Articles | Volume 18, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1517-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1517-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 05 Apr 2024
| 05 Apr 2024
The influence of glacial landscape evolution on Scandinavian ice-sheet dynamics and dimensions
Gustav Jungdal-Olesen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Jane Lund Andersen
Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Andreas Born
Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Vivi Kathrine Pedersen
Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Related authors
No articles found.
Tobias Zolles and Andreas Born
The Cryosphere, 18, 4831–4844, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4831-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4831-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland ice sheet largely depends on the climate state. The uncertainties associated with the year-to-year variability have only a marginal impact on our simulated surface mass budget; this increases our confidence in projections and reconstructions. Basing the simulations on proxies, e.g., temperature, results in overestimates of the surface mass balance, as climatologies lead to small amounts of snowfall every day. This can be reduced by including sub-monthly precipitation variability.
Robert G. Bingham, Julien A. Bodart, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Ailsa Chung, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Johannes C. R. Sutter, Olaf Eisen, Nanna B. Karlsson, Joseph A. MacGregor, Neil Ross, Duncan A. Young, David W. Ashmore, Andreas Born, Winnie Chu, Xiangbin Cui, Reinhard Drews, Steven Franke, Vikram Goel, John W. Goodge, A. Clara J. Henry, Antoine Hermant, Benjamin H. Hills, Nicholas Holschuh, Michelle R. Koutnik, Gwendolyn J.-M. C. Leysinger Vieli, Emma J. Mackie, Elisa Mantelli, Carlos Martín, Felix S. L. Ng, Falk M. Oraschewski, Felipe Napoleoni, Frédéric Parrenin, Sergey V. Popov, Therese Rieckh, Rebecca Schlegel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Xueyuan Tang, Thomas O. Teisberg, Kate Winter, Shuai Yan, Harry Davis, Christine F. Dow, Tyler J. Fudge, Tom A. Jordan, Bernd Kulessa, Kenichi Matsuoka, Clara J. Nyqvist, Maryam Rahnemoonfar, Matthew R. Siegfried, Shivangini Singh, Verjan Višnjević, Rodrigo Zamora, and Alexandra Zuhr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2593, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2593, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ice sheets covering Antarctica have built up over millenia through successive snowfall events which become buried and preserved as internal surfaces of equal age detectable with ice-penetrating radar. This paper describes an international initiative to work together on this archival data to build a comprehensive 3-D picture of how old the ice is everywhere across Antarctica, and how this will be used to reconstruct past and predict future ice and climate behaviour.
Therese Rieckh, Andreas Born, Alexander Robinson, Robert Law, and Gerrit Gülle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6987–7000, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the open-source model ELSA, which simulates the internal age structure of large ice sheets. It creates layers of snow accumulation at fixed times during the simulation, which are used to model the internal stratification of the ice sheet. Together with reconstructed isochrones from radiostratigraphy data, ELSA can be used to assess ice sheet models and to improve their parameterization. ELSA can be used coupled to an ice sheet model or forced with its output.
Charlotte Rahlves, Heiko Goelzer, Andreas Born, and Petra M. Langebroek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-922, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-922, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet significantly contributes to rising sea levels, threatening coastal communities globally. To improve future sea-level projections, we simulated ice sheet behavior until 2100, initializing the model with observed geometry and using various climate models. Predictions indicate a sea-level rise of 32 to 228 mm by 2100, with climate model uncertainty being the main source of variability in projections.
Thi-Khanh-Dieu Hoang, Aurélien Quiquet, Christophe Dumas, Andreas Born, and Didier M. Roche
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-556, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-556, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the simulation of surface mass balance (SMB) that influences the advance-retreat of ice sheets, we run a snow model BESSI (BErgen Snow Simulator) with transient climate forcing obtained from an Earth system model iLOVECLIM over Greenland and Antarctica during the Last Interglacial period (130–116 kaBP). Compared to the existing simple SMB scheme of iLOVECLIM, BESSI gives more details about SMB processes with higher physics constraints while maintaining a low computational cost.
Sina Loriani, Yevgeny Aksenov, David Armstrong McKay, Govindasamy Bala, Andreas Born, Cristiano M. Chiessi, Henk Dijkstra, Jonathan F. Donges, Sybren Drijfhout, Matthew H. England, Alexey V. Fedorov, Laura Jackson, Kai Kornhuber, Gabriele Messori, Francesco Pausata, Stefanie Rynders, Jean-Baptiste Salée, Bablu Sinha, Steven Sherwood, Didier Swingedouw, and Thejna Tharammal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2589, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2589, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we draw on paleoreords, observations and modelling studies to review tipping points in the ocean overturning circulations, monsoon systems and global atmospheric circulations. We find indications for tipping in the ocean overturning circulations and the West African monsoon, with potentially severe impacts on the Earth system and humans. Tipping in the other considered systems is considered conceivable but currently not sufficiently supported by evidence.
