Articles | Volume 19, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2067-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2067-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Jun 2025
Research article |
| 19 Jun 2025
| 19 Jun 2025
Glacial erosion and history of Inglefield Land, northwestern Greenland
Caleb K. Walcott-George
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Allie Balter-Kennedy
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
Jason P. Briner
Department of Earth Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Joerg M. Schaefer
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
Nicolás E. Young
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
Related authors
Jacob T. H. Anderson, Nicolás E. Young, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Karlee K. Prince, Caleb K. Walcott-George, Brandon L. Graham, Joanna Charton, Jason P. Briner, and Joerg M. Schaefer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2780, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2780, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation by dating glacial deposits exposed as the ice margin retreated. Our results from eastern and northeastern Greenland reveal ice margin retreat rates of 43 m/yr and 28 m/yr at two marine-terminating outlet glaciers. These retreat rates are consistent with late glacial and Holocene estimates across East Greenland, and are comparable to modern retreat rates observed in northeastern and northwestern Greenland.
Karlee K. Prince, Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Brooke M. Chase, Andrew L. Kozlowski, Tammy M. Rittenour, and Erica P. Yang
Geochronology, 6, 409–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We fill a spatial data gap in the ice sheet retreat history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet after the Last Glacial Maximum and investigate a hypothesis that the ice sheet re-advanced into western New York, USA, at ~13 ka. With radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, we find that ice began retreating from its maximum extent after 20 ka, but glacial ice persisted in glacial landforms until ~15–14 ka when they finally stabilized. We find no evidence of a re-advance at ~13 ka.
Caleb K. Walcott, Jason P. Briner, Joseph P. Tulenko, and Stuart M. Evans
Clim. Past, 20, 91–106, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-91-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-91-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Available data suggest that Alaska was not as cold as many of the high-latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Ice Age. These results come from isolated climate records, climate models, and data synthesis projects. We used the extents of mountain glaciers during the Last Ice Age and Little Ice Age to show precipitation gradients across Alaska and provide temperature data from across the whole state. Our findings support a relatively warm Alaska during the Last Ice Age.
Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Joerg M. Schaefer, Nicolás E. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, Kristin Poinar, Benjamin A. Keisling, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Mary R. Albert, Tanner Kuhl, and Grant Boeckmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The 7.4 m of sea level equivalent stored as Greenland ice is getting smaller every year. The uncertain trajectory of ice loss could be better understood with knowledge of the ice sheet's response to past climate change. Within the bedrock below the present-day ice sheet is an archive of past ice-sheet history. We analyze all available data from Greenland to create maps showing where on the ice sheet scientists can drill, using currently available drills, to obtain sub-ice materials.
Caleb K. Walcott, Jason P. Briner, James F. Baichtal, Alia J. Lesnek, and Joseph M. Licciardi
Geochronology, 4, 191–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a record of ice retreat from the northern Alexander Archipelago, Alaska. During the last ice age (~ 26 000–19 000 years ago), these islands were covered by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. We tested whether islands were ice-free during the last ice age for human migrants moving from Asia to the Americas. We found that these islands became ice-free between ~ 15 100 years ago and ~ 16 000 years ago, and thus these islands were not suitable for human habitation during the last ice age.
Sudip Acharya, Allison A. Cluett, Amy L. Grogan, Jason P. Briner, Isla S. Castañeda, and Elizabeth K. Thomas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3113, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
The study analyzed temperature-sensitive bacterial membrane lipids in Holocene Lake sediments from southwestern Greenland. Temperature maxima in five lakes occurred between 7000–5000 years ago, at a coastal site between 5000–3000 years ago, and at an inland site, far from the coast and the Greenland Ice Sheet, between 9000–7000 years ago. Local temperature variations, influenced by the ice sheet and ocean, likely caused discrepancies in the temperature time series.
Jacob T. H. Anderson, Nicolás E. Young, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Karlee K. Prince, Caleb K. Walcott-George, Brandon L. Graham, Joanna Charton, Jason P. Briner, and Joerg M. Schaefer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2780, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2780, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation by dating glacial deposits exposed as the ice margin retreated. Our results from eastern and northeastern Greenland reveal ice margin retreat rates of 43 m/yr and 28 m/yr at two marine-terminating outlet glaciers. These retreat rates are consistent with late glacial and Holocene estimates across East Greenland, and are comparable to modern retreat rates observed in northeastern and northwestern Greenland.
Joseph P. Tulenko, Sophie A. Goliber, Renette Jones-Ivey, Justin Quinn, Abani Patra, Kristin Poinar, Sophie Nowicki, Beata M. Csatho, and Jason P. Briner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-894, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-894, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ghub is an online platform that hosts tools, datasets and educational resources related to ice sheet science. These resources are provided by ice sheet researchers and allow other researchers, students, educators, and interested members of the general public to analyze, visualize and download datasets that researchers use to study past and present ice sheet behavior. We describe how users can interact with Ghub, showcase some available resources, and describe the future of the Ghub Project.
Gordon R. M. Bromley, Greg Balco, Margaret S. Jackson, Allie Balter-Kennedy, and Holly Thomas
Clim. Past, 21, 145–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-145-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-145-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a geologic record of East Antarctic Ice Sheet thickness from deposits at Otway Massif to directly assess how Earth's largest ice sheet responds to warmer-than-present climate. Our record confirms the long-term dominance of a cold polar climate but lacks a clear ice sheet response to the mid-Pliocene Warm Period, a common analogue for the future. Instead, an absence of moraines from the late Miocene–early Pliocene suggests the ice sheet was less extensive than present at that time.
