Articles | Volume 17, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4047-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4047-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Sep 2023
Research article |
| 19 Sep 2023
| 19 Sep 2023
Deformation lines in Arctic sea ice: intersection angle distribution and mechanical properties
Damien Ringeisen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen, Germany
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Nils Hutter
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Luisa von Albedyll
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Related authors
Gavin A. Schmidt, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Jonathan L. Bamber, Dustin Carroll, David M. Chandler, Violaine Coulon, Benjamin J. Davison, Matthew H. England, Paul R. Holland, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Qian Li, Juliana M. Marson, Pierre Mathiot, Clive R. McMahon, Twila A. Moon, Ruth Mottram, Sophie Nowicki, Anne Olivé Abelló, Andrew G. Pauling, Thomas Rackow, and Damien Ringeisen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1940, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1940, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of increasing mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets has not so far been included in historical climate model simulations. This paper describes the protocols and data available for modeling groups to add this anomalous freshwater to their ocean modules to better represent the impacts of these fluxes on ocean circulation, sea ice, salinity and sea level.
Jean-Francois Lemieux, Mathieu Plante, Nils Hutter, Damien Ringeisen, Bruno Tremblay, Francois Roy, and Philippe Blain
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3831, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3831, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice models simulate angles between cracks that are too wide compared to observations. Ringeisen et al. argue that this is due to the flow rule which defines the fracture deformations. We implemented a non-normal flow rule. This flow rule also leads to angles that are too wide. This is a consequence of deformations that tend to align with the grid. Nevertheless, this flow rule could be used to optimize deformations while other parameters could be used to modify landfast ice and ice drift.
Mathieu Plante, Jean-François Lemieux, L. Bruno Tremblay, Amélie Bouchat, Damien Ringeisen, Philippe Blain, Stephen Howell, Mike Brady, Alexander S. Komarov, Béatrice Duval, Lekima Yakuden, and Frédérique Labelle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 423–434, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-423-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-423-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice forms a thin boundary between the ocean and the atmosphere, with complex, crust-like dynamics and ever-changing networks of sea ice leads and ridges. Statistics of these dynamical features are often used to evaluate sea ice models. Here, we present a new pan-Arctic dataset of sea ice deformations derived from satellite imagery, from 1 September 2017 to 31 August 2023. We discuss the dataset coverage and some limitations associated with uncertainties in the computed values.
Damien Ringeisen, L. Bruno Tremblay, and Martin Losch
The Cryosphere, 15, 2873–2888, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Deformations in the Arctic sea ice cover take the shape of narrow lines. High-resolution sea ice models recreate these deformation lines. Recent studies have shown that the most widely used sea ice model creates fracture lines with intersection angles larger than those observed and cannot create smaller angles. In our work, we change the way sea ice deforms post-fracture. This change allows us to understand the link between the sea ice model and intersection angles and create more acute angles.
Gavin A. Schmidt, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Jonathan L. Bamber, Dustin Carroll, David M. Chandler, Violaine Coulon, Benjamin J. Davison, Matthew H. England, Paul R. Holland, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Qian Li, Juliana M. Marson, Pierre Mathiot, Clive R. McMahon, Twila A. Moon, Ruth Mottram, Sophie Nowicki, Anne Olivé Abelló, Andrew G. Pauling, Thomas Rackow, and Damien Ringeisen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1940, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1940, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of increasing mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets has not so far been included in historical climate model simulations. This paper describes the protocols and data available for modeling groups to add this anomalous freshwater to their ocean modules to better represent the impacts of these fluxes on ocean circulation, sea ice, salinity and sea level.
Jean-Francois Lemieux, Mathieu Plante, Nils Hutter, Damien Ringeisen, Bruno Tremblay, Francois Roy, and Philippe Blain
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3831, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3831, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice models simulate angles between cracks that are too wide compared to observations. Ringeisen et al. argue that this is due to the flow rule which defines the fracture deformations. We implemented a non-normal flow rule. This flow rule also leads to angles that are too wide. This is a consequence of deformations that tend to align with the grid. Nevertheless, this flow rule could be used to optimize deformations while other parameters could be used to modify landfast ice and ice drift.