Paul A. Carling, John D. Jansen, Teng Su, Jane Lund Andersen, and Mads Faurschou Knudsen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many steep glaciated rock walls collapsed when the Ice Age ended. How ice supports a steep rock wall until the ice decays is poorly understood. A collapsed rock wall was surveyed in the field and numerically modelled. Cosmogenic exposure dates show it collapsed and became ice-free ca. 18 ka ago. The model showed that the rock wall failed very slowly because ice was buttressing the slope. Dating other collapsed rock walls can improve understanding of how and when the last Ice Age ended.
Bjørg Risebrobakken, Mari F. Jensen, Helene R. Langehaug, Tor Eldevik, Anne Britt Sandø, Camille Li, Andreas Born, Erin Louise McClymont, Ulrich Salzmann, and Stijn De Schepper
Clim. Past, 19, 1101–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1101-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1101-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the observational period, spatially coherent sea surface temperatures characterize the northern North Atlantic at multidecadal timescales. We show that spatially non-coherent temperature patterns are seen both in further projections and a past warm climate period with a CO2 level comparable to the future low-emission scenario. Buoyancy forcing is shown to be important for northern North Atlantic temperature patterns.
Katharina M. Holube, Tobias Zolles, and Andreas Born
The Cryosphere, 16, 315–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We simulated the surface mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the 21st century by forcing a snow model with the output of many Earth system models and four greenhouse gas emission scenarios. We quantify the contribution to uncertainty in surface mass balance of these two factors and the choice of parameters of the snow model. The results show that the differences between Earth system models are the main source of uncertainty. This effect is localised mostly near the equilibrium line.
Martim Mas e Braga, Richard Selwyn Jones, Jennifer C. H. Newall, Irina Rogozhina, Jane L. Andersen, Nathaniel A. Lifton, and Arjen P. Stroeven
The Cryosphere, 15, 4929–4947, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mountains higher than the ice surface are sampled to know when the ice reached the sampled elevation, which can be used to guide numerical models. This is important to understand how much ice will be lost by ice sheets in the future. We use a simple model to understand how ice flow around mountains affects the ice surface topography and show how much this influences results from field samples. We also show that models need a finer resolution over mountainous areas to better match field samples.
Andreas Born and Alexander Robinson
The Cryosphere, 15, 4539–4556, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ice penetrating radar reflections from the Greenland ice sheet are the best available record of past accumulation and how these layers have been deformed over time by the flow of ice. Direct simulations of this archive hold great promise for improving our models and for uncovering details of ice sheet dynamics that neither models nor data could achieve alone. We present the first three-dimensional ice sheet model that explicitly simulates individual layers of accumulation and how they deform.
Tobias Zolles and Andreas Born
The Cryosphere, 15, 2917–2938, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the sensitivity of a glacier surface mass and the energy balance model of the Greenland ice sheet for the cold period of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present-day climate. The results show that the model sensitivity changes with climate. While for present-day simulations inclusions of sublimation and hoar formation are of minor importance, they cannot be neglected during the LGM. To simulate the surface mass balance over long timescales, a water vapor scheme is necessary.
Xavier Fettweis, Stefan Hofer, Uta Krebs-Kanzow, Charles Amory, Teruo Aoki, Constantijn J. Berends, Andreas Born, Jason E. Box, Alison Delhasse, Koji Fujita, Paul Gierz, Heiko Goelzer, Edward Hanna, Akihiro Hashimoto, Philippe Huybrechts, Marie-Luise Kapsch, Michalea D. King, Christoph Kittel, Charlotte Lang, Peter L. Langen, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Glen E. Liston, Gerrit Lohmann, Sebastian H. Mernild, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Kameswarrao Modali, Ruth H. Mottram, Masashi Niwano, Brice Noël, Jonathan C. Ryan, Amy Smith, Jan Streffing, Marco Tedesco, Willem Jan van de Berg, Michiel van den Broeke, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Leo van Kampenhout, David Wilton, Bert Wouters, Florian Ziemen, and Tobias Zolles
The Cryosphere, 14, 3935–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated simulated Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance from 5 kinds of models. While the most complex (but expensive to compute) models remain the best, the faster/simpler models also compare reliably with observations and have biases of the same order as the regional models. Discrepancies in the trend over 2000–2012, however, suggest that large uncertainties remain in the modelled future SMB changes as they are highly impacted by the meltwater runoff biases over the current climate.
Tine Nilsen, Dmitry V. Divine, Annika Hofgaard, Andreas Born, Johann Jungclaus, and Igor Drobyshev
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-123, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-123, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Using a set of three climate model simulations we cannot find a consistent relationship between atmospheric conditions favorable for forest fire activity in northern Scandinavia and weaker ocean circulation in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre on seasonal timescales. In the literature there is support of such a relationship for longer timescales. With the motivation to improve seasonal prediction systems, we conclude that the gyre circulation alone does not indicate forthcoming model drought.
Andreas Plach, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Petra M. Langebroek, Andreas Born, and Sébastien Le clec'h
The Cryosphere, 13, 2133–2148, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2133-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2133-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) rises sea level and knowing how the GrIS behaved in the past will help to become better in predicting its future. Here, the evolution of the past GrIS is shown to be dominated by how much ice melts (a result of the prevailing climate) rather than how ice flow is represented in the simulations. Therefore, it is very important to know past climates accurately, in order to be able to simulate the evolution of the GrIS and its contribution to sea level.
