Articles | Volume 14, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2755-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2755-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Quantifying the impact of synoptic weather types and patterns on energy fluxes of a marginal snowpack
Andrew J. Schwartz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Atmospheric Observations Research Group, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, 4072, Australia
Hamish A. McGowan
Atmospheric Observations Research Group, University of Queensland,
Brisbane, 4072, Australia
Alison Theobald
Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government,
Brisbane, 4000, Australia
Nik Callow
School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western
Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
Related authors
No articles found.
Andrew L. Lowry and Hamish A. McGowan
Clim. Past, 20, 2309–2325, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2309-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2309-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present simulations of the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial climate of Australia using coarse- (2°) and finer-resolution (0.44°) climate models. These simulations are compared to bioclimatic representations of the palaeoclimate of the mid-Holocene. The finer-resolution simulations reduce the bias between the model and the bioclimatic results and highlight the improved value of using finer-resolution models to simulate the palaeoclimate.
Shai Abir, Hamish A. McGowan, Yonatan Shaked, Hezi Gildor, Efrat Morin, and Nadav G. Lensky
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6177–6195, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding air–sea heat exchange is vital for studying ocean dynamics. Eddy covariance measurements over the Gulf of Eilat revealed a 3.22 m yr-1 evaporation rate, which is inconsistent with bulk formulae estimations in stable atmospheric conditions, requiring bulk formulae to be revisited in these environments. The surface fluxes have a net cooling effect on the gulf water on an annual mean (-79 W m-2), balanced by a strong exchange flux between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Eilat.
Adrien Guyot, Jordan P. Brook, Alain Protat, Kathryn Turner, Joshua Soderholm, Nicholas F. McCarthy, and Hamish McGowan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4571–4588, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new method that should facilitate the use of weather radars to study wildfires. It is important to be able to identify the particles emitted by wildfires on radar, but it is difficult because there are many other echoes on radar like clear air, the ground, sea clutter, and precipitation. We came up with a two-step process to classify these echoes. Our method is accurate and can be used by fire departments in emergencies or by scientists for research.
Cited articles
Adam, J. C., Hamlet, A. F., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Implications of global
climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the twenty-first century,
Hydrol. Process., 23, 962–972, 2009.
Ahrens, C. D.: Meteorology today: an introduction to weather, climate, and
the environment, Cengage Learning, 2012.
Allan, R. P., Shine, K. P., Slingo, A., and Pamment, J.: The dependence of
clear-sky outgoing long-wave radiation on surface temperature and relative
humidity, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc.,
125, 2103–2126, 1999.
Australian Bureau of Statistics: Water Use on Australian Farms, 2018–19, available at:
https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4618.0, access: 4 June 2020.
Bednorz, E.: Synoptic conditions of snow occurrence in Budapest,
Meteorol. Z., 17, 39–45, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0262, 2008a.
Bednorz, E.: Synoptic reasons for heavy snowfalls in the Polish–German
lowlands, Weather and Climate Extremes, 92, 133–140, 2008b.
Bednorz, E.: Synoptic conditions of the occurrence of snow cover in central
European lowlands, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1108–1118, 2011.
Beniston, M.: Climatic Change in Mountain Regions: A Review of Possible
Impacts, Clim. Change, 59, 5–31, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024458411589, 2003.
Bilish, S. P., McGowan, H. A., and Callow, J. N.: Energy balance and
snowmelt drivers of a marginal subalpine snowpack, Hydrol. Process., 32,
3837–3851, 2018.
Bilish, S. P., Callow, J. N., McGrath, G. S., and McGowan, H. A.: Spatial
controls on the distribution and dynamics of a marginal snowpack in the
Australian Alps, Hydrol. Process., 33, 1739–1755, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13435, 2019.
BOM: Analysis Chart Archive, Bureau of Meteorology, available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/charts/archive/, last access: 15 September 2018a.
BOM: Climate Statistics for Australian Locations, Bureau of Meteorology, available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/, last access: 13 December 2018b.
Bormann, K. J., Westra, S., Evans, J. P., and McCabe, M. F.: Spatial and
temporal variability in seasonal snow density, J. Hydrol., 484, 63–73, 2013.