Allie Balter-Kennedy, Joerg M. Schaefer, Greg Balco, Meredith A. Kelly, Michael R. Kaplan, Roseanne Schwartz, Bryan Oakley, Nicolás E. Young, Jean Hanley, and Arianna M. Varuolo-Clarke
Clim. Past, 20, 2167–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We date sedimentary deposits showing that the southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet was at or near its southernmost extent from ~ 26 000 to 21 000 years ago, when sea levels were at their lowest, with climate records indicating glacial conditions. Slow deglaciation began ~ 22 000 years ago, shown by a rise in modeled local summer temperatures, but significant deglaciation in the region did not begin until ~ 18 000 years ago, when atmospheric CO2 began to rise, marking the end of the last ice age.
Benjamin A. Keisling, Joerg M. Schaefer, Robert M. DeConto, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, Caleb K. Walcott, Gisela Winckler, Allie Balter-Kennedy, and Sridhar Anandakrishnan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2427, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how much the Greenland ice sheet melted in response to past warmth helps better predicting future sea-level change. Here we present a framework for using numerical ice-sheet model simulations to provide constraints on how much mass the ice sheet loses before different areas become ice-free. As observations from subglacial archives become more abundant, this framework can guide subglacial sampling efforts to gain the most robust information about past ice-sheet geometries.
Karlee K. Prince, Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Brooke M. Chase, Andrew L. Kozlowski, Tammy M. Rittenour, and Erica P. Yang
Geochronology, 6, 409–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We fill a spatial data gap in the ice sheet retreat history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet after the Last Glacial Maximum and investigate a hypothesis that the ice sheet re-advanced into western New York, USA, at ~13 ka. With radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, we find that ice began retreating from its maximum extent after 20 ka, but glacial ice persisted in glacial landforms until ~15–14 ka when they finally stabilized. We find no evidence of a re-advance at ~13 ka.
Joseph P. Tulenko, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Clim. Past, 20, 625–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We take advantage of a site in Alaska – where climate records are limited and a former alpine glacier deposited a dense sequence of moraines spanning the full deglaciation – to construct a proxy summer temperature record. Building on age constraints for moraines in the valley, we reconstruct paleo-glacier surfaces and estimate the summer temperatures (relative to the Little Ice Age) for each moraine. The record suggests that the influence of North Atlantic climate forcing extended to Alaska.
Caleb K. Walcott, Jason P. Briner, Joseph P. Tulenko, and Stuart M. Evans
Clim. Past, 20, 91–106, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-91-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-91-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Available data suggest that Alaska was not as cold as many of the high-latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Ice Age. These results come from isolated climate records, climate models, and data synthesis projects. We used the extents of mountain glaciers during the Last Ice Age and Little Ice Age to show precipitation gradients across Alaska and provide temperature data from across the whole state. Our findings support a relatively warm Alaska during the Last Ice Age.
Gifford H. Miller, Simon L. Pendleton, Alexandra Jahn, Yafang Zhong, John T. Andrews, Scott J. Lehman, Jason P. Briner, Jonathan H. Raberg, Helga Bueltmann, Martha Raynolds, Áslaug Geirsdóttir, and John R. Southon
Clim. Past, 19, 2341–2360, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2341-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2341-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Receding Arctic ice caps reveal moss killed by earlier ice expansions; 186 moss kill dates from 71 ice caps cluster at 250–450, 850–1000 and 1240–1500 CE and continued expanding 1500–1880 CE, as recorded by regions of sparse vegetation cover, when ice caps covered > 11 000 km2 but < 100 km2 at present. The 1880 CE state approached conditions expected during the start of an ice age; climate models suggest this was only reversed by anthropogenic alterations to the planetary energy balance.
Brandon L. Graham, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Michele Koppes, Joerg M. Schaefer, Kristin Poinar, and Elizabeth K. Thomas
The Cryosphere, 17, 4535–4547, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4535-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4535-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial erosion is a fundamental process operating on Earth's surface. Two processes of glacial erosion, abrasion and plucking, are poorly understood. We reconstructed rates of abrasion and quarrying in Greenland. We derive a total glacial erosion rate of 0.26 ± 0.16 mm per year. We also learned that erosion via these two processes is about equal. Because the site is similar to many other areas covered by continental ice sheets, these results may be applied to many places on Earth.
Adam C. Hawkins, Brian Menounos, Brent M. Goehring, Gerald Osborn, Ben M. Pelto, Christopher M. Darvill, and Joerg M. Schaefer
The Cryosphere, 17, 4381–4397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4381-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4381-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study developed a record of glacier and climate change in the Mackenzie and Selwyn mountains of northwestern Canada over the past several hundred years. We estimate temperature change in this region using several methods and incorporate our glacier record with models of climate change to estimate how glacier volume in our study area has changed over time. Models of future glacier change show that our study area will become largely ice-free by the end of the 21st century.
Allie Balter-Kennedy, Joerg M. Schaefer, Roseanne Schwartz, Jennifer L. Lamp, Laura Penrose, Jennifer Middleton, Jean Hanley, Bouchaïb Tibari, Pierre-Henri Blard, Gisela Winckler, Alan J. Hidy, and Greg Balco
Geochronology, 5, 301–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic nuclides like 10Be are rare isotopes created in rocks exposed at the Earth’s surface and can be used to understand glacier histories and landscape evolution. 10Be is usually measured in the mineral quartz. Here, we show that 10Be can be reliably measured in the mineral pyroxene. We use the measurements to determine exposure ages and understand landscape processes in rocks from Antarctica that do not have quartz, expanding the use of this method to new rock types.
Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Joerg M. Schaefer, Nicolás E. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, Kristin Poinar, Benjamin A. Keisling, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Mary R. Albert, Tanner Kuhl, and Grant Boeckmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The 7.4 m of sea level equivalent stored as Greenland ice is getting smaller every year. The uncertain trajectory of ice loss could be better understood with knowledge of the ice sheet's response to past climate change. Within the bedrock below the present-day ice sheet is an archive of past ice-sheet history. We analyze all available data from Greenland to create maps showing where on the ice sheet scientists can drill, using currently available drills, to obtain sub-ice materials.
Joshua K. Cuzzone, Nicolás E. Young, Mathieu Morlighem, Jason P. Briner, and Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel
The Cryosphere, 16, 2355–2372, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2355-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2355-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use an ice sheet model to determine what influenced the Greenland Ice Sheet to retreat across a portion of southwestern Greenland during the Holocene (about the last 12 000 years). Our simulations, constrained by observations from geologic markers, show that atmospheric warming and ice melt primarily caused the ice sheet to retreat rapidly across this domain. We find, however, that iceberg calving at the interface where the ice meets the ocean significantly influenced ice mass change.
Caleb K. Walcott, Jason P. Briner, James F. Baichtal, Alia J. Lesnek, and Joseph M. Licciardi
Geochronology, 4, 191–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a record of ice retreat from the northern Alexander Archipelago, Alaska. During the last ice age (~ 26 000–19 000 years ago), these islands were covered by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. We tested whether islands were ice-free during the last ice age for human migrants moving from Asia to the Americas. We found that these islands became ice-free between ~ 15 100 years ago and ~ 16 000 years ago, and thus these islands were not suitable for human habitation during the last ice age.
Irene Schimmelpfennig, Joerg M. Schaefer, Jennifer Lamp, Vincent Godard, Roseanne Schwartz, Edouard Bard, Thibaut Tuna, Naki Akçar, Christian Schlüchter, Susan Zimmerman, and ASTER Team
Clim. Past, 18, 23–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-23-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Small mountain glaciers advance and recede as a response to summer temperature changes. Dating of glacial landforms with cosmogenic nuclides allowed us to reconstruct the advance and retreat history of an Alpine glacier throughout the past ~ 11 000 years, the Holocene. The results contribute knowledge to the debate of Holocene climate evolution, indicating that during most of this warm period, summer temperatures were similar to or warmer than in modern times.
Sandra M. Braumann, Joerg M. Schaefer, Stephanie M. Neuhuber, Christopher Lüthgens, Alan J. Hidy, and Markus Fiebig
Clim. Past, 17, 2451–2479, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2451-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2451-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier reconstructions provide insights into past climatic conditions and elucidate processes and feedbacks that modulate the climate system both in the past and present. We investigate the transition from the last glacial to the current interglacial and generate beryllium-10 moraine chronologies in glaciated catchments of the eastern European Alps. We find that rapid warming was superimposed by centennial-scale cold phases that appear to have influenced large parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Andrew J. Christ, Paul R. Bierman, Jennifer L. Lamp, Joerg M. Schaefer, and Gisela Winckler
Geochronology, 3, 505–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-505-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-505-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating is commonly used to constrain the timing of past glacier extents. However, Antarctic exposure age datasets are often scattered and difficult to interpret. We compile new and existing exposure ages of a glacial deposit with independently known age constraints and identify surface processes that increase or reduce the likelihood of exposure age scatter. Then we present new data for a previously unmapped and undated older deposit from the same region.
Douglas P. Steen, Joseph S. Stoner, Jason P. Briner, and Darrell S. Kaufman
Geochronology Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2021-19, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2021-19, 2021
Publication in GChron not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Paleomagnetic data from Cascade Lake (Brooks Range, Alaska) extend the radiometric-based age model of the sedimentary sequence extending back 21 kyr. Correlated ages based on prominent features in paleomagnetic secular variations (PSV) diverge from the radiometric ages in the upper 1.6 m, by up to about 2000 years at around 4 ka. Four late Holocene cryptotephra in this section support the PSV chronology and suggest the influence of hard water or aged organic material.
Svend Funder, Anita H. L. Sørensen, Nicolaj K. Larsen, Anders A. Bjørk, Jason P. Briner, Jesper Olsen, Anders Schomacker, Laura B. Levy, and Kurt H. Kjær
Clim. Past, 17, 587–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-587-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-587-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic 10Be exposure dates from outlying islets along 300 km of the SW Greenland coast indicate that, although affected by inherited 10Be, the ice margin here was retreating during the Younger Dryas. These results seem to be corroborated by recent studies elsewhere in Greenland. The apparent mismatch between temperatures and ice margin behaviour may be explained by the advection of warm water to the ice margin on the shelf and by increased seasonality, both caused by a weakened AMOC.
