Articles | Volume 18, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3231-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3231-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Brief communication: On the potential of seismic polarity reversal to identify a thin low-velocity layer above a high-velocity layer in ice-rich rock glaciers
Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padua, Italy
Mirko Pavoni
Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padua, Italy
Alexander Bast
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Centre CERC, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
Samuel Weber
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Centre CERC, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
Related authors
Luca Carturan, Giulia Zuecco, Angela Andreotti, Jacopo Boaga, Costanza Morino, Mirko Pavoni, Roberto Seppi, Monica Tolotti, Thomas Zanoner, and Matteo Zumiani
The Cryosphere, 18, 5713–5733, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5713-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5713-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pseudo-relict rock glaciers look relict but contain patches of permafrost. They are poorly known in terms of permafrost content, spatial distribution and frequency. Here we use spring-water temperature for a preliminary estimate of the permafrost presence in rock glaciers of a 795 km2 catchment in the Italian Alps. The results show that ~50 % of rock glaciers classified as relict might be pseudo-relict and might contain ~20 % of the ice stored in the rock glaciers in the study area.
Davide Scafidi, Alfio Viganò, Jacopo Boaga, Valeria Cascone, Simone Barani, Daniele Spallarossa, Gabriele Ferretti, Mauro Carli, and Giancarlo De Marchi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1249–1260, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper concerns the use of a dense network of low-cost seismic accelerometers in populated areas to achieve rapid and reliable estimation of exposure maps in Trentino (northeast Italy). These additional data, in conjunction with the automatic monitoring procedure, allow us to obtain dense measurements which only rely on actual recorded data, avoiding the use of ground motion prediction equations. This leads to a more reliable picture of the actual ground shaking.
Mirko Pavoni, Jacopo Boaga, Alberto Carrera, Giulia Zuecco, Luca Carturan, and Matteo Zumiani
The Cryosphere, 17, 1601–1607, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1601-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1601-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the last decades, geochemical investigations at the springs of rock glaciers have been used to estimate their drainage processes, and the frozen layer is typically considered to act as an aquiclude or aquitard. In this work, we evaluated the hydraulic behavior of a mountain permafrost site by executing a geophysical monitoring experiment. Several hundred liters of salt water have been injected into the subsurface, and geoelectrical measurements have been performed to define the water flow.
Marcia Phillips, Chasper Buchli, Samuel Weber, Jacopo Boaga, Mirko Pavoni, and Alexander Bast
The Cryosphere, 17, 753–760, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-753-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-753-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new combination of temperature, water pressure and cross-borehole electrical resistivity data is used to investigate ice/water contents in an ice-rich rock glacier. The landform is close to 0°C and has locally heterogeneous characteristics, ice/water contents and temperatures. The techniques presented continuously monitor temporal and spatial phase changes to a depth of 12 m and provide the basis for a better understanding of accelerating rock glacier movements and future water availability.
Mirko Pavoni, Jacopo Boaga, Alberto Carrera, Stefano Urbini, Fabrizio de Blasi, and Jacopo Gabrieli
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-190, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-190, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Ice Memory project aims to extract, analyze, and store ice cores from worldwide retreating glaciers. One of the selected sites is the last remaining ice body in the Apennines, the Calderone Glacier. To assess the most suitable drilling position, geophysical surveys were performed. Reliable ground penetrating radar measurements have been positively combined with a geophysical technique rarely applied in glacier environments, the Frequency Domain Electro-Magnetic prospection.
Benjamin Mary, Luca Peruzzo, Jacopo Boaga, Nicola Cenni, Myriam Schmutz, Yuxin Wu, Susan S. Hubbard, and Giorgio Cassiani
SOIL, 6, 95–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-95-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-95-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The use of non-invasive geophysical imaging of root system processes is of increasing interest to study soil–plant interactions. The experiment focused on the behaviour of grapevine plants during a controlled infiltration experiment. The combination of the mise-à-la-masse (MALM) method, a variation of the classical electrical tomography map (ERT), for which the current is transmitted directly into the stem, holds the promise of being able to image root distribution.
