Articles | Volume 14, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3875-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3875-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Nov 2020
Research article |
| 10 Nov 2020
| 10 Nov 2020
Temperature and strain controls on ice deformation mechanisms: insights from the microstructures of samples deformed to progressively higher strains at −10, −20 and −30 °C
Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Travis F. Hager
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
David J. Prior
Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Andrew J. Cross
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
David L. Goldsby
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Key laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Marianne Negrini
Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
John Wheeler
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
Related authors
Qinyu Wang, Sheng Fan, Daniel H. Richards, Rachel Worthington, David J. Prior, and Chao Qi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-331, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-331, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To examine if the single cluster fabric in natural ice is formed due to high strains, we deformed synthetic ice to large strains using a unique technique. A shear strain of 6.2 was achieved in laboratory. We explored how the two mechanisms, which control microstructure and fabric evolution, evolve with strain, and established a fabric development model. These results will help understanding the fabrics in natural ice and further comprehending glacier and ice sheet flow dynamics.
Qinyu Wang, Sheng Fan, and Chao Qi
The Cryosphere, 18, 1053–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1053-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explored how the grain size of polycrystalline ice is affected by soluble impurities by conducting experiments on ice-containing salts. Results showed that above/below the eutectic point, impurities enhance/hinder grain growth, due to production of melts/precipitation of salt hydrates. Our findings offer insights into the dynamics of natural ice masses.
Sheng Fan, David J. Prior, Brent Pooley, Hamish Bowman, Lucy Davidson, David Wallis, Sandra Piazolo, Chao Qi, David L. Goldsby, and Travis F. Hager
The Cryosphere, 17, 3443–3459, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The microstructure of ice controls the behaviour of polar ice flow. Grain growth can modify the microstructure of ice; however, its processes and kinetics are poorly understood. We conduct grain-growth experiments on synthetic and natural ice samples at 0 °C. Microstructural data show synthetic ice grows continuously with time. In contrast, natural ice does not grow within a month. The inhibition of grain growth in natural ice is largely contributed by bubble pinning at ice grain boundaries.
Franz Lutz, David J. Prior, Holly Still, M. Hamish Bowman, Bia Boucinhas, Lisa Craw, Sheng Fan, Daeyeong Kim, Robert Mulvaney, Rilee E. Thomas, and Christina L. Hulbe
The Cryosphere, 16, 3313–3329, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice crystal alignment in the sheared margins of fast-flowing polar ice is important as it may control the ice sheet flow rate, from land to the ocean. Sampling shear margins is difficult because of logistical and safety considerations. We show that crystal alignments in a glacier shear margin in Antarctica can be measured using sound waves. Results from a seismic experiment on the 50 m scale and from ultrasonic experiments on the decimetre scale match ice crystal measurements from an ice core.
Lisa Craw, Adam Treverrow, Sheng Fan, Mark Peternell, Sue Cook, Felicity McCormack, and Jason Roberts
The Cryosphere, 15, 2235–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2235-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheet and ice shelf models rely on data from experiments to accurately represent the way ice moves. Performing experiments at the temperatures and stresses that are generally present in nature takes a long time, and so there are few of these datasets. Here, we test the method of speeding up an experiment by running it initially at a higher temperature, before dropping to a lower target temperature to generate the relevant data. We show that this method can reduce experiment time by 55 %.
Morgan E. Monz, Peter J. Hudleston, David J. Prior, Zachary Michels, Sheng Fan, Marianne Negrini, Pat J. Langhorne, and Chao Qi
The Cryosphere, 15, 303–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present full crystallographic orientations of warm, coarse-grained ice deformed in a shear setting, enabling better characterization of how crystals in glacial ice preferentially align as ice flows. A commonly noted c-axis pattern, with several favored orientations, may result from bias due to overcounting large crystals with complex 3D shapes. A new sample preparation method effectively increases the sample size and reduces bias, resulting in a simpler pattern consistent with the ice flow.
Chao Qi, David J. Prior, Lisa Craw, Sheng Fan, Maria-Gema Llorens, Albert Griera, Marianne Negrini, Paul D. Bons, and David L. Goldsby
The Cryosphere, 13, 351–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice deformed in nature develops crystallographic preferred orientations, CPOs, which induce an anisotropy in ice viscosity. Shear experiments of ice revealed a transition in CPO with changing temperature/strain, which is due to the change of dominant CPO-formation mechanism: strain-induced grain boundary migration dominates at higher temperatures and lower strains, while lattice rotation dominates at other conditions. Understanding these mechanisms aids the interpretation of CPOs in natural ice.
Qinyu Wang, Sheng Fan, Daniel H. Richards, Rachel Worthington, David J. Prior, and Chao Qi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-331, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-331, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To examine if the single cluster fabric in natural ice is formed due to high strains, we deformed synthetic ice to large strains using a unique technique. A shear strain of 6.2 was achieved in laboratory. We explored how the two mechanisms, which control microstructure and fabric evolution, evolve with strain, and established a fabric development model. These results will help understanding the fabrics in natural ice and further comprehending glacier and ice sheet flow dynamics.
Qinyu Wang, Sheng Fan, and Chao Qi
The Cryosphere, 18, 1053–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1053-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explored how the grain size of polycrystalline ice is affected by soluble impurities by conducting experiments on ice-containing salts. Results showed that above/below the eutectic point, impurities enhance/hinder grain growth, due to production of melts/precipitation of salt hydrates. Our findings offer insights into the dynamics of natural ice masses.
Sheng Fan, David J. Prior, Brent Pooley, Hamish Bowman, Lucy Davidson, David Wallis, Sandra Piazolo, Chao Qi, David L. Goldsby, and Travis F. Hager
The Cryosphere, 17, 3443–3459, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The microstructure of ice controls the behaviour of polar ice flow. Grain growth can modify the microstructure of ice; however, its processes and kinetics are poorly understood. We conduct grain-growth experiments on synthetic and natural ice samples at 0 °C. Microstructural data show synthetic ice grows continuously with time. In contrast, natural ice does not grow within a month. The inhibition of grain growth in natural ice is largely contributed by bubble pinning at ice grain boundaries.