Nicolás E. Young, Alia J. Lesnek, Josh K. Cuzzone, Jason P. Briner, Jessica A. Badgeley, Alexandra Balter-Kennedy, Brandon L. Graham, Allison Cluett, Jennifer L. Lamp, Roseanne Schwartz, Thibaut Tuna, Edouard Bard, Marc W. Caffee, Susan R. H. Zimmerman, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Clim. Past, 17, 419–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) margin is exposing a bedrock landscape that holds clues regarding the timing and extent of past ice-sheet minima. We present cosmogenic nuclide measurements from recently deglaciated bedrock surfaces (the last few decades), combined with a refined chronology of southwestern Greenland deglaciation and model simulations of GrIS change. Results suggest that inland retreat of the southwestern GrIS margin was likely minimal in the middle to late Holocene.
Joseph P. Tulenko, William Caffee, Avriel D. Schweinsberg, Jason P. Briner, and Eric M. Leonard
Geochronology, 2, 245–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the timing and rate of retreat for three alpine glaciers in the southern Rocky Mountains to test whether they followed the pattern of global climate change or were majorly influenced by regional forcing mechanisms. We find that the latter is most likely for these glaciers. Our conclusions are based on a new 10Be chronology of alpine glacier retreat. We quantify retreat rates for each valley using the BACON program in R, which may be of interest for the audience of Geochronology.
Cited articles
Alley, R. B., Cuffey, K. M., and Zoet, L. K.: Glacial erosion: status and outlook, Ann. Glaciol., 60, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.38, 2019.
Andersen, J. L., Egholm, D. L., Knudsen, M. F., Linge, H., Jansen, J. D., Pedersen, V. K., Nielsen, S. B., Tikhomirov, D., Olsen, J., and Fabel, D.: Widespread erosion on high plateaus during recent glaciations in Scandinavia, Nat. Commun., 9, 830, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03280-2, 2018.
Andersen, J. L., Egholm, D. L., Olsen, J., Larsen, N. K., and Knudsen, M. F.: Topographical evolution and glaciation history of South Greenland constrained by paired
Andrews, J. T., Clark, P. U., and Stravers, J. A.: The patterns of glacial erosion across the eastern Canadian Arctic, in: Quaternary environments: Eastern Canadian Arctic, Baffin Bay, and West Greenland, edited by: Andrews, J. T., Allen and Unwin, Winchester, Massachusetts, 69–92, ISBN 9781032747187, 1985.
Andrews, J. T., Milliman, J. D., Jennings, A. E., Rynes, N., and Dwyer, J.: Sediment Thicknesses and Holocene Glacial Marine Sedimentation Rates in Three East Greenland Fjords (ca. 68° N), J. Geol., 102, 669–683, https://doi.org/10.1086/629711, 1994.
Aschwanden, A. and Brinkerhoff, D. J.: Calibrated mass loss predictions for the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099058, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099058, 2022.
Atkins, C. B., Barrett, P. J., and Hicock, S. R.: Cold glaciers erode and deposit: Evidence from Allan Hills, Antarctica, Geology, 30, 659–662, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0659:CGEADE>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Balco, G.: Production rate calculations for cosmic-ray-muon-produced 10Be and 26Al benchmarked against geological calibration data, Quat. Geochronol., 39, 150–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2017.02.001, 2017.
Balco, G., Stone, J. O., Lifton, N. A., and Dunai, T. J.: A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements, Quat. Geochronol., 3, 174–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2007.12.001, 2008.
Balco, G., Brown, N., Nichols, K., Venturelli, R. A., Adams, J., Braddock, S., Campbell, S., Goehring, B., Johnson, J. S., Rood, D. H., Wilcken, K., Hall, B., and Woodward, J.: Reversible ice sheet thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment during the Late Holocene, The Cryosphere, 17, 1787–1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1787-2023, 2023.
Balter-Kennedy, A., Young, N. E., Briner, J. P., Graham, B. L., and Schaefer, J. M.: Centennial- and Orbital-Scale Erosion Beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet Near Jakobshavn Isbræ, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2021JF006429, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006429, 2021.
Batchelor, C. L., Krawczyk, D. W., O'Brien, E., and Mulder, J.: Shelf-break glaciation and an extensive ice shelf beyond northwest Greenland at the Last Glacial Maximum, Mar. Geol., 476, 107375, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107375, 2024.
Beel, C. R., Lifton, N. A., Briner, J. P., and Goehring, B. M.: Quaternary evolution and ice sheet history of contrasting landscapes in Uummannaq and Sukkertoppen, western Greenland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 149, 248–258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.05.033, 2016.
Benn, D. and Evans, D. J. A.: Glaciers and Glaciation, 2nd edn., Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203785010, 2014.
Bierman, P. R., Marsella, K. A., Patterson, C., Davis, P. T., and Caffee, M.: Mid-Pleistocene cosmogenic minimum-age limits for pre-Wisconsinan glacial surfaces in southwestern Minnesota and southern Baffin Island: a multiple nuclide approach, Geomorphology, 27, 25–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00088-9, 1999.
Bierman, P. R., Shakun, J. D., Corbett, L. B., Zimmerman, S. R., and Rood, D. H.: A persistent and dynamic East Greenland Ice Sheet over the past 7.5 million years, Nature, 540, 256–260, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20147, 2016.
Bierman, P. R., Mastro, H. M., Peteet, D. M., Corbett, L. B., Steig, E. J., Halsted, C. T., Caffee, M. M., Hidy, A. J., Balco, G., and Bennike, O.: Plant, insect, and fungi fossils under the center of Greenland's ice sheet are evidence of ice-free times, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 121, e2407465121, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2407465121, 2024.
