The Cryosphere
The Cryosphere
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Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4765-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4765-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
Research article
 | 
18 Oct 2024
Research article |  | 18 Oct 2024

Three-dimensional discrete element simulations on pressure ridge formation

Marek Muchow and Arttu Polojärvi

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Cited articles

Ashby, M. F. and Hallam, S. D.: The Failure of Brittle Solids Containing Small Cracks under Compressive Stress States, Acta Metall., 34, 497–510, https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(86)90086-6, 1986. a
Crisfield, M. A.: A Consistent Co-Rotational Formulation for Non-Linear, Three-Dimensional, Beam-Elements, Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech., 81, 131–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(90)90106-V, 1990. a
Crisfield, M. A.: Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures: Volume 2: Advanced Topics, P. I. Mech. Eng. C.-J. Mec., 211, 489, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(90)90106-V, 1997. a
Cundall, P. A. and Strack, O. D. L.: A Discrete Numerical Model for Granular Assemblies, Géotechnique, 29, 47–65, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47, 1979. a
Damsgaard, A., Sergienko, O., and Adcroft, A.: The Effects of Ice Floe-Floe Interactions on Pressure Ridging in Sea Ice, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 13, e2020MS002336, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ms002336, 2021. a, b
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We present the first explicit three-dimensional simulations of sea-ice ridge formation, which enables us to observe failure in several locations simultaneously. Sea-ice ridges are formed when ice converges and fails due to wind and ocean currents, so broken ice accumulates in a ridge. Previous two-dimensional models could not capture this behavior. We conclude that non-simultaneous failure is necessary to simulate ridging forces to assess how ridging forces relate to other ice properties.
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