Articles | Volume 20, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5629-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-5629-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Oct 2026
Research article |
| 02 Oct 2026
| 02 Oct 2026
Gravity topography modeling of the Denman Glacier region using a geostatistical approach
Mareen Lösing
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Earth and Oceans, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
School of Earth and Oceans, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Michael Field
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Emma MacKie
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
School of Earth and Oceans, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Mineral Resources, CSIRO, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
Related authors
No articles found.
Alan R. A. Aitken, Adam J. Hepburn, and Antti E. K. Ojala
The Cryosphere, 20, 4491–4513, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4491-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4491-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding past ice sheet behaviours is key to predicting future ice sheets in a warming climate, but meshing geological observations with ice sheet models is challenging. This manuscript models the sedimentary system of the Finnish Lake District Ice Lobe during its retreat about 12 000 years ago, when extensive water flow developed under the ice, and connects models with observations. The approach opens a path to improve knowledge of previously glaciated regions and systems under ice today.
Michael J. Field, Emma J. MacKie, Lijing Wang, Atsuhiro Muto, and Niya Shao
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 1749–1768, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1749-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1749-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Ice shelves are thinning and losing mass in West Antarctica because of interaction with warm water. The topography of the bedrock beneath the ice shelves is difficult to measure but important for understanding how quickly the ice shelves will melt. This study uses gravity data to infer the bedrock topography beneath the ice shelves. We use statistical methods to create an ensemble of bathymetry models that sample the uncertainty of the assumptions in the problem.
Robert G. Bingham, Julien A. Bodart, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Ailsa Chung, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Johannes C. R. Sutter, Olaf Eisen, Nanna B. Karlsson, Joseph A. MacGregor, Neil Ross, Duncan A. Young, David W. Ashmore, Andreas Born, Winnie Chu, Xiangbin Cui, Reinhard Drews, Steven Franke, Vikram Goel, John W. Goodge, A. Clara J. Henry, Antoine Hermant, Benjamin H. Hills, Nicholas Holschuh, Michelle R. Koutnik, Gwendolyn J.-M. C. Leysinger Vieli, Emma J. MacKie, Elisa Mantelli, Carlos Martín, Felix S. L. Ng, Falk M. Oraschewski, Felipe Napoleoni, Frédéric Parrenin, Sergey V. Popov, Therese Rieckh, Rebecca Schlegel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Xueyuan Tang, Thomas O. Teisberg, Kate Winter, Shuai Yan, Harry Davis, Christine F. Dow, Tyler J. Fudge, Tom A. Jordan, Bernd Kulessa, Kenichi Matsuoka, Clara J. Nyqvist, Maryam Rahnemoonfar, Matthew R. Siegfried, Shivangini Singh, Vjeran Višnjević, Rodrigo Zamora, and Alexandra Zuhr
The Cryosphere, 19, 4611–4655, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4611-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4611-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The ice sheets covering Antarctica have built up over millenia through successive snowfall events which become buried and preserved as internal surfaces of equal age detectable with ice-penetrating radar. This paper describes an international initiative working together on these archival data to build a comprehensive 3-D picture of how old the ice is everywhere across Antarctica and how this is being used to reconstruct past and to predict future ice and climate behaviour.
Alan Robert Alexander Aitken, Ian Delaney, Guillaume Pirot, and Mauro A. Werder
The Cryosphere, 18, 4111–4136, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4111-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4111-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how glaciers generate sediment and transport it to the ocean is important for understanding ocean ecosystems and developing knowledge of the past cryosphere from marine sediments. This paper presents a new way to simulate sediment transport in rivers below ice sheets and glaciers and quantify volumes and characteristics of sediment that can be used to reveal the hidden record of the subglacial environment for both past and present glacial conditions.
Nanna B. Karlsson, Dustin M. Schroeder, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Winnie Chu, Jørgen Dall, Natalia H. Andersen, Reese Dobson, Emma J. Mackie, Simon J. Köhn, Jillian E. Steinmetz, Angelo S. Tarzona, Thomas O. Teisberg, and Niels Skou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3333–3344, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3333-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3333-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the 1970s, more than 177 000 km of observations were acquired from airborne radar over the Greenland ice sheet. The radar data contain information on not only the thickness of the ice, but also the properties of the ice itself. This information was recorded on film rolls and subsequently stored. In this study, we document the digitization of these film rolls that shed new and unprecedented detailed light on the Greenland ice sheet 50 years ago.
