Articles | Volume 18, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2691-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2691-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
11 Jun 2024
Review article |
| 11 Jun 2024
| 11 Jun 2024
Review article: Melt-affected ice cores for polar research in a warming world
Ice Dynamics and Palaeoclimate, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
Elizabeth R. Thomas
Ice Dynamics and Palaeoclimate, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
Gas Metrology Group, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
Anja Eichler
Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
Eric Wolff
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
Related authors
Elizabeth R. Thomas, Dieter Tetzner, Bradley Markle, Joel Pedro, Guisella Gacitúa, Dorothea Elisabeth Moser, and Sarah Jackson
Clim. Past, 20, 2525–2538, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical records contained in a 12 m firn (ice) core from Peter I Island, a remote sub-Antarctic island situated in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean (the Bellingshausen Sea), capture changes in snowfall and temperature (2002–2017 CE). This data-sparse region has experienced dramatic climate change in recent decades, including sea ice decline and ice loss from adjacent West Antarctic glaciers.
Elizabeth Ruth Thomas, Guisella Gacitúa, Joel B. Pedro, Amy Constance Faith King, Bradley Markle, Mariusz Potocki, and Dorothea Elisabeth Moser
The Cryosphere, 15, 1173–1186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present the first-ever radar and ice core data from the sub-Antarctic islands of Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Young Island. These islands have the potential to record past climate in one of the most data-sparse regions on earth. Despite their northerly location, surface melting is generally low, and the upper layer of the ice at most sites is undisturbed. We estimate that a 100 m ice core drilled on these islands could capture climate over the past 100–200 years.
Amy Constance Faith King, Thomas Keith Bauska, Amaelle Landais, Carlos Martin, and Eric William Wolff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3305, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3305, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
We show how measurements of nitrogen isotopes in Antarctic ice core records can be used to show dramatic thinning of an ice sheet during ice mass changes in the Holocene. Combining such measurements with proxies for ice sheet elevation could be a powerful tool for constraining the history of ice dynamics at sites which are sensitive to rapid changes, and could contribute to constraining ice sheet models.
Felix S. L. Ng, Rachael H. Rhodes, Tyler J. Fudge, and Eric W. Wolff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1566, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1566, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Impurity diffusion in ice causes loss of climate history. We give a new method of finding the diffusion rate from ice-core records. Its use on sulphate data from the EPICA Dome C core reveals rapid diffusion in snow that suggests H2SO4 vapour diffusion in air pores, and much slower diffusion in the ice below that indicates signal relocation between crystal interfaces. We estimate a maximum sulphate diffusion length of 2 cm for ice 1–2 Myr old sought by the ice-coring projects on Little Dome C.
Niklas Kappelt, Eric Wolff, Marcus Christl, Christof Vockenhuber, Philip Gautschi, and Raimund Muscheler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1780, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1780, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
By measuring the radioactive decay of atmospherically produced 36Cl and 10Be in an ice core drilled in West Antarctica, we were able to determine the age of the deepest sample close to bedrock to be about 550 thousand years old. This means that the ice in this location, known as Skytrain Ice Rise, has survived several warm periods in the past, which occur about every 100 thousand years.
Elizabeth R. Thomas, Dieter Tetzner, Bradley Markle, Joel Pedro, Guisella Gacitúa, Dorothea Elisabeth Moser, and Sarah Jackson
Clim. Past, 20, 2525–2538, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical records contained in a 12 m firn (ice) core from Peter I Island, a remote sub-Antarctic island situated in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean (the Bellingshausen Sea), capture changes in snowfall and temperature (2002–2017 CE). This data-sparse region has experienced dramatic climate change in recent decades, including sea ice decline and ice loss from adjacent West Antarctic glaciers.
Helene Hoffmann, Jason Day, Rachael H. Rhodes, Mackenzie Grieman, Jack Humby, Isobel Rowell, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Robert Mulvaney, Sally Gibson, and Eric Wolff
The Cryosphere, 18, 4993–5013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4993-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4993-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cores are archives of past atmospheric conditions. In deep and old ice, the layers containing this information get thinned to the millimetre scale or below. We installed a setup for high-resolution (182 μm) chemical impurity measurements in ice cores using the laser ablation technique at the University of Cambridge. In a first application to the Skytrain ice core from Antarctica, we discuss the potential to detect fine-layered structures in ice up to an age of 26 000 years.
Rachael H. Rhodes, Yvan Bollet-Quivogne, Piers Barnes, Mirko Severi, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 20, 2031–2043, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Some ionic components slowly move through glacier ice by diffusion, but the rate of this diffusion, its exact mechanism(s), and the factors that might influence it are poorly understood. In this study, we model how peaks in sulfate, deposited at Dome C on the Antarctic ice sheet after volcanic eruptions, change with depth and time. We find that the sulfate diffusion rate in ice is relatively fast in young ice near the surface, but the rate is markedly reduced over time.
Horst Machguth, Anja Eichler, Margit Schwikowski, Sabina Brütsch, Enrico Mattea, Stanislav Kutuzov, Martin Heule, Ryskul Usubaliev, Sultan Belekov, Vladimir N. Mikhalenko, Martin Hoelzle, and Marlene Kronenberg
The Cryosphere, 18, 1633–1646, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1633-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1633-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2018 we drilled an 18 m ice core on the summit of Grigoriev ice cap, located in the Tien Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan. The core analysis reveals strong melting since the early 2000s. Regardless of this, we find that the structure and temperature of the ice have changed little since the 1980s. The probable cause of this apparent stability is (i) an increase in snowfall and (ii) the fact that meltwater nowadays leaves the glacier and thereby removes so-called latent heat.
Emma Nilsson, Carmen Paulina Vega, Dmitry Divine, Anja Eichler, Tonu Martma, Robert Mulvaney, Elisabeth Schlosser, Margit Schwikowski, and Elisabeth Isaksson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3156, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3156, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
To project future climate change it is necessary to understand paleoclimate including past sea ice conditions. We have investigated methane sulphonic acid (MSA) in Antarctic firn and ice cores to reconstruct sea ice extent (SIE) and found that the MSA – SIE as well as the MSA – phytoplankton biomass relationship varies across the different firn and ice cores. These inconsistencies in correlations across records suggest that MSA in Fimbul Ice Shelf cores does not reliably indicate regional SIE.
Isobel Rowell, Carlos Martin, Robert Mulvaney, Helena Pryer, Dieter Tetzner, Emily Doyle, Hara Madhav Talasila, Jilu Li, and Eric Wolff
Clim. Past, 19, 1699–1714, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an age scale for a new type of ice core from a vulnerable region in West Antarctic, which is lacking in longer-term (greater than a few centuries) ice core records. The Sherman Island core extends to greater than 1 kyr. We provide modelling evidence for the potential of a 10 kyr long core. We show that this new type of ice core can be robustly dated and that climate records from this core will be a significant addition to existing regional climate records.
Elizabeth R. Thomas, Diana O. Vladimirova, Dieter R. Tetzner, B. Daniel Emanuelsson, Nathan Chellman, Daniel A. Dixon, Hugues Goosse, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Amy C. F. King, Michael Sigl, Danielle G. Udy, Tessa R. Vance, Dominic A. Winski, V. Holly L. Winton, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Akira Hori, Chavarukonam M. Laluraj, Joseph R. McConnell, Yuko Motizuki, Kazuya Takahashi, Hideaki Motoyama, Yoichi Nakai, Franciéle Schwanck, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Filipe Gaudie Ley Lindau, Mirko Severi, Rita Traversi, Sarah Wauthy, Cunde Xiao, Jiao Yang, Ellen Mosely-Thompson, Tamara V. Khodzher, Ludmila P. Golobokova, and Alexey A. Ekaykin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2517–2532, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of sodium and sulfate measured in Antarctic ice cores is related to changes in both sea ice and winds. Here we have compiled a database of sodium and sulfate records from 105 ice core sites in Antarctica. The records span all, or part, of the past 2000 years. The records will improve our understanding of how winds and sea ice have changed in the past and how they have influenced the climate of Antarctica over the past 2000 years.
Anja Eichler, Michel Legrand, Theo M. Jenk, Susanne Preunkert, Camilla Andersson, Sabine Eckhardt, Magnuz Engardt, Andreas Plach, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 17, 2119–2137, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how a 250-year history of the emission of air pollutants (major inorganic aerosol constituents, black carbon, and trace species) is preserved in ice cores from four sites in the European Alps. The observed uniform timing in species-dependent longer-term concentration changes reveals that the different ice-core records provide a consistent, spatially representative signal of the pollution history from western European countries.
Robert Mulvaney, Eric W. Wolff, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Helene H. Hoffmann, Jack D. Humby, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Rachael H. Rhodes, Isobel F. Rowell, Frédéric Parrenin, Loïc Schmidely, Hubertus Fischer, Thomas F. Stocker, Marcus Christl, Raimund Muscheler, Amaelle Landais, and Frédéric Prié
Clim. Past, 19, 851–864, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an age scale for a new ice core drilled at Skytrain Ice Rise, an ice rise facing the Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica. Various measurements in the ice and air phases are used to match the ice core to other Antarctic cores that have already been dated, and a new age scale is constructed. The 651 m ice core includes ice that is confidently dated to 117 000–126 000 years ago, in the last interglacial. Older ice is found deeper down, but there are flow disturbances in the deeper ice.
David A. Hodell, Simon J. Crowhurst, Lucas Lourens, Vasiliki Margari, John Nicolson, James E. Rolfe, Luke C. Skinner, Nicola C. Thomas, Polychronis C. Tzedakis, Maryline J. Mleneck-Vautravers, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 19, 607–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We produced a 1.5-million-year-long history of climate change at International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1385 of the Iberian margin, a well-known location for rapidly accumulating sediments on the seafloor. Our record demonstrates that longer-term orbital changes in Earth's climate were persistently overprinted by abrupt millennial-to-centennial climate variability. The occurrence of abrupt climate change is modulated by the slower variations in Earth's orbit and climate background state.
Yetang Wang, Xueying Zhang, Wentao Ning, Matthew A. Lazzara, Minghu Ding, Carleen H. Reijmer, Paul C. J. P. Smeets, Paolo Grigioni, Petra Heil, Elizabeth R. Thomas, David Mikolajczyk, Lee J. Welhouse, Linda M. Keller, Zhaosheng Zhai, Yuqi Sun, and Shugui Hou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 411–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-411-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-411-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we construct a new database of Antarctic automatic weather station (AWS) meteorological records, which is quality-controlled by restrictive criteria. This dataset compiled all available Antarctic AWS observations, and its resolutions are 3-hourly, daily and monthly, which is very useful for quantifying spatiotemporal variability in weather conditions. Furthermore, this compilation will be used to estimate the performance of the regional climate models or meteorological reanalysis products.
Eric W. Wolff, Andrea Burke, Laura Crick, Emily A. Doyle, Helen M. Innes, Sue H. Mahony, James W. B. Rae, Mirko Severi, and R. Stephen J. Sparks
Clim. Past, 19, 23–33, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-23-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-23-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large volcanic eruptions leave an imprint of a spike of sulfate deposition that can be measured in ice cores. Here we use a method that logs the number and size of large eruptions recorded in an Antarctic core in a consistent way through the last 200 000 years. The rate of recorded eruptions is variable but shows no trends. In particular, there is no increase in recorded eruptions during deglaciation periods. This is consistent with most recorded eruptions being from lower latitudes.
Takahito Mitsui, Polychronis C. Tzedakis, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 18, 1983–1996, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1983-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1983-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide simple quantitative models for the interglacial and glacial intensities over the last 800 000 years. Our results suggest that the memory of previous climate states and the time course of the insolation in both hemispheres are crucial for understanding interglacial and glacial intensities. In our model, the shift in interglacial intensities at the Mid-Brunhes Event (~430 ka) is ultimately attributed to the amplitude modulation of obliquity.
Helene M. Hoffmann, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Amy C. F. King, Jenna A. Epifanio, Kaden Martin, Diana Vladimirova, Helena V. Pryer, Emily Doyle, Axel Schmidt, Jack D. Humby, Isobel F. Rowell, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Robert Mulvaney, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 18, 1831–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1831-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1831-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The WACSWAIN project (WArm Climate Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in the last INterglacial) investigates the fate of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the last warm period on Earth (115 000–130 000 years before present). Within this framework an ice core was recently drilled at Skytrain Ice Rise. In this study we present a stratigraphic chronology of that ice core based on absolute age markers and annual layer counting for the last 2000 years.
Dieter R. Tetzner, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Claire S. Allen, and Mackenzie M. Grieman
Clim. Past, 18, 1709–1727, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1709-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1709-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds are drivers of recent environmental changes in West Antarctica. However, our understanding of this relationship is limited by short and sparse observational records. Here we present the first regional wind study based on the novel use of diatoms preserved in Antarctic ice cores. Our results demonstrate that diatom abundance is the optimal record for reconstructing wind strength variability over the Southern Hemisphere westerly wind belt.
Eric W. Wolff, Hubertus Fischer, Tas van Ommen, and David A. Hodell
Clim. Past, 18, 1563–1577, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1563-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1563-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Projects are underway to drill ice cores in Antarctica reaching 1.5 Myr back in time. Dating such cores will be challenging. One method is to match records from the new core against datasets from existing marine sediment cores. Here we explore the options for doing this and assess how well the ice and marine records match over the existing 800 000-year time period. We are able to recommend a strategy for using marine data to place an age scale on the new ice cores.
Joanne S. Johnson, Ryan A. Venturelli, Greg Balco, Claire S. Allen, Scott Braddock, Seth Campbell, Brent M. Goehring, Brenda L. Hall, Peter D. Neff, Keir A. Nichols, Dylan H. Rood, Elizabeth R. Thomas, and John Woodward
The Cryosphere, 16, 1543–1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies have suggested that some portions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet were less extensive than present in the last few thousand years. We discuss how past ice loss and regrowth during this time would leave its mark on geological and glaciological records and suggest ways in which future studies could detect such changes. Determining timing of ice loss and gain around Antarctica and conditions under which they occurred is critical for preparing for future climate-warming-induced changes.
