Articles | Volume 14, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1025-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1025-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Mar 2020
Research article |
| 17 Mar 2020
| 17 Mar 2020
Quantifying iceberg calving fluxes with underwater noise
Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La
Jolla, California, USA
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Grant B. Deane
Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La
Jolla, California, USA
Related authors
Meri Korhonen, Mateusz Moskalik, Oskar Głowacki, and Vineet Jain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-153, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2015 temperature and salinity have been monitored in Hornsund fjord in southern Svalbard, where retreating glaciers add meltwater and terrestrial matter into coastal waters. Therefore turbidity and water sampling for suspended sediment concentration and sediment deposition are also included. The monitoring spans from May to October, enabling studies on seasonality and its variability over the years, and it covers the whole fjord including the inner basins in close proximity of glaciers.
Hayden A. Johnson, Oskar Glowacki, Grant B. Deane, and M. Dale Stokes
The Cryosphere, 18, 265–272, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is about a way to make measurements close to small pieces of floating glacier ice. This is done by attaching instruments to the ice from a small boat. Making these measurements will be helpful for the study of the physics that goes on at small scales when glacier ice is in contact with ocean water. Understanding these small-scale physics may ultimately help improve our understanding of how much ice in Greenland and Antarctica will melt as a result of warming oceans.
Jarosław Tęgowski, Oskar Glowacki, Michał Ciepły, Małgorzata Błaszczyk, Jacek Jania, Mateusz Moskalik, Philippe Blondel, and Grant B. Deane
The Cryosphere, 17, 4447–4461, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Receding tidewater glaciers are important contributors to sea level rise. Understanding their dynamics and developing models for their attrition has become a matter of global concern. Long-term monitoring of glacier frontal ablation is very difficult. Here we show for the first time that calving fluxes can be estimated from the underwater sounds made by icebergs impacting the sea surface. This development has important application to understanding the response of glaciers to warming oceans.
Meri Korhonen, Mateusz Moskalik, Oskar Głowacki, and Vineet Jain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-153, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2015 temperature and salinity have been monitored in Hornsund fjord in southern Svalbard, where retreating glaciers add meltwater and terrestrial matter into coastal waters. Therefore turbidity and water sampling for suspended sediment concentration and sediment deposition are also included. The monitoring spans from May to October, enabling studies on seasonality and its variability over the years, and it covers the whole fjord including the inner basins in close proximity of glaciers.
Hayden A. Johnson, Oskar Glowacki, Grant B. Deane, and M. Dale Stokes
The Cryosphere, 18, 265–272, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is about a way to make measurements close to small pieces of floating glacier ice. This is done by attaching instruments to the ice from a small boat. Making these measurements will be helpful for the study of the physics that goes on at small scales when glacier ice is in contact with ocean water. Understanding these small-scale physics may ultimately help improve our understanding of how much ice in Greenland and Antarctica will melt as a result of warming oceans.
Jarosław Tęgowski, Oskar Glowacki, Michał Ciepły, Małgorzata Błaszczyk, Jacek Jania, Mateusz Moskalik, Philippe Blondel, and Grant B. Deane
The Cryosphere, 17, 4447–4461, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Receding tidewater glaciers are important contributors to sea level rise. Understanding their dynamics and developing models for their attrition has become a matter of global concern. Long-term monitoring of glacier frontal ablation is very difficult. Here we show for the first time that calving fluxes can be estimated from the underwater sounds made by icebergs impacting the sea surface. This development has important application to understanding the response of glaciers to warming oceans.
Isabelle Steinke, Paul J. DeMott, Grant B. Deane, Thomas C. J. Hill, Mathew Maltrud, Aishwarya Raman, and Susannah M. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 847–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-847-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-847-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the oceans, sea spray aerosol is an important source of particles that may initiate the formation of cloud ice, which then has implications for the radiative properties of marine clouds. In our study, we focus on marine biogenic particles that are emitted episodically and develop a numerical framework to describe these emissions. We find that further cloud-resolving model studies and targeted observations are needed to fully understand the climate impacts from marine biogenic particles.
