Cermák, V. and Rybach, L.: Thermal conductivity and specific heat of minerals and rocks, in: Landolt–Börnstein Zahlenwerte and Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie, Physikalische Eigenschaften der Gesteine (V/1a), edited by: Angeneister, G., Springer, Berlin, 305–343, 1982.
Clarke, B. A. and Burbank, D. W.: Bedrock fracturing, threshold hillslopes, and limits to the magnitude of bedrock landslides, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 297, 577–586, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.011, 2010.
Cnudde, V. and Boone, M.: High-resolution X-ray computed tomography in geosciences: a review of the current technology and applications, Earth-Sci. Rev., 123, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.003, 2013.
Collins, B. D., Stock, G. M., Eppes, M.-C., Lewis, S. W., Corbett, S. C., and Smith, J. B.: Thermal influences on spontaneous rock dome exfoliation, Nat. Commun., 9, 762, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02728-1, 2018.
Coutard, J.-P. and Francou, B.: Rock Temperature Measurements in Two Alpine Environments: Implications for Frost Shattering, Arct. Alp. Res., 21, 399–416, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551649, 1989.
De Kock, T., Boone, M. A., De Schryver, T., Van Stappen, J., Derluyn, H., Masschaele, B., De Schutter, G., and Cnudde, V.: A Pore-Scale Study of Fracture Dynamics in Rock Using X-ray Micro-CT Under Ambient Freeze–Thaw Cycling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 2867–2874, https://doi.org/10.1021/es505738d, 2015.
Deprez, M., De Kock, T., De Schutter, G., and Cnudde, V.: The role of ink-bottle pores in freeze-thaw damage of oolithic limestone, Construct. Build. Mater., 246, 118515, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118515, 2020a.
Deprez, M., De Kock, T., De Schutter, G., and Cnudde, V.: A review on freeze-thaw action and weathering of rocks, Earth-Sci. Rev., 203, 103143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103143, 2020b.
Derjaguin, B. V. and Churaev, N. V.: Flow of nonfreezing water interlayers and frost heaving, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 12, 57–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(86)90020-0, 1986.
Dewanckele, J., Boone, M. A., De Kock, T., De Boever, W., Brabant, L., Boone, M. N., Fronteau, G., Dils, J., Van Hoorebeke, L., Jacobs, P., and Cnudde, V.: Holistic approach of pre-existing flaws on the decay of two limestones, Sci. Total Environ., 447, 403–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.094, 2013.
DIN-EN 1097-6:2022-5: Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates – Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption; German version EN 1097-6:2022, 64 pp., https://doi.org/10.31030/3290441, 2022.
DIN-EN 52102:2013-10: Test methods for aggregates – Determination of dry bulk density by the cylinder method and calculation of the ratio of density, 9 pp., https://doi.org/10.31030/2054684, 2013.
Draebing, D.: Identification of rock and fracture kinematics in high alpine rockwalls under the influence of elevation, Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 977–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-977-2021, 2021.
Draebing, D. and Krautblatter, M.: P-wave velocity changes in freezing hard low-porosity rocks: a laboratory-based time-average model, The Cryosphere, 6, 1163–1174, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1163-2012, 2012.
Draebing, D. and Krautblatter, M.: The Efficacy of Frost Weathering Processes in Alpine Rockwalls, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6516–6524, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl081981, 2019.
Draebing, D. and Mayer, T.: Topographic and geologic controls on frost cracking in Alpine rockwalls, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2021JF006163, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006163, 2021.
Draebing, D., Krautblatter, M., and Hoffmann, T.: Thermo-cryogenic controls of fracture kinematics in permafrost rockwalls, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 3535–3544, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072050, 2017a.
Draebing, D., Haberkorn, A., Krautblatter, M., Kenner, R., and Phillips, M.: Thermal and Mechanical Responses Resulting From Spatial and Temporal Snow Cover Variability in Permafrost Rock Slopes, Steintaelli, Swiss Alps, Permafrost Periglac., 28, 140–157, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1921, 2017b.
Draebing, D., Mayer, T., Jacobs, B., and McColl, S. T.: Alpine rockwall erosion patterns follow elevation-dependent climate trajectories, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 21, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00348-2, 2022.
Duca, S., Occhiena, C., Mattone, M., Sambuelli, L., and Scavia, C.: Feasibility of Ice Segregation Location by Acoustic Emission Detection: A Laboratory Test in Gneiss, Permafrost Periglac., 25, 208–219, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1814, 2014.
Egholm, D. L., Andersen, J. L., Knudsen, M. F., Jansen, J. D., and Nielsen, S. B.: The periglacial engine of mountain erosion – Part 2: Modelling large-scale landscape evolution, Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 463–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-463-2015, 2015.
Eppes, M.-C. and Keanini, R.: Mechanical weathering and rock erosion by climate-dependent subcritical cracking, Rev. Geophys., 55, 470–508, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000557, 2017.