Nicola Cenni, Jacopo Boaga, Filippo Casarin, Giancarlo De Marchi, Maria Rosa Valluzzi, and Giorgio Cassiani
Adv. Geosci., 51, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-51-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-51-1-2019, 2019
Benjamin Mary, Luca Peruzzo, Jacopo Boaga, Myriam Schmutz, Yuxin Wu, Susan S. Hubbard, and Giorgio Cassiani
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5427–5444, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5427-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5427-2018, 2018
G. Cassiani, J. Boaga, D. Vanella, M. T. Perri, and S. Consoli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2213–2225, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2213-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2213-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents an integrated approach to monitoring root water uptake and link this information to the plant transpiration measured by sap flow and eddy covariance. The monitoring of soil conditions is achieved using 3-D electrical resistivity tomography. This ensemble of data can be used jointly to model the soil-plant interactions and identify the extent and efficiency of the root zone in front of existing irrigation schemes. A case study is presented regarding an orange orchard in Sicily.
N. Ursino, G. Cassiani, R. Deiana, G. Vignoli, and J. Boaga
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1105–1118, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1105-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1105-2014, 2014
Luca Carturan, Giulia Zuecco, Angela Andreotti, Jacopo Boaga, Costanza Morino, Mirko Pavoni, Roberto Seppi, Monica Tolotti, Thomas Zanoner, and Matteo Zumiani
The Cryosphere, 18, 5713–5733, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5713-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5713-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pseudo-relict rock glaciers look relict but contain patches of permafrost. They are poorly known in terms of permafrost content, spatial distribution and frequency. Here we use spring-water temperature for a preliminary estimate of the permafrost presence in rock glaciers of a 795 km2 catchment in the Italian Alps. The results show that ~50 % of rock glaciers classified as relict might be pseudo-relict and might contain ~20 % of the ice stored in the rock glaciers in the study area.
Samuel Weber and Alessandro Cicoira
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2652, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2652, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The properties of the permafrost ground depend on its temperature and composition. We used temperature data from 29 boreholes in Switzerland to study how heat moves through different types of mountain permafrost landforms. We found that it depends on where you are, whether there is water in the ground and what time of year it is. Understanding these changes is important because they can affect how stable mountain slopes are and how easy it is to build things in mountain areas.
Felix Pfluger, Samuel Weber, Joseph Steinhauser, Christian Zangerl, Christine Fey, Johannes Fürst, and Michael Krautblatter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2509, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2509, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores permafrost-glaciers interactions with a foucs on its implication for preparing/triggering high-volume rock slope failures. Using the Bliggspitze rock slide as a case study, we demonstrate a new type of rock slope failure mechanism triggered by the uplift of the cold/warm dividing line in polythermal alpine glaciers, a widespread and currently underexplored phenomenon in alpine environments worldwide.
Alexander Bast, Robert Kenner, and Marcia Phillips
The Cryosphere, 18, 3141–3158, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We monitor ground temperature, water pressure, and relative ice/water contents in a creeping ice-rich rock glacier in mountain permafrost to study its characteristics during a deceleration period with dry conditions and a summer heat wave. The snowpack has an important role as a provider of water and as a thermal insulator. Snow-poor winters, followed by dry summers, induce cooling and drying of the permafrost, leading to rock glacier deceleration.
Riccardo Scandroglio, Samuel Weber, Till Rehm, and Michael Krautblatter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1512, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1512, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies confirm that mountain permafrost is reducing, but there is little information on the role of water. This study looks at ten years of weather data and water flow in 50m-deep rock fractures. We precisely quantify the timing and quantities of this flow with a model. For the first time, we estimate pressures generated by water inside rock fractures. Pressures from snowmelt and rain events threaten slope stability; therefore, monitoring water's presence in permafrost areas is crucial.
Davide Scafidi, Alfio Viganò, Jacopo Boaga, Valeria Cascone, Simone Barani, Daniele Spallarossa, Gabriele Ferretti, Mauro Carli, and Giancarlo De Marchi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1249–1260, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper concerns the use of a dense network of low-cost seismic accelerometers in populated areas to achieve rapid and reliable estimation of exposure maps in Trentino (northeast Italy). These additional data, in conjunction with the automatic monitoring procedure, allow us to obtain dense measurements which only rely on actual recorded data, avoiding the use of ground motion prediction equations. This leads to a more reliable picture of the actual ground shaking.
Maike Offer, Samuel Weber, Michael Krautblatter, Ingo Hartmeyer, and Markus Keuschnig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-893, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-893, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a unique dataset of repeated electrical resistivity tomography and long-term borehole temperature measurements to investigate the complex seasonal water flow in permafrost rockwalls. Our joint analysis shows that permafrost rocks are subject to enhanced pressurised water flow during the melt period. In addition to slow thermal heat conduction, permafrost rocks are subject to push-like warming events, favouring accelerated permafrost degradation and reduced rockwall stability.