Tobias Erhardt, Matthias Bigler, Urs Federer, Gideon Gfeller, Daiana Leuenberger, Olivia Stowasser, Regine Röthlisberger, Simon Schüpbach, Urs Ruth, Birthe Twarloh, Anna Wegner, Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Takayuki Kuramoto, Helle A. Kjær, Paul T. Vallelonga, Marie-Louise Siggaard-Andersen, Margareta E. Hansson, Ailsa K. Benton, Louise G. Fleet, Rob Mulvaney, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Nerilie Abram, Thomas F. Stocker, and Hubertus Fischer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1215–1231, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1215-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1215-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The datasets presented alongside this manuscript contain high-resolution concentration measurements of chemical impurities in deep ice cores, NGRIP and NEEM, from the Greenland ice sheet. The impurities originate from the deposition of aerosols to the surface of the ice sheet and are influenced by source, transport and deposition processes. Together, these records contain detailed, multi-parameter records of past climate variability over the last glacial period.
Dieter R. Tetzner, Claire S. Allen, and Elizabeth R. Thomas
The Cryosphere, 16, 779–798, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The presence of diatoms in Antarctic ice cores has been scarcely documented and poorly understood. Here we present a detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diatom record preserved in a set of Antarctic ice cores. Our results reveal that the timing and amount of diatoms deposited present a strong geographical division. This study highlights the potential of the diatom record preserved in Antarctic ice cores to provide useful information about past environmental changes.
Laura Crick, Andrea Burke, William Hutchison, Mika Kohno, Kathryn A. Moore, Joel Savarino, Emily A. Doyle, Sue Mahony, Sepp Kipfstuhl, James W. B. Rae, Robert C. J. Steele, R. Stephen J. Sparks, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 17, 2119–2137, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2119-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The ~ 74 ka eruption of Toba was one of the largest eruptions of the last 100 ka. We have measured the sulfur isotopic composition for 11 Toba eruption candidates in two Antarctic ice cores. Sulfur isotopes allow us to distinguish between large eruptions that have erupted material into the stratosphere and smaller ones that reach lower altitudes. Using this we have identified the events most likely to be Toba and place the eruption on the transition into a cold period in the Northern Hemisphere.
Loïc Schmidely, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Jochen Schmitt, Juhyeong Han, Lucas Silva, Jinwha Shin, Fortunat Joos, Jérôme Chappellaz, Hubertus Fischer, and Thomas F. Stocker
Clim. Past, 17, 1627–1643, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1627-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1627-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using ancient gas trapped in polar glaciers, we reconstructed the atmospheric concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide over the penultimate deglaciation to study their response to major climate changes. We show this deglaciation to be characterized by modes of methane and nitrous oxide variability that are also found during the last deglaciation and glacial cycle.
Elizabeth Ruth Thomas, Guisella Gacitúa, Joel B. Pedro, Amy Constance Faith King, Bradley Markle, Mariusz Potocki, and Dorothea Elisabeth Moser
The Cryosphere, 15, 1173–1186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present the first-ever radar and ice core data from the sub-Antarctic islands of Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Young Island. These islands have the potential to record past climate in one of the most data-sparse regions on earth. Despite their northerly location, surface melting is generally low, and the upper layer of the ice at most sites is undisturbed. We estimate that a 100 m ice core drilled on these islands could capture climate over the past 100–200 years.
Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady, Anni Zhao, Chris M. Brierley, Yarrow Axford, Emilie Capron, Aline Govin, Jeremy S. Hoffman, Elizabeth Isaacs, Masa Kageyama, Paolo Scussolini, Polychronis C. Tzedakis, Charles J. R. Williams, Eric Wolff, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Pascale Braconnot, Silvana Ramos Buarque, Jian Cao, Anne de Vernal, Maria Vittoria Guarino, Chuncheng Guo, Allegra N. LeGrande, Gerrit Lohmann, Katrin J. Meissner, Laurie Menviel, Polina A. Morozova, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Ryouta O'ishi, David Salas y Mélia, Xiaoxu Shi, Marie Sicard, Louise Sime, Christian Stepanek, Robert Tomas, Evgeny Volodin, Nicholas K. H. Yeung, Qiong Zhang, Zhongshi Zhang, and Weipeng Zheng
Clim. Past, 17, 63–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-63-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-63-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The CMIP6–PMIP4 Tier 1 lig127k experiment was designed to address the climate responses to strong orbital forcing. We present a multi-model ensemble of 17 climate models, most of which have also completed the CMIP6 DECK experiments and are thus important for assessing future projections. The lig127ksimulations show strong summer warming over the NH continents. More than half of the models simulate a retreat of the Arctic minimum summer ice edge similar to the average for 2000–2018.
Marie G. P. Cavitte, Quentin Dalaiden, Hugues Goosse, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, and Elizabeth R. Thomas
The Cryosphere, 14, 4083–4102, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4083-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4083-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Surface mass balance (SMB) and surface air temperature (SAT) are correlated at the regional scale for most of Antarctica, SMB and δ18O. Areas with low/no correlation are where wind processes (foehn, katabatic wind warming, and erosion) are sufficiently active to overwhelm the synoptic-scale snow accumulation. Measured in ice cores, the link between SMB, SAT, and δ18O is much weaker. Random noise can be removed by core record averaging but local processes perturb the correlation systematically.
Jinhwa Shin, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Roberto Grilli, Jai Chowdhry Beeman, Frédéric Parrenin, Grégory Teste, Amaelle Landais, Loïc Schmidely, Lucas Silva, Jochen Schmitt, Bernhard Bereiter, Thomas F. Stocker, Hubertus Fischer, and Jérôme Chappellaz
Clim. Past, 16, 2203–2219, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2203-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2203-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct atmospheric CO2 from the EPICA Dome C ice core during Marine Isotope Stage 6 (185–135 ka) to understand carbon mechanisms under the different boundary conditions of the climate system. The amplitude of CO2 is highly determined by the Northern Hemisphere stadial duration. Carbon dioxide maxima show different lags with respect to the corresponding abrupt CH4 jumps, the latter reflecting rapid warming in the Northern Hemisphere.
Jacinta Edebeli, Jürg C. Trachsel, Sven E. Avak, Markus Ammann, Martin Schneebeli, Anja Eichler, and Thorsten Bartels-Rausch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13443–13454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13443-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13443-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Earth’s snow cover is very dynamic and can change its physical properties within hours, as is well known by skiers. Snow is also a well-known host of chemical reactions – the products of which impact air composition and quality. Here, we present laboratory experiments that show how the dynamics of snow make snow essentially inert with respect to gas-phase ozone with time despite its content of reactive chemicals. Impacts on polar atmospheric chemistry are discussed.
Quentin Dalaiden, Hugues Goosse, François Klein, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Max Holloway, Louise Sime, and Elizabeth R. Thomas
The Cryosphere, 14, 1187–1207, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1187-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1187-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large uncertainties remain in Antarctic surface temperature reconstructions over the last millennium. Here, the analysis of climate model outputs reveals that snow accumulation is a more relevant proxy for surface temperature reconstructions than δ18O. We use this finding in data assimilation experiments to compare to observed surface temperatures. We show that our continental temperature reconstruction outperforms reconstructions based on δ18O, especially for East Antarctica.
Kirstin Hoffmann, Francisco Fernandoy, Hanno Meyer, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Marcelo Aliaga, Dieter Tetzner, Johannes Freitag, Thomas Opel, Jorge Arigony-Neto, Christian Florian Göbel, Ricardo Jaña, Delia Rodríguez Oroz, Rebecca Tuckwell, Emily Ludlow, Joseph R. McConnell, and Christoph Schneider
The Cryosphere, 14, 881–904, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-881-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-881-2020, 2020
Markus M. Frey, Sarah J. Norris, Ian M. Brooks, Philip S. Anderson, Kouichi Nishimura, Xin Yang, Anna E. Jones, Michelle G. Nerentorp Mastromonaco, David H. Jones, and Eric W. Wolff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2549–2578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2549-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2549-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A winter sea ice expedition to Antarctica provided the first direct observations of sea salt aerosol (SSA) production during snow storms above sea ice, thereby validating a model hypothesis to account for winter time SSA maxima in Antarctica not explained otherwise. Defining SSA sources is important given the critical roles that aerosol plays for climate, for air quality and as a potential ice core proxy for sea ice conditions in the past.
Kévin Fourteau, Patricia Martinerie, Xavier Faïn, Christoph F. Schaller, Rebecca J. Tuckwell, Henning Löwe, Laurent Arnaud, Olivier Magand, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Johannes Freitag, Robert Mulvaney, Martin Schneebeli, and Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov
The Cryosphere, 13, 3383–3403, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3383-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3383-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding gas trapping in polar ice is essential to study the relationship between greenhouse gases and past climates. New data of bubble closure, used in a simple gas-trapping model, show inconsistency with the final air content in ice. This suggests gas trapping is not fully understood. We also use a combination of high-resolution measurements to investigate the effect of polar snow stratification on gas trapping and find that all strata have similar pores, but that some close in advance.
Laurie Menviel, Emilie Capron, Aline Govin, Andrea Dutton, Lev Tarasov, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Russell N. Drysdale, Philip L. Gibbard, Lauren Gregoire, Feng He, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Masa Kageyama, Kenji Kawamura, Amaelle Landais, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Ikumi Oyabu, Polychronis C. Tzedakis, Eric Wolff, and Xu Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3649–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3649-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3649-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
As part of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) working group on Quaternary Interglacials, we propose a protocol to perform transient simulations of the penultimate deglaciation for the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4). This design includes time-varying changes in orbital forcing, greenhouse gas concentrations, continental ice sheets as well as freshwater input from the disintegration of continental ice sheets. Key paleo-records for model-data comparison are also included.
Xin Yang, Markus M. Frey, Rachael H. Rhodes, Sarah J. Norris, Ian M. Brooks, Philip S. Anderson, Kouichi Nishimura, Anna E. Jones, and Eric W. Wolff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8407–8424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8407-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8407-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This is a comprehensive model–data comparison aiming to evaluate the proposed mechanism of sea salt aerosol (SSA) production from blowing snow on sea ice. Some key parameters such as snow salinity and blowing-snow size distribution were constrained by data collected in the Weddell Sea. The good agreement between modelled SSA and the cruise data strongly indicates that sea ice surface is a large SSA source in polar regions, a process which has not been considered in current climate models.
Dimitri Osmont, Michael Sigl, Anja Eichler, Theo M. Jenk, and Margit Schwikowski
Clim. Past, 15, 579–592, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-579-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-579-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first black carbon (BC) ice-core record from the Andes (Illimani, Bolivia). It spans the entire Holocene and reflects biomass burning emissions from the Amazon Basin, with high (low) concentrations during warm–dry (wet–cold) periods. The highest fire activity occurred during the Holocene Climatic Optimum (7000–3000 BCE). Recent BC levels, increasing since 1730 CE, do not exceed those of the Medieval Warm Period. The contribution from industrial and traffic emissions remains minor.
Laurie Menviel, Emilie Capron, Aline Govin, Andrea Dutton, Lev Tarasov, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Russell Drysdale, Philip Gibbard, Lauren Gregoire, Feng He, Ruza Ivanovic, Masa Kageyama, Kenji Kawamura, Amaelle Landais, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Ikumi Oyabu, Polychronis Tzedakis, Eric Wolff, and Xu Zhang
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-106, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-106, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The penultimate deglaciation (~ 138–128 ka), which represents the transition into the Last Interglacial period, provides a framework to investigate the climate and environmental response to large changes in boundary conditions. Here, as part of the PAGES-PMIP working group on Quaternary Interglacials, we propose a protocol to perform transient simulations of the penultimate deglaciation as well as a selection of paleo records for upcoming model-data comparisons.
Carmen Paulina Vega, Elisabeth Isaksson, Elisabeth Schlosser, Dmitry Divine, Tõnu Martma, Robert Mulvaney, Anja Eichler, and Margit Schwikowski-Gigar
The Cryosphere, 12, 1681–1697, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1681-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1681-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Ions were measured in firn and ice cores from Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica, to evaluate sea-salt loads. A significant sixfold increase in sea salts was found in the S100 core after 1950s which suggests that it contains a more local sea-salt signal, dominated by processes during sea-ice formation in the neighbouring waters. In contrast, firn cores from three ice rises register the larger-scale signal of atmospheric flow conditions and transport of sea-salt aerosols produced over open water.
Michel Legrand, Susanne Preunkert, Eric Wolff, Rolf Weller, Bruno Jourdain, and Dietmar Wagenbach
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14039–14054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14039-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14039-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Multiple year-round records of bulk and size-segregated composition of sea-salt aerosol and acidic gases (HCl and HNO3) were obtained at inland Antarctica. Both acidic sulfur particles and nitric acid are involved in the observed sea-salt dechlorination in spring/summer. The observed sulfate to sodium mass ratio of sea-salt aerosol in winter (0.16 ± 0.05) suggests on average a similar contribution of sea-ice and open-ocean emissions to the sea-salt load over inland Antarctica at that season.
Barbara Stenni, Mark A. J. Curran, Nerilie J. Abram, Anais Orsi, Sentia Goursaud, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Raphael Neukom, Hugues Goosse, Dmitry Divine, Tas van Ommen, Eric J. Steig, Daniel A. Dixon, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Elisabeth Isaksson, Alexey Ekaykin, Martin Werner, and Massimo Frezzotti
Clim. Past, 13, 1609–1634, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1609-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1609-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Within PAGES Antarctica2k, we build an enlarged database of ice core water stable isotope records. We produce isotopic composites and temperature reconstructions since 0 CE for seven distinct Antarctic regions. We find a significant cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE across all regions. Since 1900 CE, significant warming trends are identified for three regions. Only for the Antarctic Peninsula is this most recent century-scale trend unusual in the context of last-2000-year natural variability.
Elizabeth R. Thomas, J. Melchior van Wessem, Jason Roberts, Elisabeth Isaksson, Elisabeth Schlosser, Tyler J. Fudge, Paul Vallelonga, Brooke Medley, Jan Lenaerts, Nancy Bertler, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Daniel A. Dixon, Massimo Frezzotti, Barbara Stenni, Mark Curran, and Alexey A. Ekaykin
Clim. Past, 13, 1491–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1491-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1491-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Regional Antarctic snow accumulation derived from 79 ice core records is evaluated as part of the PAGES Antarctica 2k working group. Our results show that surface mass balance for the total Antarctic ice sheet has increased at a rate of 7 ± 0.13 Gt dec-1 since 1800 AD, representing a net reduction in sea level of ~ 0.02 mm dec-1 since 1800 and ~ 0.04 mm dec-1 since 1900 AD. The largest contribution is from the Antarctic Peninsula.
