Articles | Volume 17, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2477-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2477-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Jun 2023
Research article |
| 22 Jun 2023
| 22 Jun 2023
Differential impact of isolated topographic bumps on ice sheet flow and subglacial processes
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291
McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
Lauren E. Miller
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291
McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
Jacob S. Slawson
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291
McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
currently at: Department of Geology and Geological Engineering,
Colorado School of Mines, 1516 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA
Emma J. MacKie
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241
Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-2120, USA
Shujie Wang
Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, 302 N Burrowes St., University Park, PA 16802, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Robert G. Bingham, Julien A. Bodart, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Ailsa Chung, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Johannes C. R. Sutter, Olaf Eisen, Nanna B. Karlsson, Joseph A. MacGregor, Neil Ross, Duncan A. Young, David W. Ashmore, Andreas Born, Winnie Chu, Xiangbin Cui, Reinhard Drews, Steven Franke, Vikram Goel, John W. Goodge, A. Clara J. Henry, Antoine Hermant, Benjamin H. Hills, Nicholas Holschuh, Michelle R. Koutnik, Gwendolyn J.-M. C. Leysinger Vieli, Emma J. Mackie, Elisa Mantelli, Carlos Martín, Felix S. L. Ng, Falk M. Oraschewski, Felipe Napoleoni, Frédéric Parrenin, Sergey V. Popov, Therese Rieckh, Rebecca Schlegel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Xueyuan Tang, Thomas O. Teisberg, Kate Winter, Shuai Yan, Harry Davis, Christine F. Dow, Tyler J. Fudge, Tom A. Jordan, Bernd Kulessa, Kenichi Matsuoka, Clara J. Nyqvist, Maryam Rahnemoonfar, Matthew R. Siegfried, Shivangini Singh, Verjan Višnjević, Rodrigo Zamora, and Alexandra Zuhr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2593, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2593, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ice sheets covering Antarctica have built up over millenia through successive snowfall events which become buried and preserved as internal surfaces of equal age detectable with ice-penetrating radar. This paper describes an international initiative to work together on this archival data to build a comprehensive 3-D picture of how old the ice is everywhere across Antarctica, and how this will be used to reconstruct past and predict future ice and climate behaviour.
Nanna B. Karlsson, Dustin M. Schroeder, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Winnie Chu, Jørgen Dall, Natalia H. Andersen, Reese Dobson, Emma J. Mackie, Simon J. Köhn, Jillian E. Steinmetz, Angelo S. Tarzona, Thomas O. Teisberg, and Niels Skou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3333–3344, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3333-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3333-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the 1970s, more than 177 000 km of observations were acquired from airborne radar over the Greenland ice sheet. The radar data contain information on not only the thickness of the ice, but also the properties of the ice itself. This information was recorded on film rolls and subsequently stored. In this study, we document the digitization of these film rolls that shed new and unprecedented detailed light on the Greenland ice sheet 50 years ago.
Allison P. Lepp, Lauren E. Miller, John B. Anderson, Matt O'Regan, Monica C. M. Winsborrow, James A. Smith, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Julia S. Wellner, Lindsay O. Prothro, and Evgeny A. Podolskiy
The Cryosphere, 18, 2297–2319, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2297-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Shape and surface texture of silt-sized grains are measured to connect marine sediment records with subglacial water flow. We find that grain shape alteration is greatest in glaciers where high-energy drainage events and abundant melting of surface ice are inferred and that the surfaces of silt-sized sediments preserve evidence of glacial transport. Our results suggest grain shape and texture may reveal whether glaciers previously experienced temperate conditions with more abundant meltwater.
