Benn, D. I., Gulley, J., Luckman, A., Adamek, A., and Glowacki, P. S.: Englacial
drainage systems formed by hydrologically driven crevasse propagation, J.
Glaciol., 55, 513–523, 2009.
a,
b,
c
Benn, D. I., Thompson, S., Gulley, J., Mertes, J., Luckman, A., and Nicholson,
L.: Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered
glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss, The Cryosphere, 11,
2247–2264,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2247-2017, 2017.
a,
b
Błaszczyk, M., Jania, J. A., and Hagen, J. O.: Tidewater glaciers of Svalbard:
Recent changes and estimates of calving fluxes, Pol. Polar Res., 30, 85–142, 2009.
a,
b
Błaszczyk, M., Ignatiuk, D., Uszczyk, Cielecka, K., Grabiec, M., Jania, J.,
Moskalik, M., and Walczowski, W.: Freshwater input to the Arctic fjord Hornsund
(Svalbard), Pol. Polar Res., in press, 2019. a
Cogley, J. G., Hock, R., Rasmussen, L. A., Arendt, A. A., Bauder, A., Braithwaite,
R. J., Jansson, P., Kaser, G., Möller, M., Nicholson, L., and Zemp, M.:
Glossary of glacier mass balance and related terms, IHP-VII technical documents
in hydrology No. 86, IACS Contribution No. 2, UNESCO-IHP, Paris, available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001925/192525e.pdf (last access:
February 2019), 2011. a
Fischer, U. H., Braun, A., Bauder, A., and Flowers, G. E.: Changes in geometry
and subglacial drainage derived from digital elevation models: Unteraargletscher,
Switzerland, 1927–97, Ann. Glaciol., 40, 20–24, 2005.
a,
b,
c
Flowers, G. E. and Clarke, G. K.: Surface and bed topography of Trapridge
Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada: digital elevation models and derived hydraulic
geometry, J. Glaciol., 45, 165–174, 1999.
a,
b
Flowers, G. E. and Clarke, G. K.: A multicomponent coupled model of glacier
hydrology 1. Theory and synthetic examples, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107,
2287,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001122, 2002.
a,
b
Fountain, A. G. and Walder, J. S.: Water flow through temperate glaciers, Rev.
Geophys., 36, 299–328, 1998.
a,
b,
c
Gajek, G., Jania, J., Harasimiuk, M., Grabiec, M., Puczko, D., and Zagórski,
P.: Importance of topographic and geologic conditions for behaviour of Spitsbergen
glaciers retreating from the sea to land, in: Workshop on the dynamics and mass
budget of Arctic glaciers, GLACIODYN (IPY) meeting, 16–19 February 2009,
Biogeoscience Institute, University of Calgary, Barrier Lake Station, Kananaskis
Country, Alberta, Canada, 16–19, 2009. a
Grabiec, M., Jania, J., Puczko, D., Kolondra, L., and Budzik, T.: Surface and
bed morphology of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Spitsbergen, Pol. Polar
Res., 33, 111–138, 2012b.
a,
b,
c,
d
Grabiec, M.: Stan i współczesne zmiany systemów lodowcowych
południowego Spitsbergenu w świetle badań metodami radarowymi [The
state and contemporary changes of glacial systems in southern Spitsbergen in
the light of radar methods], Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego,
Silesia University Press, Silesia, 2017.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i,
j,
k
Gulley, J.: Structural control of englacial conduits in the temperate Matanuska
Glacier, Alaska, USA, J. Glaciol., 55, 681–690, 2009. a
Gulley, J., Benn, D., Müller, D., and Luckman, A.: A cut-and-closure origin
for englacial conduits in uncrevassed regions of polythermal glaciers, J. Glaciol.,
55, 66–80, 2009. a
Gulley, J., Grabiec, M., Martin, J., Jania, J., Catania, G., and Glowacki, P.:
The effect of discrete recharge by moulins and heterogeneity in flow-path
efficiency at glacier beds on subglacial hydrology, J. Glaciol., 58, 926–940, 2012.
a,
b,
c
Hagen, J. O., Liestøl, O., Roland, E., and Jørgensen, T.: Glacier atlas
of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Meddelelser nr. 129, Norwegian Polar Institute, Oslo, 1–141, 1993. a
Hagen, J. O., Etzelmüller, B., and Nuttall, A.-M.: Runoff and drainage
pattern derived from digital elevation models, Finsterwalderbreen, Svalbard,
Ann. Glaciol., 31, 147–152, 2000.
a,
b
Hagen, J. O., Kohler, J., Melvold, K., and Winther, J.-G.: Glaciers in Svalbard:
mass balance, runoff and freshwater flux, Polar Res., 22, 145–159, 2003a.
a,
b
Hagen, J. O., Melvold, K., Pinglot, F., and Dowdeswell, J. A.: On the net mass
balance of the glaciers and ice caps in Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic, Arct.
