Articles | Volume 17, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4315-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4315-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Brief communication
| 
11 Oct 2023
Brief communication |
| 11 Oct 2023
| 11 Oct 2023
Brief communication: Measuring and modelling the ice thickness of the Grigoriev ice cap (Kyrgyzstan) and comparison with global datasets
Lander Van Tricht
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Earth System Science & Departement Geografie, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Chloë Marie Paice
Earth System Science & Departement Geografie, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Oleg Rybak
Earth System Science & Departement Geografie, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, 119333 Moscow, Russia
FRC SSC, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Ya. Fabritsiusa 2/28, 354002 Sochi, Russia
Philippe Huybrechts
Earth System Science & Departement Geografie, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Related authors
Lander Van Tricht and Philippe Huybrechts
The Cryosphere, 17, 4463–4485, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4463-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4463-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled the historical and future evolution of six ice masses in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, with a 3D ice-flow model under the newest climate scenarios. We show that in all scenarios the ice masses retreat significantly but with large differences. It is highlighted that, because the main precipitation occurs in spring and summer, the ice masses respond to climate change with an accelerating retreat. In all scenarios, the total runoff peaks before 2050, with a (drastic) decrease afterwards.
Lander Van Tricht, Harry Zekollari, Matthias Huss, Daniel Farinotti, and Philippe Huybrechts
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-87, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-87, 2023
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed 3D models can be applied for well-studied glaciers, whereas simplified approaches are used for regional/global assessments. We conducted a comparison of six Tien Shan glaciers employing different models and investigated the impact of in-situ measurements. Our results reveal that the choice of mass balance and ice flow model as well as calibration have minimal impact on the projected volume. The initial ice thickness exerts the greatest influence on the future remaining ice volume.
Lander Van Tricht and Philippe Huybrechts
The Cryosphere, 16, 4513–4535, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the thermal regime of the Grigoriev ice cap and the Sary-Tor glacier, both located in the inner Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. Our findings are important as the ice dynamics can only be understood and modelled precisely if ice temperature is considered correctly in ice flow models. The calibrated parameters of this study can be used in applications with ice flow models for individual ice masses as well as to optimise more general models for large-scale regional simulations.
Lander Van Tricht, Philippe Huybrechts, Jonas Van Breedam, Alexander Vanhulle, Kristof Van Oost, and Harry Zekollari
The Cryosphere, 15, 4445–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4445-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4445-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted innovative research on the use of drones to determine the surface mass balance (SMB) of two glaciers. Considering appropriate spatial scales, we succeeded in determining the SMB in the ablation area with large accuracy. Consequently, we are convinced that our method and the use of drones to monitor the mass balance of a glacier’s ablation area can be an add-on to stake measurements in order to obtain a broader picture of the heterogeneity of the SMB of glaciers.
Heiko Goelzer, Constantijn J. Berends, Fredrik Boberg, Gael Durand, Tamsin Edwards, Xavier Fettweis, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Quentin Glaude, Philippe Huybrechts, Sébastien Le clec'h, Ruth Mottram, Brice Noël, Martin Olesen, Charlotte Rahlves, Jeremy Rohmer, Michiel van den Broeke, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3098, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3098, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We present an ensemble of ice sheet model projections for the Greenland ice sheet. The focus is on providing projections that improve our understanding of the range future sea-level rise and the inherent uncertainties over the next 100 to 300 years. Compared to earlier work we more fully account for some of the uncertainties in sea-level projections. We include a wider range of climate model output, more climate change scenarios and we extend projections schematically up to year 2300.
Chloë Marie Paice, Xavier Fettweis, and Philippe Huybrechts
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2465, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2465, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To study the interactions between the Greenland ice sheet and the atmosphere, we coupled an ice sheet model to a regional climate model and performed simulations of differing coupling complexity over 1000 years. They reveal that at first melt at the ice sheet margin is reduced by changing wind patterns. But over time, as the ice sheet surface lowers, precipitation patterns and cloudiness also change and amplify ice mass loss over the entire ice sheet.
Jonas Van Breedam, Philippe Huybrechts, and Michel Crucifix
Clim. Past, 19, 2551–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the different boundary conditions to allow ice sheet growth and ice sheet decline of the Antarctic ice sheet when it appeared ∼38–34 Myr ago. The thresholds for ice sheet growth and decline differ because of the different climatological conditions above an ice sheet (higher elevation and higher albedo) compared to a bare topography. We found that the ice–albedo feedback and the isostasy feedback respectively ease and delay the transition from a deglacial to glacial state.