M. D. Stokes, G. B. Deane, K. Prather, T. H. Bertram, M. J. Ruppel, O. S. Ryder, J. M. Brady, and D. Zhao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1085–1094, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1085-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1085-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Discipline: Other | Subject: Ocean Interactions
Ice-shelf freshwater triggers for the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf melt tipping point in a global ocean–sea-ice model
Fjord circulation induced by melting icebergs
Modeling seasonal-to-decadal ocean–cryosphere interactions along the Sabrina Coast, East Antarctica
Impact of icebergs on the seasonal submarine melt of Sermeq Kujalleq
Reversal of ocean gyres near ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea caused by the interaction of sea ice and wind
Impact of freshwater runoff from the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet on fjord productivity since the late 19th century
Modeling intensive ocean–cryosphere interactions in Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica
Drivers for Atlantic-origin waters abutting Greenland
Impact of West Antarctic ice shelf melting on Southern Ocean hydrography
Ice island thinning: rates and model calibration with in situ observations from Baffin Bay, Nunavut
Modeling the effect of Ross Ice Shelf melting on the Southern Ocean in quasi-equilibrium
Matthew J. Hoffman, Carolyn Branecky Begeman, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Darin Comeau, Alice Barthel, Stephen F. Price, and Jonathan D. Wolfe
The Cryosphere, 18, 2917–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica is susceptible to the intrusion of deep, warm ocean water that could increase the melting at the ice-shelf base by a factor of 10. We show that representing this potential melt regime switch in a low-resolution climate model requires careful treatment of iceberg melting and ocean mixing. We also demonstrate a possible ice-shelf melt domino effect where increased melting of nearby ice shelves can lead to the melt regime switch at Filchner–Ronne.
Kenneth G. Hughes
The Cryosphere, 18, 1315–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A mathematical and conceptual model of how the melting of hundreds of icebergs generates currents within a fjord.
Kazuya Kusahara, Daisuke Hirano, Masakazu Fujii, Alexander D. Fraser, Takeshi Tamura, Kohei Mizobata, Guy D. Williams, and Shigeru Aoki
The Cryosphere, 18, 43–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-43-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-43-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the Totten and Moscow University ice shelves, East Antarctica. We used an ocean–sea ice–ice shelf model to better understand regional interactions between ocean, sea ice, and ice shelf. We found that a combination of warm ocean water and local sea ice production influences the regional ice shelf basal melting. Furthermore, the model reproduced the summertime undercurrent on the upper continental slope, regulating ocean heat transport onto the continental shelf.
Karita Kajanto, Fiammetta Straneo, and Kerim Nisancioglu
The Cryosphere, 17, 371–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-371-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-371-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many outlet glaciers in Greenland are connected to the ocean by narrow glacial fjords, where warm water melts the glacier from underneath. Ocean water is modified in these fjords through processes that are poorly understood, particularly iceberg melt. We use a model to show how iceberg melt cools down Ilulissat Icefjord and causes circulation to take place deeper in the fjord than if there were no icebergs. This causes the glacier to melt less and from a smaller area than without icebergs.
Yixi Zheng, David P. Stevens, Karen J. Heywood, Benjamin G. M. Webber, and Bastien Y. Queste
The Cryosphere, 16, 3005–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3005-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3005-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
New observations reveal the Thwaites gyre in a habitually ice-covered region in the Amundsen Sea for the first time. This gyre rotates anticlockwise, despite the wind here favouring clockwise gyres like the Pine Island Bay gyre – the only other ocean gyre reported in the Amundsen Sea. We use an ocean model to suggest that sea ice alters the wind stress felt by the ocean and hence determines the gyre direction and strength. These processes may also be applied to other gyres in polar oceans.
Mimmi Oksman, Anna Bang Kvorning, Signe Hillerup Larsen, Kristian Kjellerup Kjeldsen, Kenneth David Mankoff, William Colgan, Thorbjørn Joest Andersen, Niels Nørgaard-Pedersen, Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz, Naja Mikkelsen, and Sofia Ribeiro
The Cryosphere, 16, 2471–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2471-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2471-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
One of the questions facing the cryosphere community today is how increasing runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet impacts marine ecosystems. To address this, long-term data are essential. Here, we present multi-site records of fjord productivity for SW Greenland back to the 19th century. We show a link between historical freshwater runoff and productivity, which is strongest in the inner fjord – influenced by marine-terminating glaciers – where productivity has increased since the late 1990s.