Franz Lutz, David J. Prior, Holly Still, M. Hamish Bowman, Bia Boucinhas, Lisa Craw, Sheng Fan, Daeyeong Kim, Robert Mulvaney, Rilee E. Thomas, and Christina L. Hulbe
The Cryosphere, 16, 3313–3329, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice crystal alignment in the sheared margins of fast-flowing polar ice is important as it may control the ice sheet flow rate, from land to the ocean. Sampling shear margins is difficult because of logistical and safety considerations. We show that crystal alignments in a glacier shear margin in Antarctica can be measured using sound waves. Results from a seismic experiment on the 50 m scale and from ultrasonic experiments on the decimetre scale match ice crystal measurements from an ice core.
Maria-Gema Llorens, Albert Griera, Paul D. Bons, Ilka Weikusat, David J. Prior, Enrique Gomez-Rivas, Tamara de Riese, Ivone Jimenez-Munt, Daniel García-Castellanos, and Ricardo A. Lebensohn
The Cryosphere, 16, 2009–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Polar ice is formed by ice crystals, which form fabrics that are utilised to interpret how ice sheets flow. It is unclear whether fabrics result from the current flow regime or if they are inherited. To understand the extent to which ice crystals can be reoriented when ice flow conditions change, we simulate and evaluate multi-stage ice flow scenarios according to natural cases. We find that second deformation regimes normally overprint inherited fabrics, with a range of transitional fabrics.
Matthew S. Tarling, Matteo Demurtas, Steven A. F. Smith, Jeremy S. Rooney, Marianne Negrini, Cecilia Viti, Jasmine R. Petriglieri, and Keith C. Gordon
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 285–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-285-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-285-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rocks containing the serpentine mineral lizardite occur in many tectonic settings. Knowing the crystal orientation of lizardite in these rocks tells us how they deform and gives insights into their physical properties. The crystal orientation of lizardite is challenging to obtain using standard techniques. To overcome this challenge, we developed a method using Raman spectroscopy to map the crystal orientation of lizardite with minimal preparation on standard thin sections.
Mark D. Behn, David L. Goldsby, and Greg Hirth
The Cryosphere, 15, 4589–4605, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4589-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4589-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Grain size is a key microphysical property of ice, controlling the rheological behavior of ice sheets and glaciers. In this study, we develop a new model for grain size evolution in ice and show that it accurately predicts grain size in laboratory experiments and in natural ice core data. The model provides a physical explanation for the power-law relationship between stress and strain rate known as the Glen law and can be used as a predictive tool for modeling ice flow in natural systems.
Lisa Craw, Adam Treverrow, Sheng Fan, Mark Peternell, Sue Cook, Felicity McCormack, and Jason Roberts
The Cryosphere, 15, 2235–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2235-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice sheet and ice shelf models rely on data from experiments to accurately represent the way ice moves. Performing experiments at the temperatures and stresses that are generally present in nature takes a long time, and so there are few of these datasets. Here, we test the method of speeding up an experiment by running it initially at a higher temperature, before dropping to a lower target temperature to generate the relevant data. We show that this method can reduce experiment time by 55 %.
Morgan E. Monz, Peter J. Hudleston, David J. Prior, Zachary Michels, Sheng Fan, Marianne Negrini, Pat J. Langhorne, and Chao Qi
The Cryosphere, 15, 303–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present full crystallographic orientations of warm, coarse-grained ice deformed in a shear setting, enabling better characterization of how crystals in glacial ice preferentially align as ice flows. A commonly noted c-axis pattern, with several favored orientations, may result from bias due to overcounting large crystals with complex 3D shapes. A new sample preparation method effectively increases the sample size and reduces bias, resulting in a simpler pattern consistent with the ice flow.
Chao Qi, David J. Prior, Lisa Craw, Sheng Fan, Maria-Gema Llorens, Albert Griera, Marianne Negrini, Paul D. Bons, and David L. Goldsby
The Cryosphere, 13, 351–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice deformed in nature develops crystallographic preferred orientations, CPOs, which induce an anisotropy in ice viscosity. Shear experiments of ice revealed a transition in CPO with changing temperature/strain, which is due to the change of dominant CPO-formation mechanism: strain-induced grain boundary migration dominates at higher temperatures and lower strains, while lattice rotation dominates at other conditions. Understanding these mechanisms aids the interpretation of CPOs in natural ice.
Steven B. Kidder, Virginia G. Toy, David J. Prior, Timothy A. Little, Ashfaq Khan, and Colin MacRae
Solid Earth, 9, 1123–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1123-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1123-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
By quantifying trace concentrations of titanium in quartz (a known geologic “thermometer”), we constrain the temperature profile for the deep crust along the Alpine Fault. We show there is a sharp change from fairly uniform temperatures at deep levels to a very steep gradient in temperature in the upper kilometers of the crust.
Matthew J. Vaughan, Kasper van Wijk, David J. Prior, and M. Hamish Bowman
The Cryosphere, 10, 2821–2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2821-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2821-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The physical properties of ice are of interest in the study of the dynamics of sea ice, glaciers, and ice sheets. We used resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to estimate the effects of temperature on the elastic and anelastic characteristics of polycrystalline ice, which control the propagation of sound waves. This information helps calibrate seismic data, in order to determine regional-scale ice properties, improving our ability to predict ice sheet behaviour in response to climate change.
Related subject area
Discipline: Ice sheets | Subject: Rheology
Grain growth of ice doped with soluble impurities
The role of grain size evolution in the rheology of ice: implications for reconciling laboratory creep data and the Glen flow law
Qinyu Wang, Sheng Fan, and Chao Qi
The Cryosphere, 18, 1053–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1053-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explored how the grain size of polycrystalline ice is affected by soluble impurities by conducting experiments on ice-containing salts. Results showed that above/below the eutectic point, impurities enhance/hinder grain growth, due to production of melts/precipitation of salt hydrates. Our findings offer insights into the dynamics of natural ice masses.