Jiahui Xu, Yao Tang, Linxin Dong, Shujie Wang, Bailang Yu, Jianping Wu, Zhaojun Zheng, and Yan Huang
The Cryosphere, 18, 1817–1834, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1817-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1817-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding snow phenology (SP) and its possible feedback are important. We reveal spatiotemporal heterogeneous SP on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the mediating effects from meteorological, topographic, and environmental factors on it. The direct effects of meteorology on SP are much greater than the indirect effects. Topography indirectly effects SP, while vegetation directly effects SP. This study contributes to understanding past global warming and predicting future trends on the TP.
Marion A. McKenzie, Lauren E. Miller, Allison P. Lepp, and Regina DeWitt
Clim. Past, 20, 891–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-891-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-891-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Records of the interaction between land and glacial ice movement in the Puget Lowland of Washington State are used to interpret that solid Earth movement provided stability to this marine-terminating glacial ice for at least 500 years. These results are significant because this landscape is similar to parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet and the Antarctic Peninsula, indicating that the interactions seen in this area are applicable to modern glaciated regions.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien A. Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesidio Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Detlef Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Andrew O. Hoffman, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Annika N. Horlings, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlighem, Jérémie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andrés Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Anotonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed elevation, and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
Emma J. MacKie, Michael Field, Lijing Wang, Zhen Yin, Nathan Schoedl, Matthew Hibbs, and Allan Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3765–3783, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3765-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3765-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth scientists often have to fill in spatial gaps in measurements. This gap-filling or interpolation can be accomplished with geostatistical methods, where the statistical relationships between measurements are used to inform how these gaps should be filled. Despite the broad utility of these methods, there are few freely available geostatistical software applications. We present GStatSim, a Python package for performing different geostatistical interpolation methods.
Daniel Baldassare, Thomas Reichler, Piret Plink-Björklund, and Jacob Slawson
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 531–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-531-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-531-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using ensemble members from the ERA5 reanalysis, the most widely used method for estimating tropical-width trends, the meridional stream function, was found to have large error, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere and in the summer, because of weak gradients at the tropical edge and poor data quality. Another method, using the latitude where the surface wind switches from westerly to easterly, was found to have lower error due to better-observed data.
Yan Huang, Jiahui Xu, Jingyi Xu, Yelei Zhao, Bailang Yu, Hongxing Liu, Shujie Wang, Wanjia Xu, Jianping Wu, and Zhaojun Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4445–4462, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4445-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4445-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable snow cover information is important for understating climate change and hydrological cycling. We generate long-term daily gap-free snow products over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) at 500 m resolution from 2002 to 2021 based on the hidden Markov random field model. The accuracy is 91.36 %, and is especially improved during snow transitional period and over complex terrains. This dataset has great potential to study climate change and to facilitate water resource management in the TP.
Zhen Yin, Chen Zuo, Emma J. MacKie, and Jef Caers
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1477–1497, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1477-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1477-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a multiple-point geostatistics approach to probabilistically learn from training images to fill large-scale irregular geophysical data gaps. With a repository of global topographic training images, our approach models high-resolution basal topography and quantifies the geospatial uncertainty. It generated high-resolution topographic realizations to investigate the impact of basal topographic uncertainty on critical subglacial hydrological flow patterns associated with ice velocity.
Kelly A. Hogan, Robert D. Larter, Alastair G. C. Graham, Robert Arthern, James D. Kirkham, Rebecca L. Totten, Tom A. Jordan, Rachel Clark, Victoria Fitzgerald, Anna K. Wåhlin, John B. Anderson, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Frank O. Nitsche, Lauren Simkins, James A. Smith, Karsten Gohl, Jan Erik Arndt, Jongkuk Hong, and Julia Wellner
The Cryosphere, 14, 2883–2908, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2883-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2883-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The sea-floor geometry around the rapidly changing Thwaites Glacier is a key control on warm ocean waters reaching the ice shelf and grounding zone beyond. This area was previously unsurveyed due to icebergs and sea-ice cover. The International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration mapped this area for the first time in 2019. The data reveal troughs over 1200 m deep and, as this region is thought to have only ungrounded recently, provide key insights into the morphology beneath the grounded ice sheet.