Blake, W., Boucherle, M. M., Fredskild, B., Janssens, J. A., and Smol, J. P.: The geomorphological setting, glacial history and Holocene development of Kap Inglefield Sø, Inglefield Land, North-West Greenland, Meddelelser om Grønland. Geoscience, 27, 1–42, https://doi.org/10.7146/moggeosci.v27i.142025, 1992.
Briner, J. P., Miller, G. H., Davis, P. T., and Finkel, R. C.: Cosmogenic radionuclides from fiord landscapes support differential erosion by overriding ice sheets, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 118, 406–420, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25716.1, 2006.
Briner, J. P., Miller, G. H., Finkel, R., and Hess, D. P.: Glacial erosion at the fjord onset zone and implications for the organization of ice flow on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, Geomorphology, 97, 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.039, 2008.
Briner, J. P., Cuzzone, J. K., Badgeley, J. A., Young, N. E., Steig, E. J., Morlighem, M., Schlegel, N.-J., Hakim, G. J., Schaefer, J. M., and Johnson, J. V.: Rate of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet will exceed Holocene values this century, Nature, 586, 70–74, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2742-6, 2020.
Briner, J. P., Walcott, C. K., Schaefer, J. M., Young, N. E., MacGregor, J. A., Poinar, K., Keisling, B. A., Anandakrishnan, S., Albert, M. R., Kuhl, T., and Boeckmann, G.: Drill-site selection for cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating of the bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 16, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, 2022.
Brook, E. J., Nesje, A., Lehman, S. J., Raisbeck, G. M., and Yiou, F. o.: Cosmogenic nuclide exposure ages along a vertical transect in western Norway: implications for the height of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, Geology, 24, 207–210, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0207:CNEAAA>2.3.CO;2, 1996.
Ceperley, E. G., Marcott, S. A., Reusche, M. M., Barth, A. M., Mix, A. C., Brook, E. J., and Caffee, M.: Widespread early Holocene deglaciation, Washington Land, northwest Greenland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 231, 106181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106181, 2020.
Christ, A. J., Bierman, P. R., Knutz, P. C., Corbett, L. B., Fosdick, J. C., Thomas, E. K., Cowling, O. C., Hidy, A. J., and Caffee, M. W.: The northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet during the Early Pleistocene was similar to today, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL085176, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085176, 2020.
Christ, A. J., Bierman, P. R., Schaefer, J. M., Dahl-Jensen, D., Steffensen, J. P., Corbett, L. B., Peteet, D. M., Thomas, E. K., Steig, E. J., and Rittenour, T. M.: A multimillion-year-old record of Greenland vegetation and glacial history preserved in sediment beneath 1.4 km of ice at Camp Century, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2021442118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021442118, 2021.
Christ, A. J., Rittenour, T. M., Bierman, P. R., Keisling, B. A., Knutz, P. C., Thomsen, T. B., Keulen, N., Fosdick, J. C., Hemming, S. R., and Tison, J.-L.: Deglaciation of northwestern Greenland during Marine Isotope Stage 11, Science, 381, 330–335, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade4248, 2023.
Colville, E. J., Carlson, A. E., Beard, B. L., Hatfield, R. G., Stoner, J. S., Reyes, A. V., and Ullman, D. J.: Sr-Nd-Pb Isotope Evidence for Ice-Sheet Presence on Southern Greenland During the Last Interglacial, Science, 333, 620–623, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204673, 2011.
Cook, S. J., Swift, D. A., Kirkbride, M. P., Knight, P. G., and Waller, R. I.: The empirical basis for modelling glacial erosion rates, Nat. Commun., 11, 759, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14583-8, 2020.
Corbett, L. B., Bierman, P. R., Graly, J. A., Neumann, T. A., and Rood, D. H.: Constraining landscape history and glacial erosivity using paired cosmogenic nuclides in Upernavik, northwest Greenland, Bulletin, 125, 1539–1553, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30813.1, 2013.
Corbett, L. B., Bierman, P. R., and Rood, D. H.: Constraining multi-stage exposure-burial scenarios for boulders preserved beneath cold-based glacial ice in Thule, northwest Greenland, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 440, 147–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.004, 2016a.
Corbett, L. B., Bierman, P. R., and Rood, D. H.: An approach for optimizing in situ cosmogenic 10Be sample preparation, Quat. Geochronol., 33, 24–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2016.02.001, 2016b.
Corbett, L. B., Bierman, P. R., Rood, D. H., Caffee, M. W., Lifton, N. A., and Woodruff, T. E.: Cosmogenic
Couette, P.-O., Lajeunesse, P., Ghienne, J.-F., Dorschel, B., Gebhardt, C., Hebbeln, D., and Brouard, E.: Evidence for an extensive ice shelf in northern Baffin Bay during the Last Glacial Maximum, Communications Earth & Environment, 3, 225, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00559-7, 2022.
Cowton, T., Nienow, P., Bartholomew, I., Sole, A., and Mair, D.: Rapid erosion beneath the Greenland ice sheet, Geology, 40, 343–346, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32687.1, 2012.
Cuffey, K. M., Conway, H., Gades, A. M., Hallet, B., Lorrain, R., Severinghaus, J. P., Steig, E. J., Vaughn, B., and White, J. W. C.: Entrainment at cold glacier beds, Geology, 28, 351–354, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<351:EACGB>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Cuzzone, J. K., Clark, P. U., Carlson, A. E., Ullman, D. J., Rinterknecht, V. R., Milne, G. A., Lunkka, J.-P., Wohlfarth, B., Marcott, S. A., and Caffee, M.: Final deglaciation of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and implications for the Holocene global sea-level budget, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 448, 34–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.019, 2016.
