Articles | Volume 20, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-183-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-183-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Anticipating CRISTAL: an exploration of multi-frequency satellite altimeter snow depth estimates over Arctic sea ice, 2018–2023
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Physics and Technology, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Claude de Rijke-Thomas
University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
Carmen Nab
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, UK
Ocean Forecasting Research and Development, Met Office, UK
Isobel Lawrence
ESA ESRIN, Frascati, Italy
Isolde A. Glissenaar
University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
Robbie D. C. Mallett
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Physics and Technology, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Renée M. Fredensborg Hansen
DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Geodesy and Earth Observation, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Arctic Geophysics, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Norway
Alek Petty
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Michel Tsamados
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, UK
Amy R. Macfarlane
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Physics and Technology, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Northumbria University, Ellison Pl, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
Anne Braakmann-Folgmann
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Physics and Technology, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Data sets
University of Tromso Arctic Ocean freeboard and snow depth product from CryoSat-2, AltiKa and ICESat-2 Jack Landy https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774843
Model code and software
Facet-Based SAR Altimeter Echo Model Jack Landy https://github.com/jclandy/FBEM
Short summary
In this study, we use three satellites to test the planned remote sensing approach of the upcoming mission Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL) over sea ice and that its dual radars will accurately measure the heights of the top and base of snow sitting atop floating sea ice floes. Our results suggest that CRISTAL's dual radars will not necessarily measure the snow top and base under all conditions. We find that accurate height measurements depend more on surface roughness than on snow properties, as is commonly assumed.
In this study, we use three satellites to test the planned remote sensing approach of the...