Mathieu Plante, Jean-François Lemieux, L. Bruno Tremblay, Amélie Bouchat, Damien Ringeisen, Philippe Blain, Stephen Howell, Mike Brady, Alexander S. Komarov, Béatrice Duval, Lekima Yakuden, and Frédérique Labelle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 423–434, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-423-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-423-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice forms a thin boundary between the ocean and the atmosphere, with complex, crust-like dynamics and ever-changing networks of sea ice leads and ridges. Statistics of these dynamical features are often used to evaluate sea ice models. Here, we present a new pan-Arctic dataset of sea ice deformations derived from satellite imagery, from 1 September 2017 to 31 August 2023. We discuss the dataset coverage and some limitations associated with uncertainties in the computed values.
Yi Zhou, Xianwei Wang, Ruibo Lei, Arttu Jutila, Donald K. Perovich, Luisa von Albedyll, Dmitry V. Divine, Yu Zhang, and Christian Haas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2821, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2821, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how the bulk density of Arctic sea ice varies seasonally, a factor often overlooked in satellite measurements of sea ice thickness. From October to April, we found significant seasonal variations in sea ice bulk density at different spatial scales using direct observations as well as airborne and satellite data. New models were then developed to indirectly predict sea ice bulk density. This advance can improve our ability to monitor changes in Arctic sea ice.
Niels Fuchs, Luisa von Albedyll, Gerit Birnbaum, Felix Linhardt, Natascha Oppelt, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 18, 2991–3015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2991-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2991-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Melt ponds are key components of the Arctic sea ice system, yet methods to derive comprehensive pond depth data are missing. We present a shallow-water bathymetry retrieval to derive this elementary pond property at high spatial resolution from aerial images. The retrieval method is presented in a user-friendly way to facilitate replication. Furthermore, we provide pond properties on the MOSAiC expedition floe, giving insights into the three-dimensional pond evolution before and after drainage.
Yi Zhou, Xianwei Wang, Ruibo Lei, Luisa von Albedyll, Donald K. Perovich, Yu Zhang, and Christian Haas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1240, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how the density of Arctic sea ice varies seasonally, a factor often overlooked in satellite measurements of sea ice thickness. From October to April, using direct observations and satellite data, we found that sea ice density decreases significantly until mid-January due to increased porosity as the ice ages, and then stabilizes until April. We then developed new models to estimate sea ice density. This advance can improve our ability to monitor changes in Arctic sea ice.
Luisa von Albedyll, Stefan Hendricks, Nils Hutter, Dmitrii Murashkin, Lars Kaleschke, Sascha Willmes, Linda Thielke, Xiangshan Tian-Kunze, Gunnar Spreen, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 18, 1259–1285, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1259-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1259-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Leads (openings in sea ice cover) are created by sea ice dynamics. Because they are important for many processes in the Arctic winter climate, we aim to detect them with satellites. We present two new techniques to detect lead widths of a few hundred meters at high spatial resolution (700 m) and independent of clouds or sun illumination. We use the MOSAiC drift 2019–2020 in the Arctic for our case study and compare our new products to other existing lead products.
Pablo Saavedra Garfias, Heike Kalesse-Los, Luisa von Albedyll, Hannes Griesche, and Gunnar Spreen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14521–14546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14521-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14521-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An important Arctic climate process is the release of heat fluxes from sea ice openings to the atmosphere that influence the clouds. The characterization of this process is the objective of this study. Using synergistic observations from the MOSAiC expedition, we found that single-layer cloud properties show significant differences when clouds are coupled or decoupled to the water vapour transport which is used as physical link between the upwind sea ice openings and the cloud under observation.