Mirko Pavoni, Jacopo Boaga, Alberto Carrera, Giulia Zuecco, Luca Carturan, and Matteo Zumiani
The Cryosphere, 17, 1601–1607, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1601-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1601-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the last decades, geochemical investigations at the springs of rock glaciers have been used to estimate their drainage processes, and the frozen layer is typically considered to act as an aquiclude or aquitard. In this work, we evaluated the hydraulic behavior of a mountain permafrost site by executing a geophysical monitoring experiment. Several hundred liters of salt water have been injected into the subsurface, and geoelectrical measurements have been performed to define the water flow.
Marcia Phillips, Chasper Buchli, Samuel Weber, Jacopo Boaga, Mirko Pavoni, and Alexander Bast
The Cryosphere, 17, 753–760, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-753-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-753-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new combination of temperature, water pressure and cross-borehole electrical resistivity data is used to investigate ice/water contents in an ice-rich rock glacier. The landform is close to 0°C and has locally heterogeneous characteristics, ice/water contents and temperatures. The techniques presented continuously monitor temporal and spatial phase changes to a depth of 12 m and provide the basis for a better understanding of accelerating rock glacier movements and future water availability.
Alessandro Cicoira, Samuel Weber, Andreas Biri, Ben Buchli, Reynald Delaloye, Reto Da Forno, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Raphael Mayoraz, Matthias Meyer, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Eric Pointner, Hugo Raetzo, Cristian Scapozza, Tazio Strozzi, Lothar Thiele, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, Vanessa Wirz, and Jan Beutel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5061–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents a monitoring network of 54 positions, located on different periglacial landforms in the Swiss Alps: rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls. The data serve basic research but also decision-making and mitigation of natural hazards. It is the largest dataset of its kind, comprising over 209 000 daily positions and additional weather data.
Mirko Pavoni, Jacopo Boaga, Alberto Carrera, Stefano Urbini, Fabrizio de Blasi, and Jacopo Gabrieli
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-190, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-190, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Ice Memory project aims to extract, analyze, and store ice cores from worldwide retreating glaciers. One of the selected sites is the last remaining ice body in the Apennines, the Calderone Glacier. To assess the most suitable drilling position, geophysical surveys were performed. Reliable ground penetrating radar measurements have been positively combined with a geophysical technique rarely applied in glacier environments, the Frequency Domain Electro-Magnetic prospection.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Saskia Eppinger, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanical response of permafrost degradation on high-mountain rock slope stability has not been calculated in a numerical model yet. We present the first approach for a model with thermal and mechanical input data derived from laboratory and field work, and existing concepts. This is applied to a test site at the Zugspitze, Germany. A numerical sensitivity analysis provides the first critical stability thresholds related to the rock temperature, slope angle and fracture network orientation.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Maximilian Lanz, and Michael Krautblatter
The Cryosphere, 14, 1849–1855, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1849-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1849-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A failure criterion for ice-filled rock joints is a prerequisite to accurately assess the stability of permafrost rock slopes. In 2018 a failure criterion was proposed based on limestone. Now, we tested the transferability to other rocks using mica schist and gneiss which provide the maximum expected deviation of lithological effects on the shear strength. We show that even for controversial rocks the failure criterion stays unaltered, suggesting that it is applicable to mostly all rock types.
Benjamin Mary, Luca Peruzzo, Jacopo Boaga, Nicola Cenni, Myriam Schmutz, Yuxin Wu, Susan S. Hubbard, and Giorgio Cassiani
SOIL, 6, 95–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-95-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-95-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The use of non-invasive geophysical imaging of root system processes is of increasing interest to study soil–plant interactions. The experiment focused on the behaviour of grapevine plants during a controlled infiltration experiment. The combination of the mise-à-la-masse (MALM) method, a variation of the classical electrical tomography map (ERT), for which the current is transmitted directly into the stem, holds the promise of being able to image root distribution.