Felicity S. McCormack, Jason L. Roberts, Bernd Kulessa, Alan Aitken, Christine F. Dow, Lawrence Bird, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Katharina Hochmuth, Richard S. Jones, Andrew N. Mackintosh, and Koi McArthur
The Cryosphere, 17, 4549–4569, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in Antarctic surface elevation can cause changes in ice and basal water flow, impacting how much ice enters the ocean. We find that ice and basal water flow could divert from the Totten to the Vanderford Glacier, East Antarctica, under only small changes in the surface elevation, with implications for estimates of ice loss from this region. Further studies are needed to determine when this could occur and if similar diversions could occur elsewhere in Antarctica due to climate change.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien A. Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesidio Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Detlef Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Andrew O. Hoffman, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Annika N. Horlings, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlighem, Jérémie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andrés Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Anotonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed elevation, and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
Emma J. MacKie, Michael Field, Lijing Wang, Zhen Yin, Nathan Schoedl, Matthew Hibbs, and Allan Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3765–3783, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3765-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3765-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth scientists often have to fill in spatial gaps in measurements. This gap-filling or interpolation can be accomplished with geostatistical methods, where the statistical relationships between measurements are used to inform how these gaps should be filled. Despite the broad utility of these methods, there are few freely available geostatistical software applications. We present GStatSim, a Python package for performing different geostatistical interpolation methods.
Marion A. McKenzie, Lauren E. Miller, Jacob S. Slawson, Emma J. MacKie, and Shujie Wang
The Cryosphere, 17, 2477–2486, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Topographic highs (“bumps”) across glaciated landscapes have the potential to affect glacial ice. Bumps in the deglaciated Puget Lowland are assessed for streamlined glacial features to provide insight on ice–bed interactions. We identify a general threshold in which bumps significantly disrupt ice flow and sedimentary processes in this location. However, not all bumps have the same degree of impact. The system assessed here has relevance to parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet and Thwaites Glacier.
Zhen Yin, Chen Zuo, Emma J. MacKie, and Jef Caers
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1477–1497, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1477-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1477-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a multiple-point geostatistics approach to probabilistically learn from training images to fill large-scale irregular geophysical data gaps. With a repository of global topographic training images, our approach models high-resolution basal topography and quantifies the geospatial uncertainty. It generated high-resolution topographic realizations to investigate the impact of basal topographic uncertainty on critical subglacial hydrological flow patterns associated with ice velocity.
Cited articles
Aitken, A. and Nigro Rodrigues Alves Ramos, L.: Reprocessed Magnetic Data from ICECAP-I and ICECAP-II, 2008/2009 to 2016/2017, Australian Antarctic Data Centre [data set], https://doi.org/10.26179/5e015bb8dce7f, 2020. a, b
Aitken, A. and Urosevic, L.: A probabilistic and model-based approach to the assessment of glacial detritus from ice sheet change, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 561, 110053, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110053, 2021. a
Aitken, A., Young, D. A., Ferraccioli, F., Betts, P. G., Greenbaum, J. S., Richter, T. G., Roberts, J. L., Blankenship, D. D., and Siegert, M. J.: The subglacial geology of Wilkes land, East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2390–2400, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059405, 2014. a, b
Aitken, A., Betts, P., Young, D., Blankenship, D. D., Roberts, J., and Siegert, M. J.: The Australo-Antarctic Columbia to Gondwana transition, Gondwana Res., 29, 136–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.019, 2016. a