Breiman, L.: Random Forests, Machine Learn., 45, 5–32,
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010933404324, 2001.
Budin, G.: Interannual variability of Australian snowfall, Aust. Met. Mag,
33, 145–159, 1985.
Burles, K. and Boon, S.: Snowmelt energy balance in a burned forest plot,
Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, Canada, Hydrol. Process., 25, 3012–3029,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8067, 2011.
Cai, W., Shi, G., Cowan, T., Bi, D., and Ribbe, J.: The response of the
Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern
mid-latitude ocean circulation to global warming, 32, L23706,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024701, 2005.
Callow, N., McGowan, H., Warren, L., and Speirs, J.: Drivers of
precipitation stable oxygen isotope variability in an alpine setting, Snowy
Mountains, Australia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119,
3016–3031, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020710, 2014.
Campbell Scientific: EC150 CO2/H2O Open-Path Gas Analyzer, available at:
https://www.campbellsci.com/manuals, last access: 24 October 2018.
Catto, J. L., Nicholls, N., Jakob, C., and Shelton, K. L.: Atmospheric
fronts in current and future climates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7642–7650,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061943, 2014.
Chubb, T. H., Siems, S. T., and Manton, M. J.: On the Decline of Wintertime
Precipitation in the Snowy Mountains of Southeastern Australia, J.
Hydrometeorol., 12, 1483–1497, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jhm-D-10-05021.1, 2011.
Costin, A. B. and Gay, D.: Studies in Catchment Hydrology in the Australian
Alps, MPKV, Maharastra, 1961.
Cullen, N. J. and Conway, J. P.: A 22 month record of surface meteorology
and energy balance from the ablation zone of Brewster Glacier, New Zealand,
J. Glaciol., 61, 931–946, 2015.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,
Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P.,
Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, I., Biblot, J., Bormann, N.,
Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Greer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.
B., Hersbach, H., Holm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kallberg, P., Kohler, M.,
Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Mong-Sanz, B. M., Morcette, J.-J., Park,
B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thepaut, J. N., and Vitart,
F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data
assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Di Luca, A., Evans, J. P., and Ji, F.: Australian snowpack in the NARCliM
ensemble: evaluation, bias correction and future projections, Clim.
Dynam., 51, 639–666, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3946-9, 2018.
Drobot, S. D. and Anderson, M. R.: Comparison of interannual snowmelt-onset
dates with atmospheric conditions, Ann. Glaciol., 33, 79–84, 2001.
Duus, A. L.: Estimation and analysis of snow cover in the Snowy Mountains
between 1910 and 1991, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 40, 195–204, 1992.
Ellis, C. R., Pomeroy, J. W., Essery, R. L. H., and Link, T. E.: Effects of
needleleaf forest cover on radiation and snowmelt dynamics in the Canadian
Rocky Mountains, Can. J. Forest Res., 41, 608–620, https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-227, 2011.
Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Olson, R., Anthoni, P., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer,
C., Burba, G., Ceulemans, G., Clement, R., Dolman, H., Granier, A., Gross,
P., Grunwald, T., Hollinger, D., Jensen, N. O., Katul, G., Keronen, P.,
Kowalski, A., Lai, C. T., Law, B. E., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E.,
Munger, J. W., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, U., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Tenhunen,
J., Tu, K., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Gap filling
strategies for long term energy flux data sets, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 107,
71–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00235-5, 2001a.
Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Olson, R., Anthoni, P., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer,
C., Burba, G., Ceulemans, R., Clement, R., Dolman, H., Granier, A., Gross,
P., Grunwald, T., Hollinger, D., Jensen, N. O., Katul, G., Keronen, P.,
Kowalski, A., Lai, C. T., Law, B. E., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, H., Moors, E.,
Munger, J. W., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, U., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Tenhunen,
J., Tu, K., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Gap filling
strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 107, 43–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00225-2, 2001b.
Fayad, A., Gascoin, S., Faour, G., López-Moreno, J. I., Drapeau, L., Le
Page, M., and Escadafal, R.: Snow hydrology in Mediterranean mountain
regions: A review, J. Hydrol., 551, 374–396, 2017.