Kazuya Kusahara, Daisuke Hirano, Masakazu Fujii, Alexander D. Fraser, and Takeshi Tamura
The Cryosphere, 15, 1697–1717, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1697-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1697-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used an ocean–sea ice–ice shelf model with a 2–3 km horizontal resolution to investigate ocean–ice shelf/glacier interactions in Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica. The numerical model reproduced the observed warm water intrusion along the deep trough in the bay. We examined in detail (1) water mass changes between the upper continental slope and shelf regions and (2) the fast-ice role in the ocean conditions and basal melting at the Shirase Glacier tongue.
Laura C. Gillard, Xianmin Hu, Paul G. Myers, Mads Hvid Ribergaard, and Craig M. Lee
The Cryosphere, 14, 2729–2753, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2729-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2729-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Greenland's glaciers in contact with the ocean drain the majority of the ice sheet (GrIS). Deep troughs along the shelf branch into fjords, connecting glaciers with ocean waters. The heat from the ocean entering deep troughs may then accelerate the mass loss. Onshore heat transport through troughs was investigated with an ocean model. Processes that drive the delivery of ocean heat respond differently by region to increasing GrIS meltwater, mean circulation, and filtering out of storms.
Yoshihiro Nakayama, Ralph Timmermann, and Hartmut H. Hellmer
The Cryosphere, 14, 2205–2216, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2205-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2205-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies have shown accelerations of West Antarctic glaciers, implying that basal melt rates of these glaciers were small and increased in the middle of the 20th century. We conduct coupled sea ice–ice shelf–ocean simulations with different levels of ice shelf melting from West Antarctic glaciers. This study reveals how far and how quickly glacial meltwater from ice shelves in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas propagates downstream into the Ross Sea and along the East Antarctic coast.
Anna J. Crawford, Derek Mueller, Gregory Crocker, Laurent Mingo, Luc Desjardins, Dany Dumont, and Marcel Babin
The Cryosphere, 14, 1067–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1067-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1067-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large tabular icebergs (
ice islands) are symbols of climate change as well as marine hazards. We measured thickness along radar transects over two visits to a 14 km2 Arctic ice island and left automated equipment to monitor surface ablation and thickness over 1 year. We assess variation in thinning rates and calibrate an ice–ocean melt model with field data. Our work contributes to understanding ice island deterioration via logistically complex fieldwork in a remote environment.
Xiying Liu
The Cryosphere, 12, 3033–3044, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3033-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3033-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical experiments have been performed to study the effect of basal melting of the Ross Ice Shelf on the ocean southward of 35° S. It is shown that the melt rate averaged over the entire Ross Ice Shelf is 0.253 m year-1, which is associated with a freshwater flux of 3150 m3 s-1. The extra freshwater flux decreases the salinity in the Southern Ocean substantially, leading to anomalies in circulation, sea ice, and heat transport in certain parts of the ocean.
Cited articles
Ainslie, M. A. and McColm, J. G.: A simplified formula for viscous and
chemical absorption in sea water, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 103, 1671–1672,
1998.
Åström, J. A., Vallot, D., Schäfer, M., Welty, E. Z., O'Neel,
S., Bartholomaus, T., Liu, Y., Riikilä, T., Zwinger, T., Timonen, J.,
and Moore, J. C.: Termini of calving glaciers as self-organized critical
systems, Nat. Geosci., 7, 874–878, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2290, 2014.
Bartholomaus, T. C., Larsen, C. F., O'Neel, S., and West, M. E.: Calving
seismicity from iceberg-sea surface interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 117,
F04029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002513, 2012.
Bartholomaus, T. C., Larsen, C. F., and O'Neel, S.: Does calving matter?
Evidence for significant submarine melt, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 380,
21–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.014, 2013.
Bartholomaus, T. C., Larsen, C. F., West, M. E., O'Neel, S., Pettit, E. C.,
and Truffer, M.: Tidal and seasonal variations in calving flux observed with
passive seismology, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 2318–2337,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003641, 2015.
Benn, D. I., Hulton, N. R. J., and Mottram, R. H.: “Calving laws”,
“sliding laws” and the stability of tidewater glaciers, Ann. Glaciol., 46,
123–130, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871161, 2007.
Błaszczyk, M., Jania, J., and Hagen, J.: Tidewater glaciers of Svalbard:
recent changes and estimates of calving fluxes, Pol. Polar Res., 30,
85–142, 2009.