Aitken, A., Li, L., Kulessa, B., Schroeder, D. M., Jordan, T. A., Whittaker, J. M., Anandakrishnan, S., Dawson, E. J., Wiens, D. A., Eisen, O., and Siegert, M. J.: Antarctic sedimentary basins and their influence on ice sheet dynamics, Rev. Geophys., https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000767, 2023. a
Aitken, A. R., Ramos, L. N., Roberts, J. L., Greenbaum, J. S., Jong, L. M., Young, D. A., and Blankenship, D. D.: A magnetic data correction workflow for sparse, four-dimensional data, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 125, e2020JB019825, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019825, 2020. a, b, c
An, L., Rignot, E., Millan, R., Tinto, K., and Willis, J.: Bathymetry of northwest Greenland using “Ocean Melting Greenland” (OMG) high-resolution airborne gravity and other data, Remote Sens., 11, 131, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020131, 2019. a, b
Bingham, R. G., Ferraccioli, F., King, E. C., Larter, R. D., Pritchard, H. D., Smith, A. M., and Vaughan, D. G.: Inland thinning of West Antarctic Ice Sheet steered along subglacial rifts, Nature, 487, 468–471, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11292, 2012. a
Blakely, R. J.: Potential theory in gravity and magnetic applications, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-57547-8, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549816, 1996. a
Blankenship, D., Kempf, S., and Young, D.: IceBridge Geometrics 823A Cesium Magnetometer L2 Geolocated Magnetic Anomalies, Version 1, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, Boulder, Colorado USA [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/TO7WLC72UMAQ, 2011, updated 2013. a, b, c
Blankenship, D. D., Kempf, S. D., Young, D. A., Richter, T. G., Schroeder, D. M., Ng, G., Greenbaum, J. S., van Ommen, T., Warner, R. C., Roberts, J. L., Young, N. W., Lemeur, E., and Siegert, M. J.: IceBridge HiCARS 2 L2 Geolocated Ice Thickness (IR2HI2, Version 1), NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, Boulder, Colorado USA [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/9EBR2T0VXUDG, 2012. a, b
Blankenship, D. D., Young, D. A., Richter, T. G., and Greenbaum, J. S.: IceBridge CMG GT-1A Gravimeter L2 Geolocated Free Air Gravity Disturbances (IGCMG2, Version 1), NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, Boulder, Colorado USA [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/3X4CIKKSYQRU, 2014. a, b
Brancato, V., Rignot, E., Milillo, P., Morlighem, M., Mouginot, J., An, L., Scheuchl, B., Jeong, S., Rizzoli, P., Bueso Bello, J. L., and Prats-Iraola, P.: Grounding Line Retreat of Denman Glacier, East Antarctica, Measured With COSMO-SkyMed Radar Interferometry Data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086291, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086291, 2020. a
Bureau of Meteorology: Antarctic Climate Data Collected by Australian Agencies, Version 1, Australian Antarctic Data Centre, https://data.aad.gov.au/metadata/Antarctic_Meteorology (last access: 20 April 2024), 2000. a
Charrassin, R., Millan, R., Rignot, E., and Scheinert, M.: Bathymetry of the Antarctic continental shelf and ice shelf cavities from circumpolar gravity anomalies and other data, Sci. Rep., 15, 1214, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81599-1, 2025. a, b
Deutsch, C. V. and Journel, A. G.: GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library and User's Guide, 2nd edn., Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 978-0-19-510015-0, 1997. a
Emlid Ltd.: Emlid Studio, computer software, desktop GNSS post-processing (PPK/static/geotagging), https://emlid.com/emlid-studio/ (last access: 29 July 2023), 2023. a
Falk, R., Pálinkáš, V., and Wziontek, H.: Regional Comparison Of Absolute Gravimeters Euramet. MG-K3 Key Comparison, Metrologia, https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/57/1A/07019, 2020. a
Fatiando a Terra Project, Bucha, B., Dinneen, C., Gomez, M., Li, L., Pesce, A., Soler, S. R., Uieda, L., and Wieczorek, M.: Boule v0.5.0: Reference ellipsoids for geodesy and geophysics, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13975491, 2024a. a
Fatiando a Terra Project, Uieda, L., Castro, Y. M., Esteban, F. D., Li, L., Oliveira Jr, V. C., Pesce, A., Shea, N., Soler, S. R., Souza-Junior, G. F., Tankersley, M., and Uppal, I. A.: Harmonica v0.7.0: Forward modeling, inversion, and processing gravity and magnetic data, version 0.7.0, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13308312, 2024b. a, b
Field, M.: Stochastic Sub-ice-shelf Bathymetry for Thwaites, Crosson, and Dotson Ice Shelves, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14719548, 2025. a