Andreas Born, Michael A. Imhof, and Thomas F. Stocker
The Cryosphere, 13, 1529–1546, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1529-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1529-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new numerical model to simulate the surface energy and mass balance of snow and ice. While similar models exist and cover a wide range of complexity from empirical models to those that simulate the microscopic structure of individual snow grains, we aim to strike a balance between physical completeness and numerical efficiency. This new model will enable physically accurate simulations over timescales of hundreds of millennia, a key requirement of investigating ice age cycles.
Andreas Plach, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Sébastien Le clec'h, Andreas Born, Petra M. Langebroek, Chuncheng Guo, Michael Imhof, and Thomas F. Stocker
Clim. Past, 14, 1463–1485, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1463-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1463-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland ice sheet is a huge frozen water reservoir which is crucial for predictions of sea level in a warming future climate. Therefore, computer models are needed to reliably simulate the melt of ice sheets. In this study, we use climate model simulations of the last period where it was warmer than today in Greenland. We test different melt models under these climatic conditions and show that the melt models show very different results under these warmer conditions.
Mari F. Jensen, Aleksi Nummelin, Søren B. Nielsen, Henrik Sadatzki, Evangeline Sessford, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Carin Andersson, Antje Voelker, William H. G. Roberts, Joel Pedro, and Andreas Born
Clim. Past, 14, 901–922, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-901-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-901-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We combine North Atlantic sea-surface temperature reconstructions and global climate model simulations to study rapid glacial climate shifts (30–40 000 years ago). Pre-industrial climate boosts similar, albeit weaker, sea-surface temperature variability as the glacial period. However, in order to reproduce most of the amplitude of this variability, and to see temperature variability in Greenland similar to the ice-core record, although with a smaller amplitude, we need forced simulations.
C. F. Brædstrup, D. L. Egholm, S. V. Ugelvig, and V. K. Pedersen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 159–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-159-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-159-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
When studying long-term glacial landscape evolution one must make simplifying assumptions about the nature of glacial flow. In this study we show that for two different numerical models such simplifications are mostly unimportant in the setting of glacial landscape evolution. Following this we find that glacial erosion is most intense in the early stages of glaciation and its effects are reduced with time due to flow patterns in the ice removing areas of highest resistance to flow.
J. L. Andersen, D. L. Egholm, M. F. Knudsen, J. D. Jansen, and S. B. Nielsen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 447–462, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-447-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-447-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
An increasing number of studies demonstrates links between the intensity of periglacial processes and bedrock erosion in steep mountain landscapes. Here, we quantify the dependence of periglacial processes on temperature and sediment thickness. This allows us to model frost processes across the full range of settings encountered in mountain landscapes. We find that sediment mantle thickness strongly modulates the relation between climate and periglacial weathering and sediment transport.
D. L. Egholm, J. L. Andersen, M. F. Knudsen, J. D. Jansen, and S. B. Nielsen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 463–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-463-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-463-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We incorporate relations between climate, sediment thickness and periglacial processes quantified in the accompanying paper into a landscape evolution model. This allows us to time-integrate the periglacial contribution to mountain topography on million-year time scales. It is a robust result of our simulations that periglacial processes lead to topographic smoothing. Owing to the climate dependency, this smoothing leads to formation of low-relief surfaces at altitudes controlled by temperature.
Related subject area
Discipline: Ice sheets | Subject: Paleo-Glaciology (including Former Ice Reconstructions)
Millennial-scale fluctuations of palaeo-ice margin at the southern fringe of the last Fennoscandian Ice Sheet
Antarctic permafrost processes and antiphase dynamics of cold-based glaciers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys inferred from 10Be and 26Al cosmogenic nuclides
Simulating the Laurentide Ice Sheet of the Last Glacial Maximum
Reversible ice sheet thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment during the Late Holocene
The collapse of the Cordilleran–Laurentide ice saddle and early opening of the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories, Canada, constrained by 10Be exposure dating
A model for interaction between conduits and surrounding hydraulically connected distributed drainage based on geomorphological evidence from Keewatin, Canada
Repeated ice streaming on the northwest Greenland continental shelf since the onset of the Middle Pleistocene Transition
Nonlinear response of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to late Quaternary sea level and climate forcing
Eemian Greenland ice sheet simulated with a higher-order model shows strong sensitivity to surface mass balance forcing
The impact of model resolution on the simulated Holocene retreat of the southwestern Greenland ice sheet using the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM)
Marine ice sheet instability and ice shelf buttressing of the Minch Ice Stream, northwest Scotland
Persistent tracers of historic ice flow in glacial stratigraphy near Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica
West Antarctic sites for subglacial drilling to test for past ice-sheet collapse
Karol Tylmann, Wojciech Wysota, Vincent Rinterknecht, Piotr Moska, Aleksandra Bielicka-Giełdoń, and ASTER Team
The Cryosphere, 18, 1889–1909, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1889-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1889-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our results indicate millennial-scale oscillations of the last Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) in northern Poland between ~19000 and ~17000 years ago. Combined luminescence (OSL) and 10Be dating show the last FIS left basal tills of three ice re-advances at a millennial-scale cycle: 19.2 ± 1.1 ka, 17.8 ± 0.5 ka and 16.9 ± 0.5 ka. This is the first terrestrial record of millennial-scale palaeo-ice margin oscillations at the southern fringe of the FIS during the last glacial cycle.
