Articles | Volume 14, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2729-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2729-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Aug 2020
Research article |
| 27 Aug 2020
| 27 Aug 2020
Drivers for Atlantic-origin waters abutting Greenland
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Xianmin Hu
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
Paul G. Myers
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Mads Hvid Ribergaard
Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
Craig M. Lee
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Tyler Pelle, Paul G. Myers, Andrew Hamilton, Matthew Mazloff, Krista Soderlund, Lucas Beem, Donald D. Blankenship, Cyril Grima, Feras Habbal, Mark Skidmore, and Jamin S. Greenbaum
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3751, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3751, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we develop and run a high resolution ocean model of Jones Sound from 2003–2016 and characterize circulation into, out of, and within the sound as well as associated sea ice and productivity cycles. Atmospheric and ocean warming drive sea ice decline, which enhance biological productivity due to the increased light availability. These results highlight the utility of high resolution models in simulating complex waterways and the need for sustained oceanographic measurements in the sound.
Jan-Hendrik Malles, Ben Marzeion, and Paul G. Myers
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1425, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the northern hemisphere outside Greenland are losing mass at roughly half the Greenland ice sheet's (GrIS) rate. Still, this is usually not included in the freshwater input data for numerical ocean circulation models. Also, the submarine melt of glaciers (outside the ice sheets) has not been quantified yet. We tackle both issues by using a numerical glacier model's output as additional freshwater for the ocean model and by using the ocean model's output to quantify submarine melt.
Graham Epstein, Susanna D. Fuller, Dipti Hingmire, Paul G. Myers, Angelica Peña, Clark Pennelly, and Julia K. Baum
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2165–2195, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Improved mapping of surficial seabed sediment organic carbon is vital for best-practice marine management. Here, using systematic data review, data unification process and machine learning techniques, the first national predictive maps were produced for Canada at 200 m resolution. We show fine-scale spatial variation of organic carbon across the continental margin and estimate the total standing stock in the top 30 cm of the sediment to be 10.9 Gt.
Benjamin Richaud, Katja Fennel, Eric C. J. Oliver, Michael D. DeGrandpre, Timothée Bourgeois, Xianmin Hu, and Youyu Lu
The Cryosphere, 17, 2665–2680, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2665-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2665-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is a dynamic carbon reservoir. Its seasonal growth and melt modify the carbonate chemistry in the upper ocean, with consequences for the Arctic Ocean carbon sink. Yet, the importance of this process is poorly quantified. Using two independent approaches, this study provides new methods to evaluate the error in air–sea carbon flux estimates due to the lack of biogeochemistry in ice in earth system models. Those errors range from 5 % to 30 %, depending on the model and climate projection.
Clark Pennelly and Paul G. Myers
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4959–4975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution ocean simulation was carried out within the Labrador Sea, a region that low-resolution climate simulations may misrepresent. We show that small-scale eddies and their associated transport are better resolved at higher resolution than at lower resolution. These eddies transport important properties to the interior of the Labrador Sea, impacting the stratification and reducing the convection extent so that it is far more accurate when compared to what observations suggest.
Thomas J. Ballinger, Thomas L. Mote, Kyle Mattingly, Angela C. Bliss, Edward Hanna, Dirk van As, Melissa Prieto, Saeideh Gharehchahi, Xavier Fettweis, Brice Noël, Paul C. J. P. Smeets, Carleen H. Reijmer, Mads H. Ribergaard, and John Cappelen
The Cryosphere, 13, 2241–2257, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2241-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2241-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic sea ice and the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) are melting later in the year due to a warming climate. Through analyses of weather station, climate model, and reanalysis data, physical links are evaluated between Baffin Bay open water duration and western GrIS melt conditions. We show that sub-Arctic air mass movement across this portion of the GrIS strongly influences late summer and autumn melt, while near-surface, off-ice winds inhibit westerly atmospheric heat transfer from Baffin Bay.
Hakase Hayashida, James R. Christian, Amber M. Holdsworth, Xianmin Hu, Adam H. Monahan, Eric Mortenson, Paul G. Myers, Olivier G. J. Riche, Tessa Sou, and Nadja S. Steiner
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1965–1990, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1965-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1965-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice algae, the primary producer in sea ice, play a fundamental role in shaping marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling of key elements in polar regions. In this study, we developed a process-based numerical model component representing sea-ice biogeochemistry for a sea ice–ocean coupled general circulation model. The model developed can be used to simulate the projected changes in sea-ice ecosystems and biogeochemistry in response to on-going rapid decline of the Arctic.