Mark D. Behn, David L. Goldsby, and Greg Hirth
The Cryosphere, 15, 4589–4605, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4589-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4589-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Grain size is a key microphysical property of ice, controlling the rheological behavior of ice sheets and glaciers. In this study, we develop a new model for grain size evolution in ice and show that it accurately predicts grain size in laboratory experiments and in natural ice core data. The model provides a physical explanation for the power-law relationship between stress and strain rate known as the Glen law and can be used as a predictive tool for modeling ice flow in natural systems.
Cited articles
Ajaja, O.: Role of recovery in high temperature constant strain rate
deformation, J. Mater. Sci., 26, 6599–6605,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02402651, 1991.
Alley, R. B.: Flow-law hypotheses for ice-sheet modelling, J. Glaciol., 38,
245–256, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003658, 1992.
Austin, N. J. and Evans, B.: Paleowattmeters: A scaling relation for
dynamically recrystallized grain size, Geology, 35, 343–344,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G23244A.1, 2007.
Azuma, N.: A flow law for anisotropic polycrystalline ice under uniaxial
compressive deformation, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 23, 137–147,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x00011-l, 1995.
Bachmann, F., Hielscher, R. and Schaeben, H.: Grain detection from 2d and 3d
EBSD data – Specification of the MTEX algorithm, Ultramicroscopy, 111,
1720–1733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.08.002, 2011.
Bailey, J. E. and Hirsch, P. B.: The dislocation distribution, flow stress,
and stored energy in cold-worked polycrystalline silver, Philos. Mag., 5,
485–497, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786436008238300, 1960.
Bamber, J. L., Oppenheimer, M., Kopp, R. E., Aspinall, W. P. and Cooke, R.
M.: Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert
judgment, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 11195–11200,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817205116, 2019.
Beeré, W.: Stresses and deformation at grain boundaries, Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. A, 288, 177–196, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1978.0012, 1978.
Berger, A., Herwegh, M., Schwarz, J.-O., and Putlitz, B.: Quantitative
analysis of crystal/grain sizes and their distributions in 2D and 3D, J.
Struct. Geol., 33, 1751–1763, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.07.002,
2011.
Bestmann, M. and Prior, D. J.: Intragranular dynamic recrystallization in
naturally deformed calcite marble: diffusion accommodated grain boundary
sliding as a result of subgrain rotation recrystallization, J. Struct.
Geol., 25, 1597–1613, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-814100006-3, 2003.
Bindschadler, R. A., Nowicki, S., Abe-Ouchi, A., Aschwanden, A., Choi, H.,
Fastook, J., Granzow, G., Greve, R., Gutowski, G., Herzfeld, U., Jackson,
C., Johnson, J., Khroulev, C., Levermann, A., Lipscomb, W. H., Martin, M.
A., Morlighem, M., Parizek, B. R., Pollard, D., Price, S. F., Ren, D.,
Saito, F., Sato, T., Seddik, H., Seroussi, H., Takahashi, K., Walker, R., and
Wang, W. L.: Ice-sheet model sensitivities to environmental forcing and
their use in projecting future sea level, J. Glaciol., 59, 195–224,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j125, 2013.
Budd, W. F. and Jacka, T. H.: A review of ice rheology for ice sheet
modelling, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 16, 107–144,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x90014-1, 1989.
Budd, W. F., Warner, R. C., Jacka, T. H., Li, J., and Treverrow, A.: Ice flow
relations for stress and strain-rate components from combined shear and
compression laboratory experiments, J. Glaciol., 59, 374–392,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j106, 2013.
Campbell, L. R. and Menegon, L.: Transient High Strain Rate During Localized
Viscous Creep in the Dry Lower Continental Crust, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol.
Ea., 124, 10240–10260, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jb018052, 2019.
Castelnau, O., Duval, P., Lebensohn, R. A., and Canova, G. R.: Viscoplastic
modeling of texture development in polycrystalline ice with a
self-consistent approach: Comparison with bound estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 101, 13851–13868, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00412, 1996.
Castelnau, O., Duval, P., Montagnat, M., and Brenner, R.: Elastoviscoplastic
micromechanical modeling of the transient creep of ice, J. Geophys. Res.,
113, 749–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005751, 2008.
Cole, D. M.: Preparation of polycrystalline ice specimens for laboratory
experiments, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 1, 153–159,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x90007-7, 1979.
Craw, L., Qi, C., Prior, D. J., Goldsby, D. L., and Kim, D.: Mechanics and
microstructure of deformed natural anisotropic ice, J. Struct. Geol., 115,
152–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.07.014, 2018.
Cross, A. J., Prior, D. J., Stipp, M., and Kidder, S.: The recrystallized
grain size piezometer for quartz: An EBSD-based calibration, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 44, 6667–6674, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl073836, 2017a.
Cross, A. J., Hirth, G., and Prior, D. J.: Effects of secondary phases on
crystallographic preferred orientations in mylonites, Geology, 45, 955–958,
https://doi.org/10.1130/g38936.1, 2017b.
Crossman, F. W. and Ashby, M. F.: The non-uniform flow of polycrystals by
grain-boundary sliding accommodated by power-law creep, Acta Metall., 23,
425–440, https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-616090082-6, 1975.
Cuffey, K. M. and Paterson, W. S. B.: The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd edn.,
Butterworth-Heinemann, MA, USA, 2010.
De Bresser, J., Heege, Ter, J., and Spiers, C.: Grain size reduction by
dynamic recrystallization: can it result in major rheological weakening?
Int. J. Earth Sci., 90, 28–45, https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000149, 2001.
Derby, B.: The dependence of grain size on stress during dynamic
recrystallisation, Acta Metall. Mater., 39, 955–962,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-715190295-c, 1991.