Johann H. Jungclaus, Edouard Bard, Mélanie Baroni, Pascale Braconnot, Jian Cao, Louise P. Chini, Tania Egorova, Michael Evans, J. Fidel González-Rouco, Hugues Goosse, George C. Hurtt, Fortunat Joos, Jed O. Kaplan, Myriam Khodri, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Natalie Krivova, Allegra N. LeGrande, Stephan J. Lorenz, Jürg Luterbacher, Wenmin Man, Amanda C. Maycock, Malte Meinshausen, Anders Moberg, Raimund Muscheler, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Bette I. Otto-Bliesner, Steven J. Phipps, Julia Pongratz, Eugene Rozanov, Gavin A. Schmidt, Hauke Schmidt, Werner Schmutz, Andrew Schurer, Alexander I. Shapiro, Michael Sigl, Jason E. Smerdon, Sami K. Solanki, Claudia Timmreck, Matthew Toohey, Ilya G. Usoskin, Sebastian Wagner, Chi-Ju Wu, Kok Leng Yeo, Davide Zanchettin, Qiong Zhang, and Eduardo Zorita
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4005–4033, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4005-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4005-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Climate model simulations covering the last millennium provide context for the evolution of the modern climate and for the expected changes during the coming centuries. They can help identify plausible mechanisms underlying palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Here, we describe the forcing boundary conditions and the experimental protocol for simulations covering the pre-industrial millennium. We describe the PMIP4 past1000 simulations as contributions to CMIP6 and additional sensitivity experiments.
Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Pascale Braconnot, Sandy P. Harrison, Daniel J. Lunt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Samuel Albani, Patrick J. Bartlein, Emilie Capron, Anders E. Carlson, Andrea Dutton, Hubertus Fischer, Heiko Goelzer, Aline Govin, Alan Haywood, Fortunat Joos, Allegra N. LeGrande, William H. Lipscomb, Gerrit Lohmann, Natalie Mahowald, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Jean-Yves Peterschmitt, Steven J. Phipps, Hans Renssen, and Qiong Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3979–4003, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The PMIP4 and CMIP6 mid-Holocene and Last Interglacial simulations provide an opportunity to examine the impact of two different changes in insolation forcing on climate at times when other forcings were relatively similar to present. This will allow exploration of the role of feedbacks relevant to future projections. Evaluating these simulations using paleoenvironmental data will provide direct out-of-sample tests of the reliability of state-of-the-art models to simulate climate changes.
Rachael H. Rhodes, Xin Yang, Eric W. Wolff, Joseph R. McConnell, and Markus M. Frey
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9417–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9417-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Sea salt aerosol comes from the open ocean or the sea ice surface. In the polar regions, this opens up the possibility of reconstructing sea ice history using sea salt recorded in ice cores. We use a chemical transport model to demonstrate that the sea ice source of aerosol is important in the Arctic. For the first time, we simulate realistic Greenland ice core sea salt in a process-based model. The importance of the sea ice source increases from south to north across the Greenland ice sheet.
Peter Köhler, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Jochen Schmitt, Thomas F. Stocker, and Hubertus Fischer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 363–387, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We document our best available data compilation of published ice core records of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and recent measurements on firn air and atmospheric samples covering the time window from 156 000 years BP to the beginning of the year 2016 CE. A smoothing spline method is applied to translate the discrete and irregularly spaced data points into continuous time series. The radiative forcing for each greenhouse gas is computed using well-established, simple formulations.
Chris S. M. Turney, Christopher J. Fogwill, Jonathan G. Palmer, Erik van Sebille, Zoë Thomas, Matt McGlone, Sarah Richardson, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Pavla Fenwick, Violette Zunz, Hugues Goosse, Kerry-Jayne Wilson, Lionel Carter, Mathew Lipson, Richard T. Jones, Melanie Harsch, Graeme Clark, Ezequiel Marzinelli, Tracey Rogers, Eleanor Rainsley, Laura Ciasto, Stephanie Waterman, Elizabeth R. Thomas, and Martin Visbeck
Clim. Past, 13, 231–248, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-231-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-231-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in global climate but suffers from a dearth of observational data. As the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 2013–2014 we have developed the first annually resolved temperature record using trees from subantarctic southwest Pacific (52–54˚S) to extend the climate record back to 1870. With modelling we show today's high climate variability became established in the ~1940s and likely driven by a Rossby wave response originating from the tropical Pacific.
Carmen P. Vega, Elisabeth Schlosser, Dmitry V. Divine, Jack Kohler, Tõnu Martma, Anja Eichler, Margit Schwikowski, and Elisabeth Isaksson
The Cryosphere, 10, 2763–2777, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2763-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2763-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Surface mass balance and water stable isotopes from firn cores on three ice rises at Fimbul Ice Shelf are reported. The results suggest that the ice rises are suitable sites for the retrieval of longer firn and ice cores. The first deuterium excess data for the area suggests a possible role of seasonal moisture transport changes on the annual isotopic signal. Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns most likely provide the dominant influence on water stable isotope ratios at the sites.
Michel Legrand, Joseph McConnell, Hubertus Fischer, Eric W. Wolff, Susanne Preunkert, Monica Arienzo, Nathan Chellman, Daiana Leuenberger, Olivia Maselli, Philip Place, Michael Sigl, Simon Schüpbach, and Mike Flannigan
Clim. Past, 12, 2033–2059, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2033-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2033-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we review previous attempts made to reconstruct past forest fire using chemical signals recorded in Greenland ice. We showed that the Greenland ice records of ammonium, found to be a good fire proxy, consistently indicate changing fire activity in Canada in response to past climatic conditions that occurred since the last 15 000 years, including the Little Ice Age and the last large climatic transition.
Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Pascale Braconnot, Sandy P. Harrison, Daniel J. Lunt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Samuel Albani, Patrick J. Bartlein, Emilie Capron, Anders E. Carlson, Andrea Dutton, Hubertus Fischer, Heiko Goelzer, Aline Govin, Alan Haywood, Fortunat Joos, Allegra N. Legrande, William H. Lipscomb, Gerrit Lohmann, Natalie Mahowald, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Jean-Yves Peterschmidt, Francesco S.-R. Pausata, Steven Phipps, and Hans Renssen
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-106, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-106, 2016
Preprint retracted
Emma J. Stone, Emilie Capron, Daniel J. Lunt, Antony J. Payne, Joy S. Singarayer, Paul J. Valdes, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 12, 1919–1932, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1919-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1919-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models forced only with greenhouse gas concentrations and orbital parameters representative of the early Last Interglacial are unable to reproduce the observed colder-than-present temperatures in the North Atlantic and the warmer-than-present temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere. Using a climate model forced also with a freshwater amount derived from data representing melting from the remnant Northern Hemisphere ice sheets accounts for this response via the bipolar seesaw mechanism.
Ikumi Oyabu, Yoshinori Iizuka, Eric Wolff, and Margareta Hansson
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-42, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-42, 2016
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This study presented the chemical compositions of non-volatile particles around the last termination in the Dome C ice core by using the sublimation-EDS method. The major soluble salt particles are CaSO4, Na2SO4, and NaCl, and time-series changes in the composition of these salts are similar to those for the Dome Fuji ice core. However, some differences occurred. The sulfatization rate of NaCl at Dome C is higher than that at Dome Fuji.
J. M. van Wessem, S. R. M. Ligtenberg, C. H. Reijmer, W. J. van de Berg, M. R. van den Broeke, N. E. Barrand, E. R. Thomas, J. Turner, J. Wuite, T. A. Scambos, and E. van Meijgaard
The Cryosphere, 10, 271–285, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-271-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-271-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first high-resolution (5.5 km) modelled estimate of surface mass balance (SMB) over the period 1979–2014 for the Antarctic Peninsula (AP). Precipitation (snowfall and rain) largely determines the SMB, and is exceptionally high over the western mountain slopes, with annual values > 4 m water equivalent. Snowmelt is widespread over the AP, but only runs off into the ocean at some locations: the Larsen B,C, and Wilkins ice shelves, and along the north-western mountains.
C. Müller-Tautges, A. Eichler, M. Schwikowski, G. B. Pezzatti, M. Conedera, and T. Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1029–1043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1029-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1029-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The paper focuses on the determination and interpretation of historic records of organic compounds in an ice core from Grenzgletscher in the southern Swiss Alps, covering the time period from 1942 to 1993. The resulting long-term records of organic species were found to be influenced by the forest fire history in southern Switzerland, anthropogenic emissions, as well as changing mineral dust transport to the drilling site.
S. Fujita, F. Parrenin, M. Severi, H. Motoyama, and E. W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 11, 1395–1416, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1395-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1395-2015, 2015
I. A. Wendl, A. Eichler, E. Isaksson, T. Martma, and M. Schwikowski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7287–7300, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7287-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7287-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrate and ammonium ice core records from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, indicated anthropogenic pollution from Eurasia as major source during the 20th century. In pre-industrial times nitrate is correlated with methane sulfonate, which we explain with a fertilising effect, presumably triggered by enhanced atmospheric nitrogen input to the ocean. Eurasia was likely the main source area also of pre-industrial nitrate, but for ammonium, biogenic emissions from Siberian boreal forests were dominant.
L. Sold, M. Huss, A. Eichler, M. Schwikowski, and M. Hoelzle
The Cryosphere, 9, 1075–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1075-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1075-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a method for estimating annual accumulation rates on a temperate Alpine glacier based on the interpretation of internal reflection horizons in helicopter-borne ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data. In combination with a simple model for firn densification and refreezing of meltwater, GPR can be used not only to complement existing mass balance monitoring programmes but also to retrospectively extend newly initiated time series.
F. Parrenin, S. Fujita, A. Abe-Ouchi, K. Kawamura, V. Masson-Delmotte, H. Motoyama, F. Saito, M. Severi, B. Stenni, R. Uemura, and E. Wolff
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-377-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-377-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
A. E. Jones, N. Brough, P. S. Anderson, and E. W. Wolff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11843–11851, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11843-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11843-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We report observations of nitric acid and peroxynitric acid, in coastal Antarctica during winter. During winter, it is dark 24h per day, so there is no influence of sunlight on atmospheric composition. We show that observed variability in concentrations is highly correlated with changes in temperature. We derive enthalpies of adsorption and show they are consistent with those derived in laboratory studies. The Antarctic, during winter, is an ideal natural laboratory to study air-snow exchange.
I. Mariani, A. Eichler, T. M. Jenk, S. Brönnimann, R. Auchmann, M. C. Leuenberger, and M. Schwikowski
Clim. Past, 10, 1093–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1093-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1093-2014, 2014
A. M. Foley, D. Dalmonech, A. D. Friend, F. Aires, A. T. Archibald, P. Bartlein, L. Bopp, J. Chappellaz, P. Cox, N. R. Edwards, G. Feulner, P. Friedlingstein, S. P. Harrison, P. O. Hopcroft, C. D. Jones, J. Kolassa, J. G. Levine, I. C. Prentice, J. Pyle, N. Vázquez Riveiros, E. W. Wolff, and S. Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 10, 8305–8328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8305-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8305-2013, 2013
H. Fischer, J. Severinghaus, E. Brook, E. Wolff, M. Albert, O. Alemany, R. Arthern, C. Bentley, D. Blankenship, J. Chappellaz, T. Creyts, D. Dahl-Jensen, M. Dinn, M. Frezzotti, S. Fujita, H. Gallee, R. Hindmarsh, D. Hudspeth, G. Jugie, K. Kawamura, V. Lipenkov, H. Miller, R. Mulvaney, F. Parrenin, F. Pattyn, C. Ritz, J. Schwander, D. Steinhage, T. van Ommen, and F. Wilhelms
Clim. Past, 9, 2489–2505, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2489-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2489-2013, 2013
T. Papina, T. Blyakharchuk, A. Eichler, N. Malygina, E. Mitrofanova, and M. Schwikowski
Clim. Past, 9, 2399–2411, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2399-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2399-2013, 2013
S. Brönnimann, I. Mariani, M. Schwikowski, R. Auchmann, and A. Eichler
Clim. Past, 9, 2013–2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2013-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2013-2013, 2013
L. Bazin, A. Landais, B. Lemieux-Dudon, H. Toyé Mahamadou Kele, D. Veres, F. Parrenin, P. Martinerie, C. Ritz, E. Capron, V. Lipenkov, M.-F. Loutre, D. Raynaud, B. Vinther, A. Svensson, S. O. Rasmussen, M. Severi, T. Blunier, M. Leuenberger, H. Fischer, V. Masson-Delmotte, J. Chappellaz, and E. Wolff
Clim. Past, 9, 1715–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1715-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1715-2013, 2013
D. Veres, L. Bazin, A. Landais, H. Toyé Mahamadou Kele, B. Lemieux-Dudon, F. Parrenin, P. Martinerie, E. Blayo, T. Blunier, E. Capron, J. Chappellaz, S. O. Rasmussen, M. Severi, A. Svensson, B. Vinther, and E. W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 9, 1733–1748, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013, 2013
M. M. Frey, N. Brough, J. L. France, P. S. Anderson, O. Traulle, M. D. King, A. E. Jones, E. W. Wolff, and J. Savarino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3045–3062, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3045-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3045-2013, 2013
A. E. Jones, E. W. Wolff, N. Brough, S. J.-B. Bauguitte, R. Weller, M. Yela, M. Navarro-Comas, H. A. Ochoa, and N. Theys
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1457–1467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1457-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1457-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Discipline: Glaciers | Subject: Ice Cores
Reconstruction of mass balance and firn stratigraphy during the 1996–2011 warm period at high-altitude on Mt. Ortles, Eastern Alps: a comparison of modelled and ice core results
Temporal markers in a temperate ice core: insights from 3H and 137Cs profiles from the Adamello Glacier
Impact of subsurface crevassing on the depth–age relationship of high-Alpine ice cores extracted at Col du Dôme between 1994 and 2012
Fifty years of firn evolution on Grigoriev ice cap, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan
Climate change is rapidly deteriorating the climatic signal in Svalbard glaciers
Identifying atmospheric processes favouring the formation of bubble-free layers in the Law Dome ice core, East Antarctica
Early Holocene ice on the Begguya plateau (Mt. Hunter, Alaska) revealed by ice core 14C age constraints
Chronostratigraphy of the Larsen blue-ice area in northern Victoria Land, East Antarctica, and its implications for paleoclimate
A quantitative method of resolving annual precipitation for the past millennia from Tibetan ice cores
Acoustic velocity measurements for detecting the crystal orientation fabrics of a temperate ice core
Brief communication: New evidence further constraining Tibetan ice core chronologies to the Holocene
Giant dust particles at Nevado Illimani: a proxy of summertime deep convection over the Bolivian Altiplano
Physical properties of shallow ice cores from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands
Stable water isotopes and accumulation rates in the Union Glacier region, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica, over the last 35 years
Apparent discrepancy of Tibetan ice core δ18O records may be attributed to misinterpretation of chronology
Age ranges of the Tibetan ice cores with emphasis on the Chongce ice cores, western Kunlun Mountains
Luca Carturan, Alexander C. Ihle, Federico Cazorzi, Tiziana Lazzarina Zendrini, Fabrizio De Blasi, Giancarlo Dalla Fontana, Giuliano Dreossi, Daniela Festi, Bryan Mark, Klaus Dieter Oeggl, Roberto Seppi, Barbara Stenni, and Paolo Gabrielli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-729, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-729, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Paleoclimatic glacial archives in low-latitude mountains are increasingly affected by melt, causing heavy percolation and removing snow and firn accumulated across months, seasons or even years. Here we present a proxy system model that explicitly accounts for melt in ice and firn cores. Compared to traditional annual layer counting, the model significantly improved the interpretation and annual dating of the Mt. Ortles firn core, in the Italian Alps, that includes the very warm summer 2003.