Xianmin Hu, Jingfan Sun, Ting On Chan, and Paul G. Myers
The Cryosphere, 12, 1233–1247, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1233-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1233-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the sea ice thickness simulation in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago region using 1/4 and 1/12 degree NEMO LIM2 configurations. Model resolution dose not play a significant role. Relatively smaller thermodynamic contribution in the winter season is found in the thick ice covered areas, with larger contributions in the thin ice covered regions. No significant trend in winter maximum ice volume is found in the northern CAA and Baffin Bay but a decline is simulated within Parry Channel.
Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Paul G. Myers, Xianmin Hu, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 1011–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1011-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1011-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the fall of 2014, the upwelling of water from the deep Canada Basin brought water onto the shallower Mackenzie Shelf in the Beaufort Sea. This increased the concentration of CO2 in water on the shelf, which alters pH and changes the transfer of CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere. These findings were a combined result of water sampling for CO2 parameters and the use of a computer model that simulates water movement in the ocean.
Related subject area
Discipline: Other | Subject: Ocean Interactions
The macronutrient and micronutrient (iron and manganese) content of icebergs
Ice mélange melt changes observed water column stratification at a tidewater glacier in Greenland
Subglacial discharge effects on basal melting of a rotating, idealized ice shelf
Ice-shelf freshwater triggers for the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf melt tipping point in a global ocean–sea-ice model
Fjord circulation induced by melting icebergs
Modeling seasonal-to-decadal ocean–cryosphere interactions along the Sabrina Coast, East Antarctica
Impact of icebergs on the seasonal submarine melt of Sermeq Kujalleq
Reversal of ocean gyres near ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea caused by the interaction of sea ice and wind
Impact of freshwater runoff from the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet on fjord productivity since the late 19th century
Modeling intensive ocean–cryosphere interactions in Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica
Impact of West Antarctic ice shelf melting on Southern Ocean hydrography
Ice island thinning: rates and model calibration with in situ observations from Baffin Bay, Nunavut
Quantifying iceberg calving fluxes with underwater noise
Modeling the effect of Ross Ice Shelf melting on the Southern Ocean in quasi-equilibrium
Jana Krause, Dustin Carroll, Juan Höfer, Jeremy Donaire, Eric P. Achterberg, Emilio Alarcón, Te Liu, Lorenz Meire, Kechen Zhu, and Mark J. Hopwood
The Cryosphere, 18, 5735–5752, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5735-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5735-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analysed calved ice samples from both the Arctic and Antarctic to assess the variability in the composition of iceberg meltwater. Our results suggest that low concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in ice are primarily from the ice matrix, whereas sediment-rich layers impart a low concentration of silica and modest concentrations of iron and manganese. At a global scale, there are very limited differences in the nutrient composition of ice.
Nicole Abib, David A. Sutherland, Rachel Peterson, Ginny Catania, Jonathan D. Nash, Emily L. Shroyer, Leigh A. Stearns, and Timothy C. Bartholomaus
The Cryosphere, 18, 4817–4829, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4817-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4817-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The melting of ice mélange, or dense packs of icebergs and sea ice in glacial fjords, can influence the water column by releasing cold fresh water deep under the ocean surface. However, direct observations of this process have remained elusive. We use measurements of ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity bookending an episodic ice mélange event to show that this meltwater input changes the density profile of a glacial fjord and has implications for understanding tidewater glacier change.
Irena Vaňková, Xylar Asay-Davis, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, Darin Comeau, Alexander Hager, Matthew Hoffman, Stephen F. Price, and Jonathan Wolfe
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2297, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2297, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the effect of subglacial discharge on basal melting for Antarctic Ice Shelves. We find that the results from previous studies of vertical ice fronts and two-dimensional ice tongues do not translate to the rotating ice-shelf framework. The melt rate dependence on discharge is stronger in the rotating framework. Further, there is a substantial melt-rate sensitivity to the location of the discharge along the grounding line relative to the directionality of the Coriolis force.
Matthew J. Hoffman, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Darin Comeau, Alice Barthel, Stephen F. Price, and Jonathan D. Wolfe
The Cryosphere, 18, 2917–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica is susceptible to the intrusion of deep, warm ocean water that could increase the melting at the ice-shelf base by a factor of 10. We show that representing this potential melt regime switch in a low-resolution climate model requires careful treatment of iceberg melting and ocean mixing. We also demonstrate a possible ice-shelf melt domino effect where increased melting of nearby ice shelves can lead to the melt regime switch at Filchner–Ronne.