Daly, R. A.: The geology of the northeast coast of Labrador, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Geological Series, 5, 205–269, 1902.
England, J.: Coalescent Greenland and Innuitian ice during the last glacial maximum: revising the Quaternary of the Canadian High Arctic, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 18, 421–456, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00070-5, 1999.
Flint, R. F.: Growth of North American Ice Sheet During the Wisconsin Age, GSA Bulletin, 54, 325–362, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-54-325, 1943.
Goelzer, H., Nowicki, S., Payne, A., Larour, E., Seroussi, H., Lipscomb, W. H., Gregory, J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Agosta, C., Alexander, P., Aschwanden, A., Barthel, A., Calov, R., Chambers, C., Choi, Y., Cuzzone, J., Dumas, C., Edwards, T., Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Golledge, N. R., Greve, R., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Le clec'h, S., Lee, V., Leguy, G., Little, C., Lowry, D. P., Morlighem, M., Nias, I., Quiquet, A., Rückamp, M., Schlegel, N.-J., Slater, D. A., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Tarasov, L., van de Wal, R., and van den Broeke, M.: The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6, The Cryosphere, 14, 3071–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020, 2020.
Goodfellow, B. W., Skelton, A., Martel, S. J., Stroeven, A. P., Jansson, K. N., and Hättestrand, C.: Controls of tor formation, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 225–246, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002862, 2014.
Gordon, J. E.: Ice-Scoured Topography and Its Relationships to Bedrock Structure and Ice Movement in Parts of Northern Scotland and West Greenland, Geogr. Ann. A, 63, 55–65, https://doi.org/10.2307/520564, 1981.
Gosse, J. C. and Phillips, F. M.: Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: theory and application, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 20, 1475–1560, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(00)00171-2, 2001.
Hall, A. M. and Glasser, N. F.: Reconstructing the basal thermal regime of an ice stream in a landscape of selective linear erosion: Glen Avon, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, Boreas, 32, 191–207, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01437.x, 2003.
Hall, A. M. and Phillips, W. M.: Glacial modification of granite tors in the Cairngorms, Scotland, J. Quaternary Sci., 21, 811–830, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1003, 2006.
Hasholt, B., van As, D., Mikkelsen, A. B., Mernild, S. H., and Yde, J. C.: Observed sediment and solute transport from the Kangerlussuaq sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet (2006–2016), Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 50, S100009, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2018.1433789, 2018.
Hatfield, R. G., Reyes, A. V., Stoner, J. S., Carlson, A. E., Beard, B. L., Winsor, K., and Welke, B.: Interglacial responses of the southern Greenland ice sheet over the last 430,000 years determined using particle-size specific magnetic and isotopic tracers, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 454, 225–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.014, 2016.
Hogan, K. A., Dowdeswell, J. A., and Ó Cofaigh, C.: Glacimarine sedimentary processes and depositional environments in an embayment fed by West Greenland ice streams, Mar. Geol., 311–314, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2012.04.006, 2012.
Hogan, K. A., Jakobsson, M., Mayer, L., Reilly, B. T., Jennings, A. E., Stoner, J. S., Nielsen, T., Andresen, K. J., Nørmark, E., Heirman, K. A., Kamla, E., Jerram, K., Stranne, C., and Mix, A.: Glacial sedimentation, fluxes and erosion rates associated with ice retreat in Petermann Fjord and Nares Strait, north-west Greenland, The Cryosphere, 14, 261–286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-261-2020, 2020.
Hubbard, A., Bradwell, T., Golledge, N., Hall, A., Patton, H., Sugden, D., Cooper, R., and Stoker, M.: Dynamic cycles, ice streams and their impact on the extent, chronology and deglaciation of the British–Irish ice sheet, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 758–776, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.026, 2009.
Ivy-Ochs, S. and Briner, J. P.: Dating disappearing ice with cosmogenic nuclides, Elements, 10, 351–356, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.10.5.351, 2014.
Johnson, J. S., Woodward, J., Nesbitt, I., Winter, K., Campbell, S., Nichols, K. A., Venturelli, R. A., Braddock, S., Goehring, B. M., Hall, B., Rood, D. H., and Balco, G.: Assessing the suitability of sites near Pine Island Glacier for subglacial bedrock drilling aimed at detecting Holocene retreat–readvance, The Cryosphere, 19, 303–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-303-2025, 2025.
Joughin, I. A. N., Smith, B. E., and Howat, I. M.: A complete map of Greenland ice velocity derived from satellite data collected over 20 years, J. Glaciol., 64, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.73, 2018.
Khan, S. A., Choi, Y., Morlighem, M., Rignot, E., Helm, V., Humbert, A., Mouginot, J., Millan, R., Kjær, K. H., and Bjørk, A. A.: Extensive inland thinning and speed-up of Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, Nature, 611, 727–732, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05301-z, 2022.
Knudsen, M. F. and Egholm, D. L.: Constraining Quaternary ice covers and erosion rates using cosmogenic
Knudsen, M. F., Egholm, D. L., Jacobsen, B. H., Larsen, N. K., Jansen, J. D., Andersen, J. L., and Linge, H. C.: A multi-nuclide approach to constrain landscape evolution and past erosion rates in previously glaciated terrains, Quat. Geochronol., 30, 100–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.08.004, 2015.