Elena Di Stefano, Giovanni Baccolo, Massimiliano Clemenza, Barbara Delmonte, Deborah Fiorini, Roberto Garzonio, Margit Schwikowski, and Valter Maggi
The Cryosphere, 18, 2865–2874, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2865-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2865-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rising temperatures are impacting the reliability of glaciers as environmental archives. This study reports how meltwater percolation affects the distribution of tritium and cesium, which are commonly used as temporal markers in dating ice cores, in a temperate glacier. Our findings challenge the established application of radionuclides for dating mountain ice cores and indicate tritium as the best choice.
Susanne Preunkert, Pascal Bohleber, Michel Legrand, Adrien Gilbert, Tobias Erhardt, Roland Purtschert, Lars Zipf, Astrid Waldner, Joseph R. McConnell, and Hubertus Fischer
The Cryosphere, 18, 2177–2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cores from high-elevation Alpine glaciers are an important tool to reconstruct the past atmosphere. However, since crevasses are common at these glacier sites, rigorous investigations of glaciological conditions upstream of drill sites are needed before interpreting such ice cores. On the basis of three ice cores extracted at Col du Dôme (4250 m a.s.l; French Alps), an overall picture of a dynamic crevasse formation is drawn, which disturbs the depth–age relation of two of the three cores.
Horst Machguth, Anja Eichler, Margit Schwikowski, Sabina Brütsch, Enrico Mattea, Stanislav Kutuzov, Martin Heule, Ryskul Usubaliev, Sultan Belekov, Vladimir N. Mikhalenko, Martin Hoelzle, and Marlene Kronenberg
The Cryosphere, 18, 1633–1646, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1633-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1633-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2018 we drilled an 18 m ice core on the summit of Grigoriev ice cap, located in the Tien Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan. The core analysis reveals strong melting since the early 2000s. Regardless of this, we find that the structure and temperature of the ice have changed little since the 1980s. The probable cause of this apparent stability is (i) an increase in snowfall and (ii) the fact that meltwater nowadays leaves the glacier and thereby removes so-called latent heat.
Andrea Spolaor, Federico Scoto, Catherine Larose, Elena Barbaro, Francois Burgay, Mats P. Bjorkman, David Cappelletti, Federico Dallo, Fabrizio de Blasi, Dmitry Divine, Giuliano Dreossi, Jacopo Gabrieli, Elisabeth Isaksson, Jack Kohler, Tonu Martma, Louise S. Schmidt, Thomas V. Schuler, Barbara Stenni, Clara Turetta, Bartłomiej Luks, Mathieu Casado, and Jean-Charles Gallet
The Cryosphere, 18, 307–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the impact of the increased snowmelt on the preservation of the oxygen isotope (δ18O) signal in firn records recovered from the top of the Holtedahlfonna ice field located in the Svalbard archipelago. Thanks to a multidisciplinary approach we demonstrate a progressive deterioration of the isotope signal in the firn core. We link the degradation of the δ18O signal to the increased occurrence and intensity of melt events associated with the rapid warming occurring in the archipelago.
Lingwei Zhang, Tessa R. Vance, Alexander D. Fraser, Lenneke M. Jong, Sarah S. Thompson, Alison S. Criscitiello, and Nerilie J. Abram
The Cryosphere, 17, 5155–5173, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Physical features in ice cores provide unique records of past variability. We identified 1–2 mm ice layers without bubbles in surface ice cores from Law Dome, East Antarctica, occurring on average five times per year. The origin of these bubble-free layers is unknown. In this study, we investigate whether they have the potential to record past atmospheric processes and circulation. We find that the bubble-free layers are linked to accumulation hiatus events and meridional moisture transport.
Ling Fang, Theo M. Jenk, Dominic Winski, Karl Kreutz, Hanna L. Brooks, Emma Erwin, Erich Osterberg, Seth Campbell, Cameron Wake, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 17, 4007–4020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4007-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4007-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the behavior of ocean–atmosphere teleconnections in the North Pacific during warm intervals can aid in predicting future warming scenarios. However, majority ice core records from Alaska–Yukon region only provide data for the last few centuries. This study introduces a continuous chronology for Denali ice core from Begguya, Alaska, using multiple dating methods. The early-Holocene-origin Denali ice core will facilitate future investigations of hydroclimate in the North Pacific.
Giyoon Lee, Jinho Ahn, Hyeontae Ju, Florian Ritterbusch, Ikumi Oyabu, Christo Buizert, Songyi Kim, Jangil Moon, Sambit Ghosh, Kenji Kawamura, Zheng-Tian Lu, Sangbum Hong, Chang Hee Han, Soon Do Hur, Wei Jiang, and Guo-Min Yang
The Cryosphere, 16, 2301–2324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Blue-ice areas (BIAs) have several advantages for reconstructing past climate. However, the complicated ice flow in the area hinders constraining the age. We applied state-of-the-art techniques and found that the ages cover the last deglaciation period. Our study demonstrates that the BIA in northern Victoria Land may help reconstruct the past climate during the termination of the last glacial period.
Wangbin Zhang, Shugui Hou, Shuang-Ye Wu, Hongxi Pang, Sharon B. Sneed, Elena V. Korotkikh, Paul A. Mayewski, Theo M. Jenk, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 16, 1997–2008, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1997-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1997-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a quantitative method to reconstruct annual precipitation records at the millennial timescale from the Tibetan ice cores through combining annual layer identification based on LA-ICP-MS measurement with an ice flow model. The reliability of this method is assessed by comparing our results with other reconstructed and modeled precipitation series for the Tibetan Plateau. The assessment shows that the method has a promising performance.
Sebastian Hellmann, Melchior Grab, Johanna Kerch, Henning Löwe, Andreas Bauder, Ilka Weikusat, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3507–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyse whether ultrasonic measurements on ice core samples could be employed to derive information about the particular ice crystal orientation in these samples. We discuss if such ultrasonic scans of ice core samples could provide similarly detailed results as the established methods, which usually destroy the ice samples. Our geophysical approach is minimally invasive and could support the existing methods with additional and (semi-)continuous data points along the ice core.
Shugui Hou, Wangbin Zhang, Ling Fang, Theo M. Jenk, Shuangye Wu, Hongxi Pang, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 15, 2109–2114, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2109-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2109-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present ages for two new ice cores reaching bedrock, from the Zangser Kangri (ZK) glacier in the northwestern Tibetan Plateau and the Shulenanshan (SLNS) glacier in the western Qilian Mountains. We estimated bottom ages of 8.90±0.57/0.56 ka and 7.46±1.46/1.79 ka for the ZK and SLNS ice core respectively, constraining the time range accessible by Tibetan ice cores to the Holocene.
Filipe G. L. Lindau, Jefferson C. Simões, Barbara Delmonte, Patrick Ginot, Giovanni Baccolo, Chiara I. Paleari, Elena Di Stefano, Elena Korotkikh, Douglas S. Introne, Valter Maggi, Eduardo Garzanti, and Sergio Andò
The Cryosphere, 15, 1383–1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1383-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1383-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Information about the past climate variability in tropical South America is stored in the snow layers of the tropical Andean glaciers. Here we show evidence that the presence of very large aeolian mineral dust particles at Nevado Illimani (Bolivia) is strictly controlled by the occurrence of summer storms in the Bolivian Altiplano. Therefore, based on the snow dust content and its composition of stable water isotopes, we propose a new proxy for information on previous summer storms.
Elizabeth Ruth Thomas, Guisella Gacitúa, Joel B. Pedro, Amy Constance Faith King, Bradley Markle, Mariusz Potocki, and Dorothea Elisabeth Moser
The Cryosphere, 15, 1173–1186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present the first-ever radar and ice core data from the sub-Antarctic islands of Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Young Island. These islands have the potential to record past climate in one of the most data-sparse regions on earth. Despite their northerly location, surface melting is generally low, and the upper layer of the ice at most sites is undisturbed. We estimate that a 100 m ice core drilled on these islands could capture climate over the past 100–200 years.
Kirstin Hoffmann, Francisco Fernandoy, Hanno Meyer, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Marcelo Aliaga, Dieter Tetzner, Johannes Freitag, Thomas Opel, Jorge Arigony-Neto, Christian Florian Göbel, Ricardo Jaña, Delia Rodríguez Oroz, Rebecca Tuckwell, Emily Ludlow, Joseph R. McConnell, and Christoph Schneider
The Cryosphere, 14, 881–904, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-881-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-881-2020, 2020
Shugui Hou, Wangbin Zhang, Hongxi Pang, Shuang-Ye Wu, Theo M. Jenk, Margit Schwikowski, and Yetang Wang
The Cryosphere, 13, 1743–1752, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1743-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1743-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The apparent discrepancy between the Holocene δ18O records of the Guliya and the Chongce ice cores may be attributed to a possible misinterpretation of the Guliya ice core chronology.
Shugui Hou, Theo M. Jenk, Wangbin Zhang, Chaomin Wang, Shuangye Wu, Yetang Wang, Hongxi Pang, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 12, 2341–2348, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2341-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2341-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present multiple lines of evidence indicating that the Chongce ice cores drilled from the northwestern Tibetan Plateau reaches back only to the early Holocene. This result is at least, 1 order of magnitude younger than the nearby Guliya ice core (~30 km away from the Chongce ice core drilling site) but similar to other Tibetan ice cores. Thus it is necessary to explore multiple dating techniques to confirm the age ranges of the Tibetan ice cores.
Cited articles
Abram, N. J., Mulvaney, R., Wolff, E. W., Triest, J., Kipfstuhl, S., Trusel, L. D., Vimeux, F., Fleet, L., and Arrowsmith, C.: Acceleration of snow melt in an Antarctic Peninsula ice core during the twentieth century, Nat. Geosci., 6, 404–411, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1787, 2013.
Ahn, J. and Brook, E. J.: Siple Dome ice reveals two modes of millennial CO2 change during the last ice age, Nat. Commun., 5, 3723, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4723, 2014.
Ahn, J., Wahlen, M., Deck, B. L., Brook, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., Taylor, K. C., and White, J. W. C.: A record of atmospheric CO2 during the last 40,000 years from the Siple Dome, Antarctica ice core, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D13305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004415, 2004.
Ahn, J., Headly, M., Wahlen, M., Brook, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., and Taylor, K. C.: CO2 Diffusion in Polar Ice: Observations from Naturally Formed CO2 Spikes in the Siple Dome (Antarctica) Ice Core, J. Glaciol., 54, 685–695, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570764, 2008.
Albert, M., Shuman, C., Courville, Z., Bauer, R., Fahnestock, M., and Scambos, T.: Extreme firn metamorphism: impact of decades of vapor transport on near-surface firn at a low-accumulation glazed site on the East Antarctic plateau, Ann. Glaciol., 39, 73–78, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814041, 2004.
Alimasi, N., Enomoto, H., and Hirasawa, N.: Spatiotemporal variation of ice sheet melting in the Antarctic coastal marginal zone and the influence of ice lenses and rain using satellite microwave observation, Polar Sci., 25, 100561, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2020.100561, 2020.
Alley, R. B. and Anandakrishnan, S.: Variations in melt-layer frequency in the GISP2 ice core: implications for Holocene summer temperatures in central Greenland, Ann. Glaciol., 21, 64–70, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500015615, 1995.
Arnason, B., Buason, T., Martinec, J., and Theodorsson, P.: Movement of water through snow pack traced by deuterium and tritium, IAHS-AISH P., 107, 299–312, https://iahs.info/uploads/dms/107023.pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1973.
Arnold, N. S., Rees, W. G., Hodson, A. J., and Kohler, J.: Topographic controls on the surface energy balance of a high Arctic valley glacier, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 111, F02011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000426, 2006.
Avak, S. E., Schwikowski, M., and Eichler, A.: Impact and implications of meltwater percolation on trace element records observed in a high-Alpine ice core, J. Glaciol., 64, 877–886, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.74, 2018.
Avak, S. E., Trachsel, J. C., Edebeli, J., Brütsch, S., Bartels-Rausch, T., Schneebeli, M., Schwikowski, M., and Eichler, A.: Melt-Induced Fractionation of Major Ions and Trace Elements in an Alpine Snowpack, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 1647–1657, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005026, 2019.
Avanzi, F., Hirashima, H., Yamaguchi, S., Katsushima, T., and De Michele, C.: Observations of capillary barriers and preferential flow in layered snow during cold laboratory experiments, The Cryosphere, 10, 2013–2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2013-2016, 2016.