Derby, B. and Ashby, M. F.: On dynamic recrystallization, Scr. Mater., 21,
879–884, https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-974890341-3, 1987.
Drury, M. R. and Humphreys, F. J.: Microstructural shear criteria associated
with grain-boundary sliding during ductile deformation, J. Struct. Geol.,
10, 83–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-814190130-7, 1988.
Durham, W. B. and Goetze, C.: Plastic flow of oriented single crystals of
olivine: 1. Mechanical data, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 5737–5753,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB082i036p05737, 1977.
Durham, W. B., Heard, H. C., and Kirby, S. H.: Experimental deformation of
polycrystalline H2O ice at high pressure and low temperature: Preliminary
results, J. Geophys. Res., 88, B377–B392,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB088iS01p0B377, 1983.
Durham, W. B., Kirby, S. H., and Stern, L. A.: Effects of dispersed
particulates on the rheology of water ice at planetary conditions, J.
Geophys. Res., 97, 20883–20897, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JE02326, 1992.
Durham, W. B., Prieto-Ballesteros, O., Goldsby, D. L., and Kargel, J. S.:
Rheological and Thermal Properties of Icy Materials, Space Sci. Rev., 153,
273–298, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-009-9619-1, 2010.
Dutton, A., Carlson, A. E., Long, A. J., Milne, G. A., Clark, P. U.,
DeConto, R., Horton, B. P., Rahmstorf, S., and Raymo, M. E.: Sea-level rise
due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods, Science, 349,
aaa4019, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4019, 2015.
Duval, P.: Creep and recrystallization of polycrystalline ice, Bull.
Minéral., 102, 80–85, https://doi.org/10.3406/bulmi.1979.7258, 1979.
Duval, P.: Grain Growth and Mechanical Behaviour of Polar Ice, Ann.
Glaciol., 6, 79–82, https://doi.org/10.3189/1985AoG6-1-79-82, 1985.
Duval, P. and Castelnau, O.: Dynamic recrystallization of ice in polar ice
sheets, J. Phys. IV, 5, 3-197–C3-205, https://10.1051/jp4:1995317,
1995.
Duval, P., Ashby, M. F., and Anderman, I.: Rate-controlling processes in the creep of polycrystalline ice, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4066–4074, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100244a014, 1983.
Duval, P., Louchet, F., Weiss, J., and Montagnat, M.: On the role of
long-range internal stresses on grain nucleation during dynamic
discontinuous recrystallization, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 546, 207–211,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.03.052, 2012.
Duval, P., Montagnat, M., Grennerat, F., Weiss, J., Meyssonnier, J., and
Philip, A.: Creep and plasticity of glacier ice: a material science
perspective, J. Glaciol., 56, 1059–1068,
https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311796406185, 2010.
Eleti, R. R., Chokshi, A. H., Shibata, A., and Tsuji, N.: Unique
high-temperature deformation dominated by grain boundary sliding in
heterogeneous necklace structure formed by dynamic recrystallization in
HfNbTaTiZr BCC refractory high entropy alloy, Acta Mater., 183, 64–77,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.11.001, 2020.
Falus, G., Tommasi, A., and Soustelle, V.: The effect of dynamic
recrystallization on olivine crystal preferred orientations in mantle
xenoliths deformed under varied stress conditions, J. Struct. Geol., 33,
1528–1540, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.09.010, 2011.
Fan, S., Hager, T., Prior, D. J., Cross, A. J., Goldsby, D. L., Qi, C., Negrini, M., and Wheeler, J.: EBSD data sets for “Temperature and strain controls on ice deformation mechanisms: insights from the microstructures of samples deformed to progressively higher strains at −10, −20 and −30 ∘C”, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12980243.v1, 2020.
Faria, S. H., Weikusat, I., and Azuma, N.: The microstructure of polar ice.
Part II: State of the art, J. Struct. Geol., 61, 21–49,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.11.003, 2014.
Fliervoet, T. F., Drury, M. R., and Chopra, P. N.: Crystallographic preferred
orientations and misorientations in some olivine rocks deformed by diffusion
or dislocation creep, Tectonophysics, 303, 1–27,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-195100250-9, 1999.
Gammon, P. H., Kiefte, H., Clouter, M. J., and Denner, W. W.: Elastic
constants of artificial and natural ice samples by Brillouin spectroscopy,
J. Glaciol., 29, 433–460, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000030355, 1983.
Gao, X. Q. and Jacka, T. H.: The approach to similar tertiary creep rates
for antarctic core ice and laboratory prepared ice, J. Phys. Colloques, 48,
C1-289–C1-296, https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1987141, 1987.
Gifkins, R. C.: Grain-boundary sliding and its accommodation during creep
and superplasticity, Metall. Trans. A, 7, 1225–1232,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02656607, 1976.
Glen, J. W.: The creep of polycrystalline ice, Proc. R. Soc. A, 228,
519–538, 1955.
Goldsby, D. L. and Kohlstedt, D. L.: Grain boundary sliding in fine-grained
ice I, Scr. Mater., 37, 1399–1406,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-646200246-7, 1997.
Goldsby, D. L. and Kohlstedt, D. L.: Superplastic deformation of ice:
Experimental observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 106, 11017–11030,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900336, 2001.
Gomez-Rivas, E., Griera, A., Llorens, M. G., Bons, P. D., Lebensohn, R. A.,
and Piazolo, S.: Subgrain rotation recrystallization during shearing:
Insights from full-field numerical simulations of halite polycrystals, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 8810–8827,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jb014508, 2017.
Grennerat, F., Montagnat, M., Castelnau, O., Vacher, P., Moulinec, H.,
Suquet, P., and Duval, P.: Experimental characterization of the intragranular
strain field in columnar ice during transient creep, Acta Mater., 60,
3655–3666, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.03.025, 2012.
Grimmer, H.: The distribution of disorientation angles if all relative
orientations of neighbouring grains are equally probable, Scr. Mater., 13,
161–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-974890058-9, 1979.