Shujie Wang, Marco Tedesco, Patrick Alexander, Min Xu, and Xavier Fettweis
The Cryosphere, 14, 2687–2713, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2687-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2687-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial algal blooms play a significant role in darkening the Greenland Ice Sheet during summertime. The dark pigments generated by glacial algae could substantially reduce the bare ice albedo and thereby enhance surface melt. We used satellite data to map the spatial distribution of glacial algae and characterized the seasonal growth pattern and interannual trends of glacial algae in southwestern Greenland. Our study is important for bridging microbial activities with ice sheet mass balance.
Lauren M. Simkins, Sarah L. Greenwood, and John B. Anderson
The Cryosphere, 12, 2707–2726, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2707-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2707-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using thousands of grounding line landforms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, we observe two distinct landform types associated with contrasting styles of grounding line retreat. We characterise landform morphology, examine factors that control landform morphology and distribution, and explore drivers of grounding line (in)stability. This study highlights the importance of understanding thresholds which may destabilise a system and of controls on grounding line retreat over a range of timescales.
Related subject area
Discipline: Glaciers | Subject: Subglacial Processes
Multi-scale variations of subglacial hydro-mechanical conditions at Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard
Geothermal heat source estimations through ice flow modelling at Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland
Impact of shallow sills on circulation regimes and submarine melting in glacial fjords
Channelized, distributed, and disconnected: spatial structure and temporal evolution of the subglacial drainage under a valley glacier in the Yukon
Persistent, extensive channelized drainage modeled beneath Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica
Long-period variability in ice-dammed glacier outburst floods due to evolving catchment geometry
Seasonal evolution of basal environment conditions of Russell sector, West Greenland, inverted from satellite observation of surface flow
Brief communication: Heterogenous thinning and subglacial lake activity on Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica
Subglacial permafrost dynamics and erosion inside subglacial channels driven by surface events in Svalbard
Quantification of seasonal and diurnal dynamics of subglacial channels using seismic observations on an Alpine glacier
Glaciohydraulic seismic tremors on an Alpine glacier
Airborne radionuclides and heavy metals in high Arctic terrestrial environment as the indicators of sources and transfers of contamination
Pervasive cold ice within a temperate glacier – implications for glacier thermal regimes, sediment transport and foreland geomorphology
Coline Bouchayer, Ugo Nanni, Pierre-Marie Lefeuvre, John Hult, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Jack Kohler, François Renard, and Thomas V. Schuler
The Cryosphere, 18, 2939–2968, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the interplay between surface runoff and subglacial conditions. We focus on Kongsvegen glacier in Svalbard. We drilled 350 m down to the glacier base to measure water pressure, till strength, seismic noise, and glacier surface velocity. In the low-melt season, the drainage system adapted gradually, while the high-melt season led to a transient response, exceeding drainage capacity and enhancing sliding. Our findings contribute to discussions on subglacial hydro-mechanical processes.
Alexander H. Jarosch, Eyjólfur Magnússon, Krista Hannesdóttir, Joaquín M. C. Belart, and Finnur Pálsson
The Cryosphere, 18, 2443–2454, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2443-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2443-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Geothermally active regions beneath glaciers not only influence local ice flow as well as the mass balance of glaciers but also control changes of subglacial water reservoirs and possible subsequent glacier lake outburst floods. In Iceland, such outburst floods impose danger to people and infrastructure and are therefore monitored. We present a novel computer-simulation-supported method to estimate the activity of such geothermal areas and to monitor its evolution.
Weiyang Bao and Carlos Moffat
The Cryosphere, 18, 187–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A shallow sill can promote the downward transport of the upper-layer freshwater outflow in proglacial fjords. This sill-driven transport reduces fjord temperature and stratification. The sill depth, freshwater discharge, fjord temperature, and stratification are key parameters that modulate the heat supply towards glaciers. Additionally, the relative depth of the plume outflow, the fjord, and the sill can be used to characterize distinct circulation and heat transport regimes in glacial fjords.