Kenneth G. Hughes
The Cryosphere, 18, 1315–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A mathematical and conceptual model of how the melting of hundreds of icebergs generates currents within a fjord.
Kazuya Kusahara, Daisuke Hirano, Masakazu Fujii, Alexander D. Fraser, Takeshi Tamura, Kohei Mizobata, Guy D. Williams, and Shigeru Aoki
The Cryosphere, 18, 43–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-43-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-43-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the Totten and Moscow University ice shelves, East Antarctica. We used an ocean–sea ice–ice shelf model to better understand regional interactions between ocean, sea ice, and ice shelf. We found that a combination of warm ocean water and local sea ice production influences the regional ice shelf basal melting. Furthermore, the model reproduced the summertime undercurrent on the upper continental slope, regulating ocean heat transport onto the continental shelf.
Karita Kajanto, Fiammetta Straneo, and Kerim Nisancioglu
The Cryosphere, 17, 371–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-371-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-371-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many outlet glaciers in Greenland are connected to the ocean by narrow glacial fjords, where warm water melts the glacier from underneath. Ocean water is modified in these fjords through processes that are poorly understood, particularly iceberg melt. We use a model to show how iceberg melt cools down Ilulissat Icefjord and causes circulation to take place deeper in the fjord than if there were no icebergs. This causes the glacier to melt less and from a smaller area than without icebergs.
Yixi Zheng, David P. Stevens, Karen J. Heywood, Benjamin G. M. Webber, and Bastien Y. Queste
The Cryosphere, 16, 3005–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3005-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3005-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
New observations reveal the Thwaites gyre in a habitually ice-covered region in the Amundsen Sea for the first time. This gyre rotates anticlockwise, despite the wind here favouring clockwise gyres like the Pine Island Bay gyre – the only other ocean gyre reported in the Amundsen Sea. We use an ocean model to suggest that sea ice alters the wind stress felt by the ocean and hence determines the gyre direction and strength. These processes may also be applied to other gyres in polar oceans.
Mimmi Oksman, Anna Bang Kvorning, Signe Hillerup Larsen, Kristian Kjellerup Kjeldsen, Kenneth David Mankoff, William Colgan, Thorbjørn Joest Andersen, Niels Nørgaard-Pedersen, Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz, Naja Mikkelsen, and Sofia Ribeiro
The Cryosphere, 16, 2471–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2471-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2471-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
One of the questions facing the cryosphere community today is how increasing runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet impacts marine ecosystems. To address this, long-term data are essential. Here, we present multi-site records of fjord productivity for SW Greenland back to the 19th century. We show a link between historical freshwater runoff and productivity, which is strongest in the inner fjord – influenced by marine-terminating glaciers – where productivity has increased since the late 1990s.
Kazuya Kusahara, Daisuke Hirano, Masakazu Fujii, Alexander D. Fraser, and Takeshi Tamura
The Cryosphere, 15, 1697–1717, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1697-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1697-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used an ocean–sea ice–ice shelf model with a 2–3 km horizontal resolution to investigate ocean–ice shelf/glacier interactions in Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica. The numerical model reproduced the observed warm water intrusion along the deep trough in the bay. We examined in detail (1) water mass changes between the upper continental slope and shelf regions and (2) the fast-ice role in the ocean conditions and basal melting at the Shirase Glacier tongue.
Yoshihiro Nakayama, Ralph Timmermann, and Hartmut H. Hellmer
The Cryosphere, 14, 2205–2216, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2205-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2205-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies have shown accelerations of West Antarctic glaciers, implying that basal melt rates of these glaciers were small and increased in the middle of the 20th century. We conduct coupled sea ice–ice shelf–ocean simulations with different levels of ice shelf melting from West Antarctic glaciers. This study reveals how far and how quickly glacial meltwater from ice shelves in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas propagates downstream into the Ross Sea and along the East Antarctic coast.
Anna J. Crawford, Derek Mueller, Gregory Crocker, Laurent Mingo, Luc Desjardins, Dany Dumont, and Marcel Babin
The Cryosphere, 14, 1067–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1067-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1067-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large tabular icebergs (
ice islands) are symbols of climate change as well as marine hazards. We measured thickness along radar transects over two visits to a 14 km2 Arctic ice island and left automated equipment to monitor surface ablation and thickness over 1 year. We assess variation in thinning rates and calibrate an ice–ocean melt model with field data. Our work contributes to understanding ice island deterioration via logistically complex fieldwork in a remote environment.
