raise the heat flux.
The modelling of Smith-Johnson et al. (The Cryosphere, 14, 841–854, 2020) suggests that a very...