Banwell, A. F., Datta, R. T., Dell, R. L., Moussavi, M., Brucker, L., Picard, G., Shuman, C. A., and Stevens, L. A.: The 32-year record-high surface melt in 2019/2020 on the northern George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, The Cryosphere, 15, 909–925, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-909-2021, 2021.
Bazin, L., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H., Veres, D., Parrenin, F., Martinerie, P., Ritz, C., Capron, E., Lipenkov, V., Loutre, M.-F., Raynaud, D., Vinther, B., Svensson, A., Rasmussen, S. O., Severi, M., Blunier, T., Leuenberger, M., Fischer, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., Chappellaz, J., and Wolff, E.: An optimized multi-proxy, multi-site Antarctic ice and gas orbital chronology (AICC2012): 120–800 ka, Clim. Past, 9, 1715–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1715-2013, 2013.
Beaudon, E., Moore, J. C., Martma, T., Pohjola, V. A., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Kohler, J., and Isaksson, E.: Lomonosovfonna and Holtedahlfonna ice cores reveal east-west disparities of the Spitsbergen environment since AD 1700, J. Glaciol., 59, 1069–1083, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J203, 2013.
Bell, R. E., Chu, W., Kingslake, J., Das, I., Tedesco, M., Tinto, K. J., Zappa, C. J., Frezzotti, M., Boghosian, A., and Lee, W. S.: Antarctic ice shelf potentially stabilized by export of meltwater in surface river, Nature, 544, 344–348, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22048, 2017.
Bell, R. E., Banwell, A. F., Trusel, L. D., and Kingslake, J.: Antarctic surface hydrology and impacts on ice-sheet mass balance, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 1044–1052, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0326-3, 2018.
Birner, B., Buizert, C., Wagner, T. J. W., and Severinghaus, J. P.: The influence of layering and barometric pumping on firn air transport in a 2-D model, The Cryosphere, 12, 2021–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2021-2018, 2018.
Bishop, C. L., Pan, D., Liu, L. M., Tribello, G. A., Michaelides, A., Wang, E. G., and Slater, B.: On thin ice: surface order and disorder during pre-melting, Faraday Discuss., 141, 277–292, https://doi.org/10.1039/B807377P, 2009.
Björkman, M., Zarsky, J., Kühnel, R., Hodson, A., Sattler, B., and Psenner, R.: Microbial Cell Retention in a Melting High Arctic Snowpack, Svalbard, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 46, 471–482, https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-46.2.471, 2014.
Blunier, T. and Brook, E. J.: Timing of Millennial-Scale Climate Change in Antarctica and Greenland During the Last Glacial Period, Science, 291, 109–112, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.109, 2001.
Box, J. E., Wehrlé, A., van As, D., Fausto, R. S., Kjeldsen, K. K., Dachauer, A., Ahlstrøm, A. P., and Picard, G.: Greenland Ice Sheet Rainfall, Heat and Albedo Feedback Impacts From the Mid-August 2021 Atmospheric River, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL097356, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097356, 2022.
Brimblecombe, P., Tranter, M., Abrahams, P., Davies, T., and Vincent, C.: Relocation and Preferential Elution of Acidic Solute through the Snowpack of a Small, Remote, High-Altitude Scottish Catchment, Ann. Glaciol., 7, 141–147, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500006066, 1985.
Brimblecombe, P., Clegg, S. L., Davies, T. D., Shooter, D., and Tranter, M.: Observations of the preferential loss of major ions from melting snow and laboratory ice, Water Res., 21, 1279–1286, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(87)90181-3, 1987.
Brown, J. W., Moser, D. E., Emanuelsson, D. B., and Thomas, E. R.: Visual Stratigraphy-Based Age Scale Developed for the Shallow Mount Siple Firn Core, Antarctica, Geosciences, 13, 85, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13030085, 2023.
Brun, E.: Investigation on wet-snow metamorphism in respect of liquid-water content, Ann. Glaciol., 13, 22–26, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500007576, 1989.
Buizert, C., Cuffey, K. M., Severinghaus, J. P., Baggenstos, D., Fudge, T. J., Steig, E. J., Markle, B. R., Winstrup, M., Rhodes, R. H., Brook, E. J., Sowers, T. A., Clow, G. D., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Sigl, M., McConnell, J. R., and Taylor, K. C.: The WAIS Divide deep ice core WD2014 chronology – Part 1: Methane synchronization (68–31 ka BP) and the gas age–ice age difference, Clim. Past, 11, 153–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-153-2015, 2015.
Campbell, F. M. A., Nienow, P. W., and Purves, R. S.: Role of the supraglacial snowpack in mediating meltwater delivery to the glacier system as inferred from dye tracer investigations, Hydrol. Process., 20, 969–985, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6115, 2006.
Chappellaz, J., Brook, E., Blunier, T., and Malaizé, B.: CH4 and δ18O of O2 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: A clue for stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 26547–26557, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00164, 1997.
Clem, K. R., Fogt, R. L., Turner, J., Lintner, B. R., Marshall, G. J., Miller, J. R., and Renwick, J. A.: Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 762–770, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0815-z, 2020.
Clerx, N., Machguth, H., Tedstone, A., Jullien, N., Wever, N., Weingartner, R., and Roessler, O.: In situ measurements of meltwater flow through snow and firn in the accumulation zone of the SW Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 16, 4379–4401, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4379-2022, 2022.
Colbeck, S. C.: An Overview of Seasonal Snow Metamorphism, Reviews of Geophysics and Space Sciences, 20, 45–61, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG020i001p00045, 1982.
Conway, H., Gades, A., and Raymond, C. F.: Albedo of dirty snow during conditions of melt, Water Resour. Res., 32, 1713–1718, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00712, 1996.
Costa, D. and Pomeroy, J. W.: Preferential meltwater flowpaths as a driver of preferential elution of chemicals from melting snowpacks, Sci. Total Environ., 662, 110–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.091, 2019.
Cragin, J. H., Hewitt, A. D., and Colbeck, S. C.: Grain-scale mechanisms influencing the elution of ions from snow, Atmos. Environ., 30, 119–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00232-N, 1996.
Craig, H., Horibe, Y., and Sowers, T.: Gravitational Separation of Gases and Isotopes in Polar Ice Caps, Science, 242, 1675–1678, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.242.4886.1675, 1988.
Cuffey, K. and Paterson, W. S. B.: The Physics of Glaciers, 4th edn., Academic Press, Amsterdam, 693 pp., ISBN 9780123694614, 2010.
Culberg, R., Schroeder, D. M., and Chu, W.: Extreme melt season ice layers reduce firn permeability across Greenland, Nat. Commun., 12, 2336, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22656-5, 2021.
Cullather, R. I. and Nowicki, S. M. J.: Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt and its relation to daily atmospheric conditions, J. Climate, 31, 1897–1919, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0447.1, 2018.
Dansgaard, W.: Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, 16, 436–468, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v16i4.8993, 1964.
Das, S. B. and Alley, R. B.: Characterization and formation of melt layers in polar snow: observations and experiments from West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 51, 307–312, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829395, 2005.
Das, S. B. and Alley, R. B.: Rise in frequency of surface melting at Siple Dome through the Holocene: Evidence for increasing marine influence on the climate of West Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D02112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008790, 2008.
Datta, R. T., Tedesco, M., Fettweis, X., Agosta, C., Lhermitte, S., Lenaerts, J. T. M., and Wever, N.: The Effect of Foehn-Induced Surface Melt on Firn Evolution Over the Northeast Antarctic Peninsula, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 3822–3831, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080845, 2019.
Davies, T., Vincent, C., and Brimblecombe, P.: Preferential elution of strong acids from a Norwegian ice cap, Nature, 300, 161–163, https://doi.org/10.1038/300161a0, 1982.
Davis, R. E., Petersen, C. E., and Bales, R. C.: Ion flux through a shallow snowpack: effects of initial conditions and melt sequences, IAHS-AISH P., 228, 115, https://iahs.info/uploads/dms/10016.115-126-228-Davis.pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1995.
Dell, R. L., Banwell, A. F., Willis, I. C., Arnold, N. S., Halberstadt, A. R. W., Chudley, T. R., and Pritchard, H. D.: Supervised classification of slush and ponded water on Antarctic ice shelves using Landsat 8 imagery, J. Glaciol., 68, 401–414, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.114, 2021.
Delmas, R. J.: A natural artefact in Greenland ice-core CO2 measurements, Tellus B, 45B, 391–396, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v45i4.15737, 1993.
Delmotte, M., Raynaud, D., Morgan, V., and Jouzel, J.: Climatic and glaciological information inferred from air-content measurements of a Law Dome (East Antarctica) ice core, J. Glaciol., 45, 255–263, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000001751, 1999.
Dey, R., Thamban, M., Laluraj, C. M., Mahalinganathan, K., Redkar, B. L., Kumar, S., and Matsuoka, K.: Application of visual stratigraphy from line-scan images to constrain chronology and melt features of a firn core from coastal Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 69, 179–190, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.59, 2022.
Dirmhirn, I. and Eaton, F.: Some Characteristics of the Albedo of Snow, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 14, 375–379, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1975)014<0375:SCOTAO>2.0.CO;2, 1975.
Eichler, A., Schwikowski, M., and Gäggeler, H. W.: Meltwater-induced relocation of chemical species in Alpine firn, Tellus B, 53, 192–203, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v53i2.16575, 2001.
Elvidge, A. D. and Renfrew, I. A.: The Causes of Foehn Warming in the Lee of Mountains, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 455–466, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00194.1, 2016.
EPICA Community Members: Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, 429, 623–628, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02599, 2004.
Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Langenfelds, R. L., Francey, R. J., Barnola, J. M., and Morgan, V. I.: Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 4115–4128, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD03410, 1996.
Faraday, M.: On regelation, and on the conservation of force, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 17, 162–169, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786445908642645, 1859.
Fegyveresi, J. M., Alley, R. B., Muto, A., Orsi, A. J., and Spencer, M. K.: Surface formation, preservation, and history of low-porosity crusts at the WAIS Divide site, West Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 12, 325–341, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-325-2018, 2018.
Festi, D., Schwikowski, M., Maggi, V., Oeggl, K., and Jenk, T. M.: Significant mass loss in the accumulation area of the Adamello glacier indicated by the chronology of a 46 m ice core, The Cryosphere, 15, 4135–4143, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4135-2021, 2021.
Fisher, D., Zheng, J., Burgess, D., Zdanowicz, C., Kinnard, C., Sharp, M., and Bourgeois, J.: Recent melt rates of Canadian arctic ice caps are the highest in four millennia, Glob. Planet. Change, 84–85, 3–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.06.005, 2012.
Fountain, A. G., Tranter, M., Nylen, T. H., Lewis, K. J., and Mueller, D. R.: Evolution of cryoconite holes and their contribution to meltwater runoff from glaciers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 50, 35–45, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756504781830312, 2004.
Frezzotti, M., Gandolfi, S., and Urbini, S.: Snow megadunes in Antarctica: Sedimentary structure and genesis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4344, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000673, 2002.
Fricker, H. A., Arndt, P., Brunt, K. M., Datta, R. T., Fair, Z., Jasinski, M. F., Kingslake, J., Magruder, L. A., Moussavi, M., Pope, A., Spergel, J. J., Stoll, J. D., and Wouters, B.: ICESat-2 Meltwater Depth Estimates: Application to Surface Melt on Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL090550, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090550, 2021.
Fritzsche, D., Schütt, R., Meyer, H., Miller, H., Wilhelms, F., Opel, T., and Savatyugin, L. M.: A 275 year ice-core record from Akademii Nauk ice cap, Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic, Ann. Glaciol., 42, 361–366, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781812862, 2005.
Fujita, K., Matoba, S., Iizuka, Y., Takeuchi, N., Tsushima, A., Kurosaki, Y., and Aoki, T.: Physically Based Summer Temperature Reconstruction From Melt Layers in Ice Cores, Earth and Space Science, 8, e2020EA001590, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA001590, 2021.
Gabrieli, J., Carturan, L., Gabrielli, P., Kehrwald, N., Turetta, C., Cozzi, G., Spolaor, A., Dinale, R., Staffler, H., Seppi, R., dalla Fontana, G., Thompson, L., and Barbante, C.: Impact of Po Valley emissions on the highest glacier of the Eastern European Alps, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8087–8102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8087-2011, 2011.
Gäggeler, H. W., Tobler, L., Schwikowski, M., and Jenk, T. M.: Application of the radionuclide 210Pb in glaciology-an overview, J. Glaciol., 66, 447–456, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.19, 2020.
Gat, J. R.: Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in the Hydrological Cycle, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 24, 225–262, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.225, 1996.
Gilbert, E. and Kittel, C.: Surface Melt and Runoff on Antarctic Ice Shelves at 1.5 °C, 2 °C, and 4 °C of Future Warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091733, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091733, 2021.
Ginot, P., Schotterer, U., Stichler, W., Godoi, M. A., Francou, B., and Schwikowski, M.: Influence of the Tungurahua eruption on the ice core records of Chimborazo, Ecuador, The Cryosphere, 4, 561–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-561-2010, 2010.
Ginot, P., Chappellaz, J., Barbante, C., Schwikowski, M., and Ohlmann, A.-C.: Ice Memory, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-8842, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8842, 2021.
Goto-Azuma, K., Nakawo, M., Shimizu, M., Azuma, N., Nakayama, M., and Yokoyama, K.: Temporal changes in chemical stratigraphy of snow cover, Ann. Glaciol., 18, 85–91, https://doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500011307, 1993.
Goto-Azuma, K., Nakawo, M., Jiankang, H., and Watanabe, O.: Melt-induced relocation of ions in glaciers and in a seasonal snowpack, IAHS-AISH P., 223, 287–297, https://iahs.info/uploads/dms/9816.287-297-223-Goto-Azuma.pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1994.
Graeter, K. A., Osterberg, E. C., Ferris, D. G., Hawley, R. L., Marshall, H. P., Lewis, G., Meehan, T., McCarthy, F., Overly, T., and Birkel, S. D.: Ice Core Records of West Greenland Melt and Climate Forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 3164–3172, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076641, 2018.
Graham, R. M., Cohen, L., Petty, A. A., Boisvert, L. N., Rinke, A., Hudson, S. R., Nicolaus, M., and Granskog, M. A.: Increasing frequency and duration of Arctic winter warming events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6974–6983, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073395, 2017.