Oskar Glowacki and Grant B. Deane
The Cryosphere, 14, 1025–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1025-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1025-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Marine-terminating glaciers are shrinking rapidly in response to the warming climate and thus provide large quantities of fresh water to the ocean system. However, accurate estimates of ice loss at the ice–ocean boundary are difficult to obtain. Here we demonstrate that ice mass loss from iceberg break-off (calving) can be measured by analyzing the underwater noise generated as icebergs impact the sea surface.
Xiying Liu
The Cryosphere, 12, 3033–3044, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3033-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3033-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical experiments have been performed to study the effect of basal melting of the Ross Ice Shelf on the ocean southward of 35° S. It is shown that the melt rate averaged over the entire Ross Ice Shelf is 0.253 m year-1, which is associated with a freshwater flux of 3150 m3 s-1. The extra freshwater flux decreases the salinity in the Southern Ocean substantially, leading to anomalies in circulation, sea ice, and heat transport in certain parts of the ocean.
Cited articles
Aagaard, K. and Carmack, E. C.: The role of sea ice and other fresh water in
the Arctic circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 94,
14 485–14 498, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC10p14485, 1989. a
Aksenov, Y., Bacon, S., Coward, A. C., and Holliday, N. P.: Polar outflow from
the Arctic Ocean: A high resolution model study, J. Marine Sys.,
83, 14–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2010.06.007, 2010. a
Amante, C. and Eakins, B.: ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model:
Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis, NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS
NGDC-24, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5C8276M, 2009. a, b
An, L., Rignot, E., Elieff, S., Morlighem, M., Millan, R., Mouginot, J.,
Holland, D. M., Holland, D., and Paden, J.: Bed elevation of Jakobshavn
Isbrae, West Greenland, from high-resolution airborne gravity and other
data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 3728–3736,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073245, 2017. a, b
Arrigo, K. R., van Dijken, G. L., Castelao, R. M., Luo, H., Rennermalm, s. K.,
Tedesco, M., Mote, T. L., Oliver, H., and Yager, P. L.: Melting glaciers
stimulate large summer phytoplankton blooms in southwest Greenland waters,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6278–6285, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073583,
2017. a
Azetsu-Scott, K. and Tan, F. C.: Oxygen isotope studies from Iceland to an East
Greenland Fjord: behaviour of glacial meltwater plume, Mar. Chem., 56,
239–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(96)00078-3, 1997. a, b
Bacon, S., Marshall, A., Holliday, N. P., Aksenov, Y., and Dye, S. R.: Seasonal
variability of the East Greenland Coastal Current, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 119, 3967–3987, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009279, 2014. a
Bamber, J., Van Den Broeke, M., Ettema, J., Lenaerts, J., and Rignot, E.:
Recent large increases in freshwater fluxes from Greenland into the North
Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052552, 2012. a, b, c
Bamber, J. L., Griggs, J. A., Hurkmans, R. T. W. L., Dowdeswell, J. A., Gogineni, S. P., Howat, I., Mouginot, J., Paden, J., Palmer, S., Rignot, E., and Steinhage, D.: A new bed elevation dataset for Greenland, The Cryosphere, 7, 499–510, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-499-2013, 2013. a
Barnier, B., Brodeau, L., Le Sommer, J., Molines, J., Penduff, T., Theetten,
S., Treguier, A. M., Madec, G., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Dengg, J.,
Gulev, S., Bourdallé, B. R., Chanut, J., Garric, G., Alderson, S., Coward,
A., de Cuevas, B., New, A., Haines, K., Smith, G., Drijfhout, S., Hazeleger,
W., Severijns, C., and Myers, P.: Eddy-permitting ocean circulation hindcasts
of past decades, CLIVAR Exchanges, 12, 8–10, 2007. a, b, c
Bartholomaus, T. C., Stearns, L. A., Sutherland, D. A., Shroyer, E. L., Nash,
J. D., Walker, R. T., Catania, G., Felikson, D., Carroll, D., Fried, M. J.,
Noël, B. P. Y., and Van Den Broeke, M. R.: Contrasts in the response of adjacent fjords and glaciers to
ice-sheet surface melt in West Greenland, Ann. Glaciol., 57, 25–38,
https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2016.19, 2016. a
Beaird, N., Straneo, F., and Jenkins, W.: Characteristics of meltwater export
from Jakobshavn Isbræ and Ilulissat Icefjord, Ann. Glaciol., 58,
107–117, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.19, 2017. a
Beaird, N. L., Straneo, F., and Jenkins, W.: Export of Strongly Diluted
Greenland Meltwater From a Major Glacial Fjord, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
45, 4163–4170, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077000,