Fiddes, S. L., Pezza, A. B., and Barras, V.: A new perspective on Australian
snow, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 16, 246–252, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.549, 2015a.
Fiddes, S. L., Pezza, A. B., and Barras, V.: Synoptic climatology of extreme
precipitation in alpine Australia, Int. J. Climatol., 35,
172–188, 2015b.
Gellie, N.: Native vegetation of the Southern Forests, Cunninghamia, 9, 219–254, 2005
Goree, P. A. and Younkin, R. J.: Synoptic Climatology of Heavy Snowfall
Over the Central and Eastern United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 94, 663–668,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0663:Scohso>2.3.Co;2, 1966.
Granger, R. J. and Gray, D. M.: A Net-Radiation Model for Calculating Daily
Snowmelt in Open Environments, Nord Hydrol., 21, 217–234, 1990.
Gray, M. A., McGowan, H. A., Lowry, A. L., and Guyot, A.: Surface energy
exchanges over contrasting vegetation types on a sub-tropical sand island,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 249, 81–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.11.018, 2018.
Grundstein, A. J. and Leathers, D. J.: A case study of the synoptic
patterns influencing midwinter snowmelt across the northern Great Plains, Hydrol. Process.
12, 2293–2305, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199812)12:15<2293::AID-HYP797>3.0.CO;2-9, 1998.
Hay, J. E. and Fitzharris, B. B.: The synoptic climatology of ablation on a
New Zealand glacier, J. Climatol., 8, 201–215,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370080207, 1988.
Helgason, W. and Pomeroy, J.: Problems Closing the Energy Balance over a
Homogeneous Snow Cover during Midwinter, J. Hydrometeorol., 13, 557–572,
https://doi.org/10.1175/Jhm-D-11-0135.1, 2012.
Hendon, H. H., Thompson, D. W. J., and Wheeler, M. C.: Australian Rainfall
and Surface Temperature Variations Associated with the Southern Hemisphere
Annular Mode, 20, 2452–2467, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4134.1, 2007.
Hennessy, K. J., Whetton, P. H., Walsh, K., Smith, I. N., Bathols, J. M.,
Hutchinson, M., and Sharples, J.: Climate change effects on snow conditions
in mainland Australia and adaptation at ski resorts through snowmaking, Clim.
Res., 35, 255–270, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00706, 2008.
Kidson, J. W.: An analysis of New Zealand synoptic types and their use in
defining weather regimes, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 299–316,
2000.
Liaw, A. and Wiener, M.: Classification and Regression by randomForest, R
News, 2, 18–22, 2002.
Lopez-Moreno, J. I. and Vicente-Serrano, S. M.: Atmospheric circulation
influence on the interannual variability of snow pack in the Spanish
Pyrenees during the second half of the 20th century, Nord Hydrol., 38, 33–44,
https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2007.030, 2007.
Male, D. H. and Granger, R. J.: Snow Surface-Energy Exchange, Water Resour.
Res., 17, 609–627, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i003p00609, 1981.
Marks, D. and Dozier, J.: Climate and Energy Exchange at the Snow Surface
in the Alpine Region of the Sierra-Nevada .2. Snow Cover Energy-Balance,
Water Resour. Res., 28, 3043–3054, https://doi.org/10.1029/92wr01483, 1992.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Documentation and instruction manual of the
eddy-covariance software package TK3, available at: https://epub.uni-bayreuth.de/id/eprint/342 (last access: 13 August 2020), 2011.
Mazurkiewicz, A. B., Callery, D. G., and McDonnell, J. J.: Assessing the
controls of the snow energy balance and water available for runoff in a
rain-on-snow environment, J. Hydrol., 354, 1–14, 2008.
McGowan, H., Schwartz, A., and Callow, N.: Synoptic Weather Energy Balance in the Australia's Snowy Mountains, The University of Queensland, Data Collection, https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2019.691, 2019.
McGregor, G. R. and Gellatly, A. F.: The Energy Balance of a Melting
Snowpack in the French Pyrenees During Warm Anticyclonic Conditions,
Int. J. Climatol., 16, 479–486, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199604)16:4<479::AID-JOC17>3.0.CO;2-W, 1996.