Jacob T. H. Anderson, Toshiyuki Fujioka, David Fink, Alan J. Hidy, Gary S. Wilson, Klaus Wilcken, Andrey Abramov, and Nikita Demidov
The Cryosphere, 17, 4917–4936, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4917-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4917-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic permafrost processes are not widely studied or understood in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Our data show that near-surface permafrost sediments were deposited ~180 000 years ago in Pearse Valley, while in lower Wright Valley sediments are either vertically mixed after deposition or were deposited < 25 000 years ago. Our data also record Taylor Glacier retreat from Pearse Valley ~65 000–74 000 years ago and support antiphase dynamics between alpine glaciers and sea ice in the Ross Sea.
Daniel Moreno-Parada, Jorge Alvarez-Solas, Javier Blasco, Marisa Montoya, and Alexander Robinson
The Cryosphere, 17, 2139–2156, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2139-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2139-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have reconstructed the Laurentide Ice Sheet, located in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 000 years ago). The absence of direct measurements raises a number of uncertainties. Here we study the impact of different physical laws that describe the friction as the ice slides over its base. We found that the Laurentide Ice Sheet is closest to prior reconstructions when the basal friction takes into account whether the base is frozen or thawed during its motion.
Greg Balco, Nathan Brown, Keir Nichols, Ryan A. Venturelli, Jonathan Adams, Scott Braddock, Seth Campbell, Brent Goehring, Joanne S. Johnson, Dylan H. Rood, Klaus Wilcken, Brenda Hall, and John Woodward
The Cryosphere, 17, 1787–1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1787-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Samples of bedrock recovered from below the West Antarctic Ice Sheet show that part of the ice sheet was thinner several thousand years ago than it is now and subsequently thickened. This is important because of concern that present ice thinning in this region may lead to rapid, irreversible sea level rise. The past episode of thinning at this site that took place in a similar, although not identical, climate was not irreversible; however, reversal required at least 3000 years to complete.
Benjamin J. Stoker, Martin Margold, John C. Gosse, Alan J. Hidy, Alistair J. Monteath, Joseph M. Young, Niall Gandy, Lauren J. Gregoire, Sophie L. Norris, and Duane Froese
The Cryosphere, 16, 4865–4886, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4865-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4865-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Laurentide Ice Sheet was the largest ice sheet to grow and disappear in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glaciation. In northwestern Canada, it covered the Mackenzie Valley, blocking the migration of fauna and early humans between North America and Beringia and altering the drainage systems. We reconstruct the timing of ice sheet retreat in this region and the implications for the migration of early humans into North America, the drainage of glacial lakes, and past sea level rise.
Emma L. M. Lewington, Stephen J. Livingstone, Chris D. Clark, Andrew J. Sole, and Robert D. Storrar
The Cryosphere, 14, 2949–2976, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2949-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2949-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We map visible traces of subglacial meltwater flow across Keewatin, Canada. Eskers are commonly observed to form within meltwater corridors up to a few kilometres wide, and we interpret different traces to have formed as part of the same integrated drainage system. In our proposed model, we suggest that eskers record the imprint of a central conduit while meltwater corridors represent the interaction with the surrounding distributed drainage system.
Andrew M. W. Newton, Mads Huuse, Paul C. Knutz, and David R. Cox
The Cryosphere, 14, 2303–2312, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic reflection data offshore northwest Greenland reveal buried landforms that have been interpreted as mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGLs). These have been formed by ancient ice streams that advanced hundreds of kilometres across the continental shelf. The stratigraphy and available chronology show that the MSGLs are confined to separate stratigraphic units and were most likely formed during several glacial maxima after the onset of the Middle Pleistocene Transition at ~ 1.3 Ma.
Michelle Tigchelaar, Axel Timmermann, Tobias Friedrich, Malte Heinemann, and David Pollard
The Cryosphere, 13, 2615–2631, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2615-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2615-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic Ice Sheet has expanded and retracted often in the past, but, so far, studies have not identified which environmental driver is most important: air temperature, snowfall, ocean conditions or global sea level. In a modeling study of 400 000 years of Antarctic Ice Sheet variability we isolated different drivers and found that no single driver dominates. Air temperature and sea level are most important and combine in a synergistic way, with important implications for future change.
Andreas Plach, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Petra M. Langebroek, Andreas Born, and Sébastien Le clec'h
The Cryosphere, 13, 2133–2148, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2133-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2133-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) rises sea level and knowing how the GrIS behaved in the past will help to become better in predicting its future. Here, the evolution of the past GrIS is shown to be dominated by how much ice melts (a result of the prevailing climate) rather than how ice flow is represented in the simulations. Therefore, it is very important to know past climates accurately, in order to be able to simulate the evolution of the GrIS and its contribution to sea level.