Camilo Andrés Rada Giacaman and Christian Schoof
The Cryosphere, 17, 761–787, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-761-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-761-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water flowing at the base of glaciers plays a crucial role in controlling the speed at which glaciers move and how glaciers react to climate. The processes happening below the glaciers are extremely hard to observe and remain only partially understood. Here we provide novel insight into the subglacial environment based on an extensive dataset with over 300 boreholes on an alpine glacier in the Yukon Territory. We highlight the importance of hydraulically disconnected regions of the glacier bed.
Alexander O. Hager, Matthew J. Hoffman, Stephen F. Price, and Dustin M. Schroeder
The Cryosphere, 16, 3575–3599, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The presence of water beneath glaciers is a control on glacier speed and ocean-caused melting, yet it has been unclear whether sizable volumes of water can exist beneath Antarctic glaciers or how this water may flow along the glacier bed. We use computer simulations, supported by observations, to show that enough water exists at the base of Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica, to form "rivers" beneath the glacier. These rivers likely moderate glacier speed and may influence its rate of retreat.
Amy Jenson, Jason M. Amundson, Jonathan Kingslake, and Eran Hood
The Cryosphere, 16, 333–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-333-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-333-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Outburst floods are sudden releases of water from glacial environments. As glaciers retreat, changes in glacier and basin geometry impact outburst flood characteristics. We combine a glacier flow model describing glacier retreat with an outburst flood model to explore how ice dam height, glacier length, and remnant ice in a basin influence outburst floods. We find storage capacity is the greatest indicator of flood magnitude, and the flood onset mechanism is a significant indicator of duration.
Anna Derkacheva, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Jeremie Mouginot, Eliot Jager, Nathan Maier, and Samuel Cook
The Cryosphere, 15, 5675–5704, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5675-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5675-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Along the edges of the Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt lubricates the bed and causes large seasonal fluctuations in ice speeds during summer. Accurately understanding how these ice speed changes occur is difficult due to the inaccessibility of the glacier bed. We show that by using surface velocity maps with high temporal resolution and numerical modelling we can infer the basal conditions that control seasonal fluctuations in ice speed and gain insight into seasonal dynamics over large areas.
Andrew O. Hoffman, Knut Christianson, Daniel Shapero, Benjamin E. Smith, and Ian Joughin
The Cryosphere, 14, 4603–4609, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4603-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4603-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The West Antarctic Ice Sheet has long been considered geometrically prone to collapse, and Thwaites Glacier, the largest glacier in the Amundsen Sea, is likely in the early stages of disintegration. Using observations of Thwaites Glacier velocity and elevation change, we show that the transport of ~2 km3 of water beneath Thwaites Glacier has only a small and transient effect on glacier speed relative to ongoing thinning driven by ocean melt.
Andreas Alexander, Jaroslav Obu, Thomas V. Schuler, Andreas Kääb, and Hanne H. Christiansen
The Cryosphere, 14, 4217–4231, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present subglacial air, ice and sediment temperatures from within the basal drainage systems of two cold-based glaciers on Svalbard during late spring and the summer melt season. We put the data into the context of air temperature and rainfall at the glacier surface and show the importance of surface events on the subglacial thermal regime and erosion around basal drainage channels. Observed vertical erosion rates thereby reachup to 0.9 m d−1.
Ugo Nanni, Florent Gimbert, Christian Vincent, Dominik Gräff, Fabian Walter, Luc Piard, and Luc Moreau
The Cryosphere, 14, 1475–1496, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1475-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1475-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our study addresses key questions on the subglacial drainage system physics through a novel observational approach that overcomes traditional limitations. We conducted, over 2 years, measurements of the subglacial water-flow-induced seismic noise and of glacier basal sliding speeds. We then inverted for the subglacial channel's hydraulic pressure gradient and hydraulic radius and investigated the links between the equilibrium state of subglacial channels and glacier basal sliding.