2018. a
Bernard, B., Madec, G., Penduff, T., Molines, J.-M., Treguier, A.-M.,
Le Sommer, J., Beckmann, A., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Dengg, J., Derval,
C., Durand, E., Gulev, S., Remy, E., Talandier, C., Theetten, S., Maltrud,
M., McClean, J., and De Cuevas, B.: Impact of partial steps and momentum
advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting
resolution, Ocean Dynam., 56, 543–567, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0082-1, 2006. a
Beszczynska-Möller, A., Fahrbach, E., Schauer, U., and Hansen, E.:
Variability in Atlantic water temperature and transport at the entrance to
the Arctic Ocean, 1997–2010, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69, 852–863, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss056, 2012. a, b, c
BODC: British Oceanographic Data Center's General Bathymetric Chart of the
Oceans, available at: http://blog.bodc.ac.uk/2008/ (last access: 9 March 2017), 2008. a
Böning, C. W., Behrens, E., Biastoch, A., Getzlaff, K., and Bamber, J. L.:
Emerging impact of Greenland meltwater on deepwater formation in the North
Atlantic Ocean, Nature Geosci., 9, 523–527, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2740, 2016. a, b, c
Box, J. E.and Yang, L., Bromwich, D. H., and Bai, L.: Greenland Ice Sheet
Surface Air Temperature Variability: 1840–2007, J. Climate, 22,
4029–4049, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2816.1, 2009. a
Cai, C., Rignot, E., Menemenlis, D., and Nakayama, Y.: Observations and
modeling of ocean-induced melt beneath Petermann Glacier Ice Shelf in
northwestern Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 8396–8403,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073711, 2017. a, b, c, d
Castro de la Guardia, L., Hu, X., and Myers, P. G.: Potential positive feedback
between Greenland Ice Sheet melt and Baffin Bay heat content on the west
Greenland shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4922–4930,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064626, 2015. a, b, c, d
Christoffersen, P., Mugford, R. I., Heywood, K. J., Joughin, I., Dowdeswell, J. A., Syvitski, J. P. M., Luckman, A., and Benham, T. J.: Warming of waters in an East Greenland fjord prior to glacier retreat: mechanisms and connection to large-scale atmospheric conditions, The Cryosphere, 5, 701–714, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-701-2011, 2011. a, b, c, d
Csatho, B. M., Schenk, A. F., van der Veen, C. J., Babonis, G., Duncan, K.,
Rezvanbehbahani, S., van den Broeke, M. R., Simonsen, S. B., Nagarajan, S.,
and van Angelen, J. H.: Laser altimetry reveals complex pattern of Greenland
Ice Sheet dynamics, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 111,
18 478–18 483, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411680112, 2014. a
Dmitrenko, I. A., Kirillov, S. A., Rudels, B., Babb, D. G., Myers, P. G.,
Stedmon, C. A., Bendtsen, J., Ehn, J. K., Pedersen, L. T., Rysgaard, S., and
Barber, D. G.: Variability of the Pacific-Derived Arctic Water Over the
Southeastern Wandel Sea Shelf (Northeast Greenland) in 2015–2016, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 349–373, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014567,
2019. a
Dukhovskoy, D. S., Myers, P. G., Platov, G., Timmermans, M.-L., Curry, B.,
Proshutinsky, A., Bamber, J. L., Chassignet, E., Hu, X., Lee, C. M., and
Somavilla, R.: Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from
model experiments with passive tracers, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 877–907, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011290, 2016. a, b
Eskridge, R. E., Ku, J. Y., Rao, S. T., Porter, P. S., and Zurbenko, I. G.:
Separating Different Scales of Motion in Time Series of Meteorological
Variables, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 1473–1484,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1473:SDSOMI>2.0.CO;2,
1997. a, b
Felikson, D., Bartholomaus, T. C., Catania, G. A., Korsgaard, N. J., Kjær,
K. H., Morlighem, M., Noël, B., van den Broeke, M., Stearns, L. A., Shroyer,
E. L., Sutherland, D. A., and Nash, J. D.: Inland thinning on the Greenland
Ice Sheet controlled by outlet glacier geometry, Nat. Geosci., 10,
36–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2934, 2017. a
Fenty, I., Willis, J. K., Khazendar, A., Dinardo, S., Forsberg, R., Fukumori,
I., Holland, D., Jakobsson, M., Moller, D., Münchow, J. M. A., Rignot, E.,
Schodlok, M., Thompson, A. F., Tinto, K., Rutherford, M., and Trenholm, N.:
Oceans Melting Greenland: Early Results from NASA’s Ocean-Ice Mission in
Greenland , Oceanography, 29, 72–83,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.100, 2016. a
Ferry, N., Greiner, E., Garric, G., Penduff, T., Treiguier, A.-M., and
Reverdin, G.: GLORYS-1 Reference Manual for Stream 1 (2002–2007), GLORYS
project report, available at: https://marine.copernicus.eu/ (last accessed: 10 February 2014), 2008. a
Fichefet, T. and Morales Maqueda, M.: Sensitivity of a global sea ice model to
the treatment of ice thermodynamics and dynamics, J. Geophys.