Eppes, M. C., Magi, B., Hallet, B., Delmelle, E., Mackenzie-Helnwein, P., Warren, K., and Swami, S.: Deciphering the role of solar-induced thermal stresses in rock weathering, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 128, 1315–1338, https://doi.org/10.1130/b31422.1, 2016.
Eppes, M. C., Hancock, G. S., Chen, X., Arey, J., Dewers, T., Huettenmoser, J., Kiessling, S., Moser, F., Tannu, N., Weiserbs, B., and Whitten, J.: Rates of subcritical cracking and long-term rock erosion, Geology, 46, 951–954, https://doi.org/10.1130/G45256.1, 2018.
Eslami, J., Walbert, C., Beaucour, A.-L., Bourges, A., and Noumowe, A.: Influence of physical and mechanical properties on the durability of limestone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, Construct. Build. Mater., 162, 420–429, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.031, 2018.
Everett, D. H.: The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids, T. Faraday Soc., 57, 1541–1551, https://doi.org/10.1039/TF9615701541, 1961.
Gerber, D., Wilen, L. A., Poydenot, F., Dufresne, E. R., and Style, R. W.: Stress accumulation by confined ice in a temperature gradient, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2200748119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2200748119, 2022.
Gerber, D., Wilen, L. A., Dufresne, E. R., and Style, R. W.: Polycrystallinity Enhances Stress Buildup around Ice, Phys. Rev. Lett., 131, 208201, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.208201, 2023.
Gilpin, R. R.: A model of the “liquid-like” layer between ice and a substrate with applications to wire regelation and particle migration, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 68, 235–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(79)90277-7, 1979.
Gilpin, R. R.: A model for the prediction of ice lensing and frost heave in soils, Water Resour. Res., 16, 918–930, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR016i005p00918, 1980.
Girard, L., Gruber, S., Weber, S., and Beutel, J.: Environmental controls of frost cracking revealed through in situ acoustic emissio
n measurements in steep bedrock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1748–1753, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50384, 2013.
Hales, T. C. and Roering, J. J.: A frost “buzzsaw” mechanism for erosion of the eastern Southern Alps, New Zealand, Geomorphology, 107, 241–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.12.012, 2009.
Hallet, B., Walder, J. S., and Stubbs, C. W.: Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained subzero temperatures: Verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions, Permafrost Periglac., 2, 283–300, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.3430020404, 1991.
Jia, H., Xiang, W., and Krautblatter, M.: Quantifying Rock Fatigue and Decreasing Compressive and Tensile Strength after Repeated Freeze-Thaw Cycles, Permafrost Periglac., 26, 368–377, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1857, 2015.
Kjelstrup, S., Ghoreishian Amiri, S. A., Loranger, B., Gao, H., and Grimstad, G.: Transport coefficients and pressure conditions for growth of ice lens in frozen soil, Acta Geotech., 16, 2231–2239, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01158-0, 2021.
Lepique, M.: Empfehlung Nr. 10 des Arbeitskreises 3.3 “Versuchstechnik Fels” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V.: Indirekter Zugversuch an Gesteinsproben – Spaltzugversuch, Bautechnik, 85, 623–627, https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.200810048, 2008.
Maji, V. and Murton, J. B.: Micro-computed tomography imaging and probabilistic modelling of rock fracture by freeze–thaw, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 45, 666–680, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4764, 2020.
Maji, V. and Murton, J. B.: Experimental Observations and Statistical Modeling of Crack Propagation Dynamics in Limestone by Acoustic Emission Analysis During Freezing and Thawing, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2021JF006127, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006127, 2021.
Matsuoka, N.: Mechanisms of rock breakdown by frost action: An experimental approach, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 17, 253–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(05)80005-9, 1990.
Matsuoka, N.: Microgelivation versus macrogelivation: towards bridging the gap between laboratory and field frost weathering, Permafrost Periglac., 12, 299–313, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.393, 2001.
Matsuoka, N.: Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the southeastern Swiss Alps: Long-term (1994–2006) observations, Geomorphology, 99, 353–368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.11.013, 2008.
Matsuoka, N.: A multi-method monitoring of timing, magnitude and origin of rockfall activity in the Japanese Alps, Geomorphology, 336, 65–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.03.023, 2019.
Matsuoka, N. and Murton, J.: Frost weathering: Recent advances and future directions, Permafrost Periglac., 19, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.620, 2008.
Matsuoka, N., Hirakawa, K., Watanabe, T., Haeberli, W., and Keller, F.: The role of diurnal, annual and millennial freeze-thaw cycles in controlling alpine slope instability, Proceedings of the seventh international conference on permafrost, Centre d'etudes nordiques, Universite Laval, 711–718, 1998.
Mayer, T.: Data set/code for frost cracking model, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11574002, 2024
Mayer, T., Eppes, M., and Draebing, D.: Influences Driving and Limiting the Efficacy of Ice Segregation in Alpine Rocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL102951, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL102951, 2023.
