The Cryosphere
The Cryosphere
TC
Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4765-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4765-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
Research article
 | 
18 Oct 2024
Research article |  | 18 Oct 2024

Three-dimensional discrete element simulations on pressure ridge formation

Marek Muchow and Arttu Polojärvi

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Latest update: 31 Oct 2025
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Short summary
We present the first explicit three-dimensional simulations of sea-ice ridge formation, which enables us to observe failure in several locations simultaneously. Sea-ice ridges are formed when ice converges and fails due to wind and ocean currents, so broken ice accumulates in a ridge. Previous two-dimensional models could not capture this behavior. We conclude that non-simultaneous failure is necessary to simulate ridging forces to assess how ridging forces relate to other ice properties.
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