Guillope, M. and Poirier, J. P.: Dynamic recrystallization during creep of
single-crystalline halite: An experimental study, J. Geophys. Res., 84,
5557–5567, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB10p05557, 1979.
Halfpenny, A., Prior, D. J., and Wheeler, J.: Analysis of dynamic
recrystallization and nucleation in a quartzite mylonite, Tectonophysics,
427, 3–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.05.016,
2006.
Hansen, L. N., Zimmerman, M. E., and Kohlstedt, D. L.: The influence of
microstructure on deformation of olivine in the grain-boundary sliding
regime, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 149–17,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jb009305, 2012.
Hartmann, W. K.: Surface evolution of two-component stone ice bodies in the
jupiter, Icarus, 44, 441–453, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-103590036-6,
1980.
Hasegawa, M. and Fukutomi, H.: Microstructural Study on Dynamic
Recrystallization and Texture Formation in Pure Nickel, Mater. Trans., 43,
1183–1190, https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.43.1183, 2002.
Hasegawa, M., Yamamoto, M., and Fukutomi, H.: Formation mechanism of texture
during dynamic recrystallization in γ-TiAl, nickel and copper
examined by microstructure observation and grain boundary analysis based on
local orientation measurements, Acta Mater., 51, 3939–3950,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-645400218-0, 2003.
Hidas, K., Tommasi, A., Mainprice, D., Chauve, T., Barou, F., and Montagnat,
M.: Microstructural evolution during thermal annealing of ice-Ih, J. Struct.
Geol., 99, 31–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.05.001, 2017.
Hirth, G. and Tullis, J.: Dislocation regimes in quartz aggregates, J.
Struct. Geol., 14, 145–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-814190053-y, 1992.
Hobbs, B. E., Means, W. D., and Williams, P. F.: An outline of structural
geology, 1st edn., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 1976.
Homer, D. R. and Glen, J. W.: The creep activation energies of ice, J.
Glaciol., 21, 429–444, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000033591, 1978.
Hondoh, T. and Higashi, A.: Generation and absorption of dislocations at
large-angle grain boundaries in deformed ice crystals, J. Phys. Chem., 87,
4044–4050, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100244a009, 1983.
Hooke, R. L. and Hudleston, P. J.: Ice fabrics from a borehole at the top of
the south dome, Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 92,
274–281, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-760692<274:iffaba>2.0.co;2, 1981.
Hooke, R. L. and Hudleston, P. J.: Ice Fabrics in a Vertical Flow Plane,
Barnes Ice Cap, Canada, J. Glaciol., 25, 195–214,
https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000010443, 1980.
Hudleston, P. J.: Structures and fabrics in glacial ice: A review, J.
Struct. Geol., 81, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.09.003, 2015.
Humphreys, F. J. and Hatherly, M.: Recrystallization and related annealing
phenomena, 2nd edn., Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2004.
Humphreys, J., Rohrer, G. S., and Rollett, A.: Recrystallization and related
annealing phenomena, 3rd edn., Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2017.
Iliescu, D., Baker, I., and Chang, H.: Determining the orientations of ice
crystals using electron backscatter patterns, Microsc. Res. Tech., 63,
183–187, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927605505452, 2004.
Jacka, T. H. and Li, J.: The steady-state crystal size of deforming ice,
Ann. Glaciol., 20, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587230, 1994.
Jacka, T. H. and Li, J.: Flow rates and crystal orientation fabrics in compression of polycrystalline ice at low temperatures and stresses, in: International Symposium on Physics of Ice Core Records, edited by: Hondoh, T., Shikotsukohan, Hokkaido, Japan, 14–17 September 1998, 83–102, 2000.
Jacka, T. H. and Maccagnan, M.: ice crystallographic and strain rate changes
with strain in compression and extension, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 8,
269–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x90058-2, 1984.
Jafari, M. and Najafizadeh, A.: Correlation between Zener–Hollomon
parameter and necklace DRX during hot deformation of 316 stainless steel,
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 501, 16–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.09.073,
2009.
Jessell, M. W.: Grain boundary migration and fabric development in
experimentally deformed octachloropropane, J. Struct. Geol., 8, 527–542,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-814190003-9, 1986.
Jiang, Z., Prior, D. J., and Wheeler, J.: Albite crystallographic preferred
orientation and grain misorientation distribution in a low-grade mylonite:
implications for granular flow, J. Struct. Geol., 22, 1663–1674,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-814100079-1, 2000.
Journaux, B., Chauve, T., Montagnat, M., Tommasi, A., Barou, F., Mainprice, D., and Gest, L.: Recrystallization processes, microstructure and crystallographic preferred orientation evolution in polycrystalline ice during high-temperature simple shear, The Cryosphere, 13, 1495–1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1495-2019, 2019.
Kamb, B.: Experimental recrystallization of ice under stress, in: Flow and
Fracture of Rocks, vol. 16, edited by: Heard, H. C., Borg, I. Y., Carter, N.
L., and Raleigh, C. B., American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC, 211–241, 1972.
Kamb, B.: Basal Zone of the West Antarctic Ice Streams and its Role in
Lubrication of Their Rapid Motion, in: The West Antarctic ice sheet behavior
and environment, vol. 77, edited by: Alley, R. B. and Bindschadler, R. A.,
American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 157–199, 2001.
Kamb, W. B.: Ice petrofabric observations from Blue Glacier, Washington, in
relation to theory and experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 1891–1909,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ064i011p01891, 1959.
Kilian, R. and Heilbronner, R.: Analysis of crystallographic preferred orientations of experimentally deformed Black Hills Quartzite, Solid Earth, 8, 1095–1117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1095-2017, 2017.
Kilian, R., Heilbronner, R., and Stünitz, H.: Quartz grain size reduction
in a granitoid rock and the transition from dislocation to diffusion creep,
J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1265–1284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.05.004,
2011.