Alexandra M. Zuhr, Erik Loebel, Marek Muchow, Donovan Dennis, Luisa von Albedyll, Frigga Kruse, Heidemarie Kassens, Johanna Grabow, Dieter Piepenburg, Sören Brandt, Rainer Lehmann, Marlene Jessen, Friederike Krüger, Monika Kallfelz, Andreas Preußer, Matthias Braun, Thorsten Seehaus, Frank Lisker, Daniela Röhnert, and Mirko Scheinert
Polarforschung, 91, 73–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-73-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-73-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polar research is an interdisciplinary and multi-faceted field of research. Its diversity ranges from history to geology and geophysics to social sciences and education. This article provides insights into the different areas of German polar research. This was made possible by a seminar series, POLARSTUNDE, established in the summer of 2020 and organized by the German Society of Polar Research and the German National Committee of the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS Germany).
Erik Loebel, Luisa von Albedyll, Rey Mourot, and Lena Nicola
Polarforschung, 90, 29–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-29-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
On the occasion of Polar Week in March 2021 and with the motto
let’s talk fieldwork, APECS Germany hosted an online polar fieldwork panel discussion. Joined by a group of six early-career polar scientists and an audience of over 140 participants, the event provided an informal environment for debating experiences, issues and ideas. This contribution summarizes the event, sharing practical knowledge about polar fieldwork and fieldwork opportunities for early-career scientists.
Arttu Jutila, Stefan Hendricks, Robert Ricker, Luisa von Albedyll, Thomas Krumpen, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 16, 259–275, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-259-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-259-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-ice thickness retrieval from satellite altimeters relies on assumed sea-ice density values because density cannot be measured from space. We derived bulk densities for different ice types using airborne laser, radar, and electromagnetic induction sounding measurements. Compared to previous studies, we found high bulk density values due to ice deformation and younger ice cover. Using sea-ice freeboard, we derived a sea-ice bulk density parameterisation that can be applied to satellite data.
Thomas Krumpen, Luisa von Albedyll, Helge F. Goessling, Stefan Hendricks, Bennet Juhls, Gunnar Spreen, Sascha Willmes, H. Jakob Belter, Klaus Dethloff, Christian Haas, Lars Kaleschke, Christian Katlein, Xiangshan Tian-Kunze, Robert Ricker, Philip Rostosky, Janna Rückert, Suman Singha, and Julia Sokolova
The Cryosphere, 15, 3897–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3897-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3897-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use satellite data records collected along the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) drift to categorize ice conditions that shaped and characterized the floe and surroundings during the expedition. A comparison with previous years is made whenever possible. The aim of this analysis is to provide a basis and reference for subsequent research in the six main research areas of atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, biogeochemistry, remote sensing and ecology.
Damien Ringeisen, L. Bruno Tremblay, and Martin Losch
The Cryosphere, 15, 2873–2888, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Deformations in the Arctic sea ice cover take the shape of narrow lines. High-resolution sea ice models recreate these deformation lines. Recent studies have shown that the most widely used sea ice model creates fracture lines with intersection angles larger than those observed and cannot create smaller angles. In our work, we change the way sea ice deforms post-fracture. This change allows us to understand the link between the sea ice model and intersection angles and create more acute angles.
H. Jakob Belter, Thomas Krumpen, Luisa von Albedyll, Tatiana A. Alekseeva, Gerit Birnbaum, Sergei V. Frolov, Stefan Hendricks, Andreas Herber, Igor Polyakov, Ian Raphael, Robert Ricker, Sergei S. Serovetnikov, Melinda Webster, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 15, 2575–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2575-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2575-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Summer sea ice thickness observations based on electromagnetic induction measurements north of Fram Strait show a 20 % reduction in mean and modal ice thickness from 2001–2020. The observed variability is caused by changes in drift speeds and consequential variations in sea ice age and number of freezing-degree days. Increased ocean heat fluxes measured upstream in the source regions of Arctic ice seem to precondition ice thickness, which is potentially still measurable more than a year later.