Grumet, N. S., Wake, C. P., Zielinski, G. A., Fisher, D., Koerner, R., and Jacobs, J. D.: Preservation of glaciochemical time-series in snow and ice from the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 357–360, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL03787, 1998.
Grumet, N. S., Wake, C. P., Mayewski, P. A., Zielinski, G. A., Whitlow, S. I., Koerner, R. M., Fisher, D. A., and Woollett, J. M.: Variability of Sea-Ice Extent in Baffin Bay over the Last Millennium, Climatic Change, 49, 129–145, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010794528219, 2001.
Hahn, L. C., Hofer, S., Parfitt, R., and Ummenhofer, C. C.: Importance of Orography for Greenland Cloud and Melt Response to Atmospheric Blocking, J. Climate, 33, 4187–4206, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0527.1, 2020.
Ham, J. Y., Hur, S. Do, Lee, W. S., Han, Y., Jung, H., and Lee, J.: Isotopic variations of meltwater from ice by isotopic exchange between liquid water and ice, J. Glaciol., 65, 1035–1043, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.75, 2019.
Hanna, E., Jones, J. M., Cappelen, J., Mernild, S. H., Wood, L., Steffen, K., and Huybrechts, P.: The influence of North Atlantic atmospheric and oceanic forcing effects on 1900-2010 Greenland summer climate and ice melt/runoff, Int. J. Climatol., 33, 862–880, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3475, 2013.
Hanna, E., Fettweis, X., Mernild, S. H., Cappelen, J., Ribergaard, M. H., Shuman, C. A., Steffen, K., Wood, L., and Mote, T. L.: Atmospheric and oceanic climate forcing of the exceptional Greenland ice sheet surface melt in summer 2012, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 1022–1037, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3743, 2014.
Heggli, M., Köchle, B., Matzl, M., Pinzer, B. R., Riche, F., Steiner, S., Steinfeld, D., and Schneebeli, M.: Measuring snow in 3-D using X-ray tomography: Assessment of visualization techniques, Ann. Glaciol., 52, 231–236, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411797252202, 2011.
Henderson, K., Laube, A., Gäggeler, H. W., Olivier, S., Papina, T., and Schwikowski, M.: Temporal variations of accumulation and temperature during the past two centuries from Belukha ice core, Siberian Altai, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D03104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005819, 2006.
Herreros, J., Moreno, I., Taupin, J.-D., Ginot, P., Patris, N., De Angelis, M., Ledru, M.-P., Delachaux, F., and Schotterer, U.: Environmental records from temperate glacier ice on Nevado Coropuna saddle, southern Peru, Adv. Geosci., 22, 27–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-27-2009, 2009.
Herrmann, R. and Kranz, J.: Release of Major Ions and Hydrogen Peroxide from Homogeneous, Melting Snow, Hydrol. Res., 26, 359–368, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1995.0020, 1995.
Herron, M., Herron, S., and Langway, C.: Climatic signal of ice melt features in southern Greenland, Nature, 293, 389–391, https://doi.org/10.1038/293389a0, 1981.
Herron, M. M. and Langway, C. C.: Firn densification: an empirical model, J. Glaciol., 25, 373–385, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000015239, 1980.
Hewitt, A. D., Cragin, J. H., and Colbeck, S. C.: Does Snow Have Chromatographic Properties?, in: Proceedings of the 46th Annual Eastern Snow Conference, Quebec City, Quebec, 8–9 June 1989, 165–171, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58b98f7bd1758e4cc271d365/t/5ce46fd6516d140001ccc7e0/1558474716521/01+A.D.+Hewitt%2C+J.H.+Cragin%2C+S.C.+Colbeck.pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1989.
Hirashima, H., Yamaguchi, S., and Katsushima, T.: A multi-dimensional water transport model to reproduce preferential flow in the snowpack, Cold. Reg. Sci. Technol., 108, 80–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.09.004, 2014.
Hirashima, H., Avanzi, F., and Yamaguchi, S.: Liquid water infiltration into a layered snowpack: evaluation of a 3-D water transport model with laboratory experiments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5503–5515, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5503-2017, 2017.
Hirashima, H., Avanzi, F., and Wever, N.: Wet-Snow Metamorphism Drives the Transition From Preferential to Matrix Flow in Snow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 14548–14557, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084152, 2019.
Hock, R.: Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas, J. Hydrol., 282, 104–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00257-9, 2003.
Hock, R.: Glacier melt: A review of processes and their modelling, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 29, 362–391, https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp453ra, 2005.
Hu, Z., Kuipers Munneke, P., Lhermitte, S., Izeboud, M., and van den Broeke, M.: Improving surface melt estimation over the Antarctic Ice Sheet using deep learning: a proof of concept over the Larsen Ice Shelf, The Cryosphere, 15, 5639–5658, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5639-2021, 2021.
Huber, C. J., Eichler, A., Brütsch, S., Jenk, T. M., Gabrieli, J., Barbante, C., and Schwikowski, M.: Melting influenced signal preservation at Grand Combin Glacier, in: Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry Annual Report 2020, edited by: Schwikowski, M. and Ammann, M., Paul Scherrer Institut, Villingen, 25–25, https://www.psi.ch/en/luc/annual-reports (last access: 16 May 2024), 2020.
Humphrey, N. F., Harper, J. T., and Pfeffer, W. T.: Thermal tracking of meltwater retention in Greenland's accumulation area, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, F01010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002083, 2012.
Humphrey, N. F., Harper, J. T., and Meierbachtol, T. W.: Physical limits to meltwater penetration in firn, J. Glaciol., 67, 952–960, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.44, 2021.
Iizuka, Y., Igarashi, M., Kamiyama, K., Motoyama, H., and Watanabe, O.: Ratios of
IPCC: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 755 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964, 2019.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021.
Jennings, K. S., Kittel, T. G. F., and Molotch, N. P.: Observations and simulations of the seasonal evolution of snowpack cold content and its relation to snowmelt and the snowpack energy budget, The Cryosphere, 12, 1595–1614, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1595-2018, 2018.
Johannessen, M. and Henriksen, A.: Chemistry of Snow Meltwater: Changes in Concentration During Melting, Water Resour. Res., 14, 615–619, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR014i004p00615, 1978.
Johannessen, M., Dale, T., Gjessing, E. T., Henriksen, A., and Wright, R. F.: Acid precipitation in Norway: the regional distribution of contaminants in snow and the chemical concentration processes during snowmelt, IAHS-AISH P., 118, 116–120, https://iahs.info/uploads/dms/4735.116-120-118-Johannessen.pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1977.
Kaczmarska, M., Isaksson, E., Karlöf, L., Brandt, O., Winther, J. G., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Den Broeke, M., and Johnsen, S. J.: Ice core melt features in relation to Antarctic coastal climate, Antarct. Sci., 18, 271–278, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102006000319, 2006.
Kameda, T., Narita, H., Shoji, H., Nishio, F., Fujii, Y., and Watanabe, O.: Melt features in ice cores from Site J, southern Greenland: some implications for summer climate since AD 1550, Ann. Glaciol., 21, 51–58, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500015597, 1995.
Kang, S., Huang, J., and Xu, Y.: Changes in ionic concentrations and δ18O in the snowpack of Zhadang glacier, Nyainqentanglha mountain, southern Tibetan Plateau, Ann. Glaciol., 49, 127–134, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756408787814708, 2008.
Kaspari, S., McKenzie Skiles, S., Delaney, I., Dixon, D., and Painter, T. H.: Accelerated glacier melt on Snow Dome, Mount Olympus, Washington, USA, due to deposition of black carbon and mineral dust from wildfire, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 2793–2807, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022676, 2015.
Kawakami, K., Iizuka, Y., Matoba, S., Aoki, T., and Ando, T.: Inclusions in ice layers formed by melting and refreezing processes in a Greenland ice core, J. Glaciol., 69, 790–802, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.101, 2022.
Keegan, K. M., Albert, M. R., McConnell, J. R., and Baker, I.: Climate change and forest fires synergistically drive widespread melt events of the Greenland Ice Sheet., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 7964–7967, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405397111, 2014.
Keegan, K. M., Albert, M. R., Mcconnell, J. R., and Baker, I.: Climate Effects on Firn Permeability Are Preserved Within a Firn Column, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 830–837, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004798, 2019.
Kinnard, C., Koerner, R. M., Zdanowicz, C. M., Fisher, D. A., Zheng, J., Sharp, M. J., Nicholson, L., and Lauriol, B.: Stratigraphic analysis of an ice core from the Prince of Wales Icefield, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada, using digital image analysis: High-resolution density, past summer warmth reconstruction, and melt effect on ice core solid conductivity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D24120, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011083, 2008.
Koenig, L. S., Miège, C., Forster, R. R., and Brucker, L.: Initial in situ measurements of perennial meltwater storage in the Greenland firn aquifer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 81–85, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058083, 2014.
Koerner, R. M.: Some Observations on Superimposition of Ice on the Devon Island Ice Cap, N.W.T. Canada, Geogr. Ann. A, 52, 57–67, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1970.11879808, 1970.
Koerner, R. M.: Devon Island Ice Cap: Core Stratigraphy and Paleoclimate, Science, 196, 15–18, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.196.4285.15, 1977a.
Koerner, R. M.: Distribution of microparticles in a 299-m core through the Devon Island ice cap, Northwest Territories, Canada, IAHS-AISH P., 118, 371–376, https://iahs.info/uploads/dms/4770.371-376-118-Koerner.pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1977b.
Koerner, R. M.: Ice Core Evidence for Extensive Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the Last Interglacial, Science, 244, 964–968, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.244.4907.964, 1989.
Koerner, R. M.: Some comments on climatic reconstructions from ice cores drilled in areas of high melt, J. Glaciol., 43, 90–97, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000002847, 1997.
Koerner, R. M. and Fisher, D. A.: A record of Holocene summer climate from a Canadian high-Arctic ice core, Nature, 343, 630–631, https://doi.org/10.1038/343630a0, 1990.
Koerner, R. M., Paterson, W. S. B., and Krouse, H. R.: δ18O Profile in Ice formed between the Equilibrium and Firn Lines, Nature Physical Science, 245, 137–140, https://doi.org/10.1038/physci245137a0, 1973.
Koh, G. and Jordan, R.: Sub-surface melting in a seasonal snow cover, J. Glaciol., 41, 474–482, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002214300003481X, 1995.
Krenke, A. N. and Khodakov, V. G.: O svyazi poverkhnostnogo tayaniya lednikov s temperaturoyi vozdukha (About the relation between surface ablation of the glaciers and the air temperature), Materialy glyaciologicheskikh issledovaniyi, Khronika, ohsuzhdeniya, 12, 153–164, 1966.
Kuhn, M.: The nutrient cycle through snow and ice, a review, Aquat. Sci., 63, 150–167, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00001348, 2001.
Kuipers Munneke, P., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Van Den Broeke, M. R., Van Angelen, J. H., and Forster, R. R.: Explaining the presence of perennial liquid water bodies in the firn of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 476–483, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058389, 2014a.
Kuipers Munneke, P., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Van Den Broeke, M. R., and Vaughan, D. G.: Firn air depletion as a precursor of Antarctic ice-shelf collapse, J. Glaciol., 60, 205–214, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J183, 2014b.
Langway, C. C. and Shoji, H.: Past Temperature Record From The Analysis of Melt Features In The Dye 3, Greenland, Ice Core, Ann. Glaciol., 14, 343–344, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500009095, 1990.
Laska, M., Luks, B., and Budzik, T.: Influence of snowpack internal structure on snow metamorphism and melting intensity on Hansbreen, Svalbard, Pol. Polar Res., 37, 193–218, https://doi.org/10.1515/popore-2016-0012, 2016.
Lee, J., Hur, S. Do, Lim, H. S., and Jung, H.: Isotopic characteristics of snow and its meltwater over the Barton Peninsula, Antarctica, Cold. Reg. Sci. Technol., 173, 102997, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.102997, 2020.
Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lhermitte, S., Drews, R., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Berger, S., Helm, V., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Broeke, M. R. V. Den, Van De Berg, W. J., Van Meijgaard, E., Eijkelboom, M., Eisen, O., and Pattyn, F.: Meltwater produced by wind-albedo interaction stored in an East Antarctic ice shelf, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 58–62, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3180, 2017.
Leroux, N. R. and Pomeroy, J. W.: Modelling capillary hysteresis effects on preferential flow through melting and cold layered snowpacks, Adv. Water Resour., 107, 250–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.06.024, 2017.
Li, Z., Edwards, R., Mosley-Thompson, E., Wang, F., Dong, Z., You, X., Li, H., Li, C., and Zhu, Y.: Seasonal variability of ionic concentrations in surface snow and elution processes in snow-firn packs at the PGPI site on Ürümqi glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 250–256, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812069, 2006.
Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Helsen, M. M., and van den Broeke, M. R.: An improved semi-empirical model for the densification of Antarctic firn, The Cryosphere, 5, 809–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-809-2011, 2011.
Lliboutry, L.: Temperate ice permeability, stability of water veins and percolation of internal meltwater, J. Glaciol., 42, 201–211, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000004068, 1996.
MacDonell, S., Fernandoy, F., Villar, P., and Hammann, A.: Stratigraphic Analysis of Firn Cores from an Antarctic Ice Shelf Firn Aquifer, Water, 13, 731, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050731, 2021.
Machguth, H., Macferrin, M., Van As, D., Box, J. E., Charalampidis, C., Colgan, W., Fausto, R. S., Meijer, H. A. J., Mosley-Thompson, E., and Van De Wal, R. S. W.: Greenland meltwater storage in firn limited by near-surface ice formation, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 390–393, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2899, 2016.
Marsh, P. and Woo, M.-K.: Wetting Front Advance and Freezing of Meltwater Within a Snow Cover 1. Observations in the Canadian Arctic, Water Resour. Res., 20, 1853–1864, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i012p01853, 1984.
Martinerie, P., Raynaud, D., Etheridge, D. M., Barnola, J.-M., and Mazaudier, D.: Physical and climatic parameters which influence the air content in polar ice, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 112, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90002-D, 1992.
Matsuoka, K. and Naruse, R.: Mass Balance Features Derived from a Firn Core at Hielo Patagónico Norte, South America, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 31, 333–340, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.1999.12003318, 1999.