Joshua K. Cuzzone, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Mathieu Morlighem, Eric Larour, Jason P. Briner, Helene Seroussi, and Lambert Caron
The Cryosphere, 13, 879–893, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-879-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-879-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present ice sheet modeling results of ice retreat over southwestern Greenland during the last 12 000 years, and we also test the impact that model horizontal resolution has on differences in the simulated spatial retreat and its associated rate. Results indicate that model resolution plays a minor role in simulated retreat in areas where bed topography is not complex but plays an important role in areas where bed topography is complex (such as fjords).
Niall Gandy, Lauren J. Gregoire, Jeremy C. Ely, Christopher D. Clark, David M. Hodgson, Victoria Lee, Tom Bradwell, and Ruza F. Ivanovic
The Cryosphere, 12, 3635–3651, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3635-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3635-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use the deglaciation of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet as a valuable case to examine the processes of contemporary ice sheet change, using an ice sheet model to simulate the Minch Ice Stream. We find that ice shelves were a control on retreat and that the Minch Ice Stream was vulnerable to the same marine mechanisms which threaten the future of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This demonstrates the importance of marine processes when projecting the future of our contemporary ice sheets.
Nicholas Holschuh, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Robert W. Jacobel, and Brian C. Welch
The Cryosphere, 12, 2821–2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2821-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2821-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Models of the Antarctic Sheet are tuned using observations of historic ice-sheet behavior, but we have few observations that tell us how inland ice behaved over the last few millennia. A 2 km tall volcano sitting under the ice sheet has left a record in the ice as it flows by, and that feature provides unique insight into the regional ice-flow history. It indicates that observed, rapid changes in West Antarctica flow dynamics have not affected the continental interior over the last 5700 years.
Perry Spector, John Stone, David Pollard, Trevor Hillebrand, Cameron Lewis, and Joel Gombiner
The Cryosphere, 12, 2741–2757, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2741-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2741-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic-nuclide analyses in bedrock recovered from below the West Antarctic Ice Sheet have the potential to establish whether and when large-scale deglaciation occurred in the past. Here we (i) discuss the criteria and considerations for subglacial drill sites, (ii) evaluate candidate sites in West Antarctica, and (iii) describe reconnaissance at three West Antarctic sites, focusing on the Pirrit Hills, which we present as a case study of site selection on the scale of an individual nunatak.
Cited articles
Anderson, R. S., Dühnforth, M., Colgan, W., and Anderson, L.: Far-flung moraines: Exploring the feedback of glacial erosion on the evolution of glacier length, Geomorphology, 179, 269–285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.018, 2012.
Bart, P. J., Mullally, D., and Golledge, N. R.: The influence of continental shelf bathymetry on Antarctic ice sheet response to climate forcing, Global Planet. Change, 142, 87–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.04.009, 2016.
Batchelor, C. L., Margold, M., Krapp, M., Murton, D. K., Dalton, A. S., Gibbard, P. L., Stokes, C. R., Murton, J. B., and Manica, A.: The configuration of northern hemisphere ice sheets through the Quaternary, Nat. Commun., 10, 3713, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11601-2, 2019.
Binzer, K., Stockmarr, J., and Lykke-Andersen, H.: Pre-quaternary Surface Topography of Denmark, Geological survey of Denmark, map series no. 44, 1994.
Bondzio, J. H., Morlighem, M., Seroussi, H., Kleiner, T., Rückamp, M., Mouginot, J., Moon, T., Larour, E. Y., and Humbert, A.: The mechanisms behind jakobshavn isbræ's acceleration and mass loss: A 3-d thermomechanical model study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6252–6260, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073309, 2017.
Boulton, G. and Hagdorn, M.: Glaciology of the british isles ice sheet during the last glacial cycle: form, flow, streams and lobes, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3359–3390, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.10.013, 2006.
Clague, J. J., Barendregt, R. W., Menounos, B., Roberts, N. J., Rabassa, J., Martinez, O., Ercolano, B., Corbella, H., and Hemming, S. R.: Pliocene and early Pleistocene glaciation and landscape evolution on the Patagonian steppe, santa cruz province, Argentina, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 227, 105992, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105992, 2020.
Clark, C. D., Ely, J. C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Bradley, S., Ignéczi, A., Fabel, D., Ó Cofaigh, C., Chiverrell, R. C., Scourse, J., Benetti, S., Bradwell, T., Evans, D. J. A., Roberts, D. H., Burke, M., Callard, S. L., Medialdea, A., Saher, M., Small, D., Smedley, R. K., and Wilson, P.: Growth and retreat of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet, 31 000 to 15 000 years ago: the BRITICE-CHRONO reconstruction, Boreas, 51, 699–758, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12594, 2022.
Cook, S. J., Swift, D. A., Kirkbride, M. P., Knight, P. G., and Waller, R. I.: The empirical basis for modelling glacial erosion rates, Nat. Commun., 11, 759, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14583-8, 2020.
Dee, D. and National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff (Eds.): The Climate Data Guide: ERA-Interim, https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/era-interim (last access: 27 August 2023), last modified: 7 November 2022.
Dowdeswell, J. A. and Ottesen, D.: Buried iceberg ploughmarks in the early quaternary sediments of the central north sea: A two-million year record of glacial influence from 3d seismic data, Mar. Geol., 344, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.06.019, 2013.