Luisa von Albedyll
Polarforschung, 89, 115–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-89-115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-89-115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Submarines and satellites observed a halving of Arctic sea ice thickness in the last 60 years. Sea ice thinning alters the Arctic climate and ecosystem and the weather in our latitudes. Rising air and ocean temperatures and increased ice drift speeds cause the thinning. Thinner ice breaks up easier, and can pile up locally in thick ridges. Understanding the contribution of those processes to the ice thickness enables us to better predict the future of Arctic sea ice.
Luisa von Albedyll, Christian Haas, and Wolfgang Dierking
The Cryosphere, 15, 2167–2186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Convergent sea ice motion produces a thick ice cover through ridging. We studied sea ice deformation derived from high-resolution satellite imagery and related it to the corresponding thickness change. We found that deformation explains the observed dynamic thickness change. We show that deformation can be used to model realistic ice thickness distributions. Our results revealed new relationships between thickness redistribution and deformation that could improve sea ice models.
Cited articles
Balendran, B. and Nemat-Nasser, S.: Double sliding model for cyclic deformation
of granular materials, including dilatancy effects, J. Mech.
Phys. Sol., 41, 573–612, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(93)90049-L,
1993. a
Bouchat, A. and Tremblay, B.: Using sea-ice deformation fields to constrain the
mechanical strength parameters of geophysical sea ice, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 122, 5802–5825, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013020, 2017. a
Bouchat, A. and Tremblay, B.: Reassessing the Quality of Sea-Ice
Deformation Estimates Derived From the RADARSAT Geophysical
Processor System and Its Impact on the Spatiotemporal Scaling
Statistics, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015944,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015944, 2020. a
Bouchat, A., Hutter, N., Chanut, J., Dupont, F., Dukhovskoy, D., Garric, G.,
Lee, Y. J., Lemieux, J., Lique, C., Losch, M., Maslowski, W., Myers, P. G.,
Ólason, E., Rampal, P., Rasmussen, T., Talandier, C., Tremblay, B., and
Wang, Q.: Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx): 1. Scaling and Statistical
Properties of Sea‐Ice Deformation Fields, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, e2021JC017667, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jc017667, 2022. a
Clauset, A., Shalizi, C. R., and Newman, M. E. J.: Power-Law Distributions
in Empirical Data, SIAM Rev., 51, 661–703, https://doi.org/10.1137/070710111,
2009. a
Coulomb, C.: Test on the applications of the rules of maxima and minima to some
problems of statics related to architecture, Mem. Math Phys., 7, 343–382,
1773. a
Coulomb, C. A.: Essai sur une application des règles de maximis & minimis à
quelques problèmes de statique, relatifs à l'architecture, Paris: De
l'Imprimerie Royale, 1776. a
Cunningham, G., Kwok, R., and Banfield, J.: Ice lead orientation
characteristics in the winter Beaufort Sea, in: Proceedings of IGARSS
'94 - 1994 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium, 3, 1747–1749 vol.3, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1994.399553,
1994. a, b
Dansereau, V., Weiss, J., Saramito, P., and Lattes, P.: A Maxwell elasto-brittle rheology for sea ice modelling, The Cryosphere, 10, 1339–1359, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1339-2016, 2016. a, b
Drucker, D. C.: A Definition of Stable Inelastic Material, J.
Appl. Mech., 26, 101–106, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4011929, 1959. a
Feltham, D. L.: Granular flow in the marginal ice zone, Philos.