Kirby, S. H., Durham, W. B., Beeman, M. L., Heard, H. C., and Daley, M. A.:
Inelastic properties of ice Ih at low temperatures and high pressures, J.
Phys. Colloques, 48, C1-227–C1-232,
https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1987131, 1987.
Kopp, R. E., DeConto, R. M., Bader, D. A., Hay, C. C., Horton, R. M., Kulp,
S., Oppenheimer, M., Pollard, D., and Strauss, B. H.: Evolving Understanding
of Antarctic Ice-Sheet Physics and Ambiguity in Probabilistic Sea-Level
Projections, Earth's Future, 5, 1217–1233,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ef000663, 2017.
Kuiper, E.-J. N., de Bresser, J. H. P., Drury, M. R., Eichler, J., Pennock, G. M., and Weikusat, I.: Using a composite flow law to model deformation in the NEEM deep ice core, Greenland – Part 2: The role of grain size and premelting on ice deformation at high homologous temperature, The Cryosphere, 14, 2449–2467, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2449-2020, 2020a.
Kuiper, E.-J. N., Weikusat, I., de Bresser, J. H. P., Jansen, D., Pennock, G. M., and Drury, M. R.: Using a composite flow law to model deformation in the NEEM deep ice core, Greenland – Part 1: The role of grain size and grain size distribution on deformation of the upper 2207 m, The Cryosphere, 14, 2429–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2429-2020, 2020b.
Lallemant, H. G. A.: Subgrain rotation and dynamic recrystallization of
olivine, upper mantle dispirism, and extension of the basin-and-range
province, Tectonophysics, 119, 89–117,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-195190034-4, 1985.
Langdon, T. G.: A unified approach to grain boundary sliding in creep and
superplasticity, Acta Metall. Mater., 42, 2437–2443,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-715190322-0, 1994.
Langdon, T. G.: Grain boundary sliding revisited: Developments in sliding
over four decades, J. Mater. Sci., 41, 597–609,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-6476-0, 2006.
Langdon, T. G.: Seventy-five years of superplasticity: historic developments
and new opportunities, J. Mater. Sci., 44, 5998–6010,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3780-5, 2009.
Lauridsen, E. M., Poulsen, H. F., Nielsen, S. F., and Juul Jensen, D.:
Recrystallization kinetics of individual bulk grains in 90 % cold-rolled
aluminium, Acta Mater., 51, 4423–4435,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-645400278-7, 2003.
Little, T. A., Prior, D. J., Toy, V. G., and Lindroos, Z. R.: The link
between strength of lattice preferred orientation, second phase content and
grain boundary migration: A case study from the Alpine Fault zone, New
Zealand, J. Struct. Geol., 81, 59–77,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.09.004, 2015.
Liu, F., Baker, I., and Dudley, M.: Dynamic observations of dislocation
generation at grain boundaries in ice, Philos. Mag. A, 67, 1261–1276,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01418619308224770, 1993.
Liu, F., Baker, I., and Dudley, M.: Dislocation-grain boundary interactions
in ice crystals, Philos. Mag. A, 71, 15–42,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01418619508242954, 1995.
Llorens, M.-G., Griera, A., Bons, P. D., Roessiger, J., Lebensohn, R.,
Evans, L., and Weikusat, I.: Dynamic recrystallisation of ice aggregates
during co-axial viscoplastic deformation: a numerical approach, J. Glaciol.,
62, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.28, 2016.
Lopez-Sanchez, M. A. and Llana-Fúnez, S.: An evaluation of different measures of dynamically recrystallized grain size for paleopiezometry or paleowattometry studies, Solid Earth, 6, 475–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-475-2015, 2015.
MacDonald, J. M., Wheeler, J., Harley, S. L., Mariani, E., Goodenough, K.
M., Crowley, Q., and Tatham, D.: Lattice distortion in a zircon population
and its effects on trace element mobility and U–Th–Pb isotope systematics:
examples from the Lewisian Gneiss Complex, northwest Scotland, Contrib.
Mineral. Petrol., 166, 21–41, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0863-8,
2013.
Mainprice, D., Bachmann, F., Hielscher, R., and Schaeben, H.: Descriptive
tools for the analysis of texture projects with large datasets using MTEX:
strength, symmetry and components, Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ., 409,
251–271, https://doi.org/10.1144/sp409.8, 2015.
Maruyama, G. and Hiraga, T.: Grain- to multiple-grain-scale deformation
processes during diffusion creep of forsterite + diopside aggregate: 1.
Direct observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 5890–5915,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jb014254, 2017.
Mellor, M. and Cole, D. M.: Deformation and failure of ice under constant
stress or constant strain-rate, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 5, 201–219,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x90015-5, 1982.
Mellor, M. and Cole, D. M.: Stress/strain/time relations for ice under
uniaxial compression, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 6, 207–230,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x90043-5, 1983.
Montagnat, M., Azuma, N., Dahl-Jensen, D., Eichler, J., Fujita, S., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Kipfstuhl, S., Samyn, D., Svensson, A., and Weikusat, I.: Fabric along the NEEM ice core, Greenland, and its comparison with GRIP and NGRIP ice cores, The Cryosphere, 8, 1129–1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1129-2014, 2014.
Montagnat, M., Chauve, T., Barou, F., Tommasi, A., Beausir, B., and
Fressengeas, C.: Analysis of dynamic recrystallization of ice from EBSD
orientation mapping, Front. Earth Sci., 3, 411–13,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00081, 2015.
Monz, M. E., Hudleston, P. J., Prior, D. J., Michels, Z., Fan, S., Negrini, M., Langhorne, P. J., and Qi, C.: Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) based determination of crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) in warm, coarse-grained ice: a case study, Storglaciären, Sweden, The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-135, in review, 2020.
Morawiec, A.: Misorientation-Angle Distribution of Randomly Oriented
Symmetric Objects, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 28, 289–293,
https://doi.org/10.1107/s0021889894011088, 1995.