Fabian Lindner, Fabian Walter, Gabi Laske, and Florent Gimbert
The Cryosphere, 14, 287–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-287-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-287-2020, 2020
Edyta Łokas, Agata Zaborska, Ireneusz Sobota, Paweł Gaca, J. Andrew Milton, Paweł Kocurek, and Anna Cwanek
The Cryosphere, 13, 2075–2086, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2075-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2075-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Cryoconite granules built of mineral particles, organic substances and living organisms significantly influence fluxes of energy and matter at glacier surfaces. They contribute to ice melting, give rise to an exceptional ecosystem, and effectively trap contaminants. This study evaluates contamination levels of radionuclides in cryoconite from Arctic glaciers and identifies sources of this contamination, proving that cryoconite is an excellent indicator of atmospheric contamination.
Benedict T. I. Reinardy, Adam D. Booth, Anna L. C. Hughes, Clare M. Boston, Henning Åkesson, Jostein Bakke, Atle Nesje, Rianne H. Giesen, and Danni M. Pearce
The Cryosphere, 13, 827–843, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-827-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-827-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Cold-ice processes may be widespread within temperate glacier systems but the role of cold-ice processes in temperate glacier systems is relatively unknown. Climate forcing is the main control on glacier mass balance but potential for heterogeneous thermal conditions at temperate glaciers calls for improved model assessments of future evolution of thermal conditions and impacts on glacier dynamics and mass balance. Cold-ice processes need to be included in temperate glacier land system models.
Cited articles
Alley, R. B.: In search of ice-stream sticky-spots, J. Glaciol.,
39, 447–454, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000016336, 1993.
Alley, R. B., Holschuh, N., MacAyeal, D. R., Parizek, B. R., Zoet, L.,
Riverman, K., Muto, A., Christianson, K., Clyne, E., Anandakrishnan, S.,
Stevens, N., and GHOST Collaboration: Bedforms of Thwaites Glacier, West
Antarctica: Character and Origin, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2021JF006339, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006339, 2021.
Bamber, J. L., Griggs, J. A., Hurkmans, R. T. W. L., Dowdeswell, J. A., Gogineni, S. P., Howat, I., Mouginot, J., Paden, J., Palmer, S., Rignot, E., and Steinhage, D.: A new bed elevation dataset for Greenland, The Cryosphere, 7, 499–510, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-499-2013, 2013.
Benediktsson, Í., Aradóttir, N., Ingólfsson, Ó., and
Brynjólfsson, S.: Cross-cutting palaeo-ice streams in NE-Iceland reveal
shifting Iceland Ice Sheet dynamics, Geomorphology, 396, 108009,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.108009, 2022.
Blunier, T. and Brook, E. J.: Timing of millennial-scale climate change in
Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period, Science, 291,
109–112, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.109, 2001.
Booth, D. B. and Hallet, B.: Channel networks carved by subglacial water:
Observations and reconstruction in the eastern Puget Lowland of Washington,
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 105, 671–683, 1993.
Booth, D. B., Troost, K. G., Clague, J. J., and Waitt, R. B.: The cordilleran
ice sheet, Development in Quaternary Science, 1, 17–43, 2003.
Booth, D. B., Troost, K. G., and Hagstrum, J. T.: Deformation of quaternary
strata and its relationship to crustal folds and faults, south-central Puget
Lowland, Washington State, Geology, 32, 505–508,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G20355.1, 2004.
Broecker, W. S.: Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global climate
change, Nature, 372, 421–424, https://doi.org/10.1038/372421a0, 1994.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Sinha, A., Spötl, C., Yi, L., Chen, S., Kelly, M., Kathayat, G., Wang, X., Li, X., Kong., X., Wang, Y., Ning, Y., and Zhang, H.: The Asian monsoon over the past 640,000 years and ice age
terminations, Nature, 534, 640–646,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18591, 2016.