Res., 102, 12 609–12 646, 1997. a
Fratantoni, P. S. and Pickart, R. S.: The western North Atlantic shelfbreak
current system in summer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2509–2533,
2007. a
Garcia-Quintana, Y., Courtois, P., Hu, X., Pennelly, C., Kieke, D., and Myers,
P. G.: Sensitivity of Labrador Sea Water Formation to Changes in Model
Resolution, Atmospheric Forcing, and Freshwater Input, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 124, 2126–2152, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014459,
2019. a, b
Gillard, L. C., Hu, X., Myers, P. G., and Bamber, J. L.: Meltwater pathways
from marine terminating glaciers of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 43, 10,873–10,882, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070969, 2016. a
Gladish, C., Holland, D., and Lee, C.: Oceanic boundary conditions for
Jakobshavn Glacier. Part II: Provenance and sources of variability of disko
bay and Ilulissat Icefjord waters, 1990–2011, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 45, 33–63, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0045.1, 2015a. a, b
Gladish, C., Holland, D., Rosing-Asvid, A., Behrens, J., and Boje, J.: Oceanic
boundary conditions for Jakobshavn Glacier. Part I: Variability and renewal
of Ilulissat Icefjord waters, 2001-14, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45,
3–32, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0044.1, 2015b. a
Grist, J. P., Josey, S. A., Boehme, L., Meredith, M. P., Laidre, K. L.,
Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Kovacs, K. M., Lydersen, C., Davidson, F. J. M.,
Stenson, G. B., Hammill, M. O., Marsh, R., and Coward, A. C.: Seasonal
variability of the warm Atlantic water layer in the vicinity of the Greenland
shelf break, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8530–8537,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062051, 2014. a, b, c, d
Grivault, N., Hu, X., and Myers, P. G.: Evolution of Baffin Bay Water Masses
and Transports in a Numerical Sensitivity Experiment under Enhanced Greenland
Melt, Atmos. Ocean, 55, 169–194, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2017.1333950, 2017. a
Hogan, K. A., Cofaigh, C., Jennings, A. E., Dowdeswell, J. A., and Hiemstra,
J. F.: Deglaciation of a major palaeo-ice stream in Disko Trough, West
Greenland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 147, 5–26,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.01.018,
2016. a
Holdsworth, A. M. and Myers, P. G.: The Influence of High-Frequency Atmospheric
Forcing on the Circulation and Deep Convection of the Labrador Sea, J. Climate, 28, 4980–4996, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00564.1, 2015. a
Holland, D. M. and Jenkins, A.: Modeling Thermodynamic Ice–Ocean
Interactions at the Base of an Ice Shelf, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
29, 1787–1800, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1787:MTIOIA>2.0.CO;2,
1999. a
Hu, X.: ANHA4-EXH005, V1, UAL Dataverse, https://doi.org/10.7939/DVN/GIXGXB, 2020. a
Hu, X. and Myers, P. G.: A Lagrangian view of Pacific water inflow pathways in
the Arctic Ocean during model spin-up, Ocean Model., 71, 66–80,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.06.007, 2013. a, b, c
Inall, M. E., Murray, T., Cottier, F. R., Scharrer, K., Boyd, T. J., Heywood,
K. J., and Bevan, S. L.: Oceanic heat delivery via Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord to
the south-east Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
119, 631–645, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009295, 2014. a
Jenkins, A.: Convection-driven melting near the grounding lines of ice shelves
and tidewater glaciers, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 2279–2294,
2011. a
Joughin, I., Alley, R. B., and Holland, D. M.: Ice-Sheet Response to Oceanic
Forcing, Science, 338, 1172–1176, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226481, 2012. a
Karcher, M., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Kauker, F., Gerdes, R., Heyen, S.,
Rudels, B., and Schauer, U.: Arctic Ocean warming and its consequences for
the Denmark Strait overflow, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C02037,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006265, 2011. a
Khazendar, A., Fenty, I. G., Carroll, D., Gardner, A. an Lee, C. M., Fukumori,
I., Wang, O., Zhang, H., Seroussi, H., Moller, D., Noël, B. P. Y.,