Mattea, E., Machguth, H., Kronenberg, M., van Pelt, W., Bassi, M., and Hoelzle, M.: Firn changes at Colle Gnifetti revealed with a high-resolution process-based physical model approach, The Cryosphere, 15, 3181–3205, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3181-2021, 2021.
Mattson, L. E., Gardner, J. S., and Young, G. J.: Ablation on Debris Covered Glaciers: an Example from the Rakhiot Glacier, Punjab, Himalaya, IAHS-AISH P., 218, 289–296, https://iahs.info/uploads/dms/9559.289-296-218-Mattson.pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1993.
McDowell, I. E., Keegan, K. M., Wever, N., Osterberg, E. C., Hawley, R. L., and Marshall, H.: Firn core evidence of two-way feedback mechanisms between meltwater percolation and firn microstructure from the western percolation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 128, e2022JF006752, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jf006752, 2023.
McGurk, B. J. and Kattelmann, R. C.: Evidence of liquid water flow through snow from thick-section photography, in: International Snow Science Workshop, Canadian Avalanche Association, 1988 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, 12–15 October 1988, 137–139, https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item/628 (last access: 16 May 2024), 1988.
McLeod, J. T. and Mote, T. L.: Linking interannual variability in extreme Greenland blocking episodes to the recent increase in summer melting across the Greenland ice sheet, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 1484–1499, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4440, 2016.
Meyer, C. R. and Hewitt, I. J.: A continuum model for meltwater flow through compacting snow, The Cryosphere, 11, 2799–2813, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2799-2017, 2017.
Meyer, T. and Wania, F.: Modeling the elution of organic chemicals from a melting homogeneous snow pack, Water Res., 45, 3627–3637, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.011, 2011.
Miller, O., Solomon, D. K., Miège, C., Koenig, L., Forster, R., Schmerr, N., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Legchenko, A., Voss, C. I., Montgomery, L., and McConnell, J. R.: Hydrology of a Perennial Firn Aquifer in Southeast Greenland: An Overview Driven by Field Data, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR026348, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026348, 2020.
Mitchell, L. E., Buizert, C., Brook, E. J., Breton, D. J., Fegyveresi, J., Baggenstos, D., Orsi, A., Severinghaus, J., Alley, R. B., Albert, M., Rhodes, R. H., McConnell, J. R., Sigl, M., Maselli, O., Gregory, S., and Ahn, J.: Observing and modeling the influence of layering on bubble trapping in polar firn, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 2558–2574, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022766, 2015.
Moore, J. C. and Grinsted, A.: Ion fractionation and percolation in ice cores with seasonal melting, in: Physics of Ice Core Records II: Papers collected after the 2nd International Workshop on Physics of Ice Core Records, edited by: Hondoh, T., Sapporoh, Japan, http://hdl.handle.net/2115/45455 (last access: 16 May 2024), 2009.
Moore, J. C., Grinsted, A., Kekonen, T., and Pohjola, V.: Separation of melting and environmental signals in an ice core with seasonal melt, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023039, 2005.
Moran, T. and Marshall, S.: The effects of meltwater percolation on the seasonal isotopic signals in an Arctic snowpack, J. Glaciol., 55, 1012–1024, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309790794896, 2009.
Moser, D. E., Jackson, S., Kjær, H. A., Markle, B. R., Ngoumtsa, E., Pedro, J. B., Segato, D., Spolaor, A., Tetzner, D., Vallelonga, P., and Thomas, E. R.: An Age Scale for the First Shallow (Sub-)Antarctic Ice Core from Young Island, Northwest Ross Sea, Geosciences, 11, 368, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11090368, 2021.
Müller-Tautges, C., Eichler, A., Schwikowski, M., Pezzatti, G. B., Conedera, M., and Hoffmann, T.: Historic records of organic compounds from a high Alpine glacier: influences of biomass burning, anthropogenic emissions, and dust transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1029–1043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1029-2016, 2016.
NEEM community members: Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core, Nature, 493, 489–494, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11789, 2013.
Neff, P. D.: A review of the brittle ice zone in polar ice cores, 55, 72–82, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG68A023, 2014.
Neff, P. D., Steig, E. J., Clark, D. H., McConnell, J. R., Pettit, E. C., and Menounos, B.: Ice-core net snow accumulation and seasonal snow chemistry at a temperate-glacier site: Mount Waddington, southwest British Columbia, Canada, J. Glaciol., 58, 1165–1175, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG12J078, 2012.
Neff, W.: Atmospheric rivers melt Greenland, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 857–858, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0297-4, 2018.
Neftel, A., Oeschger, H., Schwander, J., and Stauffer, B.: Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Bubbles of Natural Cold Ice, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4116–4120, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100244a025, 1983.
Nghiem, S. V., Hall, D. K., Mote, T. L., Tedesco, M., Albert, M. R., Keegan, K., Shuman, C. A., DiGirolamo, N. E., and Neumann, G.: The extreme melt across the Greenland ice sheet in 2012, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053611, 2012.
Nicolas, J. P., Vogelmann, A. M., Scott, R. C., Wilson, A. B., Cadeddu, M. P., Bromwich, D. H., Verlinde, J., Lubin, D., Russell, L. M., Jenkinson, C., Powers, H. H., Ryczek, M., Stone, G., and Wille, J. D.: January 2016 extensive summer melt in West Antarctica favoured by strong El Niño, Nat. Commun., 8, 15799, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15799, 2017.
Niwano, M., Box, J. E., Wehrlé, A., Vandecrux, B., Colgan, W. T., and Cappelen, J.: Rainfall on the Greenland Ice Sheet: Present-Day Climatology From a High-Resolution Non-Hydrostatic Polar Regional Climate Model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL092942, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092942, 2021.
Nye, J. F.: Diffusion of isotopes in the annual layers of ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 44, 467–468, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000001982, 1998.
Okamoto, S., Fujita, K., Narita, H., Uetake, J., Takeuchi, N., Miyake, T., Nakazawa, F., Aizen, V. B., Nikitin, S. A., and Nakawo, M.: Reevaluation of the reconstruction of summer temperatures from melt features in Belukha ice cores, Siberian Altai, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D02110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013977, 2011.
Olson, M. and Rupper, S.: Impacts of topographic shading on direct solar radiation for valley glaciers in complex topography, The Cryosphere, 13, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-29-2019, 2019.
Orsi, A. J., Kawamura, K., Fegyveresi, J. M., Headly, M. A., Alley, R. B., and Severinghaus, J. P.: Differentiating bubble-free layers from melt layers in ice cores using noble gases, J. Glaciol., 61, 585–594, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j237, 2015.
Osmont, D., Wendl, I. A., Schmidely, L., Sigl, M., Vega, C. P., Isaksson, E., and Schwikowski, M.: An 800-year high-resolution black carbon ice core record from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12777–12795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12777-2018, 2018.
Osmont, D., Brugger, S., Gilgen, A., Weber, H., Sigl, M., Modini, R. L., Schwörer, C., Tinner, W., Wunderle, S., and Schwikowski, M.: Tracing devastating fires in Portugal to a snow archive in the Swiss Alps: a case study, The Cryosphere, 14, 3731–3745, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3731-2020, 2020.
Pang, H., He, Y., Hou, S., and Zhang, N.: Changes in ionic and oxygen isotopic composition of the snow-firn pack at Baishui Glacier No. 1, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Environ. Earth Sci., 67, 2345–2358, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1681-4, 2012.
Parlange, J.-Y.: Water movement in soils, Geophys. Surv., 1, 357–387, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01449119, 1974.
Pavlova, P. A., Jenk, T. M., Schmid, P., Bogdal, C., Steinlin, C., and Schwikowski, M.: Polychlorinated Biphenyls in a Temperate Alpine Glacier: 1. Effect of Percolating Meltwater on their Distribution in Glacier Ice, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 14085–14091, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03303, 2015.
Pfeffer, W. T. and Humphrey, N. F.: Determination of timing and location of water movement and ice-layer formation by temperature measurements in sub-freezing snow, J. Glaciol., 42, 292–304, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000004159, 1996.
Pfeffer, W. T. and Humphrey, N. F.: Formation of ice layers by infiltration and refreezing of meltwater, Ann. Glaciol., 26, 83–91, https://doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-83-91, 1998.
Pfeffer, W. T., Meier, M. F., and Illangasekare, T. H.: Retention of Greenland runoff by refreezing: implications for projected future sea level change, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22117–22124, https://doi.org/10.1029/91jc02502, 1991.
Pinglot, J. F., Vaikmäe, R. A., Kamiyama, K., Igarashi, M., Fritzsche, D., Wilhelms, F., Koerner, R., Henderson, L., Isaksson, E., Winther, J. G., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Fournier, M., Bouisset, P., and Meijer, H. A. J.: Ice cores from Arctic sub-polar glaciers: Chronology and post-depositional processes deduced from radioactivity measurements, J. Glaciol., 49, 149–158, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830944, 2003.
Plach, A., Vinther, B. M., Nisancioglu, K. H., Vudayagiri, S., and Blunier, T.: Greenland climate simulations show high Eemian surface melt which could explain reduced total air content in ice cores, Clim. Past, 17, 317–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-317-2021, 2021.
Pohjola, V. A., Moore, J. C., Isaksson, E., Jauhiainen, T., van de Wal, R. S. W., Martma, T., Meijer, H. A. J., and Vaikmäe, R.: Effect of periodic melting on geochemical and isotopic signals in an ice core from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, J. Geophys. Res., 107, ACL 1-1–ACL 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000149, 2002.
Porter, S. E., Mosley-Thompson, E., Thompson, L. G., and Wilson, A. B.: Reconstructing an Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Index from a Pacific Basin–Wide Collection of Ice Core Records, J. Climate, 34, 3839–3852, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0455.1, 2021.
Rempel, A., Waddington, E., Wettlaufer, J., and Worster, M. G.: Possible displacement of the climate signal in ancient ice by premelting and anomalous diffusion, Nature, 471, 568–571, https://doi.org/10.1038/35079043, 2001.
Reznichenko, N., Davies, T., Shulmeister, J., and McSaveney, M.: Effects of debris on ice-surface melting rates: an experimental study, J. Glaciol., 56, 384–394, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310792447725, 2010.
Rowan, A. V., Nicholson, L. I., Quincey, D. J., Gibson, M. J., Irvine-Fynn, T. D. L., Watson, C. S., Wagnon, P., Rounce, D. R., Thompson, S. S., Porter, P. R., and Glasser, N. F.: Seasonally stable temperature gradients through supraglacial debris in the Everest region of Nepal, Central Himalaya, J. Glaciol., 67, 170–181, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.100, 2021.
Samimi, S., Marshall, S. J., and MacFerrin, M.: Meltwater Penetration Through Temperate Ice Layers in the Percolation Zone at DYE-2, Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089211, 2020.
Sánchez, M. A., Kling, T., Ishiyama, T., Van Zadel, M. J., Bisson, P. J., Mezger, M., Jochum, M. N., Cyran, J. D., Smit, W. J., Bakker, H. J., Shultz, M. J., Morita, A., Donadio, D., Nagata, Y., Bonn, M., and Backus, E. H. G.: Experimental and theoretical evidence for bilayer-by-bilayer surface melting of crystalline ice, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 227–232, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612893114, 2017.
Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Schwander, J., Buiron, D., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Loulergue, L., Schüpbach, S., Spahni, R., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: Atmospheric nitrous oxide during the last 140,000 years, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 300, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.027, 2010a.
Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Blunier, T., Schwander, J., Spahni, R., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: Glacial-interglacial and millennial-scale variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 800,000 years, Quat. Sci. Rev., 29, 182–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.011, 2010b.
Schöndorf, T. and Herrmann, R.: Transport and Chemodynamics of Organic Micropollutants and Ions during Snowmelt, Nord. Hydrol., 18, 259–278, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1987.0019, 1987.
Schwander, J. and Stauffer, B.: Age difference between polar ice and the air trapped in its bubbles, Nature, 311, 276–279, https://doi.org/10.1038/311045a0, 1984.
Schwikowski, M., Schläppi, M., Santibañez, P., Rivera, A., and Casassa, G.: Net accumulation rates derived from ice core stable isotope records of Pío XI glacier, Southern Patagonia Icefield, The Cryosphere, 7, 1635–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1635-2013, 2013.
Scott, R. C., Nicolas, J. P., Bromwich, D. H., Norris, J. R., and Lubin, D.: Meteorological drivers and large-scale climate forcing of West Antarctic surface melt, J. Climate, 32, 665–684, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0233.1, 2019.
Shiraiwa, T., Kohshima, S., Uemura, R., Yoshida, N., Matoba, S., Uetake, J., and Godoi, M. A.: High net accumulation rates at Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur, South America, revealed by analysis of a 45.97 m long ice core, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 84–90, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781816942, 2002.
Simmleit, N., Herrmann, R., and Thomas, S. W.: Chemical behaviour of hydrophobic micro-pollutants during the melting of snow, IAHS-AISH P., 155, 335–346, https://iahs.info/uploads/dms/6532.335-346-155-Simmleit.pdf (last access: 16 May 2024) 1986.
Sinclair, K. E. and MacDonell, S.: Seasonal evolution of penitente glaciochemistry at Tapado Glacier, Northern Chile, Hydrol. Process., 30, 176–186, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10531, 2016.
Slater, B. and Michaelides, A.: Surface premelting of water ice, Nat. Rev. Chem., 3, 172–188, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-019-0080-8, 2019.
Sommer, C. G., Wever, N., Fierz, C., and Lehning, M.: Investigation of a wind-packing event in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 12, 2923–2939, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2923-2018, 2018.
Sommers, A. N., Rajaram, H., Weber, E. P., Macferrin, M. J., Colgan, W., and Stevens, C. M.: Inferring firn permeability from pneumatic testing: A case study on the Greenland ice sheet, Front. Earth Sci., 5, 20, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00020, 2017.
Souchez, R. A. and Jouzel, J.: On the Isotopic Composition in δD and δ18O of Water and Ice During Freezing, J. Glaciol., 30, 369–372, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000006249, 1984.
Spolaor, A., Varin, C., Pedeli, X., Christille, J. M., Kirchgeorg, T., Giardi, F., Cappelletti, D., Turetta, C., Cairns, W. R. L., Gambaro, A., Bernagozzi, A., Gallet, J. C., Björkman, M. P., and Barbaro, E.: Source, timing and dynamics of ionic species mobility in the Svalbard annual snowpack, Sci. Total Environ., 751, 141640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141640, 2021.
