The Cryosphere
The Cryosphere
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Articles | Volume 16, issue 11
Articles | Volume 16, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4617-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4617-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 16, issue 11
Research article
 | 
03 Nov 2022
Research article |  | 03 Nov 2022

Sea ice breakup and freeze-up indicators for users of the Arctic coastal environment

John E. Walsh, Hajo Eicken, Kyle Redilla, and Mark Johnson

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Latest update: 29 May 2025
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Short summary
Indicators for the start and end of annual breakup and freeze-up of sea ice at various coastal locations around the Arctic are developed. Relative to broader offshore areas, some of the coastal indicators show an earlier freeze-up and later breakup, especially at locations where landfast ice is prominent. However, the trends towards earlier breakup and later freeze-up are unmistakable over the post-1979 period in synthesized metrics of the coastal breakup/freeze-up indicators.
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