Błaszczyk, M., Jania, J. A., and Kolondra, L.: Fluctuations of tidewater
glaciers in Hornsund Fjord (Southern Svalbard) since the beginning of the
20th century, Pol. Polar Res., 34, 327–352,
https://doi.org/10.2478/popore-2013-0024, 2013.
Box, G. E. P. and Cox, D. R.: An analysis of transformations, J. R. Stat.
Soc. B Met., 26, 211–252,
1964.
Brekhovskikh, L. and Lysanov, Y.: Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics,
Springer-Verlag, New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02342-6, 1982.
Chapuis, A. and Tetzlaff, T.: The variability of tidewater-glacier calving:
Origin of event-size and interval distributions, J. Glaciol.,
60, 622–634, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J215, 2014.
Chapuis, A., Rolstad, C., and Norland, R.: Interpretation of amplitude data
from a ground-based radar in combination with terrestrial photogrammetry and
visual observations for calving monitoring of Kronebreen, Svalbard, Ann.
Glaciol., 53, 34–40, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410791392781, 2010.
Chen, C.-T. and Millero F. J.: Speed of sound in seawater at high
pressures, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 62, 1129–1135,
https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381646, 1977.
Clay, C. S. and Medwin, H.: Acoustical oceanography: principles and
applications, Wiley, New York, USA, 1977.
Ćwiąkała, J., Moskalik, M., Forwick, M., Wojtysiak, K.,
Giżejewski, J., and Szczuciński, W.: Submarine geomorphology at the
front of the retreating Hansbreen tidewater glacier, Hornsund fjord,
southwest Spitsbergen, J. Maps, 14, 123–134,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1441757, 2018.
Deane, G. B. and Buckingham, M.: An analysis of the three-dimensional sound
field in a penetrable wedge with a stratified fluid or elastic basement, J.
Acoust. Soc. Am., 93, 1319–1328, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.405417, 1993.
Deane, G. B., Glowacki, O., Tegowski, J., Moskalik, M., and Blondel, Ph.:
Directionality of the ambient noise field in an Arctic, glacial bay, J.
Acoust. Soc. Am., 136, EL350, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4897354, 2014.
Dowdeswell, J. A. and Forsberg, C. F.: The size and frequency of icebergs
and bergy bits derived from tidewater glaciers in Kongsfjorden, northwest
Spitsbergen, Polar Res., 11, 81–91,
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v11i2.6719, 1992.
Ekström, G., Nettles, M., and Abers, G.: Glacial Earthquakes, Science,
302, 622–624, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1088057, 2003.
Enderlin, E. M., Howat, I. M., Jeong, S., Noh, M.-J., van Angelen, J. H.,
and van den Broeke, M. R.: An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice
sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 866–872,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059010, 2014.
Fritsch, F. N. and Carlson, R. E.: Monotone Piecewise Cubic Interpolation,
SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 17, 238–246, https://doi.org/10.1137/0717021, 1980.
Gardner, A. S., Moholdt, G., Cogley, J. G., Wouters, B., Arendt, A. A.,
Wahr, J., Berthier, E., Hock, R., Pfeffer, W. T., Kaser, G., Ligtenberg, S.
R. M., Bolch, T., Sharp, M. J., Hagen, J. O., vanden Broeke, M. R., and
Paul, F.: A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise:
2003 to 2009, Science, 340, 852–857,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234532, 2013.
Gekle, S. and Gordillo, J. M.: Generation and breakup of Worthington jets
after cavity collapse, Part 1. Jet formation, J. Fluid Mech., 663, 293–330,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112010003526, 2010.
Glowacki, O., Deane, G. B., Moskalik, M., Blondel, Ph., Tegowski, J., and
Blaszczyk, M.: Underwater acoustic signatures of glacier calving,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 804–812, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062859,
2015.
Glowacki, O., Moskalik, M., and Deane, G. B.: The impact of glacier
meltwater on the underwater noise field in a glacial bay, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
121, 8455–8470, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012355, 2016.
Glowacki, O., Deane, G. B., and Moskalik, M.: The intensity, directionality,
and statistics of underwater noise from melting icebergs, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 4105–4113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077632, 2018.
Görlich, K.: Glacimarine sedimentation of muds in Hornsund Fjord,
Spitsbergen, Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol., 56, 433–477, 1986.
Grabiec, M., Jania, J., Puczko, D., and Kolondra, L.: Surface and bed
morphology of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Spitsbergen, Pol. Polar
Res., 33, 111–138, https://doi.org/10.2478/v10183-012-0010-7, 2012.
