Articles | Volume 8, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1651-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1651-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Sep 2014
Research article |
| 09 Sep 2014
Healing of snow surface-to-surface contacts by isothermal sintering
E. A. Podolskiy
IRSTEA (UR ETGR) – Centre de Grenoble, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 St.-Martin-d'Hères CEDEX, France
M. Barbero
Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
F. Barpi
Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
G. Chambon
IRSTEA (UR ETGR) – Centre de Grenoble, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 St.-Martin-d'Hères CEDEX, France
M. Borri-Brunetto
Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
O. Pallara
Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
B. Chiaia
Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
M. Naaim
IRSTEA (UR ETGR) – Centre de Grenoble, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 St.-Martin-d'Hères CEDEX, France
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Allison P. Lepp, Lauren E. Miller, John B. Anderson, Matt O'Regan, Monica C. M. Winsborrow, James A. Smith, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Julia S. Wellner, Lindsay O. Prothro, and Evgeny A. Podolskiy
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-70, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-70, 2023
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Shape and surface textures of silt-sized sediments are measured to connect marine sediment records with subglacial water flow. We find grain-shape alteration is greatest for glaciers in temperate settings and for which high-energy drainage events are implied, and that the surfaces of silt-sized sediments preserve evidence of glacial transport. Our results suggest grain shape and texture may reveal whether glaciers previously experienced temperate conditions with more abundant meltwater.
Eef C. H. van Dongen, Guillaume Jouvet, Shin Sugiyama, Evgeny A. Podolskiy, Martin Funk, Douglas I. Benn, Fabian Lindner, Andreas Bauder, Julien Seguinot, Silvan Leinss, and Fabian Walter
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The dynamic mass loss of tidewater glaciers is strongly linked to glacier calving. We study calving mechanisms under a thinning regime, based on 5 years of field and remote-sensing data of Bowdoin Glacier. Our data suggest that Bowdoin Glacier ungrounded recently, and its calving behaviour changed from calving due to surface crevasses to buoyancy-induced calving resulting from basal crevasses. This change may be a precursor to glacier retreat.
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Shape and surface textures of silt-sized sediments are measured to connect marine sediment records with subglacial water flow. We find grain-shape alteration is greatest for glaciers in temperate settings and for which high-energy drainage events are implied, and that the surfaces of silt-sized sediments preserve evidence of glacial transport. Our results suggest grain shape and texture may reveal whether glaciers previously experienced temperate conditions with more abundant meltwater.
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This paper presents the development of a numerical model to study the mechanical behaviour of snow at microscale. The numerical model has shown good capabilities to reproduce experimental Cone Penetration Test measurements. It is a promising tool for future investigation to better characterise the snow material. Applications of the numerical model are various such as snowpack characterisation, high resolution snow force profile interpretation or avalanches forecasting for instance.
Eef C. H. van Dongen, Guillaume Jouvet, Shin Sugiyama, Evgeny A. Podolskiy, Martin Funk, Douglas I. Benn, Fabian Lindner, Andreas Bauder, Julien Seguinot, Silvan Leinss, and Fabian Walter
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Margherita Maggioni, Danilo Godone, Barbara Frigo, and Michele Freppaz
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Gilbert Guyomarc'h, Hervé Bellot, Vincent Vionnet, Florence Naaim-Bouvet, Yannick Déliot, Firmin Fontaine, Philippe Puglièse, Kouichi Nishimura, Yves Durand, and Mohamed Naaim
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The paper introduces a meteorological and blowing snow data set from Col du Lac Blanc (2720 m a.s.l., French Alps) allowing physical parameterizations and numerical models of blowing snow to be developed and evaluated. In situ winter season data consist of wind, snow depth, air temperature measurements and a database of blowing snow occurrence (2000–2016) complemented by measurements of blowing snow fluxes (2010–2016). Atmospheric data from a meteorological reanalysis and a DEM are also provided.
Philomène Favier, David Bertrand, Nicolas Eckert, Isabelle Ousset, and Mohamed Naaim
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2507–2524, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2507-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2507-2018, 2018
Martin Beniston, Daniel Farinotti, Markus Stoffel, Liss M. Andreassen, Erika Coppola, Nicolas Eckert, Adriano Fantini, Florie Giacona, Christian Hauck, Matthias Huss, Hendrik Huwald, Michael Lehning, Juan-Ignacio López-Moreno, Jan Magnusson, Christoph Marty, Enrique Morán-Tejéda, Samuel Morin, Mohamed Naaim, Antonello Provenzale, Antoine Rabatel, Delphine Six, Johann Stötter, Ulrich Strasser, Silvia Terzago, and Christian Vincent
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This paper makes a rather exhaustive overview of current knowledge of past, current, and future aspects of cryospheric issues in continental Europe and makes a number of reflections of areas of uncertainty requiring more attention in both scientific and policy terms. The review paper is completed by a bibliography containing 350 recent references that will certainly be of value to scholars engaged in the fields of glacier, snow, and permafrost research.