Egholm, D. L., Nielsen, S. B., Pedersen, V. K., and Lesemann, J. E.: Glacial effects limiting mountain height, Nature, 460, 884–887, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08263, 2009.
Egholm, D. L., Knudsen, M. F., Clark, C. D., and Lesemann, J. E.: Modeling the flow of glaciers in steep terrains: The integrated second-order shallow ice approximation (iSOSIA), J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001900, 2011.
Egholm, D. L., Pedersen, V. K., Knudsen, M. F., and Larsen, N. K.: Coupling the flow of ice, water, and sediment in a glacial landscape evolution model, Geomorphology, 141–142, 47–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.12.019, 2012a.
Egholm, D. L., Pedersen, V. K., Knudsen, M. F., and Larsen, N. K.: On the importance of higher order ice dynamics for glacial landscape evolution, Geomorphology, 141–142, 67–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.12.020, 2012b.
Egholm, D. L. and Nielsen, S. B.: An adaptive finite volume solver for ice sheets and glaciers, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F01006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001394, 2010.
Egholm, D. L., Jansen, J. D., Brædstrup, C. F., Pedersen, V. K., Andersen, J. L., Ugelvig, S. V., Larsen, N. K., and Knudsen, M. F.: Formation of plateau landscapes on glaciated continental margins, Nat. Geosci. 10, 592–597, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2980, 2017.
Gandy, N., Gregoire, L. J., Ely, J. C., Cornford, S. L., Clark, C. D., and Hodgson, D. M.: Collapse of the Last Eurasian Ice Sheet in the North Sea Modulated by Combined Processes of Ice Flow, Surface Melt, and Marine Ice Sheet Instabilities, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth., 126, e2020JF005755, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005755, 2021.
Gasson, E. G. W., Deconto, R. M., Pollard, D., and Clark, C. D: Numerical simulations of a kilometre-thick Arctic ice shelf consistent with ice grounding observations, Nat. Commun., 9, 1510, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03707-w, 2018.
GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group: The GEBCO_2022 Grid – a continuous terrain model of the global oceans and land, NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/e0f0bb80-ab44-2739-e053-6c86abc0289c, 2022.
Gladstone, R., Moore, J., Wolovick, M., and Zwinger, T.: Sliding conditions beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-7038, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7038, 2020.
Gołędowski, B., Nielsen, S. B., and Clausen, O. R.: Patterns of Cenozoic sediment flux from western Scandinavia, Basin Res., 24, 377–400, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00530.x, 2012.
Hall, A. M., Ebert, K., Kleman, J., Nesje, A., and Ottesen, D.: Selective glacial erosion on the Norwegian passive margin, Geology, 41, 1203–1206, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34806.1, 2013.
Han, H. K., Gomez, N., Pollard, D., and DeConto, R.: Modeling northern hemispheric ice sheet dynamics, sea level change, and solid earth deformation through the last glacial cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth. 126, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF006040, 2021.
Hjelstuen, B. O., Nygard, A., Sejrup, H. P., and Haflidason, H.: Quaternary denudation of southern fennoscan- dia – evidence from the marine realm, Boreas, 41, 379–390, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00239.x, 2012.
Hochmuth, K. and Gohl, K.: Seaward growth of Antarctic continental shelves since establishment of a continent-wide ice sheet: Patterns and mechanisms, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 520, 44–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.025, 2019.
Hochmuth, K., Gohl, K., Leitchenkov, G., Sauermilch, I., Whittaker, J. M., Uenzelmann-Neben, G., Davy, B., and de Santis, L.: The Evolving Paleobathymetry of the Circum-Antarctic Southern Ocean Since 34 Ma: A Key to Understanding Past Cryosphere-Ocean Developments, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 21, e2020GC009122, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009122, 2020.
Houmark-Nielsen, M.: The Pleistocene of Denmark: a review of stratigraphy and glaciation history, Dev. Quat. Sci., 2, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80055-1, 2004.
Hughes, A. L., Gyllencreutz, R., Öystein S. Lohne, Mangerud, J., and Svendsen, J. I.: The last eurasian ice sheets – a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, dated-1, Boreas, 45, 1–45, https://doi.org//10.1111/bor.12142, 2016.
Hughes, P. D. and Gibbard, P. L.: Global glacier dynamics during 100 ka pleistocene glacial cycles, Quaternary Res., 90, 222–243, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.37, 2018.
Hughes, T., Denton, G. H., and Grosswald, M.: Was there a late-würm arctic ice sheet?, Nature, 266, 596–602, https://doi.org/10.1038/266596a0, 1977.
Jakobsson, M., Nilsson, J., Anderson, L., Backman, J., Björk, G., Cronin, T. M., Kirchner, N., Koshurnikov, A., Mayer, L., Noormets, R., O'Regan, M., Stranne, C., Ananiev, R., Macho, N. B., Cherniykh, D., Coxall, H., Eriksson, B., Floden, T., Gemery, L., Gustafsson, O., Jerraegan, M., Stranne, C., Ananiev, R., Macho, N. B., Cherniykh, D., Coxall, H., Eriksson, B., Floden, T., Gemery, L., Jerram, K., Johansson, C., Khortov, A., Mohammad, R., and Semiletov, I.: Evidence for an ice shelf covering the central arctic ocean during the penultimate glaciation, Nat. Commun., 7, 10365, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10365, 2016.