Hélène Seroussi, Vincent Verjans, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Peter Van Katwyk, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 17, 5197–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mass loss from Antarctica is a key contributor to sea level rise over the 21st century, and the associated uncertainty dominates sea level projections. We highlight here the Antarctic glaciers showing the largest changes and quantify the main sources of uncertainty in their future evolution using an ensemble of ice flow models. We show that on top of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, Totten and Moscow University glaciers show rapid changes and a strong sensitivity to warmer ocean conditions.
Lander Van Tricht and Philippe Huybrechts
The Cryosphere, 17, 4463–4485, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4463-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4463-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled the historical and future evolution of six ice masses in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, with a 3D ice-flow model under the newest climate scenarios. We show that in all scenarios the ice masses retreat significantly but with large differences. It is highlighted that, because the main precipitation occurs in spring and summer, the ice masses respond to climate change with an accelerating retreat. In all scenarios, the total runoff peaks before 2050, with a (drastic) decrease afterwards.
Lander Van Tricht, Harry Zekollari, Matthias Huss, Daniel Farinotti, and Philippe Huybrechts
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-87, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-87, 2023
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed 3D models can be applied for well-studied glaciers, whereas simplified approaches are used for regional/global assessments. We conducted a comparison of six Tien Shan glaciers employing different models and investigated the impact of in-situ measurements. Our results reveal that the choice of mass balance and ice flow model as well as calibration have minimal impact on the projected volume. The initial ice thickness exerts the greatest influence on the future remaining ice volume.
Lander Van Tricht and Philippe Huybrechts
The Cryosphere, 16, 4513–4535, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the thermal regime of the Grigoriev ice cap and the Sary-Tor glacier, both located in the inner Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. Our findings are important as the ice dynamics can only be understood and modelled precisely if ice temperature is considered correctly in ice flow models. The calibrated parameters of this study can be used in applications with ice flow models for individual ice masses as well as to optimise more general models for large-scale regional simulations.
Jonas Van Breedam, Philippe Huybrechts, and Michel Crucifix
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6373–6401, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6373-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6373-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheets are an important component of the climate system and interact with the atmosphere through albedo variations and changes in the surface height. On very long timescales, it is impossible to directly couple ice sheet models with climate models and other techniques have to be used. Here we present a novel coupling method between ice sheets and the atmosphere by making use of an emulator to simulate ice sheet–climate interactions for several million years.
Lander Van Tricht, Philippe Huybrechts, Jonas Van Breedam, Alexander Vanhulle, Kristof Van Oost, and Harry Zekollari
The Cryosphere, 15, 4445–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4445-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4445-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted innovative research on the use of drones to determine the surface mass balance (SMB) of two glaciers. Considering appropriate spatial scales, we succeeded in determining the SMB in the ablation area with large accuracy. Consequently, we are convinced that our method and the use of drones to monitor the mass balance of a glacier’s ablation area can be an add-on to stake measurements in order to obtain a broader picture of the heterogeneity of the SMB of glaciers.
Yoni Verhaegen, Philippe Huybrechts, Oleg Rybak, and Victor V. Popovnin
The Cryosphere, 14, 4039–4061, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4039-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4039-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical flow model to simulate the behaviour of the Djankuat Glacier, a WGMS reference glacier situated in the North Caucasus (Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russian Federation), in response to past, present and future climate conditions (1752–2100 CE). In particular, we adapt a more sophisticated and physically based debris model, which has not been previously applied in time-dependent numerical flow line models, to look at the impact of a debris cover on the glacier’s evolution.
Xavier Fettweis, Stefan Hofer, Uta Krebs-Kanzow, Charles Amory, Teruo Aoki, Constantijn J. Berends, Andreas Born, Jason E. Box, Alison Delhasse, Koji Fujita, Paul Gierz, Heiko Goelzer, Edward Hanna, Akihiro Hashimoto, Philippe Huybrechts, Marie-Luise Kapsch, Michalea D. King, Christoph Kittel, Charlotte Lang, Peter L. Langen, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Glen E. Liston, Gerrit Lohmann, Sebastian H. Mernild, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Kameswarrao Modali, Ruth H. Mottram, Masashi Niwano, Brice Noël, Jonathan C. Ryan, Amy Smith, Jan Streffing, Marco Tedesco, Willem Jan van de Berg, Michiel van den Broeke, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Leo van Kampenhout, David Wilton, Bert Wouters, Florian Ziemen, and Tobias Zolles
The Cryosphere, 14, 3935–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated simulated Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance from 5 kinds of models. While the most complex (but expensive to compute) models remain the best, the faster/simpler models also compare reliably with observations and have biases of the same order as the regional models. Discrepancies in the trend over 2000–2012, however, suggest that large uncertainties remain in the modelled future SMB changes as they are highly impacted by the meltwater runoff biases over the current climate.