Knutz, P. C., Newton, A. M., Hopper, J. R., Huuse, M., Gregersen, U., Sheldon, E., and Dybkjær, K.: Eleven phases of Greenland Ice Sheet shelf-edge advance over the past 2.7 million years, Nat. Geosci., 12, 361–368, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0340-8, 2019.
Kohl, C. P. and Nishiizumi, K.: Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement of in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 56, 3583–3587, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90401-4, 1992.
Kokfelt, T. F., Willerslev, E., Bjerager, M., Heijboer, T., Keulen, N., Larsen, L. M., Pedersen, C. B., Pedersen, M., Svennevig, K., Sønderholm, M., Walentin, K. T., and Weng, W. L.: Seamless digital 1:500 000 scale geological map of Greenland, version 2.0 (V1), GEUS Dataverse [data set], https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/FWX5ET, 2023.
Koppes, M., Hallet, B., Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Wellner, J. S., and Boldt, K.: Observed latitudinal variations in erosion as a function of glacier dynamics, Nature, 526, 100–103, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15385, 2015.
Koppes, M. N. and Montgomery, D. R.: The relative efficacy of fluvial and glacial erosion over modern to orogenic timescales, Nat. Geosci., 2, 644–647, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo616, 2009.
Korschinek, G., Bergmaier, A., Faestermann, T., Gerstmann, U. C., Knie, K., Rugel, G., Wallner, A., Dillmann, I., Dollinger, G., von Gostomski, C. L., Kossert, K., Maiti, M., Poutivtsev, M., and Remmert, A.: A new value for the half-life of 10Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 268, 187–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020, 2010.
Korsgaard, N. J., Nuth, C., Khan, S. A., Kjeldsen, K. K., Bjørk, A. A., Schomacker, A., and Kjær, K. H.: Digital elevation model and orthophotographs of Greenland based on aerial photographs from 1978–1987, Scientific Data, 3, 160032, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.32, 2016.
Krabbendam, M. and Bradwell, T.: Quaternary evolution of glaciated gneiss terrains: pre-glacial weathering vs. glacial erosion, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 95, 20–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.013, 2014.
Lal, D.: Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 104, 424–439, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90220-C, 1991.
LeBlanc, D. E., Shakun, J. D., Corbett, L. B., Bierman, P. R., Caffee, M. W., and Hidy, A. J.: Laurentide Ice Sheet persistence during Pleistocene interglacials, Geology, 51, 496–499, https://doi.org/10.1130/G50820.1, 2023.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071, 2005.
MacGregor, J. A., Chu, W., Colgan, W. T., Fahnestock, M. A., Felikson, D., Karlsson, N. B., Nowicki, S. M. J., and Studinger, M.: GBaTSv2: a revised synthesis of the likely basal thermal state of the Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 16, 3033–3049, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3033-2022, 2022.
Margold, M., Stokes, C. R., and Clark, C. D.: Ice streams in the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Identification, characteristics and comparison to modern ice sheets, Earth-Sci. Rev., 143, 117–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.01.011, 2015.
Margold, M., Stokes, C. R., and Clark, C. D.: Reconciling records of ice streaming and ice margin retreat to produce a palaeogeographic reconstruction of the deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 189, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.013, 2018.
Margreth, A., Gosse, J. C., and Dyke, A. S.: Quantification of subaerial and episodic subglacial erosion rates on high latitude upland plateaus: Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 133, 108–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.017, 2016.
Marrero, S. M., Hein, A. S., Naylor, M., Attal, M., Shanks, R., Winter, K., Woodward, J., Dunning, S., Westoby, M., and Sugden, D.: Controls on subaerial erosion rates in Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 501, 56–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.018, 2018.
Mason, O. K.: Beach ridge geomorphology at Cape Grinnell, northern Greenland: a less icy Arctic in the mid-Holocene, Geogr. Tidsskr., 110, 337–355, https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2010.10669515, 2010.
Miller, G. H., Briner, J. P., Lifton, N. A., and Finkel, R. C.: Limited ice-sheet erosion and complex exposure histories derived from in situ cosmogenic 10Be, 26Al, and 14C on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, Quat. Geochronol., 1, 74–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2006.06.011, 2006.
Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., Scheuchl, B., Fenty, I., Khazendar, A., Morlighem, M., Buzzi, A., and Paden, J.: Fast retreat of Zachariæ Isstrøm, northeast Greenland, Science, 350, 1357–1361, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7111, 2015.
Nichols, R. L.: Geomorphology of Inglefield land, north Greenland, Meddelelser om Grønland, 188, 3–105, 1969.
Nishiizumi, K.: Preparation of 26Al AMS standards, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 223–224, 388–392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.075, 2004.
Nishiizumi, K., Imamura, M., Caffee, M. W., Southon, J. R., Finkel, R. C., and McAninch, J.: Absolute calibration of 10Be AMS standards, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 258, 403–413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.297, 2007.
Patton, H., Hubbard, A., Andreassen, K., Auriac, A., Whitehouse, P. L., Stroeven, A. P., Shackleton, C., Winsborrow, M., Heyman, J., and Hall, A. M.: Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 169, 148–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.019, 2017.
Phillips, W. M., Hall, A. M., Mottram, R., Fifield, L. K., and Sugden, D. E.: Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al exposure ages of tors and erratics, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland: Timescales for the development of a classic landscape of selective linear glacial erosion, Geomorphology, 73, 222–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.06.009, 2006.