van den Broeke, M. R., Dinardo, S., and Willis, J.: Interruption of two
decades of Jakobshavn Isbrae acceleration and thinning as regional ocean
cools, Nat. Geosci., 12, 277–283, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0329-3, 2019. a
Luo, H., Castelao, R. M., Rennermalm, A. K., Tedesco, M., Bracco, A., Yager,
P. L., and Mote, T. L.: Oceanic transport of surface meltwater from the
southern Greenland Ice Sheet, Nat. Geosci., 9, 528–532, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2708,
2016. a
Marson, J. M., Myers, P. G., Hu, X., and Le Sommer, J.: Using Vertically
Integrated Ocean Fields to Characterize Greenland Icebergs' Distribution and
Lifetime, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 4208–4217,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077676,
2018. a
Mayer, C., Reeh, N., Jung-Rothenhäusler, F., Huybrechts, P., and Oerter, H.:
The subglacial cavity and implied dynamics under Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden
Glacier, NE-Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2289–2292,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011514,
2000. a
MEOM: Bathymetry ORCA0.25, available at:
http://servdap.legi.grenoble-inp.fr/meom/ORCA025-I/ (last accessed: 5 March 2015), 2013. a
Moon, T., Joughin, I., and Smith, B.: Seasonal to multiyear variability of
glacier surface velocity, terminus position, and sea ice/ice mélange in
northwest Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120,
818–833, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003494,
2015. a
Moore, G. W. K., Straneo, F., and Oltmanns, M.: Trend and interannual
variability in southeast Greenland Sea Ice: Impacts on coastal Greenland
climate variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8619–8626,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062107, 2014. a
Morlighem, M., Williams, C. N., Rignot, E., An, L., Arndt, J. E., Bamber,
J. L., Catania, G., Chauché, N., Dowdeswell, J. A., Dorschel, B., Fenty, I.,
Hogan, K., Howat, I., Hubbard, A., Jakobsson, M., Jordan, T. M., Kjeldsen,
K. K., Millan, R., Mayer, L., Mouginot, J., Noël, B. P. Y., O'Cofaigh, C.,
Palmer, S., Rysgaard, S., Seroussi, H., Siegert, M. J., Slabon, P., Straneo,
F., van den Broeke, M. R., Weinrebe, W., Wood, M., and Zinglersen, K. B.:
BedMachine v3: Complete Bed Topography and Ocean Bathymetry Mapping of
Greenland From Multibeam Echo Sounding Combined With Mass Conservation,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 11,051–11,061, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074954,
2017. a, b, c, d, e, f
Myers, P. G., Donnelly, C., and Ribergaard, M. H.: Structure and variability of
the West Greenland Current in Summer derived from 6 repeat standard
sections, Prog. Oceanogr., 80, 93–112, 2009. a
National Geophysical Data Centre: 2-minute Gridded Global Relief Data
(ETOPO2) v2., National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA,
https://doi.org/10.7289/V5J1012Q (last accessed: 09 May 2017), 2006. a
Pennelly, C., Hu, X., and Myers, P. G.: Cross-Isobath Freshwater Exchange
Within the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 6831–6853, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015144,
2019. a
Porter, D. F., Tinto, K. J., Boghosian, A., Cochran, J. R., Bell, R. E.,
Manizade, S. S., and Sonntag, J. G.: Bathymetric control of tidewater glacier
mass loss in northwest Greenland, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 401,
40–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.058,
2014. a
Rastner, P., Bolch, T., Mölg, N., Machguth, H., Le Bris, R., and Paul, F.: The first complete inventory of the local glaciers and ice caps on Greenland, The Cryosphere, 6, 1483–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1483-2012, 2012. a, b
Rignot, E. and Mouginot, J.: Ice flow in Greenland for the International Polar
Year 2008-2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L11501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051634, 2012. a, b
Rignot, E., Fenty, I., Xu, Y., Cai, C., Velicogna, I., Cofaigh, C. .,
Dowdeswell, J. A., Weinrebe, W., Catania, G., and Duncan, D.: Bathymetry
data reveal glaciers vulnerable to ice-ocean interaction in Uummannaq and
Vaigat glacial fjords, west Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
2667–2674, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067832,
2016a. a