Clague, J. J. and James, T. S.: History and isostatic effects of the
last ice sheet in southern British Columbia, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
21, 71–87, 2002.
Clallam County, Olympic Department of Natural Resources, Washington
Department of Transportation: Puget Lowlands 2005 [data set], https://lidarportal.dnr.wa.gov/#47.85003:-122.92053:7 (last access: 1 September 2022), 2008.
Clark, C. D.: Reconstructing the evolutionary dynamics of former ice sheets
using multi-temporal evidence, remote sensing and GIS, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 16, 1067–1092, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00037-1,
1997.
Clark, C. D.: Glaciodynamic context of subglacial bedform generation and
preservation, Ann. Glaciol., 28, 23–32,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821832, 1999.
Clark, C. D., Evans, D. J. A., and Piotrowski, J. A.: Palaeo-ice streams: an
introduction, Boreas, 32, 1–3, https://doi.org/10.1080/03009480310001182,
2003.
Clark, C. D., Hughes, A. L. C., Greenwood, S. L., Spagnolo, M., and Ng, F. S. L.:
Size and shape characteristics of drumlins, derived from a large sample, and
associated scaling laws, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 677–696,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.035, 2009.
Cuffey, K. M. and Paterson, W. S. B.: The Physics of Glaciers: Fourth Edition,
Academic Press, Burlington, Massachusetts, ISBN 9780123694614, https://shop.elsevier.com/books/the-physics-of-glaciers/cuffey/978-0-12-369461-4, 2010.
Damsgaard, A., Goren, L., and Suckale, J.: Water pressure fluctuations
control variability in sediment flux and slip dynamics beneath glaciers and
ice streams, Communications Earth & Environment, 1, 66,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00074-7, 2020.
Dethier, D. P., Pessl, F., Keuler, R. F., Balzarini, M. A., and Pevear, D. R.:
Late Wisconsinan glaciomarine deposition and isostatic rebound, northern
Puget Lowland, Washington, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 1288–1303,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1288:LWGDAI>2.3.CO;2, 1995.
Durand, G., Gagliardini, O., Favier, L., Zwinger, T., and le Meur, E.:
Impact of bedrock description on modeling ice sheet dynamics, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 38, L20501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048892, 2011.
Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L., and Hughes, P. D.: Quaternary Glaciations –
Extent and Chronology, Elsevier,
http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780444534477/index (last access: 18 February 2023), 2010.
Eyles, N. and Doughty, M.: Glacially-streamlined hard and soft beds of the
paleo-Ontario ice stream in Southern Ontario and New York state, Sediment.
Geol., 338, 51–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.019, 2016.
Eyles, N., Arbelaez Moreno, L., and Sookhan, S.: Ice streams of the Late
Wisconsin Cordilleran Ice Sheet in western North America, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 179, 87–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.027, 2018.
Favier, L., Pattyn, F., Berger, S., and Drews, R.: Dynamic influence of pinning points on marine ice-sheet stability: a numerical study in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 10, 2623–2635, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2623-2016, 2016.
Greenwood, S. L., Simkins, L. M., Winsborrow, M. C. M., and Bjarnadóttir,
L. R.: Exceptions to bed-controlled ice sheet flow and retreat from glaciated
continental margins worldwide, Science Advances, 7, eabb6291,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6291, 2021.
Holschuh, N., Christianson, K., Paden, J., Alley, R. B., and Anandakrishnan,
S.: Linking postglacial landscapes to glacier dynamics using swath radar at
Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica, Geology, 48, 268–272, https://doi.org/10.1130/g46772.1, 2020.
Khazaradze, G., Qamar, A., and Dragert, H.: Tectonic deformation in western
Washington from continuous GPS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
26, 3153–3156, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010458, 1999.
King, E., Hindmarsh, R., and Stokes, C.: Formation of mega-scale glacial
lineations observed beneath a West Antarctic ice stream, Nat. Geosci.,
2, 585–588, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo581, 2009.