Nicola Cenni, Jacopo Boaga, Filippo Casarin, Giancarlo De Marchi, Maria Rosa Valluzzi, and Giorgio Cassiani
Adv. Geosci., 51, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-51-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-51-1-2019, 2019
Samuel Weber, Jan Beutel, Reto Da Forno, Alain Geiger, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Matthias Keller, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Matthias Meyer, Igor Talzi, Lothar Thiele, Christian Tschudin, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, and Mustafa Yücel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1203–1237, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1203-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1203-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we describe a unique 10-year or more data record obtained from in situ measurements in steep bedrock permafrost in an Alpine environment on the Matterhorn Hörnligrat, Zermatt, Switzerland, at 3500 m a.s.l. By documenting and sharing these data in this form, we contribute to facilitating future research based on them, e.g., in the area of analysis methodology, comparative studies, assessment of change in the environment, natural hazard warning and the development of process models.
Matthias Meyer, Samuel Weber, Jan Beutel, and Lothar Thiele
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 171–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-171-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-171-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring rock slopes for a long time helps to understand the impact of climate change on the alpine environment. Measurements of seismic signals are often affected by external influences, e.g., unwanted anthropogenic noise. In the presented work, these influences are automatically identified and removed to enable proper geoscientific analysis. The methods presented are based on machine learning and intentionally kept generic so that they can be equally applied in other (more generic) settings.
Benjamin Mary, Luca Peruzzo, Jacopo Boaga, Myriam Schmutz, Yuxin Wu, Susan S. Hubbard, and Giorgio Cassiani
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5427–5444, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5427-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5427-2018, 2018
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Tanja Schröder, and Michael Krautblatter
The Cryosphere, 12, 3333–3353, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Most of the observed failures in permafrost-affected alpine rock walls are likely triggered by the mechanical destabilisation of warming bedrock permafrost including ice-filled joints. We present a systematic study of the brittle shear failure of ice and rock–ice contacts along rock joints in a simulated depth ≤ 30 m and at temperatures from −10 to −0.5 °C. Warming and sudden reduction in rock overburden due to the detachment of an upper rock mass lead to a significant drop in shear resistance.
Samuel Weber, Jan Beutel, Jérome Faillettaz, Andreas Hasler, Michael Krautblatter, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 11, 567–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-567-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-567-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 8-year continuous time series of measured fracture kinematics and thermal conditions on steep permafrost bedrock at Hörnligrat, Matterhorn. Based on this unique dataset and a conceptual model for strong fractured bedrock, we develop a novel quantitative approach that allows to separate reversible from irreversible fracture kinematics and assign the dominant forcing. A new index of irreversibility provides useful indication for the occurrence and timing of irreversible displacements.
G. Cassiani, J. Boaga, D. Vanella, M. T. Perri, and S. Consoli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2213–2225, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2213-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2213-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents an integrated approach to monitoring root water uptake and link this information to the plant transpiration measured by sap flow and eddy covariance. The monitoring of soil conditions is achieved using 3-D electrical resistivity tomography. This ensemble of data can be used jointly to model the soil-plant interactions and identify the extent and efficiency of the root zone in front of existing irrigation schemes. A case study is presented regarding an orange orchard in Sicily.
N. Ursino, G. Cassiani, R. Deiana, G. Vignoli, and J. Boaga
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1105–1118, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1105-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1105-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Discipline: Frozen ground | Subject: Alpine Glaciers
Modal sensitivity of rock glaciers to elastic changes from spectral seismic noise monitoring and modeling
Antoine Guillemot, Laurent Baillet, Stéphane Garambois, Xavier Bodin, Agnès Helmstetter, Raphaël Mayoraz, and Eric Larose
The Cryosphere, 15, 501–529, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Among mountainous permafrost landforms, rock glaciers are composed of boulders, fine frozen materials, water and ice in various proportions. Displacement rates of active rock glaciers can reach several m/yr, contributing to emerging risks linked to gravitational hazards. Thanks to passive seismic monitoring, resonance effects related to seasonal freeze–thawing processes of the shallower layers have been monitored and modeled. This method is an accurate tool for studying rock glaciers at depth.
Cited articles
Afanasiev, M., Boehm, C., van Driel, M., Krischer, L., Rietmann, M., May, D. A., Knepley M. G., and Fichtner, A.: Modular and flexible spectral-element waveform modelling in two and three dimensions, Geophys. J. Int., 216, 1675–1692, 2019.
Anandakrishnan, S.: Dilatant till layer near the onset of streaming flow of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica, determined by AVO (amplitude vs offset) analysis, Ann. Glaciol., 36, 283–286, 2003.