Jonas Van Breedam, Heiko Goelzer, and Philippe Huybrechts
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 953–976, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-953-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-953-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We made projections of global mean sea-level change during the next 10 000 years for a range in climate forcing scenarios ranging from a peak in carbon dioxide concentrations in the next decades to burning most of the available carbon reserves over the next 2 centuries. We find that global mean sea level will rise between 9 and 37 m, depending on the emission of greenhouse gases. In this study, we investigated the long-term consequence of climate change for sea-level rise.
Heiko Goelzer, Sophie Nowicki, Anthony Payne, Eric Larour, Helene Seroussi, William H. Lipscomb, Jonathan Gregory, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Cécile Agosta, Patrick Alexander, Andy Aschwanden, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Christopher Chambers, Youngmin Choi, Joshua Cuzzone, Christophe Dumas, Tamsin Edwards, Denis Felikson, Xavier Fettweis, Nicholas R. Golledge, Ralf Greve, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Sebastien Le clec'h, Victoria Lee, Gunter Leguy, Chris Little, Daniel P. Lowry, Mathieu Morlighem, Isabel Nias, Aurelien Quiquet, Martin Rückamp, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Donald A. Slater, Robin S. Smith, Fiamma Straneo, Lev Tarasov, Roderik van de Wal, and Michiel van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 14, 3071–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we use a large ensemble of Greenland ice sheet models forced by six different global climate models to project ice sheet changes and sea-level rise contributions over the 21st century.
The results for two different greenhouse gas concentration scenarios indicate that the Greenland ice sheet will continue to lose mass until 2100, with contributions to sea-level rise of 90 ± 50 mm and 32 ± 17 mm for the high (RCP8.5) and low (RCP2.6) scenario, respectively.
Hélène Seroussi, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 14, 3033–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic ice sheet has been losing mass over at least the past 3 decades in response to changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. This study presents an ensemble of model simulations of the Antarctic evolution over the 2015–2100 period based on various ice sheet models, climate forcings and emission scenarios. Results suggest that the West Antarctic ice sheet will continue losing a large amount of ice, while the East Antarctic ice sheet could experience increased snow accumulation.
Cited articles
Andreassen, L. M., Huss, M., Melvold, K., Elvehøy, H., and Winsvold, S. H.:
Ice thickness measurements and volume estimates for glaciers in Norway,
J. Glaciol., 61, 763–775, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J161,
2015.
Arkhipov, S. M., Mikhalenko, V. N., Kunakhovich, M. G., Dikikh, A. N., and
Nagornov, O. V.: Termicheskii rezhim, usloviia l'doobrazovaniia i
akkumulyatsiia na ladnike Grigor'eva (Tyan'-Shan') v 1962–2001 gg. [Thermal
regime, ice types and accumulation in Grigoriev Glacier, Tien Shan,
1962–2001], Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy (Data of
Glaciological Studies), 96, 77–83, 2004 (in Russian with English summary).
Binder, D., Brückl, E., Roch, K. H., Behm, M., Schöner, W., and Hynek,
B.: Determination of total ice volume and ice-thickness distribution of two
glaciers in the Hohe Tauern region, Eastern Alps, from GPR data, Ann.
Glaciol., 50, 71–79, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409789097522, 2009.
Clarke, G. K., Berthier, E., Schoof, C. G., and Jarosch, A. H.: Neural networks
applied to estimating subglacial topography and glacier volume, J.
Climate, 22, 2146–2160, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2572.1, 2009.
Dikikh, A. N.: Temperature regime of flat-top glaciers (using Grigoriev as an
Example) – Glyatsiol, Issledovaniya na Tyan-Shane, Frunze, N., 11, 32–35,
1965 (in Russian).
Dyurgerov, M. B.: Glacier mass balance and regime: data of measurements and
analysis, University of Colorado Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research
Occasional Paper 55, Boulder,
http://instaar.colorado.edu/other/occ_papers.html (last
access: 9 March 2023), 2002.