Morland, L. W. and Staroszczyk, R.: Ice viscosity enhancement in simple
shear and uni-axial compression due to crystal rotation, Int. J. Eng. Sci.,
47, 1297–1304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2008.09.011, 2009.
Obbard, R., Baker, I., and Sieg, K.: Using electron backscatter diffraction
patterns to examine recrystallization in polar ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 52,
546–557, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828458, 2006.
Passchier, C. W. and Trouw, R. A.: Microtectonics, 1st edn., Springer Science
& Business Media, Berlin, Germany, 1998.
Peternell, M. and Wilson, C. J. L.: Effect of strain rate cycling on
microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientation during
high-temperature creep, Geology, 44, 279–282,
https://doi.org/10.1130/g37521.1, 2016.
Peternell, M., Dierckx, M., Wilson, C. J. L., and Piazolo, S.: Quantification
of the microstructural evolution of polycrystalline fabrics using FAME:
Application to in situ deformation of ice, J. Struct. Geol., 61, 109–122,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.05.005, 2014.
Piazolo, S., Bestmann, M., Prior, D. J., and Spiers, C. J.: Temperature
dependent grain boundary migration in deformed-then-annealed material:
Observations from experimentally deformed synthetic rocksalt,
Tectonophysics, 427, 55–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.06.007,
2006.
Piazolo, S., Montagnat, M., and Blackford, J. R.: Sub-structure
characterization of experimentally and naturally deformed ice using
cryo-EBSD, J. Microsc., 230, 509–519,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828458, 2008.
Piazolo, S., Wilson, C. J. L., Luzin, V., Brouzet, C., and Peternell, M.:
Dynamics of ice mass deformation: Linking processes to rheology, texture,
and microstructure, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 4185–4194,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20246, 2013.
Pieri, M., Burlini, L., Kunze, K., Stretton, I., and Olgaard, D. L.:
Rheological and microstructural evolution of Carrara marble with high shear
strain: results from high temperature torsion experiments, J. Struct. Geol.,
23, 1393–1413, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-814100006-2, 2001.
Placidi, L., Greve, R., Seddik, H., and Faria, S. H.: Continuum-mechanical,
Anisotropic Flow model for polar ice masses, based on an anisotropic Flow
Enhancement factor, Continuum Mech. Thermodyn., 22, 221–237,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-009-0126-0, 2010.
Poirier, J. P.: High-temperature creep of single crystalline sodium
chloride, Philos. Mag., 26, 701–712,
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786437208230114, 1972.
Poirier, J. P. and Nicolas, A.: Deformation-Induced Recrystallization Due to
Progressive Misorientation of Subgrains, with Special Reference to Mantle
Peridotites, J. Geol., 83, 707–720, https://doi.org/10.1086/628163, 1975.
Pollard, D.: A retrospective look at coupled ice sheet–climate modeling,
Clim. Change, 100, 173–194, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9830-9,
2010.
Ponge, D. and Gottstein, G.: Necklace formation during dynamic
recrystallization: Mechanisms and impact on flow behavior, Acta Mater., 46,
69–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-645400233-4, 1998.
Poulsen, H. F.: Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction microscopy: mapping
polycrystals and their dynamics, Springer, Berlin, Germany. 2004.
Prior, D. J.: Problems in determining the misorientation axes, for small
angular misorientations, using electron backscatter diffraction in the SEM,
J. Microsc., 195, 217–225,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00572.x, 1999.
Prior, D. J., Lilly, K., Seidemann, M., Vaughan, M., Becroft, L.,
Easingwood, R., Diebold, S., Obbard, R., Daghlian, C., Baker, I., Caswell,
T., Golding, N., Goldsby, D., Durham, W. B., Piazolo, S. and Wilson, C. J.
L.: Making EBSD on water ice routine, J. Microsc., 259, 237–256,
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12258, 2015.
Qi, C., Goldsby, D. L., and Prior, D. J.: The down-stress transition from
cluster to cone fabrics in experimentally deformed ice, Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 471, 136–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.008, 2017.
Qi, C., Prior, D. J., Craw, L., Fan, S., Llorens, M.-G., Griera, A., Negrini, M., Bons, P. D., and Goldsby, D. L.: Crystallographic preferred orientations of ice deformed in direct-shear experiments at low temperatures, The Cryosphere, 13, 351–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, 2019.
Raj, R. and Ashby, M. F.: On grain boundary sliding and diffusional creep,
Metall. Trans., 2, 1113–1127, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02664244, 1971.
Read, W. T. and Shockley, W.: Dislocation Models of Crystal Grain
Boundaries, Phys. Rev., 78, 275–15, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.78.275,
1950.
Ree, J. H.: Grain boundary sliding and development of grain boundary
openings in experimentally deformed octachloropropane, J. Struct. Geol., 16,
403–418, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-814190044-2, 1994.
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: Ice flow of the Antarctic ice
sheet, Science, 333, 1427–1430, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208336,
2011.
Rutter, E. H. and Brodie, K. H.: The role of tectonic grain size reduction
in the rheological stratification of the lithosphere, Geol. Rundsch., 77,
295–307, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01848691, 1988.
Scapozza, C. and Bartelt, P. A.: The influence of temperature on the
small-strain viscous deformation mechanics of snow: a comparison with
polycrystalline ice, Ann. Glaciol., 37, 90–96,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756403781815410, 2003.
Schmid, S. M., Boland, J. N., and Paterson, M. S.: Superplastic flow in
finegrained limestone, Tectonophysics, 43, 257–291,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-195190120-2, 1977.
Seidemann, M., Prior, D. J., Golding, N., Durham, W. B., Lilly, K., and
Vaughan, M. J.: The role of kink boundaries in the deformation and
recrystallisation of polycrystalline ice, J. Struct. Geol., 136, 104010,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104010, 2020.
Shigematsu, N., Prior, D. J., and Wheeler, J.: First combined electron
backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy study of grain
boundary structure of deformed quartzite, J. Microsc., 224, 306–321,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01697.x, 2006.