Barone, I., Boaga, J., Carrera, A., Orozco, A., and Cassiani, G.: Tackling Lateral Variability Using Surface Waves: A Tomography-Like Approach, Surv. Geophys., 42, 317–338, 2021.
Bast, A., Kenner, R., and Phillips, M.: Short-term cooling, drying and deceleration of an ice-rich rock glacier, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-269, 2024.
Boaga, J.: Data fluela schafberg, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11505034, 2024.
Boaga, J., Phillips, M., Noetzli, J., Haberkorn, A., Kenner, R., and Bast, A.: A Comparison of Frequency Domain Electro-Magnetometry, Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Borehole Temperatures to Assess the Presence of Ice in a Rock Glacier, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 54–62, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.586430, 2020.
Duvillard, P. A., Revil, A., Qi, Y., Soueid Ahmed, A., Coperey, A., and Ravanel, L.: Three-Dimensional Electrical Conductivity and Induced Polarization Tomography of a Rock Glacier, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 9528–9554, 2018.
Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Vonder Mühll, D., and Teysseire, P.: Prevention of outburst floods from periglacial lakes at Grubengletscher, Valais, Swiss Alps, J. Glaciol., 47, 111–122, 2001.
Harvey, N.: Seismic Refraction, in: Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, edited by: Hopley, D., Springer, Dordrecht, ISBN 978-90-481-2639-2, 2011.
Hauck, C., Böttcher, M., and Maurer, H.: A new model for estimating subsurface ice content based on combined electrical and seismic data sets, The Cryosphere, 5, 453–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-453-2011, 2011.
Hilbich, C.: Time-lapse refraction seismic tomography for the detection of ground ice degradation, The Cryosphere, 4, 243–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-243-2010, 2010.
Jones, D. B., Harrison, S., Anderson, K., and Whalley, W. B.: Rock glaciers and mountain hydrology: A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 193, 66–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.001, 2019.
Musil, M., Maurer, H., Green, A.G., Horstmeyer, H., Nitsche, F. O., Mühill, D. V., and Springman, S.: Shallow seismic surveying of an Alpine rock glacier, Geophysics, 67, 1701–1710, 2002.
Pavoni, M., Boaga, J., Carrera, A., Urbini, S., de Blasi, F., and Gabrieli, J.: Combining Ground Penetrating Radar and Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Surveys to Characterize the Structure of the Calderone Glacieret (Gran Sasso d'Italia, Italy), Remote Sens., 15, 2615, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102615, 2023a.
Pavoni, M., Boaga, J., Carrera, A., Zuecco, G., Carturan, L., and Zumiani, M.: Brief communication: Mountain permafrost acts as an aquitard during an infiltration experiment monitored with electrical resistivity tomography time-lapse measurements, The Cryosphere, 17, 1601–1607, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1601-2023, 2023b.
Pavoni, M., Boaga, J., Wagner, F. M., Bast, A., and Phillips, M.: Characterization of rock glaciers environments combining structurally-coupled and petrophysically-coupled joint inversions of electrical resistivity and seismic refraction datasets, J. Appl. Geophys., 215, 105097, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2023.105097, 2023c.
Phillips, M., Buchli, C., Weber, S., Boaga, J., Pavoni, M., and Bast, A.: Brief communication: Combining borehole temperature, borehole piezometer and cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography measurements to investigate seasonal changes in ice-rich mountain permafrost, The Cryosphere, 17, 753–760, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-753-2023, 2023.
Rücker, C., Günther, T., and Wagner, F. M.: pyGIMLi: An open-source library for modelling and inversion in geophysics, Comput. Geosci., 109, 106–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.07.011, 2017.
Vonder Mühll, D. and Holub, P.: Borehole logging in Alpine permafrost, Upper Engadin, Swiss Alps, Permafrost Periglac. Process., 3, 125–132, 1992.
Short summary
Reversal polarity is observed in rock glacier seismic refraction tomography. We collected several datasets observing this phenomenon in Switzerland and Italy. This phase change may be linked to interferences due to the presence of a thin low-velocity layer. Our results are confirmed by the modelling and analysis of synthetic seismograms to demonstrate that the presence of a low-velocity layer produces a polarity reversal on the seismic gather.
Reversal polarity is observed in rock glacier seismic refraction tomography. We collected...