Portenga, E. W. and Bierman, P. R.: Understanding Earth's eroding surface with 10Be, GSA Today, 21, 4–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/G111A.1, 2011.
Reyes, A. V., Carlson, A. E., Beard, B. L., Hatfield, R. G., Stoner, J. S., Winsor, K., Welke, B., and Ullman, D. J.: South Greenland ice-sheet collapse during marine isotope stage 11, Nature, 510, 525–528, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13456, 2014.
Roberts, D. H., Rea, B. R., Lane, T. P., Schnabel, C., and Rodés, A.: New constraints on Greenland ice sheet dynamics during the last glacial cycle: evidence from the Uummannaq ice stream system, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 519–541, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20032, 2013.
Sbarra, C. M., Briner, J. P., Graham, B. L., Poinar, K., Thomas, E. K., and Young, N. E.: Evidence for a more extensive Greenland Ice Sheet in southwestern Greenland during the Last Glacial Maximum, Geosphere, 18, 1316–1329, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02432.1, 2022.
Schaefer, J. M., Finkel, R. C., Balco, G., Alley, R. B., Caffee, M. W., Briner, J. P., Young, N. E., Gow, A. J., and Schwartz, R.: Greenland was nearly ice-free for extended periods during the Pleistocene, Nature, 540, 252–255, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20146, 2016.
Skov, D. S., Andersen, J. L., Olsen, J., Jacobsen, B. H., Knudsen, M. F., Jansen, J. D., Larsen, N. K., and Egholm, D. L.: Constraints from cosmogenic nuclides on the glaciation and erosion history of Dove Bugt, northeast Greenland, GSA Bulletin, 132, 2282–2294, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35410.1, 2020.
Skyttä, P., Nordbäck, N., Ojala, A., Putkinen, N., Aaltonen, I., Engström, J., Mattila, J., and Ovaskainen, N.: The interplay of bedrock fractures and glacial erosion in defining the present-day land surface topography in mesoscopically isotropic crystalline rocks, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 48, 1956–1968, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5596, 2023.
Søndergaard, A. S., Larsen, N. K., Steinemann, O., Olsen, J., Funder, S., Egholm, D. L., and Kjær, K. H.: Glacial history of Inglefield Land, north Greenland from combined in situ 10Be and 14C exposure dating, Clim. Past, 16, 1999–2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1999-2020, 2020.
Spector, P., Stone, J., Pollard, D., Hillebrand, T., Lewis, C., and Gombiner, J.: West Antarctic sites for subglacial drilling to test for past ice-sheet collapse, The Cryosphere, 12, 2741–2757, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2741-2018, 2018.
Spotila, J. A., Buscher, J. T., Meigs, A. J., and Reiners, P. W.: Long-term glacial erosion of active mountain belts: Example of the Chugach–St. Elias Range, Alaska, Geology, 32, 501–504, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20343.1, 2004.
Stone, J. O.: Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 105, 23753–23759, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900181, 2000.
Strunk, A., Knudsen, M. F., Egholm, D. L., Jansen, J. D., Levy, L. B., Jacobsen, B. H., and Larsen, N. K.: One million years of glaciation and denudation history in west Greenland, Nat. Commun., 8, 14199, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14199, 2017.
Sugden, D. E.: Landscapes of glacial erosion in Greenland and their relationship to ice, topographic and bedrock conditions, Institute of British Geographers Special Publication, 7, 177–195, 1974.
Sugden, D. E.: Glacial Erosion by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, J. Glaciol., 20, 367–391, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000013915, 1978.
Sugden, D. E., Balco, G., Cowdery, S. G., Stone, J. O., and Sass, L. C.: Selective glacial erosion and weathering zones in the coastal mountains of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, Geomorphology, 67, 317–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.10.007, 2005.
Syvitski, J. P. M., Andrews, J. T., and Dowdeswell, J. A.: Sediment deposition in an iceberg-dominated glacimarine environment, East Greenland: basin fill implications, Global Planet. Change, 12, 251–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(95)00023-2, 1996.
Ugelvig, S. V. and Egholm, D. L.: The influence of basal-ice debris on patterns and rates of glacial erosion, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 490, 110–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.03.022, 2018.
Young, N. E., Schaefer, J. M., Briner, J. P., and Goehring, B. M.: A 10Be production-rate calibration for the Arctic, J. Quaternary Sci., 28, 515–526, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2642, 2013.
Young, N. E., Lesnek, A. J., Cuzzone, J. K., Briner, J. P., Badgeley, J. A., Balter-Kennedy, A., Graham, B. L., Cluett, A., Lamp, J. L., Schwartz, R., Tuna, T., Bard, E., Caffee, M. W., Zimmerman, S. R. H., and Schaefer, J. M.: In situ cosmogenic 10Be–14C–26Al measurements from recently deglaciated bedrock as a new tool to decipher changes in Greenland Ice Sheet size, Clim. Past, 17, 419–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, 2021.
Short summary
Understanding the history and drivers of Greenland Ice Sheet change is important for forecasting future ice sheet retreat. We combined geologic mapping and cosmogenic nuclide measurements to investigate how the Greenland Ice Sheet formed the landscape of Inglefield Land, northwestern Greenland. We found that Inglefield Land was covered by warm- and cold-based ice during multiple glacial cycles and that much of Inglefield Land is an ancient landscape.
Understanding the history and drivers of Greenland Ice Sheet change is important for forecasting...