Franke, S., Jansen, D., Binder, T., Paden, J. D., Dörr, N., Gerber, T. A., Miller, H., Dahl-Jensen, D., Helm, V., Steinhage, D., Weikusat, I., Wilhelms, F., and Eisen, O.: Airborne ultra-wideband radar sounding over the shear margins and along flow lines at the onset region of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 763–779, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022, 2022. a
Frémand, A. C., Fretwell, P., Bodart, J. A., Pritchard, H. D., Aitken, A., Bamber, J. L., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Corr, H. F. J., Cui, X., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Drews, R., Eagles, G., Eisen, O., Eisermann, H., Ferraccioli, F., Field, E., Forsberg, R., Franke, S., Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Goel, V., Gogineni, S. P., Greenbaum, J., Hills, B., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Hoffman, A. O., Holmlund, P., Holschuh, N., Holt, J. W., Horlings, A. N., Humbert, A., Jacobel, R. W., Jansen, D., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jordan, T., King, E., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Kusk Gillespie, M., Langley, K., Lee, J., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B., MacGregor, J., MacKie, E., Matsuoka, K., Morlighem, M., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Paden, J., Pattyn, F., Popov, S. V., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J., Ross, N., Ruppel, A., Schroeder, D. M., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tabacco, I., Tinto, K., Urbini, S., Vaughan, D., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D. S., Young, D. A., and Zirizzotti, A.: Antarctic Bedmap data: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) sharing of 60 years of ice bed, surface, and thickness data, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023. a
Fretwell, P., Pritchard, H. D., Vaughan, D. G., Bamber, J. L., Barrand, N. E., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Catania, G., Callens, D., Conway, H., Cook, A. J., Corr, H. F. J., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fujita, S., Gim, Y., Gogineni, P., Griggs, J. A., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Holmlund, P., Holt, J. W., Jacobel, R. W., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jordan, T., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Riger-Kusk, M., Langley, K. A., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B. P., Matsuoka, K., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nogi, Y., Nost, O. A., Popov, S. V., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J., Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tinto, B. K., Welch, B. C., Wilson, D., Young, D. A., Xiangbin, C., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 7, 375–393, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-375-2013, 2013. a
Geoscience Australia: AUSPOS – Online GPS Processing Service (Version 2.4), https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/positioning-navigation/positioning-australia/geodesy/auspos (last access: 13 January 2024), 2024. a
Gooch, B. T., Young, D. A., and Blankenship, D. D.: Potential groundwater and heterogeneous heat source contributions to ice sheet dynamics in critical submarine basins of E ast A ntarctica, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 17, 395–409, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006117, 2016. a
Haas, P., Ebbing, J., and Szwillus, W.: Cratonic crust illuminated by global gravity gradient inversion, Gondwana Res., 121, 276–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.04.012, 2023. a
Hackney, R. and Featherstone, W.: Geodetic versus geophysical perspectives of the “gravity anomaly”, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 35–43, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01941.x, 2003. a
Hodgson, D. A., Jordan, T. A., De Rydt, J., Fretwell, P. T., Seddon, S. A., Becker, D., Hogan, K. A., Smith, A. M., and Vaughan, D. G.: Past and future dynamics of the Brunt Ice Shelf from seabed bathymetry and ice shelf geometry, The Cryosphere, 13, 545–556, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-545-2019, 2019. a
Howat, I., Porter, C., Noh, M.-J., Husby, E., Khuvis, S., Danish, E., Tomko, K., Gardiner, J., Negrete, A., Yadav, B., Klassen, J., Kelleher, C., Cloutier, M., Bakker, J., Enos, J., Arnold, G., Bauer, G., and Morin, P.: The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica – Mosaics, Version 2, Harvard Dataverse, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EBW8UC, 2022. a, b
Jordan, T. M., Cooper, M. A., Schroeder, D. M., Williams, C. N., Paden, J. D., Siegert, M. J., and Bamber, J. L.: Self-affine subglacial roughness: consequences for radar scattering and basal water discrimination in northern Greenland, The Cryosphere, 11, 1247–1264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1247-2017, 2017. a