McKay, D. C. and Thurtell, G. W.: Measurements of the energy fluxes
involved in the energy budget of a snow cover, J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, 339–349,
1978.
Michelson, D. B.: Systematic correction of precipitation gauge observations
using analyzed meteorological variables, J. Hydrol., 290, 161–177, 2004.
Moore, R. and Owens, I.: Controls on advective snowmelt in a maritime
alpine basin, J. Climate Appl. Meteorol.,
23, 135–142, 1984.
Neale, S. M. and Fitzharris, B. B.: Energy balance and synoptic climatology
of a melting snowpack in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Int.
J. Climatol., 17, 1595–1609,
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19971130)17:14<1595::AID-JOC213>3.0.CO;2-7, 1997.
Nicholls, N.: Climate variability, climate change and the Australian snow
season, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 54, 177–185, 2005.
Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W.,
Christ, R., Church, J. A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., and Dasgupta, P.: Climate
change 2014: synthesis report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III
to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, IPCC, 2014.
Parry, M., Parry, M. L., Canziani, O., Palutikof, J., Van der Linden, P.,
and Hanson, C.: Climate change 2007-impacts, adaptation and vulnerability:
Working group II contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC,
Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Pepler, A., Hope, P., and Dowdy, A.: Long-term changes in southern
Australian anticyclones and their impacts, Clim.
Dynam., 53, 4715–4715, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04931-w, 2019.
Pepler, A. S., Trewin, B., and Ganter, C.: The influences of climate drivers
on the Australian snow season, Aust. Meteorol. Ocean, 65, 195–205, https://doi.org/10.22499/2.6502.002, 2015.
Pomeroy, J. W., Toth, B., Granger, R. J., Hedstrom, N. R., and Essery, R. L.
H.: Variation in surface energetics during snowmelt in a subarctic mountain
catchment, J. Hydrometeorol., 4, 702–719, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0702:Viseds>2.0.Co;2, 2003.
Pook, M. J., McIntosh, P. C., and Meyers, G. A.: The synoptic decomposition
of cool-season rainfall in the southeastern Australian cropping region,
J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 45, 1156–1170, 2006.
Pook, M. J., Risbey, J., and McIntosh, P.: East coast lows, atmospheric
blocking and rainfall: a Tasmanian perspective, IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 11, 012011, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/11/1/012011, 2010.
Pook, M. J., Risbey, J. S., and McIntosh, P. C.: The synoptic climatology of
cool-season rainfall in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia, Mon.
Weather Rev., 140, 28–43, 2012.
Pook, M. J., Risbey, J. S., and McIntosh, P. C.: A comparative synoptic
climatology of cool-season rainfall in major grain-growing regions of
southern Australia, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 117, 521–533,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-1021-y, 2014.
Prezerakos, N. G. and Angouridakis, V. E.: Synoptic consideration of
snowfall in Athens, J. Climatol., 4, 269–285,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370040305, 1984.
Rasmussen, R., Baker, B., Kochendorfer, J., Meyers, T., Landolt, S.,
Fischer, A. P., Black, J., Theriault, J. M., Kucera, P., Gochis, D., Smith,
C., Nitu, R., Hall, M., Ikeda, K., and Gutmann, E.: How Well Are We
Measuring Snow? The NOAA/FAA/NCAR Winter Precipitation Test Bed, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 93, 811–829, https://doi.org/10.1175/Bams-D-11-00052.1, 2012.
Reba, M. L., Link, T. E., Marks, D., and Pomeroy, J.: An assessment of
corrections for eddy covariance measured turbulent fluxes over snow in
mountain environments, Water Resour. Res., 45, W00D38, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr007045, 2009.
Reinfelds, I., Swanson, E., Cohen, T., Larsen, J., and Nolan, A.:
Hydrospatial assessment of streamflow yields and effects of climate change:
Snowy Mountains, Australia, J. Hydrol., 512, 206–220,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.038, 2014.
Robock, A.: The seasonal cycle of snow cover, sea ice and surface albedo,
Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 267–285, 1980.