Jungclaus, J., Mikolajewicz, U., Kapsch, M. L., DíAgostino, R., Wieners, K. H., Giorgetta, M., Reick, C., Esch, M., Bittner, M., Legutke, S., Schupfner, M., Wachsmann, F., Gayler, V., Haak, H., de Vrese, P., Raddatz, T., Mauritsen, T., von Storch, J. S., Behrens, J., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Crueger, T., Fast, I., Fiedler,S., Hagemann, S., Hohenegger, C., Jahns, T., Kloster, S., Kinne, S., Lasslop, G., Kornblueh, L., Marotzke,J., Matei, D., Meraner, K., Modali, K., Mgemann, S., Hohenegger, C., Jahns, T., Kloster, S., Kinne, S., Lasslop, G., Kornblueh, L., Marotzke, J., Matei, D., Meraner, K., Modali, K., Müller, W., Nabel, J., Notz, D., Peters-von Gehlen, K., Pincus, R., Pohlmann, H., Pongratz, J., Rast, S., Schmidt, W., Nabel, J., Notz, D., Peters-von Gehlen, K., Pincus, R., Pohlmann, H., Pongratz, J., Rast, S., Schmidt, H., Schnur, R., Schulzweida, U., Six, K., Stevens, B., Voigt, A., and Roeckner, E.: Mpi-m mpi-esm1.2-lr model output prepared for cmip6 pmip lgm, Earth System Grid Federation [data set], https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.6642, 2019.
Jungdal-Olesen, G.: Supplementary videos, V1, Harvard Dataverse [video], https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/KLCMEG, 2024.
Kaplan, M. R., Hein, A. S., Hubbard, A., and Lax, S. M.: Can glacial erosion limit the extent of glaciation?, Geomorphology, 103, 172–179, 2009.
Kessler, M. A., Anderson, R. S., and Briner, J. P.: Fjord insertion into continental margins driven by topographic steering of ice, Nat. Geosci., 1, 365–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo201, 2008.
Knox, R. W. O. B., Bosch, J. H. A., Rasmussen, E. S., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Hiss, M., De Lugt, I. R., Kasińksi, J., King, C., Köthe, A., Słodkowska, B., Standke, G., and Vandenberghe, N.: Cenozoic, in: Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin Area, edited by: Doornenbal, J. C. and Stevenson, A. G., EAGE Publications, The Netherlands, 211–223, 2010.
Lamb, R. M., Harding, R., Huuse, M., Stewart, M., and Brocklehurst, S. H.: The early quaternary north sea basin, J. Geol. Soc. London, 175, 275–290, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2017-057, 2018.
Liakka, J., Löfverström, M., and Colleoni, F.: The impact of the North American glacial topography on the evolution of the Eurasian ice sheet over the last glacial cycle, Clim. Past, 12, 1225–1241, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1225-2016, 2016.
Lindstrom, D. R. and MacAyeal, D. R.: Paleoclimatic constraints on the maintenance of possible ice-shelf cover in the Norwegian and Greenland seas, Paleoceanography, 1, 313–337, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA001i003p00313, 1986.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A pliocene-pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic 18o records, Paleoceanography, 20, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071, 2005.
Løseth, H., Nygard, A., Batchelor, C. L., and Fayzullaev, T.: A regionally consistent 3d seismic-stratigraphic framework and age model for the quaternary sediments of the northern north sea, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 142, 105766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105766, 2022.
MacGregor, K. R., Anderson, R. S., and Waddington, E. D.: Numerical modeling of glacial erosion and headwall processes in alpine valleys, Geomorphology, 103, 189–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.022, 2009.
Magrani, F., Valla, P. G., and Egholm, D.: Modelling alpine glacier geometry and subglacial erosion patterns in response to contrasting climatic forcing, Earth Surf. Processes, 47, 1054–1072, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5302, 2022.
Mas e Braga, M., Jones, R. S., and Bernales, J.: A thicker Antarctic ice stream during the mid-Pliocene warm period, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 321, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00983-3, 2023.
Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Rabatel, A., and Morlighem, M.: Ice velocity and thickness of the world's glaciers, Nat. Geosci., 15, 124–129, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00885-z, 2022.
Millstein, J. D., Minchew, B. M., and Pegler, S. S.: Ice viscosity is more sensitive to stress than commonly Assumed, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 57, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00385-x, 2022.
Nielsen, T., Mathiesen, A., and Bryde-Auken, M.: Base quaternary in the danish parts of the north sea and Skagerrak, Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl., 37–40, https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v15.5038, 2008.
Olsen, L., Sveian, H., Ottesen, D., and Rise, L.: Quaternary glacial, interglacial and interstadial deposits of norway and adjacent onshore and offshore areas, Geol. Surv. Nor. Spec. Pub, 13, 79–144, https://www.ngu.no/upload/Publikasjoner/Special publication/SP13_s79-144.pdf (last access: 4 April 2024), 2013.