Spolaor, A., Scoto, F., Larose, C., Barbaro, E., Burgay, F., Bjorkman, M. P., Cappelletti, D., Dallo, F., de Blasi, F., Divine, D., Dreossi, G., Gabrieli, J., Isaksson, E., Kohler, J., Martma, T., Schmidt, L. S., Schuler, T. V., Stenni, B., Turetta, C., Luks, B., Casado, M., and Gallet, J.-C.: Climate change is rapidly deteriorating the climatic signal in Svalbard glaciers, The Cryosphere, 18, 307–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-307-2024, 2024.
Stauffer, B., Neftel, A., Oeschger, H., and Schwander, J.: CO2 Concentration in Air Extracted from Greenland Ice Samples, in: Geophysical Monograph Series: Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry, and the Environment, edited by: Langway, C. C., Oeschger, H., and Dansgaard, W., 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM033p0085, 1985.
Svensson, A., Nielsen, S. W., Kipfstuhl, S., Johnsen, S. J., Steffensen, J. P., Bigler, M., Ruth, U., and Röthlisberger, R.: Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) ice core during the last glacial period, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D02108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005134, 2005.
Takeuchi, N., Sera, S., Fujita, K., Aizen, V. B., and Kubota, J.: Annual layer counting using pollen grains of the Grigoriev ice core from the Tien Shan Mountains, central Asia, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 51, 299–312, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2019.1638202, 2019.
Taranczewski, T., Freitag, J., Eisen, O., Vinther, B., Wahl, S., and Kipfstuhl, S.: 10,000 years of melt history of the 2015 Renland ice core, EastGreenland, The Cryosphere Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-280, 2019.
Tarussov, A.: The Arctic from Svalbard to Severnaya Zemblya: Climatic reconstruction from ice cores, in: Climate since AD 1500, edited by: Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D., 1st edn., Routledge, 505–516, ISBN 9780203430996, 1995.
Taylor, S., Feng, X., Kirchner, J. W., Osterhuber, R., Klaue, B., and Renshaw, C. E.: Isotopic evolution of a seasonal snowpack and its melt, Water Resour. Res., 37, 759–769, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900341, 2001.
Tedesco, M. and Fettweis, X.: Unprecedented atmospheric conditions (1948–2019) drive the 2019 exceptional melting season over the Greenland ice sheet, The Cryosphere, 14, 1209–1223, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1209-2020, 2020.
Thackeray, C. W. and Fletcher, C. G.: Snow albedo feedback: Current knowledge, importance, outstanding issues and future directions, Prog. Phys. Geogr, 40, 392–408, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133315620999, 2016.
Thomas, E. R., Allen, C. S., Etourneau, J., King, A. C. F., Severi, M., Winton, V. H. L., Mueller, J., Crosta, X., and Peck, V. L.: Antarctic sea ice proxies from marine and ice core archives suitable for reconstructing sea ice over the past 2000 years, Geosciences, 9, 506, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9120506, 2019.
Thomas, E. R., Gacitúa, G., Pedro, J. B., Faith King, A. C., Markle, B., Potocki, M., and Moser, D. E.: Physical properties of shallow ice cores from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands, The Cryosphere, 15, 1173–1186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1173-2021, 2021.
Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M., Lin, P. N., Yao, T., Dyurgerov, M., and Dai, J.: “Recent warming”: ice core evidence from tropical ice cores with emphasis on Central Asia, Glob. Planet. Change, 7, 145–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(93)90046-Q, 1993.
Thompson, L. G., Davis, M. E., Mosley-Thompson, E., Porter, S. E., Corrales, G. V., Shuman, C. A., and Tucker, C. J.: The impacts of warming on rapidly retreating high-altitude, low-latitude glaciers and ice core-derived climate records, Glob. Planet. Change, 203, 103538, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103538, 2021.
Trachsel, J. C., Avak, S. E., Edebeli, J., Schneebeli, M., Bartels-Rausch, T., Bruetsch, S., and Eichler, A.: Microscale Rearrangement of Ammonium Induced by Snow Metamorphism, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 194, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00194, 2019.
Tranter, M., Brimblecombe, P., Davies, T. D., Vincent, C. E., Abrahams, P. W., and Blackwood, I.: The composition of snowfall, snowpack and meltwater in the Scottish highlands – evidence for preferential elution, Atmos. Environ., 20, 517–525, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90092-2, 1986.
Tranter, M., Tsiouris, S., Davies, T. D., and Jones, H. G.: A laboratory investigation of the leaching of solute from snowpack by rainfall, Hydrol. Process., 6, 169–178, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360060205, 1992.
Trudinger, C. M., Enting, I. G., Etheridge, D. M., Francey, R. J., Levchenko, V. A., Steele, L. P., Raynaud, D., and Arnaud, L.: Modeling air movement and bubble trapping in firn, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 6747–6763, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03382, 1997.
Trusel, L. D., Frey, K. E., Das, S. B., Karnauskas, K. B., Kuipers Munneke, P., Van Meijgaard, E., and Van Den Broeke, M. R.: Divergent trajectories of Antarctic surface melt under two twenty-first-century climate scenarios, Nat. Geosci., 8, 927–932, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2563, 2015.
Tschumi, J. and Stauffer, B.: Reconstructing past atmospheric CO2 concentration based on ice-core analyses: Open questions due to in situ production of CO2 in the ice, J. Glaciol., 46, 45–53, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833359, 2000.
Tsiouris, S., Vincent, C. E., Davies, T. D., and Brimbleco, P.: The Elution of Ions Through Field and Laboratory Snowpacks, Ann. Glaciol., 7, 196–201, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500006169, 1985.
Vandecrux, B., MacFerrin, M., Machguth, H., Colgan, W. T., van As, D., Heilig, A., Stevens, C. M., Charalampidis, C., Fausto, R. S., Morris, E. M., Mosley-Thompson, E., Koenig, L., Montgomery, L. N., Miège, C., Simonsen, S. B., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., and Box, J. E.: Firn data compilation reveals widespread decrease of firn air content in western Greenland, The Cryosphere, 13, 845–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-845-2019, 2019.
Vandecrux, B., Mottram, R., Langen, P. L., Fausto, R. S., Olesen, M., Stevens, C. M., Verjans, V., Leeson, A., Ligtenberg, S., Kuipers Munneke, P., Marchenko, S., van Pelt, W., Meyer, C. R., Simonsen, S. B., Heilig, A., Samimi, S., Marshall, S., Machguth, H., MacFerrin, M., Niwano, M., Miller, O., Voss, C. I., and Box, J. E.: The firn meltwater Retention Model Intercomparison Project (RetMIP): evaluation of nine firn models at four weather station sites on the Greenland ice sheet, The Cryosphere, 14, 3785–3810, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3785-2020, 2020.
Van Den Broeke, M.: Strong surface melting preceded collapse of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12815, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023247, 2005.
Van Der Wel, L. G., Streurman, H. J., Isaksson, E., Helsen, M. M., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Martma, T., Pohjola, V. A., Moore, J. C., and Meijer, H. A. J.: Using high-resolution tritium profiles to quantify the effects of melt on two Spitsbergen ice cores, J. Glaciol., 57, 1087–1097, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311798843368, 2011.
van Wessem, J. M., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Reijmer, C. H., van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M. R., Barrand, N. E., Thomas, E. R., Turner, J., Wuite, J., Scambos, T. A., and van Meijgaard, E.: The modelled surface mass balance of the Antarctic Peninsula at 5.5 km horizontal resolution, The Cryosphere, 10, 271–285, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-271-2016, 2016.
Vega, C. P., Pohjola, V. A., Beaudon, E., Claremar, B., van Pelt, W. J. J., Pettersson, R., Isaksson, E., Martma, T., Schwikowski, M., and Bøggild, C. E.: A synthetic ice core approach to estimate ion relocation in an ice field site experiencing periodical melt: a case study on Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 10, 961–976, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-961-2016, 2016.
Veres, D., Bazin, L., Landais, A., Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Parrenin, F., Martinerie, P., Blayo, E., Blunier, T., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Rasmussen, S. O., Severi, M., Svensson, A., Vinther, B., and Wolff, E. W.: The Antarctic ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years, Clim. Past, 9, 1733–1748, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013, 2013.
Virkkunen, K., Moore, J. C., Isaksson, E., Pohjola, V., Perämäki, P., Grinsted, A., and Kekonen, T.: Warm summers and ion concentrations in snow: Comparison of present day with Medieval Warm Epoch from snow pits and an ice core from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, J. Glaciol., 53, 623–634, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409388, 2007.
Vudayagiri, S., Vinther, B., Freitag, J., Langen, P. L., and Blunier, T.: Total Air Content measurements from the RECAP ice core, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-237, 2024.
WAIS Divide Project Members: Onset of deglacial warming in West Antarctica driven by local orbital forcing, Nature, 500, 440–444, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12376, 2013.
Wakahama, G.: The Metamorphism of Wet Snow, IAHS-AISH P., 79, 370–379, https://iahs.info/uploads/dms/079035.pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1968.
Wakahama, G.: The role of meltwater in densification processes of snow and firn percolation of meltwater into a snow cover, IAHS-AISH P., 114, 66–72, 1975.
Wang, S., Shi, X., Cao, W., and Pu, T.: Seasonal variability and evolution of glaciochemistry at an alpine temperate glacier on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Water, 10, 114, https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020114, 2018.
Warren, S. G.: Optical properties of ice and snow, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 377, 20180161, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0161, 2019.
Watanabe, K., Hirai, T., and Kawada, K.: Ratios of
Weiler, K., Fischer, H., Fritzsche, D., Ruth, U., Wilhelms, F., and Miller, H.: Glaciochemical reconnaissance of a new ice core from Severnaya Zemlya, Eurasian Arctic, J. Glaciol., 51, 64–74, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829629, 2005.
Weinhart, A. H., Kipfstuhl, S., Hörhold, M., Eisen, O., and Freitag, J.: Spatial Distribution of Crusts in Antarctic and Greenland Snowpacks and Implications for Snow and Firn Studies, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 630070, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.630070, 2021.
Weiss, R. F.: Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2, 1974.
Westhoff, J., Sinnl, G., Svensson, A., Freitag, J., Kjær, H. A., Vallelonga, P., Vinther, B., Kipfstuhl, S., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Weikusat, I.: Melt in the Greenland EastGRIP ice core reveals Holocene warm events, Clim. Past, 18, 1011–1034, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1011-2022, 2022.
Wille, J. D., Favier, V., Dufour, A., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Turner, J., Agosta, C., and Codron, F.: West Antarctic surface melt triggered by atmospheric rivers, Nat. Geosci., 12, 911–916, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0460-1, 2019.
Williams, M. W., Erickson, T. A., and Petrzelka, J. L.: Visualizing meltwater flow through snow at the centimetre-to-metre scale using a snow guillotine, Hydrol. Process., 24, 2098–2110, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7630, 2010.
Winski, D., Osterberg, E., Kreutz, K., Wake, C., Ferris, D., Campbell, S., Baum, M., Bailey, A., Birkel, S., Introne, D., and Handley, M.: A 400-Year Ice Core Melt Layer Record of Summertime Warming in the Alaska Range, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 3594–3611, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027539, 2018.
Wong, G. J., Hawley, R. L., Lutz, E. R., and Osterberg, E. C.: Trace-element and physical response to melt percolation in Summit (Greenland) snow, Ann. Glaciol., 54, 52–62, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG63A602, 2013.
Wu, G., Li, P., Zhang, X., and Zhang, C.: Using a geochemical method of dissolved and insoluble fractions to characterize surface snow melting and major element elution, J. Glaciol., 64, 1003–1013, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.87, 2018.
You, X., Li, Z., Edwards, R., and Wang, L.: The transport of chemical components in homogeneous snowpacks on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, eastern Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia, J. Arid. Land, 7, 612–622, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-015-0131-z, 2015.
Yuanqing, H., Tandong, Y., Guodong, C., and Meixue, Y.: Climatic records in a firn core from an Alpine temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong, southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, Episodes, 24, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/004, 2001.
Zhang, C., Wu, G., Gao, S., Zhao, Z., Zhang, X., Tian, L., Mu, Y., and Joswiak, D.: Distribution of major elements between the dissolved and insoluble fractions in surface snow at Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Eastern Tien Shan, Atmos. Res., 132–133, 299–308, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.05.009, 2013.
Zhang, L., Vance, T. R., Fraser, A. D., Jong, L. M., Thompson, S. S., Criscitiello, A. S., and Abram, N. J.: Identifying atmospheric processes favouring the formation of bubble-free layers in the Law Dome ice core, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 17, 5155–5173, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5155-2023, 2023.
Zheng, L., Zhou, C., and Wang, K.: Enhanced winter snowmelt in the Antarctic Peninsula: Automatic snowmelt identification from radar scatterometer, Remote Sens. Environ., 246, 111835, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111835, 2020.
Zongxing, L., Qi, F., Wei, L., Tingting, W., Xiaoyan, G., Zongjie, L., Yan, G., Yanhui, P., Rui, G., Bing, J., Yaoxaun, S., and Chuntan, H.: The stable isotope evolution in Shiyi glacier system during the ablation period in the north of Tibetan Plateau, China, Quatern. Int., 380–381, 262–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.013, 2015.
Zou, X., Bromwich, D. H., Montenegro, A., Wang, S. H., and Bai, L.: Major surface melting over the Ross Ice Shelf part II: Surface energy balance, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 2895–2916, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4105, 2021.
Zuhr, A. M., Münch, T., Steen-Larsen, H. C., Hörhold, M., and Laepple, T.: Local-scale deposition of surface snow on the Greenland ice sheet, The Cryosphere, 15, 4873–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4873-2021, 2021.
Short summary
Increasing temperatures worldwide lead to more melting of glaciers and ice caps, even in the polar regions. This is why ice-core scientists need to prepare to analyse records affected by melting and refreezing. In this paper, we present a summary of how near-surface melt forms, what structural imprints it leaves in snow, how various signatures used for ice-core climate reconstruction are altered, and how we can still extract valuable insights from melt-affected ice cores.
Increasing temperatures worldwide lead to more melting of glaciers and ice caps, even in the...