Romolo, L., Prowse, T. D., Blair, D., Bonsal, B. R., Marsh, P., and Martz,
L. W.: The synoptic climate controls on hydrology in the upper reaches of
the Peace River Basin. Part II: Snow ablation, Hydrol. Process., 20, 4113–4129,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6422, 2006a.
Romolo, L., Prowse, T. D., Blair, D., Bonsal, B. R., and Martz, L. W.: The
synoptic climate controls on hydrology in the upper reaches of the Peace
River Basin. Part I: snow accumulation, Hydrol. Process., 20, 4097–4111, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6421,
2006b.
Ruckstuhl, C., Philipona, R., Morland, J., and Ohmura, A.: Observed
relationship between surface specific humidity, integrated water vapor, and
longwave downward radiation at different altitudes, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 112, D03302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007850, 2007.
Sade, R., Rimmer, A., Litaor, M. I., Shamir, E., and Furman, A.: Snow
surface energy and mass balance in a warm temperate climate mountain, J.
Hydrol., 519, 848–862, 2014.
Snowy Hydro Limited: Snow Depths Calculator, available at: https://www.snowyhydro.com.au/our-energy/water/inflows/snow-depths-calculator/,
last access: 3 August 2018.
Stewart, I. T.: Changes in snowpack and snowmelt runoff for key mountain
regions, Hydrol. Process., 23, 78–94, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7128, 2009.
Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M. W.: On the Measurement of Turbulence Over
Complex Mountainous Terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 159, 97–121,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z, 2016.
Stoy, P. C., Peitzsch, E., Wood, D., Rottinghaus, D., Wohlfahrt, G.,
Goulden, M., and Ward, H.: On the exchange of sensible and latent heat
between the atmosphere and melting snow, Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
252, 167–174, 2018.
Stull, R.: Wet-Bulb Temperature from Relative Humidity and Air Temperature,
J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 50, 2267–2269, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jamc-D-11-0143.1, 2011.
Sturm, M., Holmgren, J., and Liston, G. E.: A seasonal snow cover
classification system for local to global applications, J. Climate, 8,
1261–1283, 1995.
Theobald, A., McGowan, H., Speirs, J., and Callow, N.: A Synoptic
Classification of Inflow-Generating Precipitation in the Snowy Mountains,
Australia, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 54, 1713–1732, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jamc-D-14-0278.1,
2015.
Theobald, A., McGowan, H., and Speirs, J.: Trends in synoptic circulation
and precipitation in the Snowy Mountains region, Australia, in the period
1958–2012, Atmos. Res., 169, 434–448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.007, 2016.
Ueno, K.: Synoptic conditions causing nonmonsoon snowfalls in the Tibetan
Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021421, 2005.
Viviroli, D., Durr, H. H., Messerli, B., Meybeck, M., and Weingartner, R.:
Mountains of the world, water towers for humanity: Typology, mapping, and
global significance, Water Resour. Res., 43, W07447 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005653,
2007.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux
measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer,
Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85–100, 1980.
Webb, M., Slingol, A., and Stephens, G.: Seasonal variations of the
clear-sky greenhouse effect: The role of changes in atmospheric temperatures
and humidities, Clim. Dynam., 9, 117–129, 1993.
Welch, C. M., Stoy, P. C., Rains, F. A., Johnson, A. V., and McGlynn, B. L.:
The impacts of mountain pine beetle disturbance on the energy balance of
snow during the melt period, Hydrol. Process., 30, 588–602, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10638,
2016.
Whetton, P. H., Haylock, M. R., and Galloway, R.: Climate change and
snow-cover duration in the Australian Alps, Clim. Change, 32, 447–479,
https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf00140356, 1996.
Wilks, D. S.: Cluster analysis, in: International geophysics, Elsevier,
603–616, 2011.
Short summary
This study measured energy available for snowmelt during the 2016 and 2017 snow seasons in Kosciuszko National Park, NSW, Australia, and identified common traits for days with similar weather characteristics. The analysis showed that energy available for snowmelt was highest in the days before cold fronts passed through the region due to higher air temperatures. Regardless of differences in daily weather characteristics, solar radiation contributed the highest amount of energy to snowpack melt.
This study measured energy available for snowmelt during the 2016 and 2017 snow seasons in...