King, E. C.: The precision of radar-derived subglacial bed topography: a case study from Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 154–161, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.33, 2020. a
Leeman, J. R.: LongmanTide: Gravitational tide computation based on Longman (1959), GitHub repository [code], https://github.com/jrleeman/LongmanTide (last access: 2 June 2024), 2023. a
Liebsch, J.: Complementing code for the bachelor's thesis: Determining the Sub-Ice Topography of Svalbard using Gravity Data: A Feasibility Study, GitHub repository [code], https://github.com/JonasLiebsch/Adaptive-Forward-Gravity.git (last access: 10 February 2025), 2020. a
Longman, I.: Formulas for computing the tidal accelerations due to the moon and the sun, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 2351–2355, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ064i012p02351, 1959. a
Lösing, M. and Aitken, A.: Denman Terrestrial Campaign – Ground-based gravity transect, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [data set], https://doi.org/10.25959/RM9S-KT42, 2026. a
Lösing, M., Aitken, A., Ebbing, J., Halpin, J., Li, L., Moorkamp, M., Reading, A., and Staal, T.: Supplementary codes and data for “Linking Tectonics and Crustal Thermal Properties in Southwestern Australia and East Antarctica Through Coupled Gravity and Magnetic Analysis”, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16411045, 2025a. a, b, c
Lösing, M., Aitken, A., Ebbing, J., Halpin, J. A., Li, L., Moorkamp, M., Reading, A., and Stål, T.: Linking Tectonics and Crustal Thermal Properties in Southwestern Australia and East Antarctica Through Coupled Gravity and Magnetic Analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 130, e2024JB030770, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB030770, 2025b. a, b, c, d
MacKie, E. J., Schroeder, D. M., Steinbrügge, G., and Culberg, R.: Quantifying Spatial Relationships in Ice Penetrating Radar Measurement Uncertainty Through Clutter Simulation, in: 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, 8688–8691, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9553045, 2021. a
MacKie, E. J., Field, M., Wang, L., Yin, Z., Schoedl, N., Hibbs, M., and Zhang, A.: GStatSim V1.0: a Python package for geostatistical interpolation and conditional simulation, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3765–3783, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3765-2023, 2023. a
Mälicke, M.: SciKit-GStat 1.0: a SciPy-flavored geostatistical variogram estimation toolbox written in Python, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2505–2532, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2505-2022, 2022. a
Manassero, M. C., Selway, K., Stål, T., Scheiter, M., Lösing, M., McCormack, F., Halpin, J. A., Kulessa, B., and Reading, A. M.: Bed Topography and Subglacial Conditions of Denman Glacier, East Antarctica: Insights From Magnetotelluric Data and Interdisciplinary Studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 131, e2026JF009277, https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JF009277, 2026. a, b, c
Maritati, A., Aitken, A., Young, D., Roberts, J., Blankenship, D., and Siegert, M.: The tectonic development and erosion of the Knox subglacial sedimentary basin, East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10–728, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071063, 2016. a, b, c, d
Matsuoka, K., MacGregor, J. A., and Pattyn, F.: Predicting radar attenuation within the Antarctic ice sheet, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 359–360, 173–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.018, 2012. a
Melo, F. F. and Barbosa, V. C.: Reliable Euler deconvolution estimates throughout the vertical derivatives of the total-field anomaly, Comput. Geosci., 138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104436, 2020. a, b, c
Mikhalsky, E., Tkacheva, D., Skublov, S., Leitchenkov, G., Rodionov, N., Kapitonov, I., and Kunakkuzin, E.: Low-grade Sandow Group metasediments of the Denman Glacier area (East Antarctica): Chemical composition, age and provenance from U–Pb detrital zircon data, with some palaeotectonic implications, Polar Sci., 26, 100587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2020.100587, 2020. a
Miles, B. W. J., Jordan, J. R., Stokes, C. R., Jamieson, S. S. R., Gudmundsson, G. H., and Jenkins, A.: Recent acceleration of Denman Glacier (1972–2017), East Antarctica, driven by grounding line retreat and changes in ice tongue configuration, The Cryosphere, 15, 663–676, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-663-2021, 2021. a
Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Binder, T., Blankenship, D., Drews, R., Eagles, G., Eisen, O., Ferraccioli, F., Forsberg, R., Fretwell, P., Goel, V., Greenbaum, J. S., Gudmundsson, H., Guo, J., Helm, V., Hofstede, C., Howat, I., Humbert, A., Jokat, W., Karlsson, N. B., Lee, W. S., Matsuoka, K., Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Paden, J., Pattyn, F., Roberts, J., Rosier, S., Ruppel, A., Seroussi, H., Smith, E. C., Steinhage, D., Sun, B., van den Broeke, M. R., van Ommen, T. D., van Wessem, J. M., and Young, D. A.: Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet, Nat. Geosci., 13, 132–137, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., and Scheuchl, B.: Continent-wide, interferometric SAR phase, mapping of Antarctic ice velocity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 9710–9718, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083826, 2019. a
Pattyn, F., Schoof, C., Perichon, L., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Bueler, E., de Fleurian, B., Durand, G., Gagliardini, O., Gladstone, R., Goldberg, D., Gudmundsson, G. H., Huybrechts, P., Lee, V., Nick, F. M., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Rybak, O., Saito, F., and Vieli, A.: Results of the Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project, MISMIP, The Cryosphere, 6, 573–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-573-2012, 2012. a
Pelle, T., Greenbaum, J. S., Dow, C. F., Jenkins, A., and Morlighem, M.: Subglacial discharge accelerates future retreat of Denman and Scott Glaciers, East Antarctica, Sci. Adv., 9, eadi9014, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi9014, 2023. a
Peters, M. E., Blankenship, D. D., and Morse, D. L.: Analysis techniques for coherent airborne radar sounding: Application to West Antarctic ice streams, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003222, 2005. a
Pritchard, H. D., Fretwell, P. T., Fremand, A. C., Bodart, J. A., Kirkham, J. D., Aitken, A., Bamber, J., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Corr, H. F. J., Cui, X., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Dorschel, B., Drews, R., Eagles, G., Eisen, O., Eisermann, H., Ferraccioli, F., Field, E., Forsberg, R., Franke, S., Goel, V., Gogineni, S. P., Greenbaum, J., Hills, B., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Hoffman, A. O., Holschuh, N., Holt, J. W., Humbert, A., Jacobel, R. W., Jansen, D., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jong, L., Jordan, T. A., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Maton, J., Gillespie, M. K., Langley, K., Lee, J., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B., MacGregor, J. A., MacKie, E., Moholdt, G., Matsuoka, K., Morlighem, M., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nost, O. A., Paden, J., Pattyn, F., Popov, S., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J. L., Ross, N., Ruppel, A., Schroeder, D. M., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tabacco, I., Tinto, K. J., Urbini, S., Vaughan, D. G., Wilson, D. S., Young, D. A., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap3 updated ice bed, surface and thickness gridded datasets for Antarctica, Sci. Data, 12, 414, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04672-y, 2025. a, b, c
Project, F. A. T., Esteban, F. D., Li, L., Oliveira Jr., V. C., Pesce, A., Shea, N., and Uieda, L.: Harmonica v0.6.0: Forward modeling, inversion, and processing gravity and magnetic data, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3628741, 2023. a
Reid, A. B., Allsop, J. M., Granser, H., Millett, A. J., and Somerton, I. W.: Magnetic Interpretation in Three Dimensions Using Euler Deconvolution, Geophysics, 55, 80–91, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442774, 1990. a
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: Ice flow of the Antarctic ice sheet, Science, 333, 1427–1430, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208336, 2011. a
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., Van Den Broeke, M., Van Wessem, M. J., and Morlighem, M.: Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979–2017, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 1095–1103, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812883116, 2019a. a
Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., van den Broeke, M., van Wessem, M. J., and Morlighem, M.: MEaSUREs InSAR-Based Antarctica Ice Velocity Map, Version 2, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, https://doi.org/10.5067/D7GK8F5J8M8R, 2019b. a
Roberts, J. L., Blankenship, D. D., Greenbaum, J. S., Beem, L. H., Kempf, S. D., Young, D. A., Richter, T. G., Van Ommen, T., and Le Meur, E.: EAGLE/ICECAP II geophysical observations (surface and bed elevation, ice thickness, gravity disturbance and magnetic anomalies), Ver. 1, Australian Antarctic Data Centre, https://doi.org/10.26179/5bcfffdabcf92, 2018, updated 2022. a, b, c