Gunn, R. and Kinzer, G. D.: The terminal velocity of fall for water
droplets in stagnant air, J. Meteorol., 6, 243–248,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1949)006<0243:TTVOFF>2.0.CO;2, 1949.
Guo, Y. and Ffowcs Williams, J. E.: A theoretical study on drop impact
sound and rain noise, J. Fluid Mech., 227, 345–355,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112091000149, 1991.
Hamilton, E. L.: Sound velocity and related properties of marine sediments,
North Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 4423–4446,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB075i023p04423, 1970.
Hamilton, E. L.: Sound attenuation as a function of depth in the sea floor,
J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 59, 528–535, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.380910, 1976.
Hatherton, T. and Evison, F. F.: A special mechanism for some Antarctic
earthquakes, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 5, 864–873,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1962.10417642, 1962.
Herman, A., Wojtysiak, K., and Moskalik, M.: Wind wave variability in Hornsund
fjord, west Spitsbergen, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 217, 96–109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.11.001, 2019.
Hobæk, H. and Sagen, H.: On underwater sound reflection from layered
ice sheets, in: Proceedings of the 39th Scandinavian Symposium on Physical
Acoustics, Geilo, Norway, 21, 31 January–3 February 2016.
Holmes, F. A., Kirchner, N., Kuttenkeuler, J., Krützfeldt, J., and
Noormets, R.: Relating ocean temperatures to frontal ablation rates at
Svalbard tidewater glaciers: Insights from glacier proximal datasets, Sci.
Rep., 9, 9442, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45077-3, 2019.
How, P., Schild, K., Benn, D., Noormets, R., Kirchner, N., Luckman, A., and
Borstad, C.: Calving controlled by melt-under-cutting: Detailed calving
styles revealed through time-lapse observations, Ann. Glaciol., 60, 20–31,
https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.28, 2019.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Summary for policymakers,
in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis,
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D.,
Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press:
Cambridge, UK, New York, NY, USA, 2013.
Jackson, R. H., Straneo, F., and Sutherland, D. A.: Externally forced
fluctuations in ocean temperature at Greenland glaciers in non-summer
months, Nat. Geosci., 7, 503–508, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2186, 2014.
Jensen, F. B., Kuperman, W. A., Porter, M. B., and Schmidt, H.: Computational
Ocean Acoustics, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8678-8, 2011.
Joughin, I., Abdalati, W., and Fahnestock, M.: Large fluctuations in speed
on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbrae Glacier, Nature, 432, 608–610,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03130, 2004.
Köhler, A., Nuth, C., Schweitzer, J., Weidle, C., and Gibbons, S.:
Regional passive seismic monitoring reveals dynamic glacier activity on
Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Polar Res., 34, 26178,
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v34.26178, 2015.
Köhler, A., Nuth, C., Kohler, J., Berthier, E., Weidle, C., and
Schweitzer, J.: A 15 year record of frontal glacier ablation rates estimated
from seismic data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12155–12164,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070589, 2016.
Köhler, A., Pętlicki, M., Lefeuvre, P.-M., Buscaino, G., Nuth, C., and Weidle, C.: Contribution of calving to frontal ablation quantified from seismic and hydroacoustic observations calibrated with lidar volume measurements, The Cryosphere, 13, 3117–3137, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3117-2019, 2019.
Loewen, M. and Melville, W.: Microwave backscatter and acoustic radiation
from breaking waves, J. Fluid Mech., 224, 601–623,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112091001891, 1991.
Luckman, A., Benn, D. I., Cottier, F., Bevan, S., Nilsen, F., and Inall, M.:
Calving rates at tidewater glaciers vary strongly with ocean temperature,
Nat. Commun., 6, 8566, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9566, 2015.
Minowa, M., Podolskiy, E. A., Sugiyama, S., Sakakibara, D., and Skvarca, P.:
Glacier calving observed with time-lapse imagery and tsunami waves at
Glaciar Perito Moreno, Patagonia, J. Glaciol., 64, 362–376,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.28, 2018.
Minowa, M., Podolskiy, E. A., Jouvet, G., Weidmann, Y., Sakakibara, D.,
Tsutaki, S., Genco, R., and Sugiyama, S.: Calving flux estimation from tsunami
waves, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 515, 283–290,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.03.023, 2019.