Valerio De Biagi, Maria Lia Napoli, Monica Barbero, and Daniele Peila
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 103–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-103-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-103-2017, 2017
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Rockfall is an highly destructive and unpredictable natural phenomenon. The design of protective structures needs a
design falling block. Nowadays, the size of this block depends on the designer's personal judgement and expertise. We propose a statistical methodology to evaluate the return period of a given falling volume from observations and records in historical catalogues. This would allow us to implement modern reliability-based design approaches in protective engineering works.
Johan Gaume, Alec van Herwijnen, Guillaume Chambon, Nander Wever, and Jürg Schweizer
The Cryosphere, 11, 217–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-217-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-217-2017, 2017
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Based on DEM simulations we developed a new model for the onset of crack propagation in snow slab avalanche release. The model reconciles past approaches by considering the complex interplay between slab elasticity and the mechanical behavior of the weak layer including its structural collapse. The model agrees with extensive field data and can reproduce crack propagation on low-angle terrain and the decrease in critical crack length with increasing slope angle observed in numerical experiments.
Pascal Hagenmuller, Margret Matzl, Guillaume Chambon, and Martin Schneebeli
The Cryosphere, 10, 1039–1054, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1039-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1039-2016, 2016
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The paper focuses on the characterization of snow microstructure with X-ray microtomography, a technique that is progressively becoming the standard for snow characterization. In particular, it rigorously investigates how the image processing algorithms affect the subsequent microstructure characterization in terms of density and specific surface area. From this analysis, practical recommendations concerning the processing X-ray tomographic images of snow are provided.
Andrea Luciani, Monica Barbero, Daniele Martinelli, and Daniele Peila
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Maintenance of rockfall protection net fences is fundamental for public administrations in order to guarantee risk mitigation. In this paper the influence of deteriorations on the behaviour of this works is analysed using a numerical simulation of the impact of rocks on net fences with different damages. The residual efficiency of a deteriorated net fence is extimated and the resulting variation of the risk mitigation is evaluated. This appraisal allows owners to better plan maintenance works.
P. Hagenmuller, G. Chambon, and M. Naaim
The Cryosphere, 9, 1969–1982, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1969-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1969-2015, 2015
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This paper deals with a mechanical model that exploits a granular description of the snow microstructure. Its originality is that the geometry of the snow grains and of the inter-granular bonding system are explicitly defined from microtomographic data. It enables to model large deformations controlled by grain-rearrangements, which is of particular interest to study the collapse of weak layers or the characterization of the snowpack with an indenter.
J. Gaume, A. van Herwijnen, G. Chambon, K. W. Birkeland, and J. Schweizer
The Cryosphere, 9, 1915–1932, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1915-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1915-2015, 2015
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We proposed a new approach to characterize the dynamic phase of crack propagation in weak snowpack layers as well as fracture arrest propensity by means of numerical "propagation saw test" simulations based on the discrete element method. Crack propagation speed and distance before fracture arrest were derived from the simulations for different snowpack configurations and mechanical properties. Numerical and experimental results were compared and the mechanical processes at play were discussed.
J. Gaume, G. Chambon, N. Eckert, M. Naaim, and J. Schweizer
The Cryosphere, 9, 795–804, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-795-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-795-2015, 2015
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Slab tensile failure propensity is examined using a mechanical--statistical model of the slab–-weak layer (WL) system based on the finite element method. This model accounts for WL heterogeneity, stress redistribution by elasticity of the slab and the slab possible tensile failure. For realistic values of the parameters, the tensile failure propensity is mainly driven by slab properties. Hard and thick snow slabs are more prone to wide–scale crack propagation and thus lead to larger avalanches.
E. A. Podolskiy, G. Chambon, M. Naaim, and J. Gaume
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 119–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-119-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-119-2015, 2015
P. Favier, D. Bertrand, N. Eckert, and M. Naaim
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 689–704, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-689-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-689-2014, 2014
Related subject area
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Parameter optimization in sea ice models with elastic–viscoplastic rheology
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Yumeng Chen, Polly Smith, Alberto Carrassi, Ivo Pasmans, Laurent Bertino, Marc Bocquet, Tobias Sebastian Finn, Pierre Rampal, and Véronique Dansereau
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Mark D. Behn, David L. Goldsby, and Greg Hirth
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Grain size is a key microphysical property of ice, controlling the rheological behavior of ice sheets and glaciers. In this study, we develop a new model for grain size evolution in ice and show that it accurately predicts grain size in laboratory experiments and in natural ice core data. The model provides a physical explanation for the power-law relationship between stress and strain rate known as the Glen law and can be used as a predictive tool for modeling ice flow in natural systems.