Kleman, J. and Borgström, I.: Reconstruction of palaeo-ice sheets: The
use of geomorphological data, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 21,
893–909, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199610)21:10<893::AID-ESP620>3.0.CO;2-U,
1996.
Kleman, J., Hättestrand, C., Stroeven, A. P., Jansson, K. N., Angelis,
H. D., and Borgström, I.: Reconstruction of Palaeo-Ice Sheets- Inversion
of their Glacial Geomorphological Record, Glacier Science and Environmental
Change, edited by: Knight, P. G., Blackwell Publishing, 192–198, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470750636.ch38, 2006.
Kovanen, D. J. and Slaymaker, O.: Relict Shorelines and Ice Flow Patterns of
the Northern Puget Lowland from Lidar Data and Digital Terrain Modelling,
Geogr. Ann. A, 86, 385–400,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3566155 (last access: 18 February 2023), 2004.
Krabbendam, M., Eyles, N., Putkinen, N., Bradwell, T., and Arbelaez-Moreno,
L.: Streamlined hard beds formed by palaeo ice stream: a review, Sediment.
Geol., 338, 24–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.12.007, 2016.
MacKie, E. J., Schroeder, D. M., Caers, J., Siegfried, M. R., and Scheidt,
C.: Antarctic topographic realizations and geostatistical modeling used to
map subglacial lakes, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 125, e2019JF005420,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005420, 2020.
MacKie, E. J., Schroeder, D. M., Zuo, C., Yin, Z., and Caers, J.: Stochastic
modeling of subglacial topography exposes uncertainty in water routing at
Jakobshavn Glacier, J. Glaciol., 67, 75–83,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.84, 2021.
McIntyre, N. F.: The Dynamics of Ice-Sheet Outlets, J. Glaciol.,
31, 99–107, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000006328, 1985.
McKenzie, M. A., Simkins, L. M., Principato, S., and Munevar-Garcia, S.:
Subglacial bedform sensitivity to bed characteristics across the deglaciated
Northern Hemisphere, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 47, 2341–2356,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5382, 2022.
McKenzie, M. A., Simkins, L. M., Slawson, J. S., and Wang, S.: Streamlined
subglacial bedforms across isolated topographic highs in the Puget Lowland,
Washington state, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.954529, 2023.
Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Binder, T., Blankenship, D., Drews, R., Eagles,
G., Eisen, O., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fretwell, P., Goel, V., Greenbaum, J. S., Gudmundsson, Guo, J., Helm, V., Hoftstede, C., Howat, I., Humbert, A., Jokat, W., Karlsson, N. B., Lee, W. S., Matsuoka, K., Millan, Mouginot, J., Paden, J., Pattyn, F., Roberts, J., Rosier, S., Ruppel, A., Seroussi, H., Smith, E. C., Steinhage, D., Sun, B., van den Broeke, M. R., van Omen, T. D., van Wessem, M., and Young, D. A.: Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the
margins of the Antarctic ice sheet, Nat. Geosci., 13, 132–137,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8, 2020.
OCM Partners: 2017 USGS Lidar: Olympic Peninsula, WA from 2010-06-15 to
2010-08-15, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set],
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/59232 (last access: 1 September 2022), 2019a.
OCM Partners: 2019 WA DNR Lidar: San Juan County, WA from 2010-06-15 to
2010-08-15, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set],
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/67199 (last access: 1 September 2022), 2019b.
Payne, A. and Dongelmans, P.: Self-organization in the thermomechanical
flow of ice sheets, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 102,
12219–12233, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00513, 1997.
Pohjola, V. A. and Hedfors, J.: Studying the effects of strain heating on
glacial flow within outlet glaciers from the Heimefrontfjella Range,
Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 37, 134–142,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756403781815843, 2003.
Principato, S., Moyer, A., Hampsch, A., and Ipsen, H.: Using GIS and
streamlined landforms to interpret palaeo-ice flow in northern Iceland,
Boreas, 45, 470–482, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12164, 2016.