T. R. Soc. A, 363, 1677–1700, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1601, 2005. a
Golding, N., Schulson, E. M., and Renshaw, C. E.: Shear faulting and localized
heating in ice: The influence of confinement, Acta Mater., 58,
5043–5056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.05.040, 2010. a
Heorton, H. D. B. S., Feltham, D. L., and Tsamados, M.: Stress and deformation
characteristics of sea ice in a high-resolution, anisotropic sea ice model,
Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 376, 20170349, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0349, 2018. a
Hibler, W. D.: A Dynamic Thermodynamic Sea Ice Model, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 815–846,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0815:ADTSIM>2.0.CO;2, 1979. a, b, c
Hollands, T. and Dierking, W.: Performance of a multiscale correlation
algorithm for the estimation of sea-ice drift from SAR images: initial
results, Ann. Glaciol., 52, 311–317,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931462,
2011. a
Hopkins, M. A.: On the ridging of intact lead ice, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 99, 16351–16360, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC00996, 1994. a
Hutchings, J. K., Heil, P., and Hibler, W. D.: Modeling Linear Kinematic
Features in Sea Ice, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 3481–3497,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3045.1, 2005. a, b
Hutchings, J. K., Roberts, A., Geiger, C. A., and Richter-Menge, J.: Spatial
and temporal characterization of sea-ice deformation, Ann. Glaciol.,
52, 360–368, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931769, 2011. a
Hutter, N.: lkf_tools: a code to detect and track Linear Kinematic Features
(LKFs) in sea-ice deformation data (Version v1.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2560078, 2019. a
Hutter, N.: lkf_tools: a code to detect and track Linear Kinematic
Features (LKFs) in sea-ice deformation data (Version v2.0), Zenodo [code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8107224, 2023. a, b
Hutter, N. and Losch, M.: Feature-based comparison of sea ice deformation in lead-permitting sea ice simulations, The Cryosphere, 14, 93–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-93-2020, 2020. a, b
Hutter, N. and von Albedyll, L.: Linear Kinematic Features (leads & pressure ridges) detected and tracked in Sentinel-1 drift and deformation data during the MOSAiC expedition, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.962308, 2023. a, b
Hutter, N., Martin, L., and Dimitris, M.: Scaling Properties of Arctic
Sea Ice Deformation in a High-Resolution Viscous-Plastic Sea
Ice Model and in Satellite Observations, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 123, 672–687, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013119, 2018. a
Hutter, N., Zampieri, L., and Losch, M.: Linear Kinematic Features (leads
& pressure ridges) detected and tracked in RADARSAT Geophysical
Processor System (RGPS) sea-ice deformation data from 1997 to 2008, Alfred Wegener Institute,
Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.898114,
2019b. a, b, c, d
Hutter, N., Bouchat, A., Dupont, F., Dukhovskoy, D., Koldunov, N., Lee, Y. J.,
Lemieux, J.-F., Lique, C., Losch, M., Maslowski, W., Myers, P. G., Ólason,
E., Rampal, P., Rasmussen, T., Talandier, C., Tremblay, B., and Wang, Q.: Sea
Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx): 2. Evaluating Linear Kinematic
Features in High-Resolution Sea Ice Simulations, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, e2021JC017666,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017666, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Hutter, N., Ringeisen, D., and Von Albedyl, L.: Deformation lines in Arctic
sea ice: intersection angles distribution and mechanical properties – codes
and intersection angle data, Zenodo [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8125554, 2023. a
Itkin, P., Losch, M., and Gerdes, R.: Landfast ice affects the stability of the
Arctic halocline: Evidence from a numerical model, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 120, 2622–2635, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010353, 2015. a