Roberts, J. L., Blankenship, D. D., Greenbaum, J. S., Beem, L. H., Kempf, S. D., Young, D. A., Richter, T. G., Van Ommen, T., and Le Meur, E.: EAGLE/ICECAP II – geophysical observations (surface and bed elevation, ice thickness, gravity disturbance and magnetic anomalies) – 2015–2018, Ver. 3, Australian Antarctic Data Centre, https://doi.org/10.26179/11md-a816, 2025. a
Scheinert, M., Ferraccioli, F., Schwabe, J., Bell, R., Studinger, M., Damaske, D., Jokat, W., Aleshkova, N., Jordan, T., Leitchenkov, G., Blankenship, D. D., Damiani, T. M., Yound, D., Cochran, J. R., and Richter, T. D.: New Antarctic gravity anomaly grid for enhanced geodetic and geophysical studies in Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 600–610, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067439, 2016. a
Scheinert, M., Zingerle, P., Schaller, T., and Pail, R.: Antarctic gravity anomaly and height anomaly grids (AntGG2021), PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.971238, 2024. a, b
Schoof, C.: Marine ice-sheet dynamics. Part 1. The case of rapid sliding, J. Fluid Mech., 573, 27–55, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112006003570, 2007. a, b
Scintrex Limited: CG-5 Autograv™ Gravity Meter Operation Manual, Concord, Ontario, Canada, https://scintrexltd.com/download/cg-5-operation-manual/ (last access: 7 January 2024), 2017. a
Sergienko, O. and Wingham, D. J.: Diverse behaviors of marine ice sheets in response to temporal variability of the atmospheric and basal conditions, J. Glaciol., 70, e52, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.43, 2024. a
Seroussi, H., Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Larour, E., Schodlok, M., and Khazendar, A.: Sensitivity of the dynamics of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, to climate forcing for the next 50 years, The Cryosphere, 8, 1699–1710, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1699-2014, 2014. a
Shao, N., MacKie, E. J., Field, M. J., and McCormack, F. S.: A Markov chain Monte Carlo approach for geostatistically simulating mass-conserving subglacial topography, J. Glaciol., 72, e51, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2026.10164, 2026. a, b, c
Soler, S. R. and Uieda, L.: Gradient-boosted equivalent sources, Geophys. J. Int., https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab297, 2021. a
Tankersley, M. D., Horgan, H., Caratori Tontini, F., and Tinto, K.: Gravity inversion for sub-ice shelf bathymetry: strengths, limitations, and insights from synthetic modeling, The Cryosphere, 19, 6827–6864, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6827-2025, 2025. a, b, c, d
Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., and Sheriff, R. E.: Applied Geophysics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2nd edn., ISBN 978-0-521-32693-2, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139167932, 1990. a, b
Weertman, J.: Stability of the junction of an ice sheet and an ice shelf, J. Glaciol., 13, 3–11, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000023327, 1974. a
Wright, A., Young, D., Roberts, J., Schroeder, D., Bamber, J., Dowdeswell, J., Young, N., Le Brocq, A., Warner, R., Payne, A., van Ommen, T. D., and Siegert, M. J.: Evidence of a hydrological connection between the ice divide and ice sheet margin in the Aurora Subglacial Basin, East Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002066, 2012. a
Young, D. A., Wright, A. P., Roberts, J. L., Warner, R. C., Young, N. W., Greenbaum, J. S., Schroeder, D. M., Holt, J. W., Sugden, D. E., Blankenship, D. D., van Ommen, T. D., and Siegert, M. J.: A dynamic early East Antarctic Ice Sheet suggested by ice-covered fjord landscapes, Nature, 474, 72–75, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10114, 2011. a
Zingerle, P., Pail, R., Willberg, M., and Scheinert, M.: A partition-enhanced least-squares collocation approach (PE-LSC), J. Geod., 95, 94, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-021-01540-6, 2021. a
Short summary
Subglacial topography controls how Antarctic ice flows towards the ocean and responds to climate change. In the Denman–Shackleton region, deep valleys connect the ice-sheet interior to the coast. Denman Glacier occupies one of the deepest and could contribute significantly to sea-level rise. Combining new ground-based gravity measurements with airborne data and statistical modelling reveals a more complex landscape than existing maps and a potential vulnerability to unstable retreat.
Subglacial topography controls how Antarctic ice flows towards the ocean and responds to climate...
