Articles | Volume 18, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2783-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2783-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Impact of intercepted and sub-canopy snow microstructure on snowpack response to rain-on-snow events under a boreal canopy
Benjamin Bouchard
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
CentrEau – Quebec Water Research Centre, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Daniel F. Nadeau
Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
CentrEau – Quebec Water Research Centre, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Florent Domine
Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Université Laval (Canada) and CNRS-INSU (France), Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Nander Wever
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
Adrien Michel
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Geneva, Switzerland
Michael Lehning
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
Pierre-Erik Isabelle
Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
CentrEau – Quebec Water Research Centre, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Cited
10 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A Flexible Snow Model (FSM 2.1.1) including a forest canopy R. Essery et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3583-2025
- Pattern formation of freezing infiltration in porous media N. Jones et al. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.123802
- Exploring the potential of forest snow modeling at the tree and snowpack layer scale G. Mazzotti et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4607-2024
- Snowpack decline kindles more severe fire in the western United States J. Balik et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae4e4a
- Enhancing simulations of snowpack properties in land surface models with the Soil, Vegetation and Snow scheme v2.0 (SVS2) V. Vionnet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9119-2025
- Freezing Rain as a Forest Disturbance Agent: A Global Review of Impacts, Patterns, and Research Trends L. Dinca et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17050550
- Simulating snow properties and Ku-band backscatter across the forest-tundra ecotone G. Woolley et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1315-2026
- How does a warm and low-snow winter impact the snow cover dynamics in a humid and discontinuous boreal forest? Insights from observations and modeling in eastern Canada B. Bouchard et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2745-2024
- Assessing Climate and Watershed Controls on Rain-on-Snow Runoff Using XGBoost-SHAP Explainable AI (XAI) Y. Aryal https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120467
- Impact of shrub branches on the shortwave vertical irradiance profile in snow F. Domine et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1757-2025
10 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A Flexible Snow Model (FSM 2.1.1) including a forest canopy R. Essery et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3583-2025
- Pattern formation of freezing infiltration in porous media N. Jones et al. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.123802
- Exploring the potential of forest snow modeling at the tree and snowpack layer scale G. Mazzotti et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4607-2024
- Snowpack decline kindles more severe fire in the western United States J. Balik et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae4e4a
- Enhancing simulations of snowpack properties in land surface models with the Soil, Vegetation and Snow scheme v2.0 (SVS2) V. Vionnet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9119-2025
- Freezing Rain as a Forest Disturbance Agent: A Global Review of Impacts, Patterns, and Research Trends L. Dinca et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17050550
- Simulating snow properties and Ku-band backscatter across the forest-tundra ecotone G. Woolley et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1315-2026
- How does a warm and low-snow winter impact the snow cover dynamics in a humid and discontinuous boreal forest? Insights from observations and modeling in eastern Canada B. Bouchard et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2745-2024
- Assessing Climate and Watershed Controls on Rain-on-Snow Runoff Using XGBoost-SHAP Explainable AI (XAI) Y. Aryal https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15120467
- Impact of shrub branches on the shortwave vertical irradiance profile in snow F. Domine et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1757-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
Observations over several winters at two boreal sites in eastern Canada show that rain-on-snow (ROS) events lead to the formation of melt–freeze layers and that preferential flow is an important water transport mechanism in the sub-canopy snowpack. Simulations with SNOWPACK generally show good agreement with observations, except for the reproduction of melt–freeze layers. This was improved by simulating intercepted snow microstructure evolution, which also modulates ROS-induced runoff.
Observations over several winters at two boreal sites in eastern Canada show that rain-on-snow...