Moskalik, M., Ćwiąkała, J., Szczuciński, W., Dominiczak, A.,
Głowacki, O., Wojtysiak, K., and Zagórski, P.: Spatiotemporal changes
in the concentration and composition of suspended particulate matter in
front of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard, Oceanologia, 60,
446–463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2018.03.001, 2018.
Murray, T., Nettles, M., Selmes, N., Cathles, L., Burton, J., James, T.,
Edwards, S., Martin, I., O'Farrell, T., Aspey, R., and Rutt, I.: Reverse
glacier motion during iceberg calving and the cause of glacial earthquakes,
Science, 349, 305–308, 2015.
Neuhaus, S. U., Tulaczyk, S. M., and Branecky Begeman, C.: Spatiotemporal distributions of icebergs in a temperate fjord: Columbia Fjord, Alaska, The Cryosphere, 13, 1785–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1785-2019, 2019.
O'Leary, M. and Christoffersen, P.: Calving on tidewater glaciers amplified by submarine frontal melting, The Cryosphere, 7, 119–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-119-2013, 2013.
O'Neel, S. and Pfeffer, W. T.: Source mechanics for monochromatic icequakes
produced during iceberg calving at Columbia Glacier, AK, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 34, L22502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031370, 2007.
O'Neel, S., Larsen, C. F., Rupert, N., and Hansen, R.: Iceberg calving as a
primary source of regional-scale glacier-generated seismicity in the St.
Elias Mountains, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F04034,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001598, 2010.
Pettit, E. C.: Passive underwater acoustic evolution of a calving event,
Ann. Glaciol., 53, 113–122, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012AoG60A137, 2012.
Pętlicki, M., Ciepły, M., Jania, J., Promińska, A., and Kinnard,
C.: Calving of a tidewater glacier driven by melting at the waterline, J.
Glaciol., 61, 851–863, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG15J062, 2015.
Pettit, E. C., Lee, K. M., Brann, J. P., Nystuen, J. A., Wilson, P. S., and
O'Neel, S.: Unusually loud ambient noise in tidewater glacier fjords: A
signal of ice melt, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 2309–2316,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062950, 2015.
Pętlicki, M. and Kinnard, C.: Calving of Fuerza Aérea Glacier
(Greenwich Island, Antarctica) observed with terrestrial laser scanning and
continuous video monitoring, J. Glaciol., 62, 835–846,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.72, 2016.
Podolskiy, E. A. and Walter, F.: Cryoseismology, Rev. Geophys., 54,
708–758, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000526, 2016.
Polish Polar Station Hornsund: Monitoring database, available at: https://monitoring-hornsund.igf.edu.pl/index.php/login, last access: 13 March 2020.
Porter, M.: The BELLHOP Manual and User's Guide: Preliminary Draft, HLS
Res., La Jolla, California, 2011.
Porter, M., Lin, Y.-T., and Newhall, A.: Ocean Acoustics Library – Acoustics Toolbox, available at: https://oalib-acoustics.org/AcousticsToolbox/index_at.html, last access: 13 March 2020.
Porter, M. B.: Gaussian beam tracing for computing ocean acoustic fields, J.
Acoust. Soc. Am., 82, 1349–1359, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.395269, 1987.
Qamar, A.: Calving icebergs: a source of low-frequency seismic signals from
Columbia Glacier, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 93, 6615–6623,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB06p06615, 1988.
Qamar, A. and St. Lawrence, W.: An investigation of icequakes on the
Greenland icesheet near Jakobshavn icestream, Tech. Rep., Final Rep. NSF
Grant DPP7926002, Univ. of Colo., Boulder, 1983.
Rajan, S. D., Frisk, G. V., and Sellers, C.: Determination of compressional
wave and shear wave speed profiles in sea ice by crosshole tomography –
theory and experiment, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 93, 721–738,
https://doi.org/10.1121/1.405436, 1993.
Rasband, W. S.: ImageJ, available at: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/, last access: 13 March 2020.
Richardson, J. P., Waite, G. P., FitzGerald, K. A., and Pennington, W. D.:
Characteristics of seismic and acoustic signals produced by calving, Bering
Glacier, Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03503,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041113, 2010.
Schaefer, M., Machguth, H., Falvey, M., Casassa, G., and Rignot, E.: Quantifying mass balance processes on the Southern Patagonia Icefield, The Cryosphere, 9, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-25-2015, 2015.