Mayer, T., Deprez, M., Schröer,L., Cnudde, V., and Draebing, D.: Micro Computational Tomography, Acoustic Emission and rock temperature data from frost weathering tests on Dachstein Limestone, Yoda [data set], https://doi.org/10.24416/UU01-OLMSN0, 2024.
Messenzehl, K., Viles, H., Otto, J.-C., Ewald, A., and Dikau, R.: Linking rock weathering, rockwall instability and rockfall supply on talus slopes in glaciated hanging valleys (Swiss Alps), Permafrost Periglac., 29, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1976, 2018.
Murton, J. B., Peterson, R., and Ozouf, J.-C.: Bedrock Fracture by Ice Segregation in Cold Regions, Science, 314, 1127–1129, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132127, 2006.
Neely, A. B., DiBiase, R. A., Corbett, L. B., Bierman, P. R., and Caffee, M. W.: Bedrock fracture density controls on hillslope erodibility in steep, rocky landscapes with patchy soil cover, southern California, USA, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 522, 186–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.06.011, 2019.
Paul, G. C. D.: Materials science & engineering, CRC Press, Materials Park, Ohio, ASM International, ISBN 1615039848, 9781615039845, 1991.
Pei, L., Blöcher, G., Milsch, H., Deon, F., Zimmermann, G., Rühaak, W., Sass, I., and Huenges, E.: Thermal strain in a water-saturated limestone under hydrostatic and deviatoric stress states, Tectonophysics, 688, 49–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.020, 2016.
Perras, M. A. and Diederichs, M. S.: A Review of the Tensile Strength of Rock: Concepts and Testing, Geotech. Geol. Eng., 32, 525–546, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9732-0, 2014.
Pfiffner, O. A.: Geologie der Alpen, Haupt, 359 pp., https://doi.org/10.36198/9783838584164, 2010.
Prick, A.: Critical Degree of Saturation as a Threshold Moisture Level in Frost Weathering of Limestones, Permafrost Periglac., 8, 91–99, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199701)8:1<91::AID-PPP238>3.0.CO;2-4, 1997.
Sanders, J. W., Cuffey, K. M., Moore, J. R., MacGregor, K. R., and Kavanaugh, J. L.: Periglacial weathering and headwall erosion in cirque glacier bergschrunds, Geology, 40, 779–782, https://doi.org/10.1130/g33330.1, 2012.
Sass, O.: Rock moisture measurements: techniques, results, and implications for weathering, Earth Surface Proc. Land., 30, 359–374, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1214, 2005a.
Sass, O.: Spatial patterns of rockfall intensity in the northern Alps, Z. Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues, 138, 51–65, 2005b.
Scherer, G. W.: Crystallization in pores, Cement Concrete Res., 29, 1347–1358, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00002-2, 1999.
Scott, D. N. and Wohl, E. E.: Bedrock fracture influences on geomorphic process and form across process domains and scales, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 27–45, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4473, 2019.
Sibley, D. N., Llombart, P., Noya, E. G., Archer, A. J., and MacDowell, L. G.: How ice grows from premelting films and water droplets, Nat. Commun., 12, 239, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20318-6, 2021.
Walder, J. and Hallet, B.: A Theoretical-Model of the Fracture of Rock During Freezing, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 96, 336–346, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<336:ATMOTF>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Walder, J. S. and Hallet, B.: The Physical Basis of Frost Weathering – toward a More Fundamental and Unified Perspective, Arct. Alp. Res., 18, 27–32, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551211, 1986.
Wang, Y., Han, J. Q., and Li, C. H.: Acoustic emission and CT investigation on fracture evolution of granite containing two flaws subjected to freeze–thaw and cyclic uniaxial increasing-amplitude loading conditions, Construct. Build. Mater., 260, 119769, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119769, 2020a.
Wang, Y., Feng, W. K., Wang, H. J., Li, C. H., and Hou, Z. Q.: Rock bridge fracturing characteristics in granite induced by freeze-thaw and uniaxial deformation revealed by AE monitoring and post-test CT scanning, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 177, 103115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103115, 2020b.
Webber, J. B. W., Dore, J. C., Strange, J. H., Anderson, R., and Tohidi, B.: Plastic ice in confined geometry: the evidence from neutron diffraction and NMR relaxation, J. Phys.-Condens Mat., 19, 415117, https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/41/415117, 2007.
Whalley, W. B., Rea, B. R., and Rainey, M. M.: Weathering, Blockfields, and Fracture Systems and the Implications for Long-Term Landscape Formation: Some Evidence from Lyngen and Øksfordjøkelen Areas in North Norway, Polar Geogr., 28, 93–119, https://doi.org/10.1080/789610120, 2004.
Withers, P. J., Bouman, C., Carmignato, S., Cnudde, V., Grimaldi, D., Hagen, C. K., Maire, E., Manley, M., Du Plessis, A., and Stock, S. R.: X-ray computed tomography, Nature Rev. Meth. Primers, 1, 18, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00015-4, 2021.