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Andreassen, K., Winsborrow, M., and Stroeven, A. P.: The build-up, configuration, and dynamical sensitivity of the eurasian ice-sheet complex to late weichselian climatic and oceanic forcing, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 153, 97–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.10.009, 2016.
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Heyman, J., Alexandropoulou, N., Lasabuda, A., and Stroeven, A.P.: The extreme yet transient nature of glacial erosion, Nat. Commun., 13, 7377, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35072-0, 2022.
Paxman, G. J. G., Jamieson, S. S. R., Hochmuth, K., Gohl, K., Bentley, M. J., Leitchenkov, G., and Ferraccioli, F.: Reconstructions of Antarctic topography since the Eocene–Oligocene boundary, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 535, 109346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109346, 2019.
Pedersen, V. and Egholm, D.: Glaciations in response to climate variations preconditioned by evolving topography, Nature, 493, 206–210, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11786, 2013.
Pedersen, V. K., Huismans, R. S., Herman, F., and Egholm, D. L.: Controls of initial topography on temporal and spatial patterns of glacial erosion, Geomorphology, 223, 96–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.06.028, 2014.
Pedersen, V. K., Huismans, R. S., and Moucha, R.: Isostatic and dynamic support of high topography on a north atlantic passive margin, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 446, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.019, 2016.
Pedersen, V. K., Knutsen, Å. K., Pallisgaard-Olesen, G., Andersen, J. L., Moucha, R., and Huismans, R. S.: Widespread glacial erosion on the scandinavian passive margin, Geology, 49, 1004–1008, https://doi.org/10.1130/G48836.1, 2021.
Pendergrass, A., Wang, J., and National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff (Eds.): The Climate Data Guide: GPCP (Monthly): Global Precipitation Climatology Project, https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/gpcp-monthly-global-precipitation-climatology-project (last access: 3 September 2023), last modified 7 November 2022.
Rea, B. R., Newton, A. M. W., Lamb, R. M., Harding, R., Bigg, G. R., Rose, P., Spagnolo, M., Huuse, M., Cater, J. M. L., Archer, S., Buckley, F., Halliyeva, M., Huuse, J., Cornwell, D. G., Brocklehurst, S. H., and Howell, J. A.: Extensive marine-terminating ice sheets in europe from 2.5 million years ago, Sci. Adv., 4, 6, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar8327, 2018.
Rise, L., Ottesen, D., Berg, K., and Lundin, E.: Large-scale development of the mid-norwegian margin during the last 3 million years, Mar. Petr. Geol., 22, 33–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.010, 2005.
Sejrup, H. P., Landvik, J. Y., Larsen, E., Janockom, J., Eiriksson, J., and King, E.: The jæren area, a border zone of the norwegian channel ice stream, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 17, 801–812, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00019-5, 1998.
Sejrup, H. P., Larsen, E., Haflidason, H., Berstad, I. M., Hjelstuen, B. O., Jonsdottir, H. E., King, E. L., Landvik, J., Longva, O., Nygard, A., Ottesen, D., Raunholm, S., Rise, L., and Stalsberg, K.: Configuration, history and impact of the norwegian channel ice stream, Boreas, 32, 18–36, https://doi.org/10.1080/03009480310001029, 2003.
Sejrup, H. P., Clark, C. D., and Hjelstuen, B. O.: Rapid ice sheet retreat triggered by ice stream debuttressing: Evidence from the north sea, Geology, 44, 355–358, https://doi.org/10.1130/G37652.1, 2016.
Simms, A. R., Lisiecki, L., Gebbie, G., Whitehouse, P. L., and Clark, J. F.: Balancing the last glacial maximum (lgm) sea-level budget, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 205, 143–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.018, 2019.
Steer, P., Huismans, R. S., Valla, P. G., Gac, S., and Herman, F.: Recent glacial erosion of fjords and low-relief surfaces in western Scandinavia, Nat. Geosci., 14, 4433, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1549, 2012.
Stroeven, A. P., Hättestrand, C., Kleman, J., Heyman, J., Fabel, D., Fredin, O., Goodfellow, B. W., Harbor, J. M., Jansen, J. D., Olsen, L., Caffee, M. W., Fink, D., Lundqvist, J., Rosqvist, G. C., Strömberg, B., and Jansson, K. N.: Deglaciation of Fennoscandia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 147, 91–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.016, 2016.
Wickert, A. D.: Open-source modular solutions for flexural isostasy: gFlex v1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 997–1017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-997-2016, 2016.
Zeitz, M., Levermann, A., and Winkelmann, R.: Sensitivity of ice loss to uncertainty in flow law parameters in an idealized one-dimensional geometry, The Cryosphere, 14, 3537–3550, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3537-2020, 2020.
Short summary
We explore how the shape of the land and underwater features in Scandinavia affected the former Scandinavian ice sheet over time. Using a computer model, we simulate how the ice sheet evolved during different stages of landscape development. We discovered that early glaciations were limited in size by underwater landforms, but as these changed, the ice sheet expanded more rapidly. Our findings highlight the importance of considering landscape changes when studying ice-sheet history.
We explore how the shape of the land and underwater features in Scandinavia affected the former...