Damien Ringeisen, L. Bruno Tremblay, and Martin Losch
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Andrii Murdza, Erland M. Schulson, and Carl E. Renshaw
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It has been suggested that the observed sudden breakup of Arctic and Antarctic floating ice covers may be due to fatigue failure associated with cyclic loading from ocean swells that can penetrate deeply into an ice pack. To investigate this possibility, we measured the flexural strength of saline ice after cyclic loading. Contrary to expectations, we find that the flexural strength of saline ice increases upon cycling, similar to the behavior of laboratory-grown ice and natural lake ice.
Lisa Craw, Adam Treverrow, Sheng Fan, Mark Peternell, Sue Cook, Felicity McCormack, and Jason Roberts
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Gleb Panteleev, Max Yaremchuk, Jacob N. Stroh, Oceana P. Francis, and Richard Allard
The Cryosphere, 14, 4427–4451, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4427-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4427-2020, 2020
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In the CICE6 community model, rheology and landfast grounding/arching effects are simulated by functions of sea ice thickness and concentration with a set of fixed parameters empirically adjusted to optimize model performance. In this study we consider a spatially variable extension for representing these parameters in the two-dimensional elastic–viscoplastic (EVP) sea ice model and analyze the feasibility of the optimization of these parameters through the 4D-Var data assimilation approach.
Sheng Fan, Travis F. Hager, David J. Prior, Andrew J. Cross, David L. Goldsby, Chao Qi, Marianne Negrini, and John Wheeler
The Cryosphere, 14, 3875–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3875-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3875-2020, 2020
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We performed uniaxial compression experiments on synthetic ice samples. We report ice microstructural evolution at –20 and –30 °C that has never been reported before. Microstructural data show the opening angle of c-axis cones decreases with increasing strain or with decreasing temperature, suggesting a more active grain rotation. CPO intensity weakens with temperature because CPO of small grains is weaker, and it can be explained by grain boundary sliding or nucleation with random orientations.
Mathieu Plante, Bruno Tremblay, Martin Losch, and Jean-François Lemieux
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We study the formation of ice arches between two islands using a model that resolves crack initiation and propagation. This model uses a damage parameter to parameterize the presence or absence of cracks in the ice. We find that the damage parameter allows for cracks to propagate in the ice but in a different orientation than predicted by theory. The results call for improvement in how stress relaxation associated with this damage is parameterized.
Baptiste Journaux, Thomas Chauve, Maurine Montagnat, Andrea Tommasi, Fabrice Barou, David Mainprice, and Léa Gest
The Cryosphere, 13, 1495–1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1495-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1495-2019, 2019
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Ice mechanics is an important tool to better predict the response of glaciers or polar ice sheets to climate variations.
Nevertheless our current predictive abilities are limited as the microscale mechanisms responsible for ice creep are poorly identified.
We show in this study, using state-of-the-art experimental techniques, which recrystallization processes control ice deformation. This will allow realistic simulations, necessary to predict the long-term effects on ice landmasses.
Nicolas Bouhier, Jean Tournadre, Frédérique Rémy, and Rozenn Gourves-Cousin
The Cryosphere, 12, 2267–2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2267-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2267-2018, 2018
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The evolution of two large Southern Ocean icebergs, in terms of area and thickness, are used to study the melting and fragmentation laws of icebergs. The area and thickness are estimated by the mean of satellite images and radar altimeter data. Two classical formulations of melting are tested and a fragmentation law depending on the sea temperature and iceberg velocity is proposed and tested. The size distribution of the pieces generated by fragmentation is also estimated.
Felicity S. Graham, Mathieu Morlighem, Roland C. Warner, and Adam Treverrow
The Cryosphere, 12, 1047–1067, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1047-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1047-2018, 2018
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Ice sheet flow is anisotropic, depending on the nature of the stress applied. However, most large-scale ice sheet models rely on the Glen flow relation, which ignores anisotropic effects. We implement a flow relation (ESTAR) for anisotropic ice in a large-scale ice sheet model. In ice shelf simulations, the Glen flow relation overestimates velocities by up to 17 % compared with ESTAR. Our results have implications for ice sheet model simulations of paleo-ice extent and sea level rise prediction.
Véronique Dansereau, Jérôme Weiss, Pierre Saramito, and Philippe Lattes
The Cryosphere, 10, 1339–1359, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1339-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1339-2016, 2016
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In this paper we present a new mechanical modelling framework for the deformation of sea ice on regional and larger scales named Maxwell elasto-brittle. The model successfully reproduces the formation of narrow, oriented leads which concentrate the deformation within the damaged, i.e., fractured, ice as well as the intermittency of the damaging process, and hence represents a relevant contribution to the ongoing development of operational modelling platforms, regional and global climate models.
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