Keen, A., Blockley, E., Bailey, D. A., Boldingh Debernard, J., Bushuk, M., Delhaye, S., Docquier, D., Feltham, D., Massonnet, F., O'Farrell, S., Ponsoni, L., Rodriguez, J. M., Schroeder, D., Swart, N., Toyoda, T., Tsujino, H., Vancoppenolle, M., and Wyser, K.: An inter-comparison of the mass budget of the Arctic sea ice in CMIP6 models, The Cryosphere, 15, 951–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-951-2021, 2021. a
Krumpen, T., Haapala, J., Krocker, R., and Bartsch, A.: Ice radar raw data
(sigma S6 ice radar) of RV POLARSTERN during cruise PS122/1, PANGAEA
[data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.929434, 2021a. a
Krumpen, T., von Albedyll, L., Goessling, H. F., Hendricks, S., Juhls, B., Spreen, G., Willmes, S., Belter, H. J., Dethloff, K., Haas, C., Kaleschke, L., Katlein, C., Tian-Kunze, X., Ricker, R., Rostosky, P., Rückert, J., Singha, S., and Sokolova, J.: MOSAiC drift expedition from October 2019 to July 2020: sea ice conditions from space and comparison with previous years, The Cryosphere, 15, 3897–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3897-2021, 2021b. a
Kwok, R.: Deformation of the Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover between
November 1996 and April 1997: A Qualitative Survey, in: IUTAM
Symposium on Scaling Laws in Ice Mechanics and Ice Dynamics,
edited by Dempsey, J. P. and Shen, H. H., Solid Mechanics and Its
Applications, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 315–322,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9735-7, 2001. a
Kwok, R., Schweiger, A., Rothrock, D. A., Pang, S., and Kottmeier, C.: Sea ice
motion from satellite passive microwave imagery assessed with ERS SAR and
buoy motions, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 8191–8214,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC03334, 1998. a, b
Linow, S. and Dierking, W.: Object-Based Detection of Linear Kinematic
Features in Sea Ice, Remote Sens., 9, 493, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9050493, 2017. a
Marko, J. R. and Thomson, R. E.: Rectilinear leads and internal motions in the
ice pack of the western Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.,
82, 979–987, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC082i006p00979, 1977. a, b, c
Marsan, D., Stern, H., Lindsay, R., and Weiss, J.: Scale Dependence and
Localization of the Deformation of Arctic Sea Ice, Phys. Rev.
Lett., 93, 178501, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.178501, 2004. a
Maykut, G. A.: Energy exchange over young sea ice in the central Arctic,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 83, 3646–3658,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC083iC07p03646,
1978. a
McPhee, M. G., Kwok, R., Robins, R., and Coon, M.: Upwelling of Arctic
pycnocline associated with shear motion of sea ice, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 32, L10616, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021819, 2005. a
Mohammadi-Aragh, M., Losch, M., and Goessling, H. F.: Comparing Arctic Sea
Ice Model Simulations to Satellite Observations by Multiscale
Directional Analysis of Linear Kinematic Features, Mon. Weather
Rev., 148, 3287–3303, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0359.1, 2020. a, b
Nguyen, A. T., Kwok, R., and Menemenlis, D.: Source and Pathway of the
Western Arctic Upper Halocline in a Data-Constrained Coupled
Ocean and Sea Ice Model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42,
802–823, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-040.1, 2012. a
Nicolaus, M., Perovich, D. K., Spreen, G., Granskog, M. A., von Albedyll, L.,
Angelopoulos, M., Anhaus, P., Arndt, S., Belter, H. J., Bessonov, V.,
Birnbaum, G., Brauchle, J., Calmer, R., Cardellach, E., Cheng, B.,
Clemens-Sewall, D., Dadic, R., Damm, E., de Boer, G., Demir, O., Dethloff,
K., Divine, D. V., Fong, A. A., Fons, S., Frey, M. M., Fuchs, N., Gabarró,
C., Gerland, S., Goessling, H. F., Gradinger, R., Haapala, J., Haas, C.,
Hamilton, J., Hannula, H.-R., Hendricks, S., Herber, A., Heuzé, C.,
Hoppmann, M., Høyland, K. V., Huntemann, M., Hutchings, J. K., Hwang, B.,
Itkin, P., Jacobi, H.-W., Jaggi, M., Jutila, A., Kaleschke, L., Katlein, C.,
Kolabutin, N., Krampe, D., Kristensen, S. S., Krumpen, T., Kurtz, N.,
Lampert, A., Lange, B. A., Lei, R., Light, B., Linhardt, F., Liston, G. E.,
Loose, B., Macfarlane, A. R., Mahmud, M., Matero, I. O., Maus, S.,
Morgenstern, A., Naderpour, R., Nandan, V., Niubom, A., Oggier, M., Oppelt,
N., Pätzold, F., Perron, C., Petrovsky, T., Pirazzini, R., Polashenski, C.,
Rabe, B., Raphael, I. A., Regnery, J., Rex, M., Ricker, R., Riemann-Campe,