Antarct. Alp. Res., 35, 264–270, 2003b. a
Hanna, E., Huybrechts, P., Steffen, K., Cappelen, J., Huff, R., Shuman, C.,
Irvine-Fynn, T., Wise, S., and Griffiths, M.: Increased runoff from melt from
the Greenland Ice Sheet: a response to global warming, J. Climate, 21, 331–341, 2008. a
Hewitt, I. J.: Modelling distributed and channelized subglacial drainage: the
spacing of channels, J. Glaciol., 57, 302–314, 2011.
a,
b
Hewitt, I. J.: Seasonal changes in ice sheet motion due to melt water lubrication,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 371, 16–25, 2013. a
Hock, R.: Glacier melt: a review of processes and their modelling, Prog. Phys.
Geogr., 29, 362–391, 2005. a
Hodgkins, R.: Glacier hydrology in Svalbard, Norwegian High Arctic, Quaternary
Sci. Rev., 16, 957–974, 1997. a
Hodson, A., Gurnell, A., Washington, R., Tranter, M., Clark, M., and Hagen, J.:
Meteorological and runoff time-series characteristics in a small, High-Arctic
glaciated basin, Svalbard, Hydrol. Process., 12, 509–526, 1998. a
Hoffman, M., Catania, G., Neumann, T., Andrews, L., and Rumrill, J.: Links
between acceleration, melting, and supraglacial lake drainage of the western
Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, F04035,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001934, 2011.
a
Holmlund, P.: Internal geometry and evolution of moulins, Storglaciären,
Sweden, J. Glaciol., 34, 242–248, 1988.
a,
b
How, P., Benn, D. I., Hulton, N. R. J., Hubbard, B., Luckman, A., Sevestre, H.,
van Pelt, W. J. J., Lindbäck, K., Kohler, J., and Boot, W.: Rapidly changing
subglacial hydrological pathways at a tidewater glacier revealed through
simultaneous observations of water pressure, supraglacial lakes, meltwater
plumes and surface velocities, The Cryosphere, 11, 2691–2710,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2691-2017, 2017.
a,
b
Ignatiuk, D.: Bilans energetyczny powierzchni lodowca a zasilanie system
drenażu glacjalnego Werenskioldbreen, PhD thesis, Uniwersytet Slaski, Sosnowiec, 2012. a
Ignatiuk, D., Piechota, A., Ciepły, M., and Luks, B.: Changes of altitudinal
zones of Werenskioldbreen and Hansbreen in period 1990–2008, Svalbard, in:
vol. 1618, AIP Conference Proceedings, 4–7 April 2014, Athens, Greece, 275–280, 2014.
a,
b,
c
Irvine-Fynn, T. D., Hodson, A. J., Moorman, B. J., Vatne, G., and Hubbard, A.
L.: Polythermal glacier hydrology: A review, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG4002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RG000350, 2011.
a,
b,
c
Kessler, M. A. and Anderson, R. S.: Testing a numerical glacial hydrological
model using spring speed-up events and outburst floods, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
31, L18503,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020622, 2004.
a
Larsen, C. F., Motyka, R. J., Arendt, A. A., Echelmeyer, K. A., and Geissler,
P. E.: Glacier changes in southeast Alaska and northwest British Columbia and
contribution to sea level rise, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, F01007,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000586, 2007.
a
Lliboutry, L.: Permeability, brine content and temperature of temperate ice,
J. Glaciol., 10, 15–29, 1971.
a,
b,
c
Mair, D., Nienow, P., Sharp, M., Wohlleben, T., and Willis, I.: Influence of
subglacial drainage system evolution on glacier surface motion: Haut Glacier
d'Arolla, Switzerland, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107, 2175,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000514, 2002.
a
Majchrowska, E., Ignatiuk, D., Jania, J., Marszałek, H., and Wąsik,
M.: Seasonal and interannual variability in runoff from the Werenskioldbreen
catchment, Spitsbergen, Pol. Polar Res., 36, 197–224, 2015.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Mankoff, K. D., Gulley, J. D., Tulaczyk, S. M., Covington, M. D., Liu, X., Chen,
Y., Benn, D. I., and Głowacki, P. S.: Roughness of a subglacial conduit under
Hansbreen, Svalbard, J. Glaciol., 63, 423–435, 2017. a
Mavlyudov, B. R.: Internal drainage systems of glaciers, Institute of geography
RAS, Inst. of Geogr., Russ. Acad. of Sci., Moscow, p. 396, 2006. a
Moon, T. and Joughin, I.: Changes in ice front position on Greenland's outlet
glaciers from 1992 to 2007, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 113, F02022,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000927, 2008.
a
Murray, T., Benn, D., Maghami-Nick, F., and Adamek, A.: Mapping the course of
an englacial channel using ground-penetrating radar at Hansbreen, Svalbard,
in: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 10–14 December 2007, San Francisco, USA, 2007.
a,
b
Navarro, F., Martín-Español, A., Lapazaran, J., Grabiec, M., Otero, J.,
Vasilenko, E., and Puczko, D.: Ice volume estimates from ground-penetrating
radar surveys, Wedel Jarlsberg Land glaciers, Svalbard, Arct. Antarct. Alp.