Quantum Spatial Inc.: Western Washington 3DEP LiDAR, United States
Geological Survey [data set],
https://gismaps.snoco.org/metadata/topography/Western_Washington_3DEP_Technical_Data_Report.pdf (last access: 1 September 2022), 2017.
Quantum Spatial Inc.: Olympic Peninsula, Washington 3DEP LiDAR, United
States Geological Survey [data set],
https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/lidar3_z/geoid18/data/9072/supplemental/Olympic_Peninsula_3DEP_Area_1_LiDAR_Technical_Data_Report_revised_110419.pdf (last access: 1 September 2022),
2019.
Robel, A. A., Pegler, S. S., Catania, G., Felikson, D., and Simkins, L. M.:
Ambiguous stability of glaciers at bed peaks, J. Glaciol., 68, 1177–1184,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.31, 2022.
Schoof, C. and Clarke, G.: A model for spiral flows in basal ice and the
formation of subglacial flutes based on a Reiner-Rivlin rheology for glacial
ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 113, B05204,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB004957, 2008.
Schroeder, D. M., Blankenship, D. D., Young, D. A., Witus, A. E., and
Anderson, J. B.: Airborne radar sounding evidence for deformable sediments
and outcropping bedrock beneath Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7200–7208,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061645, 2014.
Shaw, J., Pugin, A., and Young, R. R.: A meltwater origin for Antarctic shelf
bedforms with special attention to megalineations, Geomorphology, 102,
364–375, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90114-0, 2008.
Sherrod, B. L., Blakely, R. J., Weaver, C. S., Kelsey, H. M., Barnett, E.,
Liberty, L., Meagher, K. L., and Pape, K.: Finding concealed active faults:
Extending the southern Whidbey Island fault across the Puget Lowland,
Washington, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B05313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005060, 2008.
Spagnolo, M., Clark, C. D., and Hughes, A. L. C.: Drumlin relief,
Geomorphology, 153–154, 179–191,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.02.023, 2012.
Spagnolo, M., Clark, C. D., Ely, J. C., Stokes, C. R., Anderson, J. B.,
Andreassen, K., Graham, A. G. C., and King, E. C.: Size, shape and spatial
arrangement of mega-scale glacial lineations from a large and diverse
dataset, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 1432–1448,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3532, 2014.
Stokes, C. R., Clark, C. D., Lian, O. B., and Tulaczyk, S.: Ice stream sticky
spots: A review of their identification and influence beneath contemporary
and palaeo-ice streams, Earth-Sci. Rev., 81, 217–249,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.002, 2007.
Walczak, M. H., Mix, A. C., Cowan, E. A., Fallon, S., Fifield, L. K., Alder, J. R., Du, J., Haley, B.,
Hobern, T., Padman, J., Praetorius, S. K., Schmittner, A., Stoner, J. S., and Zellers, S. D.:
Phasing of millennial-scale climate variability in the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans, Science, 370, 716–720, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba7096, 2020.
Wang, S., Wu, Q., and Ward, D.: Automated delineation and characterization
of drumlins using a contour tree approach, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 62, 144–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.06.006,
2017.
Winsborrow, M. C. M., Clark, C. D., and Stokes, C. R.: What controls the
location of ice streams?, Earth-Sci. Rev., 103, 45–59,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.003, 2010.
Short summary
Topographic highs (“bumps”) across glaciated landscapes have the potential to affect glacial ice. Bumps in the deglaciated Puget Lowland are assessed for streamlined glacial features to provide insight on ice–bed interactions. We identify a general threshold in which bumps significantly disrupt ice flow and sedimentary processes in this location. However, not all bumps have the same degree of impact. The system assessed here has relevance to parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet and Thwaites Glacier.
Topographic highs (“bumps”) across glaciated landscapes have the potential to affect glacial...