K., Rinke, A., Rohde, J., Salganik, E., Scharien, R. K., Schiller, M.,
Schneebeli, M., Semmling, M., Shimanchuk, E., Shupe, M. D., Smith, M. M.,
Smolyanitsky, V., Sokolov, V., Stanton, T., Stroeve, J., Thielke, L.,
Timofeeva, A., Tonboe, R. T., Tavri, A., Tsamados, M., Wagner, D. N.,
Watkins, D., Webster, M., and Wendisch, M.: Overview of the MOSAiC
expedition: Snow and sea ice, Elementa, 10,
000046, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046, 2022. a
Oda, M. and Kazama, H.: Microstructure of shear bands and its relation to the
mechanisms of dilatancy and failure of dense granular soils, Géotechnique,
48, 465–481, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.4.465,
1998. a
Oikkonen, A., Haapala, J., Lensu, M., Karvonen, J., and Itkin, P.: Small-scale
sea ice deformation during N-ICE2015: From compact pack ice to marginal
ice zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 5105–5120,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012387, 2017. a
Overland, J. E., McNutt, S. L., Salo, S., Groves, J., and Li, S.: Arctic sea
ice as a granular plastic, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103,
21845–21867, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC01263, 1998. a
Pritchard, R. S.: Mathematical characteristics of sea ice dynamics models,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 93, 15609–15618,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC12p15609, 1988. a
Rampal, P., Weiss, J., Marsan, D., Lindsay, R., and Stern, H.: Scaling
properties of sea ice deformation from buoy dispersion analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004143, 2008. a
Ringeisen, D., Losch, M., and Tremblay, B.: New constitutive equations for the
teardrop and parabolic lens yield curves in viscous-plastic sea ice models,
Earth and Space Science Open Archive [preprint], https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10510575.1,
2022. a, b, c, d
Roscoe, K. H.: The Influence of Strains in Soil Mechanics,
Géotechnique, 20, 129–170, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1970.20.2.129, 1970. a, b, c
Rothrock, D. A.: The energetics of the plastic deformation of pack ice by
ridging, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 4514–4519,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC080i033p04514, 1975. a, b
Rothrock, D. A. and Thorndike, A. S.: Measuring the sea ice floe size
distribution, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 89, 6477–6486,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC089iC04p06477, 1984. a
Schall, P. and van Hecke, M.: Shear Bands in Matter with Granularity,
Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 42, 67–88,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-121108-145544, 2010. a
Schulson, E. M.: Brittle Failure of Ice, Rev. Mineral.
Geochem., 51, 201–252, https://doi.org/10.2138/gsrmg.51.1.201, 2002. a
Schulson, E. M., Fortt, A. L., Iliescu, D., and Renshaw, C. E.: Failure
envelope of first-year Arctic sea ice: The role of friction in
compressive fracture, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 111, C11S25,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003235, 2006. a, b, c
Stern, H. L., Rothrock, D. A., and Kwok, R.: Open water production in Arctic
sea ice: Satellite measurements and model parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 100, 20601–20612, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC02306,
1995. a, b
Stern, H. L., Schweiger, A. J., Stark, M., Zhang, J., Steele, M., and Hwang,
B.: Seasonal evolution of the sea-ice floe size distribution in the
Beaufort and Chukchi seas, Elementa, 6, 48,
https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.305, 2018. a
Stroeve, J., Barrett, A., Serreze, M., and Schweiger, A.: Using records from submarine, aircraft and satellites to evaluate climate model simulations of Arctic sea ice thickness, The Cryosphere, 8, 1839–1854, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1839-2014, 2014. a
Tetzlaff, A., Lüpkes, C., and Hartmann, J.: Aircraft-based observations of
atmospheric boundary-layer modification over Arctic leads, Q.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2839–2856,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2568, 2015. a
Thomas, M., Geiger, C. A., and Kambhamettu, C.: High resolution (400 m) motion
characterization of sea ice using ERS-1 SAR imagery, Cold Reg. Sci.