Schulz, M., Berger, W. H., and Jansen, E.: Listening to glaciers, Nat.
Geosci., 1, 408, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo235, 2008.
Sergeant, A., Mangeney, A., Stutzmann, E., Montagner, J.-P., Walter, F.,
Moretti, L., and Castelnau, O.: Complex force history of a calving-generated
glacial earthquake derived from broadband seismic inversion, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 43, 1055–1065, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066785, 2016.
Staszek, M. W. and Moskalik, M.: Contemporary sedimentation in the
forefield of Hornbreen, Hornsund, Open Geosci., 7, 490–512,
https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2015-0042, 2015.
Straneo, F. and Heimbach, P.: North Atlantic warming and the retreat of
Greenland's outlet glaciers, Nature, 504, 36–43,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12854, 2013.
Straneo, F., Sutherland, D. A., Stearns, L., Catania, G., Heimbach, P., Moon,
T., Cape, M. R., Laidre, K. L., Barber, D., Rysgaard, S., Mottram, R.,
Olsen, S., Hopwood, M. J., and Meire, L.: The Case for a Sustained Greenland
Ice Sheet-Ocean Observing System (GrIOOS), Front. Mar. Sci, 6, 138,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00138, 2019.
Sulak, D., Sutherland, D., Enderlin, E., Stearns, L., and Hamilton, G.:
Iceberg properties and distributions in three Greenlandic fjords using
satellite imagery, Ann. Glaciol., 58, 92–106,
https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.5, 2017.
Tegowski, J., Deane, G. B., Lisimenka, A., and Blondel, Ph.: Detecting and
analyzing underwater ambient noise of glaciers on Svalbard as indicator of
dynamic processes in the Arctic, in: Proceedings of the 4th UAM Conference,
Kos, Greece, 1149–1154, 2011.
Tegowski, J., Deane, G. B., Lisimenka, A., and Blondel, Ph.: Spectral and
statistical analyses of ambient noise in Spitsbergen Fjords and
identification of glacier calving events, in Proceedings of the 11th
European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, Edinburgh, Scotland,
1667–1672, 2012.
Tournadre, J., Bouhier, N., Girard-Ardhuin, F., and Rémy, F.: Antarctic
icebergs distributions 1992–2014, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 327–349,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011178, 2016.
Urick, R. J.: The noise of melting icebergs, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 50, 337–341,
https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1912637, 1971.
USGS: EarthExplorer, available at: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/, last access: 13 March 2020.
van den Broeke, M. R., Enderlin, E. M., Howat, I. M., Kuipers Munneke, P., Noël, B. P. Y., van de Berg, W. J., van Meijgaard, E., and Wouters, B.: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change, The Cryosphere, 10, 1933–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016, 2016.
van der Veen, C. J.: Calving glaciers, Prog. Phys. Geog., 26, 96–122,
https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp327ra, 2002.
Vieli, A., Jania, J., Blatter, H., and Funk, M.: Short−term velocity
variations on Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Spitsbergen, J. Glaciol., 50, 389–398, 2004.
Vogt, Ch., Laihem, K., and Wiebusch, Ch.: Speed of sound in bubble-free ice,
J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 124, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2996304, 2008.
Walter, F., Amundson, J. M., O'Neel, S., Truffer, M., Fahnestock, M., and
Fricker, H. A.: Analysis of low-frequency seismic signals generated during a
multiple-iceberg calving event at Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, J.
Geophys. Res., 117, F01036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002132, 2012.
Walter, A., Lüthi, M. P., and Vieli, A.: Calving event size measurements and statistics of Eqip Sermia, Greenland, from terrestrial radar interferometry, The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-102, in review, 2019.
York, D., Evensen, N. M., Lopez Martinez, M., and De Basabe Delgado, J.: Unified equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line, Am. J. Phys., 72, 367–375, https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1632486, 2004.
Short summary
Marine-terminating glaciers are shrinking rapidly in response to the warming climate and thus provide large quantities of fresh water to the ocean system. However, accurate estimates of ice loss at the ice–ocean boundary are difficult to obtain. Here we demonstrate that ice mass loss from iceberg break-off (calving) can be measured by analyzing the underwater noise generated as icebergs impact the sea surface.
Marine-terminating glaciers are shrinking rapidly in response to the warming climate and thus...