Skemer, P., Katayama, I., Jiang, Z., and Karato, S.-I.: The misorientation
index: Development of a new method for calculating the strength of
lattice-preferred orientation, Tectonophysics, 411, 157–167,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.08.023, 2005.
Spiers, C. J.: Fabric development in calcite polycrystals deformed at
400 ∘C, Bull. Minéral., 102, 282–289,
https://doi.org/10.3406/bulmi.1979.7289, 1979.
Stern, L. A., Durham, W. B., and Kirby, S. H.: Grain-size-induced weakening
of H2O ices I and II and associated anisotropic recrystallization, J.
Geophys. Res., 102, 5313–5325, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03894, 1997.
Stipp, M., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R., and Schmid, S. M.: The eastern
Tonale fault zone: a “natural laboratory” for crystal plastic deformation
of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700 ∘C, J. Struct.
Geol., 24, 1861–1884, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-814100035-4, 2002.
Storey, C. D. and Prior, D. J.: Plastic deformation and recrystallization of
garnet: a mechanism to facilitate diffusion creep, J. Petrol., 46,
2593–2613, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi067, 2005.
Treverrow, A., Budd, W. F., Jacka, T. H., and Warner, R. C.: The tertiary
creep of polycrystalline ice: experimental evidence for stress-dependent
levels of strain-rate enhancement, J. Glaciol., 58, 301–314,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j149, 2012.
Trimby, P. W., Prior, D. J., and Wheeler, J.: Grain boundary hierarchy
development in a quartz mylonite, J. Struct. Geol., 20, 917–935,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-814100026-1, 1998.
Underwood, E. E.: Quantitative Stereology for Microstructural Analysis, in
Microstructural Analysis, vol. 5/6, 35–66, Springer, Boston, MA, New
York, 1973.
Urai, J. L., Means, W. D., and Lister, G. S.: Dynamic recrystallization of
minerals, in: Mineral and rock deformation laboratory studies, vol. 36,
edited by: Hobbs, B. E. and Heard, H. C., 161–199, AGU, Washington,
DC, 1986.
Vaughan, M. J., Prior, D. J., Jefferd, M., Brantut, N., Mitchell, T. M., and
Seidemann, M.: Insights into anisotropy development and weakening of ice
from in situ P wave velocity monitoring during laboratory creep, J. Geophys.
Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 7076–7089, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB013964,
2017.
Warren, J. M. and Hirth, G.: Grain size sensitive deformation mechanisms in
naturally deformed peridotites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 248, 438–450,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.006, 2006.
Weertman, J.: Creep deformation of ice, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 11,
215–240, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.11.050183.001243, 1983.
Weikusat, I., Kuiper, E.-J. N., Pennock, G. M., Kipfstuhl, S., and Drury, M. R.: EBSD analysis of subgrain boundaries and dislocation slip systems in Antarctic and Greenland ice, Solid Earth, 8, 883–898, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-883-2017, 2017.
Whalley, W. B. and Azizi, F.: Rock glaciers and protalus landforms:
Analogous forms and ice sources on Earth and Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 108,
1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002je001864, 2003.
Wheeler, J., Jiang, Z., Prior, D. J., Tullis, J., Drury, M. R., and Trimby,
P. W.: From geometry to dynamics of microstructure: using boundary lengths
to quantify boundary misorientations and anisotropy, Tectonophysics, 376,
19–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.08.007, 2003.
Wheeler, J., Mariani, E., Piazolo, S., Prior, D. J., Trimby, P., and Drury,
M. R.: The weighted Burgers vector: a new quantity for constraining
dislocation densities and types using electron backscatter diffraction on 2D
sections through crystalline materials, J. Microsc., 233, 482–494,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03136.x, 2009.
Wheeler, J., Prior, D., Jiang, Z., Spiess, R., and Trimby, P.: The
petrological significance of misorientations between grains, Contrib.
Mineral. Petrol., 141, 109–124, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100000225,
2001.
White, S.: The effects of strain on the microstructures, fabrics, and
deformation mechanisms in quartzites, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 283, 69–86,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1976.0070, 1976.
Wilson, C. J. L. and Russell-Head, D. S.: Steady-state preferred orientation
of ice deformed in plane strain at −1 ∘C, J. Glaciol., 28,
145–160, https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000011850, 1982.
Wilson, C. J. L. and Peternell, M.: Ice deformed in compression and simple
shear: control of temperature and initial fabric, J. Glaciol., 58, 11–22,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j065, 2012.
Wilson, C. J. L., Peternell, M., Piazolo, S., and Luzin, V.: Microstructure
and fabric development in ice: Lessons learned from in situ experiments and
implications for understanding rock evolution, J. Struct. Geol., 61, 50–77,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.05.006, 2014.
Wilson, C. J. L., Hunter, N. J. R., Luzin, V., Peternell, M., and Piazolo,
S.: The influence of strain rate and presence of dispersed second phases on
the deformation behaviour of polycrystalline D2O ice, J. Glaciol., 65,
101–122, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.100, 2019.
Wilson, C. J. L., Peternell, M., Hunter, N. J. R., and Luzin, V.: Deformation
of polycrystalline D2O ice: Its sensitivity to temperature and strain-rate
as an analogue for terrestrial ice, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 532, 115999,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115999, 2020.
Xia, H. and Platt, J. P.: Quartz grainsize evolution during dynamic
recrystallization across a natural shear zone boundary, J. Struct. Geol.,
109, 120–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.09.010, 2018.
Short summary
We performed uniaxial compression experiments on synthetic ice samples. We report ice microstructural evolution at –20 and –30 °C that has never been reported before. Microstructural data show the opening angle of c-axis cones decreases with increasing strain or with decreasing temperature, suggesting a more active grain rotation. CPO intensity weakens with temperature because CPO of small grains is weaker, and it can be explained by grain boundary sliding or nucleation with random orientations.
We performed uniaxial compression experiments on synthetic ice samples. We report ice...