Technol., 52, 207–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.06.006, 2008. a
Thomas, M., Kambhamettu, C., and Geiger, C. A.: Motion Tracking of
Discontinuous Sea Ice, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 49, 5064–5079, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2158005, 2011. a
Thorndike, A. S., Rothrock, D. A., Maykut, G. A., and Colony, R.: The thickness
distribution of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 4501–4513,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC080i033p04501, 1975. a
Tremblay, L.-B. and Mysak, L. A.: Modeling Sea Ice as a Granular
Material, Including the Dilatancy Effect, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 27, 2342–2360,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<2342:MSIAAG>2.0.CO;2, 1997. a, b, c
Untersteiner, N.: On the mass and heat budget of arctic sea ice, Archiv für
Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A, 12, 151–182,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02247491, 1961. a
Vermeer, P. A.: The orientation of shear bands in biaxial tests, Géotechnique, 40, 223–236,
https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1990.40.2.223, 1990.
a
von Albedyll, L. and Hutter, N.: High-resolution sea ice drift and
deformation from sequential SAR images in the Transpolar Drift during MOSAiC
2019/2020, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.958449, 2023. a, b, c
von Albedyll, L., Haas, C., and Dierking, W.: Linking sea ice deformation to ice thickness redistribution using high-resolution satellite and airborne observations, The Cryosphere, 15, 2167–2186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2167-2021, 2021. a, b
von Albedyll, L., Hendricks, S., Grodofzig, R., Krumpen, T., Arndt, S., Belter,
H. J., Birnbaum, G., Cheng, B., Hoppmann, M., Hutchings, J., Itkin, P., Lei,
R., Nicolaus, M., Ricker, R., Rohde, J., Suhrhoff, M., Timofeeva, A.,
Watkins, D., Webster, M., and Haas, C.: Thermodynamic and dynamic
contributions to seasonal Arctic sea ice thickness distributions from
airborne observations, Elementa, 10, 00074,
https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00074, 2022. a, b
Walter, B. A. and Overland, J. E.: The response of lead patterns in the
Beaufort Sea to storm-scale wind forcing, Ann. Glaciol., 17,
219–226, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500012878, 1993. a, b
Weiss, J.: Sea Ice Deformation, in: Drift, Deformation, and Fracture of Sea
Ice, SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences, Springer Netherlands, 31–51,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6202-2_3, 2013. a
Weiss, J. and Dansereau, V.: Linking scales in sea ice mechanics, Philos. T.
R. Soc. A, 375, 20150352, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0352, 2017. a
Wilchinsky, A. V. and Feltham, D. L.: A continuum anisotropic model of sea-ice
dynamics, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 460, 2105–2140,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2004.1282, 2004. a
Wilchinsky, A. V. and Feltham, D. L.: Modeling Coulombic failure of sea ice
with leads, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C08040,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007071, 2011. a
Wilchinsky, A. V., Feltham, D. L., and Hopkins, M. A.: Effect of shear rupture
on aggregate scale formation in sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C10002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006043, 2010. a
Short summary
When sea ice is put into motion by wind and ocean currents, it deforms following narrow lines. Our two datasets at different locations and resolutions show that the intersection angle between these lines is often acute and rarely obtuse. We use the orientation of narrow lines to gain indications about the mechanical properties of sea ice and to constrain how to design sea-ice mechanical models for high-resolution simulation of the Arctic and improve regional predictions of sea-ice motion.
When sea ice is put into motion by wind and ocean currents, it deforms following narrow lines....