Farinotti, D., Brinkerhoff, D. J., Clarke, G. K. C., Fürst, J. J., Frey, H., Gantayat, P., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Girard, C., Huss, M., Leclercq, P. W., Linsbauer, A., Machguth, H., Martin, C., Maussion, F., Morlighem, M., Mosbeux, C., Pandit, A., Portmann, A., Rabatel, A., Ramsankaran, R., Reerink, T. J., Sanchez, O., Stentoft, P. A., Singh Kumari, S., van Pelt, W. J. J., Anderson, B., Benham, T., Binder, D., Dowdeswell, J. A., Fischer, A., Helfricht, K., Kutuzov, S., Lavrentiev, I., McNabb, R., Gudmundsson, G. H., Li, H., and Andreassen, L. M.: How accurate are estimates of glacier ice thickness? Results from ITMIX, the Ice Thickness Models Intercomparison eXperiment, The Cryosphere, 11, 949–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-949-2017, 2017.
Farinotti, D., Huss, M., Fürst, J. J., Landmann, J., Machguth, H.,
Maussion, F., and Pandit, A.: A consensus estimate for the ice thickness
distribution of all glaciers on Earth, Nat. Geosci., 12, 168–173,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0300-3, 2019.
Fischer, A.: Calculation of glacier volume from sparse ice-thickness data,
applied to Schaufelferner, Austria, J. Glaciol., 55, 453–460,
https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309788816740, 2009.
Frey, H., Machguth, H., Huss, M., Huggel, C., Bajracharya, S., Bolch, T., Kulkarni, A., Linsbauer, A., Salzmann, N., and Stoffel, M.: Estimating the volume of glaciers in the Himalayan–Karakoram region using different methods, The Cryosphere, 8, 2313–2333, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2313-2014, 2014.
Fujita, K., Takeuchi, N., Nikitin, S. A., Surazakov, A. B., Okamoto, S., Aizen, V. B., and Kubota, J.: Favorable climatic regime for maintaining the present-day geometry of the Gregoriev Glacier, Inner Tien Shan, The Cryosphere, 5, 539–549, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-539-2011, 2011.
Fürst, J. J., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Benham, T. J., Dowdeswell, J. A., Grabiec, M., Navarro, F., Pettersson, R., Moholdt, G., Nuth, C., Sass, B., Aas, K., Fettweis, X., Lang, C., Seehaus, T., and Braun, M.: Application of a two-step approach for mapping ice thickness to various glacier types on Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 11, 2003–2032, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2003-2017, 2017.
GlaThiDa Consortium: Glacier Thickness Database 3.1.0, World Glacier Monitoring Service [data set], Zurich, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.5904/wgms-glathida-2020-10, 2020.
Haeberli, W. and Hoelzle, M: Application of inventory data for estimating
characteristics of and regional climate-change effects on mountain glaciers:
a pilot study with the European Alps, Ann. Glaciol., 21, 206–212,
https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500015834, 1995.
Huss, M. and Farinotti, D.: Distributed ice thickness and volume of all
glaciers around the globe, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf.,
117, F04010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002523, 2012.
Huss, M. and Hock, R.: A new model for global glacier change and sea-level
rise, Front. Earth Sci., 3, 00054, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00054,
2015.
Huss, M., Jouvet, G., Farinotti, D., and Bauder, A.: Future high-mountain hydrology: a new parameterization of glacier retreat, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 815–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-815-2010, 2010.
Hutchinson, M. F.: A new procedure for gridding elevation and stream line data
with automatic removal of spurious pits, J. Hydrol., 106,
211–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90073-5, 1989.
Li, H., Ng, F., Li, Z., Qin, D., and Cheng, G.: An extended
`perfect-plasticity' method for estimating ice thickness along the flow line
of mountain glaciers, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf.,
117, F01020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002104, 2012.
Linsbauer, A., Paul, F., and Haeberli, W.: Modeling glacier thickness
distribution and bed topography over entire mountain ranges with GlabTop:
application of a fast and robust approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 117, F03007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002313, 2012.
Maussion, F., Butenko, A., Champollion, N., Dusch, M., Eis, J., Fourteau, K., Gregor, P., Jarosch, A. H., Landmann, J., Oesterle, F., Recinos, B., Rothenpieler, T., Vlug, A., Wild, C. T., and Marzeion, B.: The Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) v1.1, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 909–931, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-909-2019, 2019.
Mikhalenko, V. N.: Osobennosti massoobmena lednikov ploskikh vershin
vnutrennego Tyan'-Shanya [Peculiarities of the mass exchange of flat summit
glaciers of interior Tyan'-Shan'], Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh
Issledovaniy (Data of Glaciological Studies), 65, 86–92, 1989 (in Russian).
Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Rabatel, A., and Morlighem, M.: Ice velocity and
thickness of the world's glaciers, Nat. Geosci., 15, 124–129,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00885-z, 2022.
Narod, B. B. and Clarke, G. K. C.: Miniature high-power impulse transmitter for
radio-echo sounding, J. Glaciol., 40, 190–194,
https://doi.org/10.3189/s002214300000397x, 1994.
Pfeffer, W. T., Arendt, A. A., Bliss, A., Bolch, T., Cogley, J. G., Gardner,
A. S., Hagen, J. O., Hock, R., Kaser, G., Kienholz, C., Miles, E. S.,
Moholdt, G., Mölg, N., Paul, F., Radic, V., Rastner, P.,
Raup, B. H., Rich, J., Sharp, M. J., and the Randolph Consortium: The
Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers,
J. Glaciol., 60, 537–552, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J176,
2014.
Pieczonka, T., Bolch, T., Kröhnert, M., Peters, J., and Liu, S.: Glacier
branch lines and glacier ice thickness estimation for debris-covered
glaciers in the Central Tien Shan, J. Glaciol., 64, 835–849,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.75, 2018.
RGI Consortium: Randolph Glacier Inventory – A Dataset of Global Glacier
Outlines, Version 6. Boulder, Colorado USA, NSIDC: National Snow and Ice
Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.7265/4m1f-gd79, 2017.
Takeuchi, N., Fujita, K., Aizen, V. B., Narama, C., Yokoyama, Y., Okamoto,
S., Naoki, K., and Kubota, J.: The disappearance of glaciers in the Tien
Shan Mountains in Central Asia at the end of Pleistocene, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 103, 26–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.006, 2014.
Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M., Lin, P. N., Yao, T., Dyurgerov, M., and Dai, J.: Recent warming: ice core evidence from tropical ice cores with emphasis on Central Asia, Global Planet. Change, 7, 145–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(93)90046-Q, 1993.
Van Tricht, L.: LanderVT/Icethickness-Grigoriev-ice-cap: Icethickness of the Grigoriev ice cap (Version v1), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7735970, 2023.
Van Tricht, L. and Huybrechts, P.: Thermal regime of the Grigoriev ice cap and the Sary-Tor glacier in the inner Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, The Cryosphere, 16, 4513–4535, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4513-2022, 2022.
Van Tricht, L., Huybrechts, P., Van Breedam, J., Fürst, J., Rybak, O.,
Satylkanov, R., Ermenbaiev B., Popovnin V., Neyns, R., Paice C. M., and Malz,
P.: Measuring and inferring the ice thickness distribution of four glaciers
in the Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, J. Glaciol., 67, 269–286,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.104, 2021a.
Van Tricht, L., Huybrechts, P., Van Breedam, J., Vanhulle, A., Van Oost, K., and Zekollari, H.: Estimating surface mass balance patterns from unoccupied aerial vehicle measurements in the ablation area of the Morteratsch–Pers glacier complex (Switzerland), The Cryosphere, 15, 4445–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4445-2021, 2021b.
Van Tricht, L., Paice, C. M., Rybak, O., Satylkanov, R., Popovnin, V., Solomina, O.,
and Huybrechts, P.: Reconstruction of the Historical (1750–2020) Mass
Balance of Bordu, Kara-Batkak and Sary-Tor Glaciers in the Inner Tien Shan,
Kyrgyzstan, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 734802,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.734802, 2021c.
Welty, E., Zemp, M., Navarro, F., Huss, M., Fürst, J. J., Gärtner-Roer, I., Landmann, J., Machguth, H., Naegeli, K., Andreassen, L. M., Farinotti, D., Li, H., and GlaThiDa Contributors: Worldwide version-controlled database of glacier thickness observations, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3039–3055, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3039-2020, 2020.
Zekollari, H., Huybrechts, P., Fürst, J. J., Rybak, O., and Eisen, O.:
Calibration of a higher-order 3-D ice-flow model of the Morteratsch glacier
complex, Engadin, Switzerland, Ann. Glaciol., 54, 343–351,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG63A434, 2013.
Short summary
We performed a field campaign to measure the ice thickness of the Grigoriev ice cap (Central Asia). We interpolated the ice thickness data to obtain an ice thickness distribution representing the state of the ice cap in 2021, with a total volume of ca. 0.4 km3. We then compared our results with global ice thickness datasets composed without our local measurements. The main takeaway is that these datasets do not perform well enough yet for ice caps such as the Grigoriev ice cap.
We performed a field campaign to measure the ice thickness of the Grigoriev ice cap (Central...