Rignot, E., Xu, Y., Menemenlis, D., Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., Li, X.,
Morlighem, M., Seroussi, H., den Broeke, M. v., Fenty, I., Cai, C., An, L.,
and Fleurian, B. d.: Modeling of ocean-induced ice melt rates of five west
Greenland glaciers over the past two decades, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
43, 6374–6382, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068784,
2016b. a, b
Schaffer, J., von Appen, W.-J., Dodd, P. A., Hofstede, C., Mayer, C., de Steur,
L., and Kanzow, T.: Warm water pathways toward Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier,
Northeast Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122,
4004–4020, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012462,
2017. a
Seroussi, H., Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Larour, E., Aubry, D., Ben Dhia, H.,
and Kristensen, S. S.: Ice flux divergence anomalies on 79north Glacier,
Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L09501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047338, 2011. a
Slabon, P., Dorschel, B., Jokat, W., Myklebust, R., Hebbeln, D., and Gebhardt,
C.: Greenland ice sheet retreat history in the northeast Baffin Bay based on
high-resolution bathymetry, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 154, 182–198,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.10.022,
2016. a
Smith, W. H. F. and Sandwell, D. T.: Global seafloor topography from satellite
altimetry and ship depth soundings, Science, 277, 1957–1962, 1997. a
Straneo, F.: Heat and freshwater transport through the central Labrador Sea,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 606–628, 2006. a
Sutherland, D. A., Straneo, F., and Pickart, R. S.: Characteristics and
dynamics of two major Greenland glacial fjords, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 119, 3767–3791, 2014. a
Swingedouw, D., Rodehacke, C. B., Olsen, S. M., Menary, M., Gao, Y.,
Mikolajewicz, U., and Mignot, J.: On the reduced sensitivity of the Atlantic
overturning to Greenland Ice Sheet melting in projections: a multi-model
assessment, Clim. Dynam., 2014. a
van den Broeke, M. R., Enderlin, E. M., Howat, I. M., Kuipers Munneke, P., Noël, B. P. Y., van de Berg, W. J., van Meijgaard, E., and Wouters, B.: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change, The Cryosphere, 10, 1933–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016, 2016. a, b, c
Weijer, W., Maltrud, M. E., Hecht, M. W., Dijkstra, H. A., and Kliphuis, M. A.:
Response of the Atlantic Ocean circulation to Greenland Ice Sheet melting
in a strongly-eddying ocean model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051611, 2012. a, b, c
Williams, C. N., Cornford, S. L., Jordan, T. M., Dowdeswell, J. A., Siegert, M. J., Clark, C. D., Swift, D. A., Sole, A., Fenty, I., and Bamber, J. L.: Generating synthetic fjord bathymetry for coastal Greenland, The Cryosphere, 11, 363–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-363-2017, 2017. a
Wilson, N. J. and Straneo, F.: Water exchange between the continental shelf and
the cavity beneath Nioghalvfjerdsbrae (79 North Glacier), Geophys.
Res. Lett., 42, 7648–7654, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064944, 2015. a, b, c, d
Wood, M., Rignot, E., Fenty, I., Menemenlis, D., Millan, R., Morlighem, M.,
Mouginot, J., and Seroussi, H.: Ocean-Induced Melt Triggers Glacier Retreat
in Northwest Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 8334–8342,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078024,
2018.
a, b, c
Zurbenko, I., Porter, P. S., Gui, R., Rao, S. T., Ku, J. Y., and Eskridge,
R. E.: Detecting Discontinuities in Time Series of Upper-Air Data:
Development and Demonstration of an Adaptive Filter Technique, J.
Climate, 9, 3548–3560,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<3548:DDITSO>2.0.CO;2,
1996. a, b
Short summary
Greenland's glaciers in contact with the ocean drain the majority of the ice sheet (GrIS). Deep troughs along the shelf branch into fjords, connecting glaciers with ocean waters. The heat from the ocean entering deep troughs may then accelerate the mass loss. Onshore heat transport through troughs was investigated with an ocean model. Processes that drive the delivery of ocean heat respond differently by region to increasing GrIS meltwater, mean circulation, and filtering out of storms.
Greenland's glaciers in contact with the ocean drain the majority of the ice sheet (GrIS). Deep...