Res., 46, 394–406, 2014.
a,
b
Nienow, P. and Hubbard, B.: Surface and englacial drainage of glaciers and ice
sheets, in: Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, London, 2006.
a,
b,
c
Nienow, P., Sharp, M., and Willis, I.: Seasonal changes in the morphology of
the subglacial drainage system, Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, Earth
Surf. Proc. Land., 23, 825–843, 1998. a
Nowak, A. and Hodson, A.: Hydrological response of a High-Arctic catchment to
changing climate over the past 35 years: a case study of Bayelva watershed,
Svalbard, Polar Res., 32, 19691,
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v32i0.19691, 2013.
a,
b
Nuth, C., Moholdt, G., Kohler, J., Hagen, J. O., and Kääb, A.: Svalbard
glacier elevation changes and contribution to sea level rise, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 115, F01008,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001223, 2010.
a
Nye, J. F.: The flow law of ice from measurements in glacier tunnels, laboratory
experiments and the Jungfraufirn borehole experiment, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A,
219, 477–489, 1953. a
Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ,
R., Church, J. A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., and Dubash, N. K.:
Climate change 2014: synthesis report, in: Contribution of Working Groups I,
II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. a
Pälli, A., Moore, J. C., Jania, J., Kolondra, L., and Glowacki, P.: The
drainage pattern of Hansbreen and Werenskioldbreen, two polythermal glaciers in
Svalbard, Polar Res., 22, 355–371, 2003.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i,
j,
k,
l
Paterson, W.: The physics of glaciers, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 480 pp., 1994. a
Poinar, K., Joughin, I., Das, S. B., Behn, M. D., Lenaerts, J., and Broeke, M.
R.: Limits to future expansion of surface-melt-enhanced ice flow into the
interior of western Greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1800–1807, 2015.
a,
b
Price, S. F., Payne, A. J., Howat, I. M., and Smith, B. E.: Committed sea-level
rise for the next century from Greenland ice sheet dynamics during the past
decade, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 8978–8983, 2011. a
Pulina, M., Kolondra, L., and Řehák, J.: Charting of cryokarst forms
on Werenskiold Glacier (SW Spitsbergen), in: XXVI Polar Symposium, Lublin,
Polish Polar Studies, 18–20 June 1999, Lublin, Poland, 235–241, 1999. a
Rignot, E., Velicogna, I., van den Broeke, M. R., Monaghan, A., and Lenaerts,
J. T.: Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice
sheets to sea level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L05503,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046583, 2011.
a
Röthlisberger, H.: Water pressure in intra-and subglacial channels, J.
Glaciol., 11, 177–203, 1972.
a,
b
Ryser, C., Lüthi, M., Blindow, N., Suckro, S., Funk, M., and Bauder, A.:
Cold ice in the ablation zone: Its relation to glacier hydrology and ice water
content, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 693–705, 2013.
a,
b
Sharp, M., Richards, K., Willis, I., Arnold, N., Nienow, P., Lawson, W., and
Tison, J.-L.: Geometry, bed topography and drainage system structure of the
Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 18, 557–571, 1993.
a,
b,
c
Shepherd, A., Hubbard, A., Nienow, P., King, M., McMillan, M., and Joughin, I.:
Greenland ice sheet motion coupled with daily melting in late summer, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 36, L01501,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035758, 2009.
a
Shreve, R.: Movement of water in glaciers, J. Glaciol., 11, 205–214, 1972.
a,
b,
c
Smith, L. C., Chu, V. W., Yang, K., Gleason, C. J., Pitcher, L. H., Rennermalm,
A. K., Legleiter, C. J., Behar, A. E., Overstreet, B. T., Moustafa, S. E., and
Tedesco, M.: Efficient meltwater drainage through supraglacial streams and
rivers on the southwest Greenland ice sheet, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 1001–1006, 2015.
a,
b
Sundal, A. V., Shepherd, A., Nienow, P., Hanna, E., Palmer, S., and Huybrechts,
P.: Melt-induced speed-up of Greenland ice sheet offset by efficient subglacial
drainage, Nature, 469, 521–524, 2011. a
Turu, V.: Surface NMR survey on Hansbreen Glacier, Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen
(Norway), Landform Analysis, 21, 57–74, 2012.
a,
b
Van der Veen, C. J.: Fracture propagation as means of rapidly transferring
surface meltwater to the base of glaciers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01501,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028385, 2007.
a,
b
Vieli, A., Jania, J., Blatter, H., and Funk, M.: Short-term velocity variations
on Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Spitsbergen, J. Glaciol., 50, 389–398, 2004. a
Werder, M. A., Hewitt, I. J., Schoof, C. G., and Flowers, G. E.: Modeling
channelized and distributed subglacial drainage in two dimensions, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 118, 2140–2158, 2013. a
Willis, I., Lawson, W., Owens, I., Jacobel, B., and Autridge, J.: Subglacial
drainage system structure and morphology of Brewster Glacier, New Zealand,
Hydrol. Process., 23, 384–396, 2009. a
Yang, K. and Smith, L. C.: Supraglacial streams on the Greenland Ice Sheet
delineated from combined spectral–shape information in high-resolution satellite
imagery, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 10, 801–805, 2013. a
